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Cui M, Cheng L, Zhou Z, Zhu Z, Liu Y, Li C, Liao B, Fan M, Duan B. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and safety concerns of hawthorn (Crataegus genus): A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117229. [PMID: 37788786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Crataegus (hawthorn), a member of the Rosaceae family, encompasses several species with broad geographical distribution across the Northern Hemisphere, including Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Hawthorn is recognized as an edible medicinal plant with applications related to strengthening the digestive system, promoting blood circulation, and resolving blood stasis. AIM OF THE REVIEW This study critically summarized the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties to provide a theoretical basis for further studies on hawthorn and its applications in medicine and food. MATERIALS AND METHODS The available information on hawthorn was gathered from scientific databases (including Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Baidu Scholar, CNKI, online ethnobotanical databases, and ethnobotanical monographs, and considered data from 1952 to 2023). Information about traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and safety concerns of the collected data is comprehensively summarized in this paper. RESULTS The literature review revealed that hawthorn includes more than 1000 species primarily distributed in the northern temperate zone. Traditional uses of hawthorn have lasted for millennia in Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Within the past decade, 337 chemical compounds, including flavonoids, lignans, fatty acids and organic acids, monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, terpenoids and steroids, have been identified from hawthorn. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed numerous bioactivities, such as cardiovascular system influence, antitumor activity, hepatoprotective activity, antimicrobial properties, immunomodulatory functions, and anti-inflammatory activities. Additionally, evaluations have indicated that hawthorn lacks toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Based on its traditional uses, chemical composition, and pharmacological studies, hawthorn has significant potential as a medicinal and edible plant with a diverse range of pharmacological activities. Traditional uses of the hawthorn include the treatment of indigestion, dysmenorrhea, and osteoporosis. However, modern pharmacological research primarily focuses on its cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system effects, antitumor effects, and liver protection properties. Currently, there is a lack of correlative research involving its traditional uses and pharmacological activities. Moreover, phytochemical and pharmacological research has yet to focus on many types of hawthorn with traditional applications. Therefore, it is imperative to research the genus Crataegus extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cui
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Zhongyu Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Zemei Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Yinglin Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Chaohai Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Binbin Liao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Min Fan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China.
| | - Baozhong Duan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China.
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Lien HM, Lin HT, Huang SH, Chen YR, Huang CL, Chen CC, Chyau CC. Protective Effect of Hawthorn Fruit Extract against High Fructose-Induced Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Pancreatic β-Cells. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061130. [PMID: 36981057 PMCID: PMC10047983 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia has deleterious effects on pancreatic β-cells, causing dysfunction and insulin resistance that lead to diabetes mellitus (DM). The possible causes of injury can be caused by glucose- or fructose-induced oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) fruit has been widely used as a hypolipidemic agent in traditional herbal medicine. The study aimed to investigate whether high fructose-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction could be reversed through amelioration of ER stress by the treatment of polyphenol-enriched extract (PEHE) from hawthorn fruit. The extract was partitioned using ethyl acetate as a solvent from crude water extract (WE) of hawthorn fruits, followed by column fractionation. The results showed that the contents of total polyphenols, flavonoids and triterpenoids in PEHE could be enhanced by 2.2-, 7.7- and 1.1-fold, respectively, in comparison to the original obtained WE from hawthorn fruit. In ER stress studies, a sharp increase in the inhibitory activity on the gene expression levels of GRP79, ATF6, IRE1α and CHOP involved in ER stress was evident when dosages of PEHE at 50–100 μg/mL were used against high-fructose (150 mM)-treated cells. HPLC–MS/MS analysis showed that polyphenols and flavonoids collectively accounted for 87.03% of the total content of PEHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Man Lien
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu District, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- SYi Biotek, 2F, No. 26, Keyuan Rd., Xitun District, Taichung 40763, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-M.L.); (C.-C.C.)
| | - Hsin-Tang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Shiau-Huei Huang
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu District, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
| | - Yìng-Ru Chen
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu District, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lu Huang
- SYi Biotek, 2F, No. 26, Keyuan Rd., Xitun District, Taichung 40763, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chang Chen
- SYi Biotek, 2F, No. 26, Keyuan Rd., Xitun District, Taichung 40763, Taiwan
| | - Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu District, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-M.L.); (C.-C.C.)
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Li Z, Geng Y, Wu Q, Jin X, Seshadri VD, Liu H. Triptonide, a Diterpenoid Displayed Anti-Inflammation, Antinociceptive, and Anti-Asthmatic Efficacy in Ovalbumin-Induced Mouse Model. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:1736-1751. [PMID: 36383309 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was intended to explore the valuable effects of triptonide on inflammation, asthmatic, and nociceptive. Triptonide possesses numerous beneficial effects extensively managed in the treatment of inflammation disease condition. Initially, triptonide showed anti-inflammation properties over lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Hence, the present study was directed to explore the protecting efficacy of triptonide in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma in mice. Asthma was induced intraperitoneally administration (200μL) in female BALB/c mice with suspension which has ovalbumin (100 μg/mL) and aluminum hydroxide (10 mg/mL). Triptonide (30 mg/kg) over OVA-induced experimental animals altered lung mass, nitric oxide, myeloperoxidase, immunoglobulin E status, interleukins (4, 5, and 13) inflammatory cytokines status, and histological modifications. Animals were also managed with the standard drug dexamethasone (50 mg/kg) followed by the asthma induction, which is also efficient over OVA-induced experimental animals. The nociception was provoked in male Swiss mice by various chemicals (acetic acid, capsaicin, and glutamate). The animals were administered with triptonide (5, 10, and 15 mg/kg) and separate standard drugs like diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg) and morphine (5 mg/kg) over chemical-induced nociceptive animals. The present outcome evidently established that the triptonide considerably reduced the various chemical-induced nociception in mice (Fig. 7A, B, and C). Ultimately, the present work explored the evident powerful anti-inflammation, antinociceptive, and anti-asthma properties of a diterpenoid, triptonide experimental animal models. And it is recommended that triptonide is an excellent compound in the management of asthma and its related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Shandong Province, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yanhong Geng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, PKU Care Zibo Hospital, Shandong Province, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Qingke Wu
- Anser Science Joint Laboratory Platform, Anser Press Group, Shandong Province, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Anser Science Joint Laboratory Platform, Anser Press Group, Shandong Province, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Vidya Devanathadesikan Seshadri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al-Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong Province, Jinan, 250014, China. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Province, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Zhang SY, Sun XL, Yang XL, Shi PL, Xu LC, Guo QM. Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Crataegus pinnatifida (Chinese hawthorn): a review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:1507-1545. [PMID: 36179124 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Crataegus pinnatifida (C. pinnatifida), including C. pinnatifida Bge. and its variant C. pinnatifida Bge. var. major N, E. Br., has traditionally been used as a homologous plant for traditional medicine and food in ethnic medical systems in China. Crataegus pinnatifida, especially its fruit, has been used for more than 2000 years to treat indigestion, stagnation of meat, hyperlipidemia, blood stasis, heart tingling, sores, etc. This review aimed to provide a systematic summary on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical applications of C. pinnatifida. KEY FINDINGS This plant contains flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, organic acids, saccharides and essential oils. Experimental studies showed that it has hypolipidemic, antimyocardial, anti-ischemia, antithrombotic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic neuroprotective activity, etc. Importantly, it has good effects in treating diseases of the digestive system and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. SUMMARY There is convincing evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies supporting the traditional uses of C. pinnatifida. However, multitarget network pharmacology and molecular docking technology should be used to study the interaction between the active ingredients and targets of C. pinnatifida. Furthermore, exploring the synergy of C. pinnatifida with other Chinese medicines to provide new understanding of complex diseases may be a promising strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xing-Liang Yang
- School of Classics, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-Liang Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ling-Chuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qing-Mei Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Jo WS, Kang S, Jeong SK, Bae MJ, Lee CG, Son Y, Lee HJ, Jeong MH, Kim SH, Moon C, Shin IS, Kim JS. Low Dose Rate Radiation Regulates M2-like Macrophages in an Allergic Airway Inflammation Mouse Model. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221117349. [PMID: 36003321 PMCID: PMC9393681 DOI: 10.1177/15593258221117349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of low dose rate radiation (LDR) on M1 and M2
macrophages in an ovalbumin-induced mouse model of allergic airway inflammation
and asthma. After exposure to LDR (1 Gy, 1.818 mGy/h) for 24 days, mice were
euthanized and the changes in the number of M1 and M2 macrophages in the
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung, and M2-associated cytokine levels, were
assessed. LDR treatment not only restored the M2-rich microenvironment but also
ameliorated asthma-related progression in a macrophage-dependent manner. In an
ovalbumin-induced mouse model, LDR treatment significantly inhibited M2, but not
M1, macrophage infiltration. M2-specific changes in macrophage polarization
during chronic lung disease reversed the positive effects of LDR. Moreover, the
levels of cytokines, including chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL) 24, CCL17,
transforming growth factor beta 1, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, decreased in
ovalbumin-sensitized/challenged mice upon exposure to LDR. Collectively, our
results indicate that LDR exposure suppressed asthmatic progression, including
mucin accumulation, inflammation, and Type 2 T helper (Th2) cytokine
(interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13) production. In conclusion, LDR exposure decreased
Th2 cytokine secretion in M2 macrophages, resulting in a reduction in
eosinophilic inflammation in ovalbumin-sensitized/challenged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wol Soon Jo
- Dongnam Institute of Radiological
& Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohi Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and
BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National
University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Kyung Jeong
- Dongnam Institute of Radiological
& Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Bae
- Dongnam Institute of Radiological
& Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Geun Lee
- Dongnam Institute of Radiological
& Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonghoon Son
- Korea Institute of Radiological &
Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-June Lee
- Korea Institute of Radiological &
Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Dong-A University College of
Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and
BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National
University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chongjong Moon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and
BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National
University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - In Sik Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and
BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National
University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- In Sik Shin, College of Veterinary Medicine
and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic
of Korea.
| | - Joong Sun Kim
- Dongnam Institute of Radiological
& Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine and
BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National
University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Joong Sun Kim, College of Veterinary
Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, 77
Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge Inhibits RANKL-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation in RAW 264.7 Cells and Prevents Bone Loss in an Ovariectomized Rat Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5521562. [PMID: 33859705 PMCID: PMC8024084 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5521562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by a decrease in bone microarchitecture with an increased risk of fracture. Long-term use of primary treatments, such as bisphosphonates and selective estrogen receptor modulators, results in various side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to develop alternative therapeutics derived from natural products. Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge (CPB) is a dried fruit used to treat diet-induced indigestion, loss of appetite, and diarrhea. However, research into the effects of CPB on osteoclast differentiation and osteoporosis is still limited. In vitro experiments were conducted to examine the effects of CPB on RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, we investigated the effects of CPB on bone loss in the femoral head in an ovariectomized rat model using microcomputed tomography. In vitro, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining results showed the number of TRAP-positive cells, and TRAP activity significantly decreased following CPB treatment. CPB also significantly decreased pit formation. Furthermore, CPB inhibited osteoclast differentiation by suppressing NFATc1, and c-Fos expression. Moreover, CPB treatment inhibited osteoclast-related genes, such as Nfatc1, Ca2, Acp5, mmp9, CtsK, Oscar, and Atp6v0d2. In vivo, bone mineral density and structure model index were improved by administration of CPB. In conclusion, CPB prevented osteoclast differentiation in vitro and prevented bone loss in vivo. Therefore, CPB could be a potential alternative medicine for bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.
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Taha HR, Al-Sawalha NA, Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF. Effect of E-Cigarette aerosol exposure on airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:503-511. [PMID: 33297792 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1856238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The popularity of electronic cigarettes (E-Cigs) smoking is increasing worldwide including patients with asthma. In this study, the effects of E-Cigs aerosol exposure on airway inflammation in an allergen-driven murine model of asthma were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Balb/c mice were randomly assigned to; control group (received fresh air, Ovalbumin (Ova) sensitization and saline challenge), E-Cig group (received E-Cig aerosol, Ova sensitization, and saline challenge), Ova S/C group (received fresh air, Ova sensitization and Ova challenge) and E-Cig + Ova S/C group. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were evaluated for inflammatory cells and inflammatory mediators, respectively. RESULTS Exposure to E-Cig aerosol significantly increased the number of all types of inflammatory cells in BALF (p < 0.05). Further, E-Cig aerosol reduced levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 in lung tissue homogenate (p < 0.05). Combined E-Cig aerosol and Ova S/C increased the airway recruitment of inflammatory cells, especially neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes (p < 0.05), increased the level of interleukin (IL)-13, and reduced the level of TGF-β1 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS E-Cig aerosol exposure induced airway inflammation in both control mice and allergen-driven murine model of asthma. The inflammatory response induced by E-Cig was slightly higher in allergen-driven murine model of asthma than in healthy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda R Taha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid Jordan
| | - Nour A Al-Sawalha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid Jordan
| | - Omar F Khabour
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Lee J, Cho E, Kwon H, Jeon J, Jung CJ, Moon M, Jun M, Lee YC, Kim DH, Jung JW. The fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida ameliorates memory deficits in β-amyloid protein-induced Alzheimer's disease mouse model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 243:112107. [PMID: 31349027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida is a traditional medicine widely used as digestive drug in East Asia. Although Chinese herbal medicine used it for mental health, scientific evidence does not exist, yet. AIMS OF STUDY The aim of this study is to show that the ethanol extract of the fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida (CPE) has neuroprotective effect on Alzheimer' disease model mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ was used to induce Alzheimer's disease-like pathology. Passive avoidance and Y-maze tasks were used to examine the effect of CPE on memory impairments by Aβ. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the effect of CPE on glial activation. ThT assay was used to observe the effect of CPE on Aβ aggregation. MTT and LDH release assays were utilized to examine effects of CPE on Aβ-induced cytotoxicity. RESULTS CPE prevented memory deficit in Aβ-induced memory impairment model. Moreover, CPE prevented glial activation in the hippocampus of Aβ-injected model. In in vitro test, CPE inhibited Aβ fibril formation in a concentration-dependent manner. CPE also caused disaggregation of Aβ fibrils. Along with this, CPE blocked neuronal cell death induced by Aβ. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these experimental findings demonstrated that CPE could be a candidate for development of AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunbi Cho
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - Huiyoung Kwon
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jieun Jeon
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul Jong Jung
- Okchundang Corporation, 142 Yulam-ro, Dong-gu, Dae-gu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, South Korea.
| | - Mira Jun
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea; Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Choon Lee
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Wook Jung
- Division of Bio-technology and Convergence, College of Bio-industry, Daegu Haany University, Kyungsan, 38578, Republic of Korea.
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Venturini CL, Macho A, Arunachalam K, de Almeida DAT, Rosa SIG, Pavan E, Balogun SO, Damazo AS, Martins DTDO. Vitexin inhibits inflammation in murine ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97:143-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Lee MS, Lee SO, Kim KR, Lee HJ. Sphingosine Kinase-1 Involves the Inhibitory Action of HIF-1α by Chlorogenic Acid in Hypoxic DU145 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020325. [PMID: 28165392 PMCID: PMC5343861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia enhances cancer development in a solid tumor. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α) is a transcription factor that is dominantly expressed under hypoxia in solid tumor cells and is a key factor that regulates tumor. HIF-1α regulates several target genes involved in many aspects of cancer progression, including angiogenesis, metastasis, anti-apoptosis and cell proliferation as well as imparts resistance to cancer treatment. In this study, we assessed Crataegus Pinnatifida Bunge var. typical Schneider ethanol extract (CPE) for its anti-cancer effects in hypoxia-induced DU145 human prostate cancer cell line. CPE decreased the abundance of HIF-1α and sphingosine kinase-1 (SPHK-1) in hypoxia-induced prostate cancer DU145 cells. CPE decreased HIF-1α and SPHK-1 as well as SPHK-1 activity. Chlorogenic acid (CA) is one of four major compounds of CPE. Compared to CPE, CA significantly decreased the expression of HIF-1α and SPHK-1 as well as SPHK-1 activity in hypoxia-induced DU145 cells. Furthermore, CA decreased phosphorylation AKT and GSK-3β, which are associated with HIF-1α stabilization and affected SPHK-1 in a concentration-dependent manner. We confirmed the mechanism of CA-induced inhibition of HIF-1α by SPHK-1 signaling pathway using SPHK-1 siRNA and SPHK inhibitor (SKI). CA decreased the secretion and cellular expression of VEGF, thus inhibiting hypoxia-induced angiogenesis. Treatment of DU145cells with SPHK1 siRNA and CA for 48 h decreased cancer cell growth, and the inhibitory action of SPHK siRNA and CA on cell growth was confirmed by decrease in the abundance of Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Sun Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Seon-Ok Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Kyu-Ri Kim
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University; 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Hyo-Jeong Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
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Juan Z, Zhao-Ling S, Ming-Hua Z, Chun W, Hai-Xia W, Meng-Yun L, Jian-Qiong H, Yue-Jie Z, Xin S. Oral administration of Clostridium butyricum CGMCC0313-1 reduces ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice. Respirology 2017; 22:898-904. [PMID: 28122397 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Probiotic bacteria can induce immune regulation or immune tolerance in patients with allergic diseases, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. There has been a growing interest in the use of beneficial bacteria for allergic diseases recently. This study aimed at exploring whether Clostridium butyricum CGMCC0313-1 (C. butyricum) can reduce ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model. METHODS Mouse model of allergic airway inflammation induced via OVA was used in this study. C. butyricum was administered daily by the oral route during or after the sensitization. Airway function, pulmonary airway inflammation, mast cell degranulation, T helper (Th)-specific and anti-inflammatory cytokines, OVA-specific Ig, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and histopathological alterations were examined. RESULTS C. butyricum significantly reduced lung resistance in the asthmatic mice. Pulmonary airway inflammation, mast cell degranulation, airway remodelling and the expression of OVA-specific IgE/G1 were suppressed by oral C. butyricum. It also reversed the imbalance of Th1/Th2 and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. CONCLUSION C. butyricum reduces OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice and might be an additional or supplementary therapy for allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Juan
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shi Zhao-Ling
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zeng Ming-Hua
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Chun
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wu Hai-Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liu Meng-Yun
- Respiratory Department, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huang Jian-Qiong
- Respiratory Department, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zheng Yue-Jie
- Respiratory Department, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sun Xin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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12
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Jang HH, Cho SY, Kim MJ, Kim JB, Lee SH, Lee MY, Lee YM. Anti-inflammatory effects of Salvia plebeia R. Br extract in vitro and in ovalbumin-induced mouse model. Biol Res 2016; 49:41. [PMID: 27716424 PMCID: PMC5053040 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-016-0102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is an increasing global health problem, and novel strategies to prevent or ameliorate the condition are needed. Here, the effects of 80 % ethanol extracts of Salvia plebeia R. Br. (SE) on an induced inflammatory response were investigated. RESULTS Salvia plebeia R. Br. inhibited production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, as well as nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. NO and pro-inflammatory cytokine production was suppressed more effectively by SE of the aerial parts (SE-A) than of the roots (SE-R) of S. plebeia. In BEAS-2B cells, both SE-A and SE-R inhibited the increase in production of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. We also investigated the anti-asthmatic effects of SE in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced BALB/c mouse model. SE-A treatment significantly reduced the number of airway eosinophils, IL-4 and IL-13 levels, mucus production, and inflammatory infiltration, as compared with the corresponding levels in the untreated, OVA-induced mice, and had similar effects to dexamethasone. CONCLUSIONS Salvia plebeia ethanol extract ameliorated the induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 and BEAS-2B cells, with more effective inhibition noted for SE-A than for SE-R. SE-A treatment was effective in improving the histopathological changes in the lungs of asthma model mice via modulation of eosinophils and Th2 cytokines. These results suggest that SE-A can be considered as a therapeutic agent that can potentially relieve asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Hee Jang
- Functional Food & Nutrition Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju, 565-851, South Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Cho
- Functional Food & Nutrition Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju, 565-851, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ju Kim
- Functional Food & Nutrition Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju, 565-851, South Korea
| | - Jung-Bong Kim
- Functional Food & Nutrition Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju, 565-851, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hyen Lee
- Functional Food & Nutrition Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju, 565-851, South Korea
| | - Mee-Young Lee
- Herbal Medicine EBM Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 305-811, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, 139-774, South Korea.
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Al Disi SS, Anwar MA, Eid AH. Anti-hypertensive Herbs and their Mechanisms of Action: Part I. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:323. [PMID: 26834637 PMCID: PMC4717468 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of herbal therapies for treatment and management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is increasing. Plants contain a bounty of phytochemicals that have proven to be protective by reducing the risk of various ailments and diseases. Indeed, accumulating literature provides the scientific evidence and hence reason d'etre for the application of herbal therapy in relation to CVDs. Slowly, but absolutely, herbal remedies are being entrenched into evidence-based medical practice. This is partly due to the supporting clinical trials and epidemiological studies. The rationale for this expanding interest and use of plant based treatments being that a significant proportion of hypertensive patients do not respond to Modern therapeutic medication. Other elements to this equation are the cost of medication, side-effects, accessibility, and availability of drugs. Therefore, we believe it is pertinent to review the literature on the beneficial effects of herbs and their isolated compounds as medication for treatment of hypertension, a prevalent risk factor for CVDs. Our search utilized the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases, and the criterion for inclusion was based on the following keywords and phrases: hypertension, high blood pressure, herbal medicine, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), nitric oxide, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, hydrogen sulfide, nuclear factor kappa-B, oxidative stress, and epigenetics/epigenomics. Each of the aforementioned keywords was co-joined with herb in question, and where possible with its constituent molecule(s). In this first of a two-part review, we provide a brief introduction of hypertension, followed by a discussion of the molecular and cellular mechanisms. We then present and discuss the plants that are most commonly used in the treatment and management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S. Al Disi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar UniversityDoha, Qatar
| | - M. Akhtar Anwar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar UniversityDoha, Qatar
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar UniversityDoha, Qatar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of BeirutBeirut, Lebanon
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Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) reduced inflammation, mucin synthesis, eosinophil infiltration and MMP-9 expressions in asthma-induced rats compared to Loratadine. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Continuous Exposure to Low-Dose-Rate Gamma Irradiation Reduces Airway Inflammation in Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143403. [PMID: 26588845 PMCID: PMC4654498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although safe doses of radiation have been determined, concerns about the harmful effects of low-dose radiation persist. In particular, to date, few studies have investigated the correlation between low-dose radiation and disease development. Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory airway disease that is recognized as a major public health problem. In this study, we evaluated the effects of low-dose-rate chronic irradiation on allergic asthma in a murine model. Mice were sensitized and airway-challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) and were exposed to continuous low-dose-rate irradiation (0.554 or 1.818 mGy/h) for 24 days after initial sensitization. The effects of chronic radiation on proinflammatory cytokines and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were investigated. Exposure to low-dose-rate chronic irradiation significantly decreased the number of inflammatory cells, methylcholine responsiveness (PenH value), and the levels of OVA-specific immunoglobulin E, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-5. Furthermore, airway inflammation and the mucus production in lung tissue were attenuated and elevated MMP-9 expression and activity induced by OVA challenge were significantly suppressed. These results indicate that low-dose-rate chronic irradiation suppresses allergic asthma induced by OVA challenge and does not exert any adverse effects on asthma development. Our findings can potentially provide toxicological guidance for the safe use of radiation and relieve the general anxiety about exposure to low-dose radiation.
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Li J, Zhang F, Li J. The Immunoregulatory Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Treatment of Asthma or Asthmatic Inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 43:1059-81. [PMID: 26364661 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic respiratory symptoms with variable airflow limitation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and causes high economic burden. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long-lasting history of using herbal medicine in the treatment of various respiratory diseases including asthma. In the last several decades, an increasing number of herbs have been shown to be effective in the treatment of asthma in clinical trials or asthmatic inflammation in animal models. Literature about the effects of TCM on the immune system were searched in electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus from 2000 to 2014. 'TCM' and 'asthma' were used as keywords for the searches. Over 400 literatures were searched and the literatures about the immune system were selected and reviewed. We only reviewed literatures published in English. Accumulating evidence suggests that TCM can directly inhibit the activation and migration of inflammatory cells, regulate the balance of Th1/Th2 responses, and suppress allergic hyperreactivity through inducing regulatory T cells or attenuating the function of dendritic cells (DCs). These studies provided useful information to facilitate the use of TCM to treat asthma. This review was conducted to classify the findings based on their possible mechanisms of action reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Fuchun Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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Shin NR, Shin IS, Jeon CM, Hong JM, Kwon OK, Kim HS, Oh SR, Hahn KW, Ahn KS. Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe attenuates allergic asthma induced by ovalbumin challenge. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4538-4545. [PMID: 26063513 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe (ZM) is a traditional medicine, used to treat inflammatory diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of ZM on the inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells and in a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)‑induced allergic asthma. Mice received OVA sensitization on day 0 and 14, and were challenged with OVA between days 21 and 23. ZM was administered to the mice at a dose of 30 mg/kg, 1 h prior to OVA challenge. In LPS‑stimulated RAW264.7 cells, ZM significantly decreased nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α production in a concentration‑dependent manner, and mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), TNF‑α and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑9 was reduced. In addition, treatment with ZM decreased the inflammatory cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the mice, and reduced the expression of interleukin (IL)‑4, IL‑5, IL‑13, eotaxin and immunoglobulin E. ZM also reduced airway hyperresponsiveness in OVA‑challenged mice, and attenuated the infiltration of inflammatory cells and mucus production in the airways, with a decrease in the expression of iNOS and MMP‑9 in lung tissue. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that ZM effectively inhibits inflammatory responses. Therefore, it may be that ZM has potential as a therapeutic agent for use in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Rae Shin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon‑Gun, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sik Shin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon‑Gun, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Mi Jeon
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon‑Gun, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Mi Hong
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon‑Gun, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Kyoung Kwon
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon‑Gun, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Seong Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon‑Gun, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon‑Gun, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Woung Hahn
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Yuesong‑Gu, Daejeon 305‑811, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon‑Gun, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
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Choi JH, Jin SW, Kim HG, Choi CY, Lee HS, Ryu SY, Chung YC, Hwang YJ, Um YJ, Jeong TC, Jeong HG. Saponins, especially platyconic acid A, from Platycodon grandiflorum reduce airway inflammation in ovalbumin-induced mice and PMA-exposed A549 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1468-1476. [PMID: 25590691 DOI: 10.1021/jf5043954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the inhibitory effects of Platycodon grandiflorum root-derived saponins (Changkil saponins: CKS) on ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in mice. CKS suppressed leukocytes number, IgE, Th1/Th2 cytokines, and MCP-1 chemokine secretion in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Also, ovalbumin-increased MUC5AC, MMP-2/9, and TIMP-1/-2 mRNA expression, NF-κB activation, leukocytes recruitment, and mucus secretion were inhibited by CKS treatment. Moreover, the active component of CKS, platyconic acid A (PA), suppressed PMA-induced MUC5AC mRNA expression (from 2.1 ± 0.2 to 1.1 ± 0.1) by inhibiting NF-κB activation (from 2.3 ± 0.2 to 1.2 ± 0.1) via Akt (from 3.7 ± 0.3 to 2.1 ± 0.2) (p < 0.01) in A549 cells. Therefore, we demonstrate that CKS or PA suppressed the development of respiratory inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling by reducing allergic responses, and they may be potential herbal drugs for allergen-induced respiratory disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Shin NR, Shin IS, Jeon CM, Hong JM, Oh SR, Hahn KW, Ahn KS. Inhibitory effects of Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn. on airway inflammation in a murine model of allergic asthma. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1495-500. [PMID: 24927487 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn. (PQ) is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, including gastritis. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of PQ on the inflammatory responses in mice with allergic asthma induced by ovalbumin (OVA) and in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated RAW264.7 cells. To induce allergic asthma, the mice underwent OVA sensitization on days 0 and 14 and then were challenged with OVA from days 21‑23. The mice were administered 15 and 30 mg/kg doses of PQ 1 h prior to the OVA challenge. The PQ treatment decreased the inflammatory cell count in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the mice and reduced the levels of interleukin (IL)‑4, IL‑5, IL‑13 and immunoglobulin (Ig)E when compared with those in the OVA group. The PQ treatment also reduced the airway hyperresponsiveness induced by the OVA challenge, attenuated the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the mucus production in the airways of the mice. In the LPS‑stimulated RAW264.7 cells, the PQ treatment reduced the overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The results indicated that PQ inhibits inflammatory responses in mice with OVA‑sensitized/challenged allergic asthma and in LPS‑stimulated RAW264.7 cells. These effects were considered to be associated with the suppression of iNOS expression. Therefore, PQ may have the potential to treat airway inflammatory diseases, including allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Rae Shin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon‑gun, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sik Shin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon‑gun, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Mi Jeon
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon‑gun, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Mi Hong
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon‑gun, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon‑gun, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Woung Hahn
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon 306‑791, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon‑gun, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
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Chen X, May B, Di YM, Zhang AL, Lu C, Xue CC, Lin L. Oral Chinese herbal medicine combined with pharmacotherapy for stable COPD: a systematic review of effect on BODE index and six minute walk test. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91830. [PMID: 24622390 PMCID: PMC3951501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review evaluated the effects of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) plus routine pharmacotherapy (RP) on the objective outcome measures BODE index, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) in individuals with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Searches were conducted of six English and Chinese databases (PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, CNKI and CQVIP) from their inceptions until 18th November 2013 for randomized controlled trials involving oral administration of CHM plus RP compared to the same RP, with BODE Index and/or 6MWT/D as outcomes. Twenty-five studies were identified. BODE Index was used in nine studies and 6MWT/D was used in 22 studies. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Weaknesses were identified in most studies. Six studies were judged as 'low' risk of bias for randomisation sequence generation. Twenty-two studies involving 1,834 participants were included in the meta-analyses. The main meta-analysis results showed relative benefits for BODE Index in nine studies (mean difference [MD] -0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.94, -0.47) and 6MWT/D in 17 studies (MD 54.61 meters, 95%CI 33.30, 75.92) in favour of the CHM plus RP groups. The principal plants used were Astragalus membranaceus, Panax ginseng and Cordyceps sinensis. A. membranaceus was used in combination with other herbs in 18 formulae in 16 studies. Detailed sub-group and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Clinically meaningful benefits for BODE Index and 6MWT were found in multiple studies. These therapeutic effects were promising but need to be interpreted with caution due to variations in the CHMs and RPs used and methodological weakness in the studies. These issues should be addressed in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankun Chen
- Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Research Service Group, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Brian May
- Traditional & Complementary Medicine Research Program, Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yuan Ming Di
- Traditional & Complementary Medicine Research Program, Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony Lin Zhang
- Traditional & Complementary Medicine Research Program, Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chuanjian Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Charlie Changli Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Traditional & Complementary Medicine Research Program, Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- * E-mail:
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The effects of maekmoondong-tang on cockroach extract-induced allergic asthma. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:958965. [PMID: 24723965 PMCID: PMC3958718 DOI: 10.1155/2014/958965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maekmoondong-tang (MMDT) has long been used in Asian countries to treat respiratory diseases. However, the precise mechanisms underlying its effects on asthma are unknown. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of MMDT in a cockroach allergen (CKA-)induced animal model of allergic asthma. After being challenged with CKA, the number of macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and total cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was evaluated. The Th2 specific cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were also analyzed in BALF along with IgE levels in serum. For histological analysis, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, and immunohistochemical staining were performed. In addition, airway hyperresponsiveness was assessed by noninvasive plethysmography. The cellular profiles and histopathologic analysis demonstrated that peribronchial and perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrates were significantly decreased in the MMDT-treated groups compared with the cockroach extract-injected (CKA) groups. In addition, the IgE, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels were significantly decreased in the MMDT group. MMDT treatment also significantly attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness. These results demonstrated that MMDT significantly reduced the hallmark signs of asthma: elevated serum IgE, airway eosinophilia, airway remodeling, mucus hypersecretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness. The remarkable antiasthmatic effects of MMDT suggest its therapeutic potential in allergic asthma treatment.
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Park S, Park MS, Jung KH, Song J, Kim YA, Cho HJ, Min BI, Bae H. Treatment with pyranopyran-1, 8-dione attenuates airway responses in cockroach allergen sensitized asthma in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87558. [PMID: 24489937 PMCID: PMC3906187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic allergic asthma is characterized by Th2-typed inflammation, and contributes to airway remodeling and the deterioration of lung function. Viticis Fructus (VF) has long been used in China and Korea as a traditional herbal remedy for treating various inflammatory diseases. Previously, we have isolated a novel phytochemical, pyranopyran-1, 8-dione (PPY), from VF. This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of PPY to prevent airway inflammation and to attenuate airway responses in a cockroach allergen-induced asthma model in mice. The mice sensitized to and challenged with cockroach allergen were treated with oral administration of PPY. The infiltration of total cells, eosinophils and lymphocytes into the BAL fluid was significantly inhibited in cockroach allergen-induced asthma mice treated with PPY (1, 2, or 10 mg/kg). Th2 cytokines and chemokine, such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and eotaxin in BAL fluid were also reduced to normal levels following treatment with PPY. In addition, the levels of IgE were also markedly suppressed after PPY treatment. Histopathological examination demonstrated that PPY substantially inhibited eosinophil infiltration into the airway, goblet cell hyperplasia and smooth muscle hypertrophy. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PPY possesses a potent efficacy on controlling allergic asthma response such as airway inflammation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojin Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Park
- Department of East-West Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohyun Song
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - You Ah Kim
- Natural Products Department, Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medical Industry, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hi Jae Cho
- Natural Products Department, Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medical Industry, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Il Min
- Department of East-West Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Han NR, Go JH, Kim HM, Jeong HJ. Hyperoside Regulates the Level of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin through Intracellular Calcium Signalling. Phytother Res 2013; 28:1077-81. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na-Ra Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Go
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine; Kyung Hee University; 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Hyun-Ja Jeong
- Inflammatory Disease Research Center and Biochip Research Center; Hoseo University; 165, Sechul-ri, Baebang-myun Asan Chungnam 336-795 Korea
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Hong SH, Kwon JT, Shin JY, Kim JE, Minai-Tehrani A, Yu KN, Lee S, Park SJ, Chang SH, Jiang HL, Vibin M, Han K, Son KH, Kwak WJ, Chae C, Bang SH, Cho MH. Therapeutic Effect of Broussonetia papyrifera and Lonicera japonica in Ovalbumin-induced Murine Asthma Model. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300801127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. and Lonicera japonica Thunb. have been used in recent medicinal research for their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of B. papyrifera and L. japonica ethanolic extracts in a murine model of ovalbumin-induced asthma, in which intra-peritoneal (IP) injections and aerosol ovalbumin delivery were used to induce allergic asthma. Bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), serum samples, lungs and livers were collected from the experimental groups. In the groups treated with B. papyrifera and L. japonica extracts, CD3, CD4, serum IgE and IL-4 levels; activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9; and eotaxin levels in the BALF significantly decreased to near normal levels. Results of a histopathological analysis showed that the level of inflammation and mucous secretions reduced in the treated groups compared to the corresponding levels in the other groups. Moreover, results of a serum enzymatic analysis showed the non-toxic nature of the extracts in the B. papyrifera and L. japonica treated groups. Taken together, these results clearly indicate that the B. papyrifera and L. japonica extracts may be very effective against asthma and inflammation related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ho Hong
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–921, Korea
| | - Jung-Taek Kwon
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404–708, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Shin
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–921, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–921, Korea
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443–270, Korea
| | - Arash Minai-Tehrani
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–921, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Nam Yu
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–921, Korea
| | - Somin Lee
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–921, Korea
- Graduate Group of Tumor Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Park
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–921, Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Chang
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–921, Korea
| | - Hu-Lin Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - M Vibin
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–921, Korea
| | - Kiwon Han
- Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–921, Korea
| | - Kun-Ho Son
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, Andong 760–749, Korea
| | - Wie-Jong Kwak
- Pharmaking, 826, Sinhung-dong, Sujeong-gu, Sungnam-city 461–160, Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–921, Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Bang
- Pharmaking, 826, Sinhung-dong, Sujeong-gu, Sungnam-city 461–160, Korea
| | - Myung-Haing Cho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–921, Korea
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443–270, Korea
- Graduate Group of Tumor Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443–270, Korea
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Bargut TCL, Ferreira TPT, Daleprane JB, Martins MA, Silva PMR, Aguila MB. Fish oil has beneficial effects on allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75059. [PMID: 24040386 PMCID: PMC3765396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fish oil (FO) is rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which have been suggested to be anti-inflammatory and are associated with improvement of several inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated the influence of FO on allergen-induced lung inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in mice. Methods Male A/J mice were fed either a standard-chow (SC) or a FO diet (FO) for 8 weeks. After 4 weeks, each group was further randomized for ovalbumin (SC-OVA and FO-OVA) or saline (SC-SAL and FO-SAL) challenge. Resistance and elastance were measured at baseline and after aerosolized methacholine, 24h after the last challenge. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed for leukocyte counts. Lung tissue mucus deposition, peribronchiolar matrix deposition and eosinophil infiltration were quantified. Serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IgG1 (ref 2.2), lung IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, INFγ and eotaxin-1 and 2 were detected by ELISA and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), GATA-3 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression was measured by Western blot. Results Levels of serum IgE and IgG1 were significantly higher in OVA sensitized mice. OVA challenge resulted in increased eosinophil infiltration, increased inflammatory cytokine production, peribronchiolar matrix and mucus deposition and airway hyperreactivity to aerosolized methacholine. Elevated lung NFκB and GATA-3 expression was noted in OVA-challenged mice. These changes were attenuated in mice fed with FO diet. Higher PPARγ expression was also detected in the lungs from the FO-fed groups. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that FO intake attenuated classical asthma features by suppressing the systemic sensitization, thus providing evidence that FO might be a prophylactic alternative for asthma prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thereza Cristina Lonzetti Bargut
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Paula Teixeira Ferreira
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julio Beltrame Daleprane
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Martins
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Zhu GC, Gao X, Wang ZG, Hu ZW, Zhang CC, Lai YG, Ji F, Wu JM. Experimental study for the mechanism of gastroesophageal-reflux-associated asthma. Dis Esophagus 2013; 27:318-24. [PMID: 24007598 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have shown a strong association between gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and asthma, especially in children. Diagnosing GER can be difficult in some patients when GER presents solely with asthma. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between GER and asthma with animal model. Sixty rats were randomly divided into six equal groups, GER group, GER-associated-asthma group, allergic asthma group, and their control groups. The cytokine levels and concentration of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were determined. The BAL of the rats with allergic asthma contained higher concentration of Interleukin-5 (IL-5) and more eosinophils than those of rats with GER-associated-asthma. This demonstrates that assaying the concentrations of IL-5 and inflammatory cells in BAL may be an effective method of distinguishing GER-associated asthma from allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-C Zhu
- Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Li Q, Jie Y, Wang C, Zhang Y, Guo H, Pan Z. Tryptase compromises corneal epithelial barrier function. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 32:183-7. [PMID: 23996353 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiyan Li
- Beijing Ophthalmol and Vis Sci Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100730 China
| | - Ying Jie
- Beijing Ophthalmol and Vis Sci Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100730 China
| | - Cong Wang
- Beijing Ophthalmol and Vis Sci Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100730 China
| | - Yingnan Zhang
- Beijing Ophthalmol and Vis Sci Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100730 China
| | - Huiling Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology; Chinese PLA 306 Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- Beijing Ophthalmol and Vis Sci Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100730 China
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Wu Q, Sun G, Yuan X, Soromou LW, Chen N, Xiong Y, Feng H. Tubeimoside-1 attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages and mouse models. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013; 35:514-23. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2013.810643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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