1
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Waghmare I, Gangwani K, Rai A, Singh A, Kango-Singh M. A Tumor-Specific Molecular Network Promotes Tumor Growth in Drosophila by Enforcing a Jun N-Terminal Kinase-Yorkie Feedforward Loop. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1768. [PMID: 38730720 PMCID: PMC11083887 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells expand rapidly in response to altered intercellular and signaling interactions to achieve the hallmarks of cancer. Impaired cell polarity combined with activated oncogenes is known to promote several hallmarks of cancer, e.g., activating invasion by increased activity of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and sustained proliferative signaling by increased activity of Hippo effector Yorkie (Yki). Thus, JNK, Yki, and their downstream transcription factors have emerged as synergistic drivers of tumor growth through pro-tumor signaling and intercellular interactions like cell competition. However, little is known about the signals that converge onto JNK and Yki in tumor cells and enable tumor cells to achieve the hallmarks of cancer. Here, using mosaic models of cooperative oncogenesis (RasV12,scrib-) in Drosophila, we show that RasV12,scrib- tumor cells grow through the activation of a previously unidentified network comprising Wingless (Wg), Dronc, JNK, and Yki. We show that RasV12,scrib- cells show increased Wg, Dronc, JNK, and Yki signaling, and all these signals are required for the growth of RasV12,scrib- tumors. We report that Wg and Dronc converge onto a JNK-Yki self-reinforcing positive feedback signal-amplification loop that promotes tumor growth. We found that the Wg-Dronc-Yki-JNK molecular network is specifically activated in polarity-impaired tumor cells and not in normal cells, in which apical-basal polarity remains intact. Our findings suggest that the identification of molecular networks may provide significant insights into the key biologically meaningful changes in signaling pathways and paradoxical signals that promote tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrayani Waghmare
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; (I.W.); (A.R.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Karishma Gangwani
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; (I.W.); (A.R.); (A.S.)
- Computational Biology Department, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Arushi Rai
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; (I.W.); (A.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; (I.W.); (A.R.); (A.S.)
- Premedical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
- Integrative Science and Engineering Centre (ISE), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; (I.W.); (A.R.); (A.S.)
- Premedical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
- Integrative Science and Engineering Centre (ISE), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
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2
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Puli OR, Gogia N, Chimata AV, Yorimitsu T, Nakagoshi H, Kango-Singh M, Singh A. Genetic mechanism regulating diversity in the placement of eyes on the head of animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316244121. [PMID: 38588419 PMCID: PMC11032433 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316244121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the conservation of genetic machinery involved in eye development, there is a strong diversity in the placement of eyes on the head of animals. Morphogen gradients of signaling molecules are vital to patterning cues. During Drosophila eye development, Wingless (Wg), a ligand of Wnt/Wg signaling, is expressed anterolaterally to form a morphogen gradient to determine the eye- versus head-specific cell fate. The underlying mechanisms that regulate this process are yet to be fully understood. We characterized defective proventriculus (dve) (Drosophila ortholog of human SATB1), a K50 homeodomain transcription factor, as a dorsal eye gene, which regulates Wg signaling to determine eye versus head fate. Across Drosophila species, Dve is expressed in the dorsal head vertex region where it regulates wg transcription. Second, Dve suppresses eye fate by down-regulating retinal determination genes. Third, the dve-expressing dorsal head vertex region is important for Wg-mediated inhibition of retinal cell fate, as eliminating the Dve-expressing cells or preventing Wg transport from these dve-expressing cells leads to a dramatic expansion of the eye field. Together, these findings suggest that Dve regulates Wg expression in the dorsal head vertex, which is critical for determining eye versus head fate. Gain-of-function of SATB1 exhibits an eye fate suppression phenotype similar to Dve. Our data demonstrate a conserved role for Dve/SATB1 in the positioning of eyes on the head and the interocular distance by regulating Wg. This study provides evidence that dysregulation of the Wg morphogen gradient results in developmental defects such as hypertelorism in humans where disproportionate interocular distance and facial anomalies are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neha Gogia
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH45469
| | | | - Takeshi Yorimitsu
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama700-8530, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakagoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama700-8530, Japan
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH45469
- Premedical Program, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH45469
- Integrative Science and Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH45469
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH45469
- Premedical Program, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH45469
- Integrative Science and Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH45469
- Center for Genomic Advocacy (TCGA), Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN47809
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3
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Waghmare I, Gangwani K, Rai A, Singh A, Kango-Singh M. A Tumour-Specific Molecular Network Promotes Tumour Growth in Drosophila by Enforcing a JNK-YKI Feedforward Loop. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.18.561369. [PMID: 37904920 PMCID: PMC10614921 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.18.561369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells expand rapidly in response to altered intercellular and signalling interactions to achieve hallmarks of cancer. Impaired cell polarity combined with activated oncogenes is known to promote several hallmarks of cancer e.g., activating invasion by increased activity of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and sustained proliferative signalling by increased activity of Hippo effector Yorkie (Yki). Thus, JNK, Yki, and their downstream transcription factors have emerged as synergistic drivers of tumour growth through pro-tumour signalling and intercellular interactions like cell-competition. However, little is known about the signals that converge onto JNK and Yki in tumour cells that enable the tumour cells to achieve hallmarks of cancer. Here, using mosaic models of cooperative oncogenesis ( Ras V12 , scrib - ) in Drosophila , we show that Ras V12 , scrib - tumour cells grow by activation of a previously unidentified network comprising Wingless (Wg), Dronc, JNK and Yki. We show that Ras V12 , scrib - cells show increased Wg, Dronc, JNK, and Yki signalling, and all of these signals are required for the growth of Ras V12 , scrib - tumours. We report that Wg and Dronc converge onto a JNK-Yki self-reinforcing positive feedback signal-amplification loop that promotes tumour growth. We found that Wg-Dronc-Yki-JNK molecular network is specifically activated in polarity-impaired tumour cells and not in normal cells where apical basal polarity is intact. Our findings suggest that identification of molecular networks may provide significant insights about the key biologically meaningful changes in signalling pathways, and paradoxical signals that promote Tumourigenesis.
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4
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Zarka M, Haÿ E, Cohen-Solal M. YAP/TAZ in Bone and Cartilage Biology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:788773. [PMID: 35059398 PMCID: PMC8764375 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.788773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
YAP and TAZ were initially described as the main regulators of organ growth during development and more recently implicated in bone biology. YAP and TAZ are regulated by mechanical and cytoskeletal cues that lead to the control of cell fate in response to the cellular microenvironment. The mechanical component represents a major signal for bone tissue adaptation and remodelling, so YAP/TAZ contributes significantly in bone and cartilage homeostasis. Recently, mice and cellular models have been developed to investigate the precise roles of YAP/TAZ in bone and cartilage cells, and which appear to be crucial. This review provides an overview of YAP/TAZ regulation and function, notably providing new insights into the role of YAP/TAZ in bone biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Zarka
- INSERM UMR 1132 BIOSCAR, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France.,Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Eric Haÿ
- INSERM UMR 1132 BIOSCAR, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France.,Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Martine Cohen-Solal
- INSERM UMR 1132 BIOSCAR, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France.,Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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5
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Hwang D, Kim M, Kim S, Kwon MR, Kang YS, Kim D, Kang HC, Lim DS. AMOTL2 mono-ubiquitination by WWP1 promotes contact inhibition by facilitating LATS activation. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/10/e202000953. [PMID: 34404733 PMCID: PMC8372784 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reveals a novel function of WWP1 E3 ligase in the mono-ubiquitination of AMOTL2, which enables the binding and activation of LATS kinases upon contact inhibition. Contact inhibition is a key cellular phenomenon that prevents cells from hyper-proliferating upon reaching confluence. Although not fully characterized, a critical driver of this process is the Hippo signaling pathway, whose downstream effector yes-associated protein plays pivotal roles in cell growth and differentiation. Here, we provide evidence that the E3 ligase WWP1 (WW-domain containing protein 1) mono-ubiquitinates AMOTL2 (angiomotin-like 2) at K347 and K408. Mono-ubiquitinated AMOTL2, in turn, interacts with the kinase LATS2, which facilitates recruitment of the upstream Hippo pathway component SAV1 and ultimately promotes yes-associated protein phosphorylation and subsequent cytoplasmic sequestration and/or degradation. Furthermore, contact inhibition induced by high cell density promoted the localization and stabilization of WWP1 at cell junctions, where it interacted with Crumbs polarity proteins. Notably, the Crumbs complex was functionally important for AMOTL2 mono-ubiquitination and LATS activation under high cell density conditions. These findings delineate a functionally important molecular mechanism in which AMOTL2 mono-ubiquitination by WWP1 at cell junctions and LATS activation are tightly coupled to upstream cell density cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehee Hwang
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Miju Kim
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Mi Ra Kwon
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ye-Seul Kang
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dahyun Kim
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Kang
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dae-Sik Lim
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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6
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Snigdha K, Singh A, Kango-Singh M. Yorkie-Cactus (IκBα)-JNK axis promotes tumor growth and progression in Drosophila. Oncogene 2021; 40:4124-4136. [PMID: 34017079 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Presence of inflammatory factors in the tumor microenvironment is well-documented yet their specific role in tumorigenesis is elusive. The core inflammatory pathways like the Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) and the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) pathway are conserved in Drosophila. We induced GFP-marked epithelial tumors by expressing activated oncogenic forms of RasV12 or Yorkie (Yki3SA, mammalian YAP) in scribble deficient cells (scribRNAi, mammalian SCRIB) to study the role of inflammatory factors in tumorigenesis. Similar to RasV12scribRNAi, we found that Yki3SAscribRNAi form invasive neoplastic lethal tumors that induce a systemic inflammatory response. We identified Cactus (Cact, mammalian IκBα), the negative regulator of TLR, as a key player in tumor growth. Cact accumulates in the cytoplasm in Drosophila tumor models, similar to squamous cell carcinoma in mice models and human patients where cytoplasmic IκBα favors oncogenic transformation. Further, cact is transcriptionally upregulated in tumors, and downregulation of Cact affects tumor growth. We investigated if TLR or TNF pathway affect tumor growth through activation of Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) pathway and its target Matrix Metalloprotease1 (MMP1). Genetically manipulating levels of TLR components or TNF receptors showed that Cact acts upstream of JNK signaling and regulates JNK via a non-canonical mechanism during tumorigenesis. Further, Hippo coactivator Yki transcriptionally regulates cact expression, and downregulation of Yki or Cact is sufficient to cause downregulation of JNK-mediated signaling that promotes tumorigenesis. Here, we report a link between Hippo, IκBα and JNK signaling that may induce inflammation and innate immune response in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Snigdha
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
- Premedical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
- Integrative Science and Engineering Center (ISE), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA.
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA.
- Premedical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA.
- Integrative Science and Engineering Center (ISE), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA.
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7
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Wang X, Liang H, Xu W, Ma X. Wallenda-Nmo Axis Regulates Growth via Hippo Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:658288. [PMID: 33937258 PMCID: PMC8085559 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.658288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Both Hippo signaling pathways and cell polarity regulation are critical for cell proliferation and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, despite the well-established connections between cell polarity disruption and Hippo inactivation, the molecular mechanism by which aberrant cell polarity induces Hippo-mediated overgrowth remains underexplored. Here we use Drosophila wing discs as a model and identify the Wnd-Nmo axis as an important molecular link that bridges loss-of-cell polarity-triggered Hippo inactivation and overgrowth. We show that Wallenda (Wnd), a MAPKKK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase) family member, is a novel regulator of Hippo pathways in Drosophila and that overexpression of Wnd promotes growth via Nemo (Nmo)- mediated Hippo pathway inactivation. We further demonstrate that both Wnd and Nmo are required for loss-of-cell polarity-induced overgrowth and Hippo inactivation. In summary, our findings provide a novel insight on how cell polarity loss contributes to overgrowth and uncover the Wnd-Nmo axis as an essential additional branch that regulates Hippo pathways in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenyan Xu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianjue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Kong D, Lu JY, Li X, Zhao S, Xu W, Fang J, Wang X, Ma X. Misshapen Disruption Cooperates with RasV12 to Drive Tumorigenesis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040894. [PMID: 33919765 PMCID: PMC8070713 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although RAS family genes play essential roles in tumorigenesis, effective treatments targeting RAS-related tumors are lacking, partly because of an incomplete understanding of the complex signaling crosstalk within RAS-related tumors. Here, we performed a large-scale genetic screen in Drosophila eye imaginal discs and identified Misshapen (Msn) as a tumor suppressor that synergizes with oncogenic Ras (RasV12) to induce c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and Hippo inactivation, then subsequently leads to tumor overgrowth and invasion. Moreover, ectopic Msn expression activates Hippo signaling pathway and suppresses Hippo signaling disruption-induced overgrowth. Importantly, we further found that Msn acts downstream of protocadherin Fat (Ft) to regulate Hippo signaling. Finally, we identified msn as a Yki/Sd target gene that regulates Hippo pathway in a negative feedback manner. Together, our findings identified Msn as a tumor suppressor and provide a novel insight into RAS-related tumorigenesis that may be relevant to human cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Kong
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; (S.Z.); (J.F.)
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, China;
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jin-Yu Lu
- Baylor College of Medicine, Hematology & Oncology, Houston, TX 77054, USA;
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sihua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; (S.Z.); (J.F.)
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, China;
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Wenyan Xu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, China;
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jinan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; (S.Z.); (J.F.)
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, China;
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Xing Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (X.M.)
| | - Xianjue Ma
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; (S.Z.); (J.F.)
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, China;
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (X.M.)
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9
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Gogia N, Chimata AV, Deshpande P, Singh A, Singh A. Hippo signaling: bridging the gap between cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:643-652. [PMID: 33063715 PMCID: PMC8067938 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.295273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, regulation of organ size requires a balance between cell proliferation, growth and cell death. Dysregulation of these fundamental processes can cause a variety of diseases. Excessive cell proliferation results in cancer whereas excessive cell death results in neurodegenerative disorders. Many signaling pathways known-to-date have a role in growth regulation. Among them, evolutionarily conserved Hippo signaling pathway is unique as it controls both cell proliferation and cell death by a variety of mechanisms during organ sculpture and development. Neurodegeneration, a complex process of progressive death of neuronal population, results in fatal disorders with no available cure to date. During normal development, cell death is required for sculpting of an organ. However, aberrant cell death in neuronal cell population can result in neurodegenerative disorders. Hippo pathway has gathered major attention for its role in growth regulation and cancer, however, other functions like its role in neurodegeneration are also emerging rapidly. This review highlights the role of Hippo signaling in cell death and neurodegenerative diseases and provide the information on the chemical inhibitors employed to block Hippo pathway. Understanding Hippo mediated cell death mechanisms will aid in development of reliable and effective therapeutic strategies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gogia
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Aditi Singh
- Medical Candidate, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology; Premedical Program; Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND); The Integrative Science and Engineering Center, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH; Center for Genomic Advocacy (TCGA), Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA
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10
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Parker TM, Henriques V, Beltran A, Nakshatri H, Gogna R. Cell competition and tumor heterogeneity. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 63:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Hao X, Wang S, Lu Y, Yu W, Li P, Jiang D, Guo T, Li M, Li J, Xu J, Wu W, Ho MS, Zhang L. Lola regulates Drosophila adult midgut homeostasis via non-canonical hippo signaling. eLife 2020; 9:47542. [PMID: 31934851 PMCID: PMC7299341 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis and regeneration in the Drosophila midgut is regulated by a diverse array of signaling pathways including the Hippo pathway. Hippo signaling restricts intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation by sequestering the transcription co-factor Yorkie (Yki) in the cytoplasm, a factor required for rapid ISC proliferation under injury-induced regeneration. Nonetheless, the mechanism of Hippo-mediated midgut homeostasis and whether canonical Hippo signaling is involved in ISC basal proliferation are less characterized. Here we identify Lola as a transcription factor acting downstream of Hippo signaling to restrict ISC proliferation in a Yki-independent manner. Not only that Lola interacts with and is stabilized by the Hippo signaling core kinase Warts (Wts), Lola rescues the enhanced ISC proliferation upon Wts depletion via suppressing Dref and SkpA expressions. Our findings reveal that Lola is a non-canonical Hippo signaling component in regulating midgut homeostasis, providing insights on the mechanism of tissue maintenance and intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Margaret S Ho
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Snigdha K, Gangwani KS, Lapalikar GV, Singh A, Kango-Singh M. Hippo Signaling in Cancer: Lessons From Drosophila Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:85. [PMID: 31231648 PMCID: PMC6558396 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippo pathway was initially identified through genetic screens for genes regulating organ size in fruitflies. Recent studies have highlighted the role of Hippo signaling as a key regulator of homeostasis, and in tumorigenesis. Hippo pathway is comprised of genes that act as tumor suppressor genes like hippo (hpo) and warts (wts), and oncogenes like yorkie (yki). YAP and TAZ are two related mammalian homologs of Drosophila Yki that act as effectors of the Hippo pathway. Hippo signaling deficiency can cause YAP- or TAZ-dependent oncogene addiction for cancer cells. YAP and TAZ are often activated in human malignant cancers. These transcriptional regulators may initiate tumorigenic changes in solid tumors by inducing cancer stem cells and proliferation, culminating in metastasis and chemo-resistance. Given the complex mechanisms (e.g., of the cancer microenvironment, and the extrinsic and intrinsic cues) that overpower YAP/TAZ inhibition, the molecular roles of the Hippo pathway in tumor growth and progression remain poorly defined. Here we review recent findings from studies in whole animal model organism like Drosophila on the role of Hippo signaling regarding its connection to inflammation, tumor microenvironment, and other oncogenic signaling in cancer growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Snigdha
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | | | - Gauri Vijay Lapalikar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Pre-Medical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Integrated Science and Engineering Center, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Pre-Medical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Integrated Science and Engineering Center, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
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13
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Khadilkar RJ, Tanentzapf G. Septate junction components control Drosophila hematopoiesis through the Hippo pathway. Development 2019; 146:dev.166819. [PMID: 30890573 DOI: 10.1242/dev.166819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis requires coordinated cell signals to control the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells. In Drosophila, blood progenitors, called prohemocytes, which are located in a hematopoietic organ called the lymph gland, are regulated by the Salvador-Warts-Hippo pathway. In epithelial cells, the Hippo pathway integrates diverse biological inputs, such as cell polarity and cell-cell contacts, but Drosophila blood cells lack the conspicuous polarity of epithelial cells. Here, we show that the septate-junction components Cora and NrxIV promote Hippo signaling in the lymph gland. Depletion of septate-junction components in hemocytes produces similar phenotypes to those observed in Hippo pathway mutants, including increased differentiation of immune cells. Our analysis places septate-junction components as upstream regulators of the Hippo pathway where they recruit Merlin to the membrane. Finally, we show that interactions of septate-junction components with the Hippo pathway are a key functional component of the cellular immune response following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan J Khadilkar
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
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14
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Chen YA, Lu CY, Cheng TY, Pan SH, Chen HF, Chang NS. WW Domain-Containing Proteins YAP and TAZ in the Hippo Pathway as Key Regulators in Stemness Maintenance, Tissue Homeostasis, and Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:60. [PMID: 30805310 PMCID: PMC6378284 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a conserved signaling pathway originally defined in Drosophila melanogaster two decades ago. Deregulation of the Hippo pathway leads to significant overgrowth in phenotypes and ultimately initiation of tumorigenesis in various tissues. The major WW domain proteins in the Hippo pathway are YAP and TAZ, which regulate embryonic development, organ growth, tissue regeneration, stem cell pluripotency, and tumorigenesis. Recent reports reveal the novel roles of YAP/TAZ in establishing the precise balance of stem cell niches, promoting the production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and provoking signals for regeneration and cancer initiation. Activation of YAP/TAZ, for example, results in the expansion of progenitor cells, which promotes regeneration after tissue damage. YAP is highly expressed in self-renewing pluripotent stem cells. Overexpression of YAP halts stem cell differentiation and yet maintains the inherent stem cell properties. A success in reprograming iPSCs by the transfection of cells with Oct3/4, Sox2, and Yap expression constructs has recently been shown. In this review, we update the current knowledge and the latest progress in the WW domain proteins of the Hippo pathway in relevance to stem cell biology, and provide a thorough understanding in the tissue homeostasis and identification of potential targets to block tumor development. We also provide the regulatory role of tumor suppressor WWOX in the upstream of TGF-β, Hyal-2, and Wnt signaling that cross talks with the Hippo pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tian-You Cheng
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Hua Pan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Fu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine and the Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, NY, United States.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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15
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Abstract
The Hippo Pathway comprises a vast network of components that integrate diverse signals including mechanical cues and cell surface or cell-surface-associated molecules to define cellular outputs of growth, proliferation, cell fate, and cell survival on both the cellular and tissue level. Because of the importance of the regulators, core components, and targets of this pathway in human health and disease, individual components were often identified by efforts in mammalian models or for a role in a specific process such as stress response or cell death. However, multiple components were originally discovered in the Drosophila system, and the breakthrough of conceiving that these components worked together in a signaling pathway came from a series of Drosophila genetic screens and fundamental genetic and phenotypic characterization efforts. In this chapter, we will review the original discoveries leading to the conceptual framework of these components as a tumor suppressor network. We will review chronologically the early efforts that established our initial understanding of the core machinery that then launched the growing and vibrant field to be discussed throughout later chapters of this book.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rewatee Gokhale
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cathie M Pfleger
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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16
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Bonello TT, Peifer M. Scribble: A master scaffold in polarity, adhesion, synaptogenesis, and proliferation. J Cell Biol 2018; 218:742-756. [PMID: 30598480 PMCID: PMC6400555 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201810103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Key events ranging from cell polarity to proliferation regulation to neuronal signaling rely on the assembly of multiprotein adhesion or signaling complexes at particular subcellular sites. Multidomain scaffolding proteins nucleate assembly and direct localization of these complexes, and the protein Scribble and its relatives in the LAP protein family provide a paradigm for this. Scribble was originally identified because of its role in apical-basal polarity and epithelial integrity in Drosophila melanogaster It is now clear that Scribble acts to assemble and position diverse multiprotein complexes in processes ranging from planar polarity to adhesion to oriented cell division to synaptogenesis. Here, we explore what we have learned about the mechanisms of action of Scribble in the context of its multiple known interacting partners and discuss how this knowledge opens new questions about the full range of Scribble protein partners and their structural and signaling roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa T Bonello
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Mark Peifer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC .,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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17
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Hilal ML, Moreau MM, Racca C, Pinheiro VL, Piguel NH, Santoni MJ, Dos Santos Carvalho S, Blanc JM, Abada YSK, Peyroutou R, Medina C, Doat H, Papouin T, Vuillard L, Borg JP, Rachel R, Panatier A, Montcouquiol M, Oliet SHR, Sans N. Activity-Dependent Neuroplasticity Induced by an Enriched Environment Reverses Cognitive Deficits in Scribble Deficient Mouse. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5635-5651. [PMID: 28968740 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling is well known to play a critical role during prenatal brain development; whether it plays specific roles at postnatal stages remains rather unknown. Here, we investigated the role of a key PCP-associated gene scrib in CA1 hippocampal structure and function at postnatal stages. We found that Scrib is required for learning and memory consolidation in the Morris water maze as well as synaptic maturation and NMDAR-dependent bidirectional plasticity. Furthermore, we unveiled a direct molecular interaction between Scrib and PP1/PP2A phosphatases whose levels were decreased in postsynaptic density of conditional knock-out mice. Remarkably, exposure to enriched environment (EE) preserved memory formation in CaMK-Scrib-/- mice by recovering synaptic plasticity and maturation. Thus, Scrib is required for synaptic function involved in memory formation and EE has beneficiary therapeutic effects. Our results demonstrate a distinct new role for a PCP-associated protein, beyond embryonic development, in cognitive functions during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna L Hilal
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Unité U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Maité M Moreau
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Unité U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Claudia Racca
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Vera L Pinheiro
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Unité U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas H Piguel
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Unité U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Josée Santoni
- CRCM, INSERM U1068, F-13009 Marseille, France.,CRCM, CNRS UMR7258, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, F-13007 Marseille, France
| | - Steve Dos Santos Carvalho
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Unité U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Michel Blanc
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Unité U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,BioXtal Structural Biology Unit, Campus de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, France.,University of Bordeaux, Plateforme de Biochimie et de Biophysique des protéines, FR Bordeaux Neurocampus, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Yah-Se K Abada
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Unité U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Ronan Peyroutou
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Unité U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Chantal Medina
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Unité U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Hélène Doat
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Unité U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Papouin
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Unité U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Vuillard
- BioXtal Structural Biology Unit, Campus de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- CRCM, INSERM U1068, F-13009 Marseille, France.,CRCM, CNRS UMR7258, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, F-13007 Marseille, France
| | - Rivka Rachel
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Aude Panatier
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Unité U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mireille Montcouquiol
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Unité U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane H R Oliet
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Unité U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Sans
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Unité U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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18
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Moon KH, Kim JW. Hippo Signaling Circuit and Divergent Tissue Growth in Mammalian Eye. Mol Cells 2018; 41:257-263. [PMID: 29665674 PMCID: PMC5935098 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate organ development is accompanied by demarcation of tissue compartments, which grow coordinately with their neighbors. Hence, perturbing the coordinative growth of neighboring tissue compartments frequently results in organ malformation. The growth of tissue compartments is regulated by multiple intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways, including the Hippo signaling pathway that limits the growth of various organs. In the optic neuroepithelial continuum, which is partitioned into the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and ciliary margin (CM) during eye development, the Hippo signaling activity operates differentially, as it does in many tissues. In this review, we summarize recent studies that have explored the relationship between the Hippo signaling pathway and growth of optic neuroepithelial compartments. We will focus particularly on the roles of a tumor suppressor, neurofibromin 2 (NF2), whose expression is not only dependent on compartment-specific transcription factors, but is also subject to regulation by a Hippo-Yap feedback signaling circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Hwan Moon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Jin Woo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
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19
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Greenwood E, Maisel S, Ebertz D, Russ A, Pandey R, Schroeder J. Llgl1 prevents metaplastic survival driven by epidermal growth factor dependent migration. Oncotarget 2018; 7:60776-60792. [PMID: 27542214 PMCID: PMC5308616 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that Llgl1 loss results in a gain of mesenchymal phenotypes and a loss of apicobasal and planar polarity. We now demonstrate that these changes represent a fundamental shift in cellular phenotype. Llgl1 regulates the expression of multiple cell identity markers, including CD44, CD49f, and CD24, and the nuclear translocation of TAZ and Slug. Cells lacking Llgl1 form mammospheres, where survival and transplantability is dependent upon the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). Additionally, Llgl1 loss allows cells to grow in soft-agar and maintain prolonged survival as orthotopic transplants in NOD-SCIDmice. Lineage tracing and wound healing experiments demonstrate that mammosphere survival is due to enhanced EGF-dependent migration. The loss of Llgl1 drives EGFR mislocalization and an EGFR mislocalization point mutation (P667A) drives these same phenotypes, including activation of AKT and TAZ nuclear translocation. Together, these data indicate that the loss of Llgl1 results in EGFR mislocalization, promoting pre-neoplastic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Greenwood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sabrina Maisel
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Cancer Biology Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - David Ebertz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Atlantis Russ
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Genetics Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ritu Pandey
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Joyce Schroeder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Genetics Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Cancer Biology Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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20
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Stephens R, Lim K, Portela M, Kvansakul M, Humbert PO, Richardson HE. The Scribble Cell Polarity Module in the Regulation of Cell Signaling in Tissue Development and Tumorigenesis. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3585-3612. [PMID: 29409995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Scribble cell polarity module, comprising Scribbled (Scrib), Discs-large (Dlg) and Lethal-2-giant larvae (Lgl), has a tumor suppressive role in mammalian epithelial cancers. The Scribble module proteins play key functions in the establishment and maintenance of different modes of cell polarity, as well as in the control of tissue growth, differentiation and directed cell migration, and therefore are major regulators of tissue development and homeostasis. Whilst molecular details are known regarding the roles of Scribble module proteins in cell polarity regulation, their precise mode of action in the regulation of other key cellular processes remains enigmatic. An accumulating body of evidence indicates that Scribble module proteins play scaffolding roles in the control of various signaling pathways, which are linked to the control of tissue growth, differentiation and cell migration. Multiple Scrib, Dlg and Lgl interacting proteins have been discovered, which are involved in diverse processes, however many function in the regulation of cellular signaling. Herein, we review the components of the Scrib, Dlg and Lgl protein interactomes, and focus on the mechanism by which they regulate cellular signaling pathways in metazoans, and how their disruption leads to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stephens
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Krystle Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Portela
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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21
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Milgrom-Hoffman M, Humbert PO. Regulation of cellular and PCP signalling by the Scribble polarity module. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 81:33-45. [PMID: 29154823 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the first identification of the Scribble polarity module proteins as a new class of tumour suppressors that regulate both cell polarity and proliferation, an increasing amount of evidence has uncovered a broader role for Scribble, Dlg and Lgl in the control of fundamental cellular functions and their signalling pathways. Here, we review these findings as well as discuss more specifically the role of the Scribble module in PCP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Milgrom-Hoffman
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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22
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Negrón-Pérez VM, Zhang Y, Hansen PJ. Single-cell gene expression of the bovine blastocyst. Reproduction 2017; 154:627-644. [PMID: 28814615 PMCID: PMC5630521 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The first two differentiation events in the embryo result in three cell types - epiblast, trophectoderm (TE) and hypoblast. The purpose here was to identify molecular markers for each cell type in the bovine and evaluate the differences in gene expression among individual cells of each lineage. The cDNA from 67 individual cells of dissociated blastocysts was used to determine transcript abundance for 93 genes implicated as cell lineage markers in other species or potentially involved in developmental processes. Clustering analysis indicated that the cells belonged to two major populations (clades A and B) with two subpopulations of clade A and four of clade B. Use of lineage-specific markers from other species indicated that the two subpopulations of clade A represented epiblast and hypoblast respectively while the four subpopulations of clade B were TE. Among the genes upregulated in epiblast were AJAP1, DNMT3A, FGF4, H2AFZ, KDM2B, NANOG, POU5F1, SAV1 and SLIT2 Genes overexpressed in hypoblast included ALPL, FGFR2, FN1, GATA6, GJA1, HDAC1, MBNL3, PDGFRA and SOX17, while genes overexpressed in all four TE populations were ACTA2, CDX2, CYP11A1, GATA2, GATA3, IFNT, KRT8, RAC1 and SFN The subpopulations of TE varied among each other for multiple genes including the prototypical TE marker IFNT. New markers for each cell type in the bovine blastocyst were identified. Results also indicate heterogeneity in gene expression among TE cells. Further studies are needed to confirm whether subpopulations of TE cells represent different stages in the development of a committed TE phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica M. Negrón-Pérez
- Department of Animal Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Gene Expression and Genotyping Core, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Peter J. Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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23
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Hu B, Xie S, Hu Y, Chen W, Chen X, Zheng Y, Wu X. Hepatitis C virus NS4B protein induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition by upregulation of Snail. Virol J 2017; 14:83. [PMID: 28431572 PMCID: PMC5399819 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key process associated with tumor metastasis and poor prognosis. HCV infection, HCV core and NS5A protein could induce EMT process, but the role of NS4B on EMT remains poorly understood. Methods We overexpressed HCV NS4B protein in HepG2 cells or Huh7.5.1 cells infected by HCVcc, the E-cadherin expression, N-cadherin expression and the EMT-associated transcriptional factor Snail were determined. The migration and invasion capabilities of the transfected cells were evaluated using wound-healing assay. Additionally, we used Snail siRNA interference to confirm the relation of HCV NS4B and Snail on EMT promotion. Results HCV NS4B increased the expression of EMT related markers and promoted cell migration and invasion. Snail knock-down almost completely eliminated the function of NS4B protein in EMT changes and reversed cell migration capacity to lower level. HCV NS4B protein could reduce the expression of Scribble and Hippo signal pathway were subsequently inactivated, resulting in the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway, which may be the reason for the up-regulation of Snail. Conclusions This study demonstrates that HCV NS4B protein induces EMT progression via the upregulation of Snail in HCC, which may be a novel underlying mechanism for HCV-associated HCC development, invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicheng Hu
- Institute of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Shenggao Xie
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Yuqian Hu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Institute of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaofan Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- The Central Laboratory, Guangming New District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518106, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xinxing Wu
- Institute of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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Tissue growth and tumorigenesis in Drosophila: cell polarity and the Hippo pathway. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 48:1-9. [PMID: 28364663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarity regulation is critical for defining membrane domains required for the establishment and maintenance of the apical-basal axis in epithelial cells (apico-basal polarity), asymmetric cell divisions, planar organization of tissues (planar cell polarity), and the formation of the front-rear axis in cell migration (front-rear polarity). In the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, cell polarity regulators also interact with the Hippo tissue growth control signaling pathway. In this review we survey the recent Drosophila literature linking cell polarity regulators with the Hippo pathway in epithelial tissue growth, neural stem cell asymmetric divisions and in cell migration in physiological and tumorigenic settings.
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Pfleger CM. The Hippo Pathway: A Master Regulatory Network Important in Development and Dysregulated in Disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 123:181-228. [PMID: 28236967 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo Pathway is a master regulatory network that regulates proliferation, cell growth, stemness, differentiation, and cell death. Coordination of these processes by the Hippo Pathway throughout development and in mature organisms in response to diverse external and internal cues plays a role in morphogenesis, in controlling organ size, and in maintaining organ homeostasis. Given the importance of these processes, the Hippo Pathway also plays an important role in organismal health and has been implicated in a variety of diseases including eye disease, cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. This review will focus on Drosophila reports that identified the core components of the Hippo Pathway revealing specific downstream biological outputs of this complicated network. A brief description of mammalian reports will complement review of the Drosophila studies. This review will also survey upstream regulation of the core components with a focus on feedback mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathie M Pfleger
- The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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26
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Waghmare I, Kango-Singh M. Loss of Cell Adhesion Increases Tumorigenic Potential of Polarity Deficient Scribble Mutant Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158081. [PMID: 27327956 PMCID: PMC4915667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial polarity genes are important for maintaining tissue architecture, and regulating growth. The Drosophila neoplastic tumor suppressor gene scribble (scrib) belongs to the basolateral polarity complex. Loss of scrib results in disruption of its growth regulatory functions, and downregulation or mislocalization of Scrib is correlated to tumor growth. Somatic scribble mutant cells (scrib-) surrounded by wild-type cells undergo apoptosis, which can be prevented by introduction of secondary mutations that provide a growth advantage. Using genetic tools in Drosophila, we analyzed the phenotypic effects of loss of scrib in different growth promoting backgrounds. We investigated if a central mechanism that regulates cell adhesion governs the growth and invasive potential of scrib mutant cells. Here we show that increased proliferation, and survival abilities of scrib- cells in different genetic backgrounds affect their differentiation, and intercellular adhesion. Further, loss of scrib is sufficient to cause reduced cell survival, activation of the JNK pathway and a mild reduction of cell adhesion. Our data show that for scrib cells to induce aggressive tumor growth characterized by loss of differentiation, cell adhesion, increased proliferation and invasion, cooperative interactions that derail signaling pathways play an essential role in the mechanisms leading to tumorigenesis. Thus, our study provides new insights on the effects of loss of scrib and the modification of these effects via cooperative interactions that enhance the overall tumorigenic potential of scrib deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrayani Waghmare
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- Premedical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- SupraMolecular Applied Research and Technology Center (SMART), University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Abstract
The mammalian MST kinase family, which is related to the Hippo kinase in Drosophila melanogaster, includes five related proteins: MST1 (also called STK4), MST2 (also called STK3), MST3 (also called STK24), MST4, and YSK1 (also called STK25 or SOK1). MST kinases are emerging as key signaling molecules that influence cell proliferation, organ size, cell migration, and cell polarity. Here we review the regulation and function of these kinases in normal physiology and pathologies, including cancer, endothelial malformations, and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Sahai
- The Francis Crick Institute, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
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28
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Sugiyama Y, Shelley EJ, Badouel C, McNeill H, McAvoy JW. Atypical Cadherin Fat1 Is Required for Lens Epithelial Cell Polarity and Proliferation but Not for Fiber Differentiation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:4099-107. [PMID: 26114487 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Fat family of atypical cadherins, originally identified in Drosophila, play diverse roles during embryogenesis and adult tissue maintenance. Among four mammalian members, Fat1 is essential for kidney and muscle organization, and is also essential for eye development; Fat1 knockout causes partial penetrant microphthalmia or anophthalmia. To account for the partial penetrance of the Fat1 phenotype, involvement of Fat4 in eye development was assessed. Lens phenotypes in Fat1 and 4 knockouts were also examined. METHODS Fat1 and Fat4 mRNA expression was examined by in situ hybridization. Knockout phenotypes of Fat1 and Fat4 were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS We found Fat4 knockout did not affect eye induction or enhance severity of Fat1 eye defects. Although Fat1 and Fat4 mRNAs are similarly expressed in the lens epithelial cells, only Fat1 knockout caused a fully penetrant lens epithelial cell defect, which was apparent at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5). The columnar structure of the lens epithelial cells was disrupted and in some regions cell aggregates were formed. In these multilayered regions, apical cell junctions were fragmented and the apical-basal polarity was lost. EdU incorporation assay also showed enhanced proliferation in the lens epithelial cells. Interestingly, these defects were found mainly in the central zone of the epithelial layer. The lens epithelial cells of the germinative zone maintained their normal morphology and fiber differentiation occurred normally at the equator. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate that Fat1 is essential for lens epithelial cell polarity and proliferation but not for terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sugiyama
- Save Sight Institute University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Shelley
- Save Sight Institute University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caroline Badouel
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helen McNeill
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John W McAvoy
- Save Sight Institute University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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29
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NOS1AP Functionally Associates with YAP To Regulate Hippo Signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2265-77. [PMID: 25918243 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00062-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of cellular polarity proteins and their associated complexes leads to changes in cell migration and proliferation. The nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) associates with the tumor suppressor protein Scribble to control cell migration and oncogenic transformation. However, how NOS1AP is linked to the cell signaling events that curb oncogenic progression has remained elusive. Here we identify several novel NOS1AP isoforms, NOS1APd, NOS1APe, and NOS1APf, with distinct cellular localizations. We show that isoforms with a membrane-interacting phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain can associate with Scribble and recognize acidic phospholipids. In a screen to identify novel binding proteins, we have discovered a complex consisting of NOS1AP and the transcriptional coactivator YAP linking NOS1AP to the Hippo signaling pathway. Silencing of NOS1AP reduces the phosphorylation of YAP and of the upstream kinase Lats1. Conversely, expression of NOS1AP promotes YAP and Lats1 phosphorylation, which correlates with reduced TEAD activity and restricted cell proliferation. Together, these data implicate a role for NOS1AP in the regulation of core Hippo signaling and are consistent with the idea that NOS1AP functions as a tumor suppressor.
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Bunker BD, Nellimoottil TT, Boileau RM, Classen AK, Bilder D. The transcriptional response to tumorigenic polarity loss in Drosophila. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25719210 PMCID: PMC4369581 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of polarity correlates with progression of epithelial cancers, but how plasma membrane misorganization drives oncogenic transcriptional events remains unclear. The polarity regulators of the Drosophila Scribble (Scrib) module are potent tumor suppressors and provide a model for mechanistic investigation. RNA profiling of Scrib mutant tumors reveals multiple signatures of neoplasia, including altered metabolism and dedifferentiation. Prominent among these is upregulation of cytokine-like Unpaired (Upd) ligands, which drive tumor overgrowth. We identified a polarity-responsive enhancer in upd3, which is activated in a coincident manner by both JNK-dependent Fos and aPKC-mediated Yki transcription. This enhancer, and Scrib mutant overgrowth in general, are also sensitive to activity of the Polycomb Group (PcG), suggesting that PcG attenuation upon polarity loss potentiates select targets for activation by JNK and Yki. Our results link epithelial organization to signaling and epigenetic regulators that control tissue repair programs, and provide insight into why epithelial polarity is tumor-suppressive. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03189.001 The cavities and organs within our body are lined with epithelial cells, which connect to each other to form continuous barriers. These cells have a highly polarized structure in which different components are found at the top and bottom of cells. In the fruit fly and most other animals, three genes known as the Scribble module control the polarity of epithelial cells. If these genes are faulty, the cells lose their polarity, break the epithelial barrier, and grow rapidly to form a tumor. Most malignant tumors that form from epithelial cells have lost normal cell polarity, so understanding how the organization and growth of epithelial cells are linked is a critical question. It is not clear how the loss of cell polarity can drive tumor formation. Here, Bunker et al. used a technique called RNA sequencing to study the expression of genes in tumor cells that have mutations in the Scribble module. Hundreds of genes in the tumor cells had different levels of expression from the levels seen in normal fly cells. One of these is a gene called upd3, which was expressed much more highly in tumor cells than in normal cells. This gene activates a signaling pathway—called the JAK/STAT pathway—that promotes cell growth and division in many animals. Bunker et al. found that experimentally lowering the activity of the JAK/STAT pathway reduced the growth of the tumor cells that had lost normal polarity. Further experiments show that disrupting the layer of epithelial cells activates two other signaling pathways that work together to switch on the upd3 gene when cell polarity is lost. Proteins belonging to the Polycomb Group also control the expression of upd3 and other genes involved in cell growth by altering how genetic material is packaged in cells. The similarities between this response and the response to tissue damage suggest that the loss of polarity drives tumor formation through an unstoppable wound-healing reaction. Therefore, Bunker et al.'s findings link the formation of epithelial tumors to the signaling pathways that control the repair of damaged tissues. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03189.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D Bunker
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Tittu T Nellimoottil
- University of Southern California, Department of Biological Sciences, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Ryan M Boileau
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Anne K Classen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - David Bilder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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31
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Guo L, Teng L. YAP/TAZ for cancer therapy: opportunities and challenges (review). Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1444-52. [PMID: 25652178 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
YAP (Yes-associated protein) and its paralog TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif) are the main downstream effectors of the Hippo signaling pathway. This pathway is an evolutionally conserved signal cascade, which plays pivotal roles in organ size control and tumorigenesis from Drosophila to mammals. Functionally, when the Hippo pathway is activated, YAP and TAZ will be sequestered in the cytoplasm and degraded. Conversely, when the Hippo pathway is deactivated, YAP and TAZ will translocate into nucleus and promote transcription of downstream genes by forming complexes with transcription factors, such as transcriptional enhancer factors (TEF; also referred to as TEAD), runt-domain transcription factors (Runx) and others. Most of these transcription factors belong to growth promoting or apoptosis-inhibition genes. It has been reported that the deactivation of the Hippo pathway, as well as up-regulation of YAP and TAZ was observed in many human cancers with a high frequency, which suggests that the Hippo pathway may be a potent target for developing anticancer drugs. In this review, we provide an overview of the Hippo pathway and summarize recent advances with respect to the role of YAP and TAZ in Hippo signaling pathway and cancer development. Furthermore, we describe the opportunities and challenges for exploit YAP and TAZ as potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Guo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Lisong Teng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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32
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Kwon HJ, Waghmare I, Verghese S, Singh A, Singh A, Kango-Singh M. Drosophila C-terminal Src kinase regulates growth via the Hippo signaling pathway. Dev Biol 2014; 397:67-76. [PMID: 25446534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is involved in regulating tissue size by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. Aberrant Hippo pathway function is often detected in human cancers and correlates with poor prognosis. The Drosophila C-terminal Src kinase (d-Csk) is a genetic modifier of warts (wts), a tumor-suppressor gene in the Hippo pathway, and interacts with the Src oncogene. Reduction in d-Csk expression and the consequent activation of Src are frequently seen in several cancers including hepatocellular and colorectal tumors. Previous studies show that d-Csk regulates cell proliferation and tissue size during development. Given the similarity in the loss-of-function phenotypes of d-Csk and wts, we have investigated the interactions of d-Csk with the Hippo pathway. Here we present multiple lines of evidence suggesting that d-Csk regulates growth via the Hippo signaling pathway. We show that loss of dCsk caused increased Yki activity, and our genetic epistasis places dCsk downstream of Dachs. Furthermore, dCsk requires Yki for its growth regulatory functions, suggesting that dCsk is another upstream member of the network of genes that interact to regulate Wts and its effector Yki in the Hippo signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey J Kwon
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | | | - Shilpi Verghese
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Aditi Singh
- Centerville High School, Centerville, OH 45459, USA
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; Premedical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; Premedical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA.
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33
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Hu L, Huang H, Li J, Yin MX, Lu Y, Wu W, Zeng R, Jiang J, Zhao Y, Zhang L. Drosophila casein kinase 2 (CK2) promotes warts protein to suppress Yorkie protein activity for growth control. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33598-607. [PMID: 25320084 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.580456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Hippo signaling regulates Wts activity to phosphorylate and inhibit Yki in order to control tissue growth. CK2 is widely expressed and involved in a variety of signaling pathways. In this study we report that Drosophila CK2 promotes Wts activity to phosphorylate and inhibit Yki activity, which is independent of Hpo-induced Wts promotion. In vivo, CK2 overexpression suppresses hpo mutant-induced expanded (Ex) up-regulation and overgrowth phenotype, whereas it cannot affect wts mutant. Consistent with this, knockdown of CK2 up-regulates Hpo pathway target expression. We also found that Drosophila CK2 is essential for tissue growth as a cell death inhibitor as knockdown of CK2 in the developing disc induces severe growth defects as well as caspase3 signals. Taken together, our results uncover a dual role of CK2; although its major role is promoting cell survive, it may potentially be a growth inhibitor as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxin Hu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
| | | | - Jinhui Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
| | - Meng-Xin Yin
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
| | - Yi Lu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
| | - Wenqing Wu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
| | - Rong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Yun Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
| | - Lei Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
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Abstract
Wiring between signaling pathways differs according to context, as exemplified by interactions between Notch and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways, which are cooperative in some contexts but antagonistic in others. To investigate mechanisms that underlie different modes of cross talk, we have focused on argos, an EGFR pathway regulator in Drosophila melanogaster which is upregulated by Notch in adult muscle progenitors but is repressed in the wing. Results show that the alternate modes of cross talk depend on the engagement of enhancers with opposite regulatory logic, which are selected by context-determining factors. This is likely to be a general mechanism for enabling the wiring between these pathways to switch according to context.
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35
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Wang W, Li X, Huang J, Feng L, Dolinta KG, Chen J. Defining the protein-protein interaction network of the human hippo pathway. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 13:119-31. [PMID: 24126142 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway, which is conserved from Drosophila to mammals, has been recognized as a tumor suppressor signaling pathway governing cell proliferation and apoptosis, two key events involved in organ size control and tumorigenesis. Although several upstream regulators, the conserved kinase cascade and key downstream effectors including nuclear transcriptional factors have been defined, the global organization of this signaling pathway is not been fully understood. Thus, we conducted a proteomic analysis of human Hippo pathway, which revealed the involvement of an extensive protein-protein interaction network in this pathway. The mass spectrometry data were deposited to ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000415. Our data suggest that 550 interactions within 343 unique protein components constitute the central protein-protein interaction landscape of human Hippo pathway. Our study provides a glimpse into the global organization of Hippo pathway, reveals previously unknown interactions within this pathway, and uncovers new potential components involved in the regulation of this pathway. Understanding these interactions will help us further dissect the Hippo signaling-pathway and extend our knowledge of organ size control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 66, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030
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36
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Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a kinase cascade, formed by Hippo, Salvador, Warts, and Mats, that regulates the subcellular distribution and transcriptional activity of Yorkie. Yorkie is a transcriptional coactivator that promotes the expression of genes that inhibit apoptosis and drive cell proliferation. We review recent studies indicating that activity of the Hippo pathway is controlled by cell-cell junctions, cell adhesion molecules, scaffolding proteins, and cytoskeletal proteins, as well as by regulators of apical-basal polarity and extracellular tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Enderle
- 1Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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37
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Lizama CO, Zovein AC. Polarizing pathways: balancing endothelial polarity, permeability, and lumen formation. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1247-54. [PMID: 23567183 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos O Lizama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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