1
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Ashirbekov Y, Nogay A, Abaildayev A, Zhunussova A, Sabitov Z, Zhabagin M. Genetic polymorphism of 27 Y-STR loci in Kazakh populations from Eastern Kazakhstan. Ann Hum Biol 2023; 50:48-51. [PMID: 36650935 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2023.2170465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The establishment of a national haplotype database is important for forensic and genetic applications and requires studying genetic polymorphisms at Y-STR sites. However, the genetic structure of the Eastern Kazakhstan population is poorly characterised. AIM To investigate the genetic polymorphisms of 27 Y-STR loci in the Kazakh population from Eastern Kazakhstan and analyse the population genetic relationships of the Eastern Kazakhs with other populations. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The Yfiler Plus kit was utilised to genotype 246 healthy, unrelated males from Eastern Kazakhstan. Based on the raw data, haplotype and allele frequencies along with forensic parameters were calculated, and an MDS plot was constructed. RESULTS A total of 207 haplotypes were detected, of which 186 were unique. The haplotype diversity and discrimination capacity were 0.997 and 0.841, respectively. Population comparisons showed that Eastern Kazakhs have close genetic relationships with Kazakhs from Xinjiang, China. At the same time, a difference was found between the studied population and the previous one in the same part of Kazakhstan. CONCLUSIONS The obtained haplotypes will help to expand the Kazakhstan Y-chromosome reference database and will be useful for future genetic research and forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeldar Ashirbekov
- M. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Anastassiya Nogay
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan.,School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Arman Abaildayev
- M. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Aigul Zhunussova
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Zhaxylyk Sabitov
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan.,L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan.,Research Institute for Jochi Ulus Studies, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Maxat Zhabagin
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
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2
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Fedorova SA, Khusnutdinova EK. Genetic Structure and Genetic History of the Sakha (Yakuts) Population. RUSS J GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795422120031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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3
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Kidd KK, Evsanaa B, Togtokh A, Brissenden JE, Roscoe JM, Dogan M, Neophytou PI, Gurkan C, Bulbul O, Cherni L, Speed WC, Murtha M, Kidd JR, Pakstis AJ. North Asian population relationships in a global context. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7214. [PMID: 35508562 PMCID: PMC9068624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Population genetic studies of North Asian ethnic groups have focused on genetic variation of sex chromosomes and mitochondria. Studies of the extensive variation available from autosomal variation have appeared infrequently. We focus on relationships among population samples using new North Asia microhaplotype data. We combined genotypes from our laboratory on 58 microhaplotypes, distributed across 18 autosomes, on 3945 individuals from 75 populations with corresponding data extracted for 26 populations from the Thousand Genomes consortium and for 22 populations from the GenomeAsia 100 K project. A total of 7107 individuals in 122 total populations are analyzed using STRUCTURE, Principal Component Analysis, and phylogenetic tree analyses. North Asia populations sampled in Mongolia include: Buryats, Mongolians, Altai Kazakhs, and Tsaatans. Available Siberians include samples of Yakut, Khanty, and Komi Zyriane. Analyses of all 122 populations confirm many known relationships and show that most populations from North Asia form a cluster distinct from all other groups. Refinement of analyses on smaller subsets of populations reinforces the distinctiveness of North Asia and shows that the North Asia cluster identifies a region that is ancestral to Native Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K Kidd
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Baigalmaa Evsanaa
- Department of Nephrology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Ariunaa Togtokh
- Department of Nephrology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Janet M Roscoe
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Scarborough Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mustafa Dogan
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - Cemal Gurkan
- Turkish Cypriot DNA Laboratory, Committee On Missing Persons in Cyprus Turkish Cypriot Member Office, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Turkey.,Dr. Fazıl Küçük Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Bulbul
- Institute of Forensic Science, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa, 34500, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lotfi Cherni
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathologies, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.,Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Monastir University, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - William C Speed
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Michael Murtha
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Judith R Kidd
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Andrew J Pakstis
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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4
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Cardinali I, Bodner M, Capodiferro MR, Amory C, Rambaldi Migliore N, Gomez EJ, Myagmar E, Dashzeveg T, Carano F, Woodward SR, Parson W, Perego UA, Lancioni H, Achilli A. Mitochondrial DNA Footprints from Western Eurasia in Modern Mongolia. Front Genet 2022; 12:819337. [PMID: 35069708 PMCID: PMC8773455 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.819337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mongolia is located in a strategic position at the eastern edge of the Eurasian Steppe. Nomadic populations moved across this wide area for millennia before developing more sedentary communities, extended empires, and complex trading networks, which connected western Eurasia and eastern Asia until the late Medieval period. We provided a fine-grained portrait of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation observed in present-day Mongolians and capable of revealing gene flows and other demographic processes that took place in Inner Asia, as well as in western Eurasia. The analyses of a novel dataset (N = 2,420) of mtDNAs highlighted a clear matrilineal differentiation within the country due to a mixture of haplotypes with eastern Asian (EAs) and western Eurasian (WEu) origins, which were differentially lost and preserved. In a wider genetic context, the prevalent EAs contribution, larger in eastern and central Mongolian regions, revealed continuous connections with neighboring Asian populations until recent times, as attested by the geographically restricted haplotype-sharing likely facilitated by the Genghis Khan’s so-called Pax Mongolica. The genetic history beyond the WEu haplogroups, notably detectable on both sides of Mongolia, was more difficult to explain. For this reason, we moved to the analysis of entire mitogenomes (N = 147). Although it was not completely possible to identify specific lineages that evolved in situ, two major changes in the effective (female) population size were reconstructed. The more recent one, which began during the late Pleistocene glacial period and became steeper in the early Holocene, was probably the outcome of demographic events connected to western Eurasia. The Neolithic growth could be easily explained by the diffusion of dairy pastoralism, as already proposed, while the late glacial increase indicates, for the first time, a genetic connection with western Eurasian refuges, as supported by the unusual high frequency and internal sub-structure in Mongolia of haplogroup H1, a well-known post-glacial marker in Europe. Bronze Age events, without a significant demographic impact, might explain the age of some mtDNA haplogroups. Finally, a diachronic comparison with available ancient mtDNAs made it possible to link six mitochondrial lineages of present-day Mongolians to the timeframe and geographic path of the Silk Route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cardinali
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Martin Bodner
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Christina Amory
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Edgar J Gomez
- Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,FamilySearch Int., Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Erdene Myagmar
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Tumen Dashzeveg
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Francesco Carano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Scott R Woodward
- Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Walther Parson
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Forensic Science Program, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Ugo A Perego
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Math and Science, Southeastern Community College, Burlington, IA, United States
| | - Hovirag Lancioni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Achilli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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5
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White AE, de-Dios T, Carrión P, Bonora GL, Llovera L, Cilli E, Lizano E, Khabdulina MK, Tleugabulov DT, Olalde I, Marquès-Bonet T, Balloux F, Pettener D, van Dorp L, Luiselli D, Lalueza-Fox C. Genomic Analysis of 18th-Century Kazakh Individuals and Their Oral Microbiome. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121324. [PMID: 34943238 PMCID: PMC8698332 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Asian Central Steppe, consisting of current-day Kazakhstan and Russia, has acted as a highway for major migrations throughout history. Therefore, describing the genetic composition of past populations in Central Asia holds value to understanding human mobility in this pivotal region. In this study, we analyse paleogenomic data generated from five humans from Kuygenzhar, Kazakhstan. These individuals date to the early to mid-18th century, shortly after the Kazakh Khanate was founded, a union of nomadic tribes of Mongol Golden Horde and Turkic origins. Genomic analysis identifies that these individuals are admixed with varying proportions of East Asian ancestry, indicating a recent admixture event from East Asia. The high amounts of DNA from the anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria Tannerella forsythia, a periodontal pathogen, recovered from their teeth suggest they may have suffered from periodontitis disease. Genomic analysis of this bacterium identified recently evolved virulence and glycosylation genes including the presence of antibiotic resistance genes predating the antibiotic era. This study provides an integrated analysis of individuals with a diet mostly based on meat (mainly horse and lamb), milk, and dairy products and their oral microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. White
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.W.); (T.d.-D.); (P.C.); (L.L.); (E.L.); (I.O.); (T.M.-B.)
| | - Toni de-Dios
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.W.); (T.d.-D.); (P.C.); (L.L.); (E.L.); (I.O.); (T.M.-B.)
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pablo Carrión
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.W.); (T.d.-D.); (P.C.); (L.L.); (E.L.); (I.O.); (T.M.-B.)
| | - Gian Luca Bonora
- ISMEO—International Association for Mediterranean and East Studies, 00186 Rome, Italy;
| | - Laia Llovera
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.W.); (T.d.-D.); (P.C.); (L.L.); (E.L.); (I.O.); (T.M.-B.)
| | - Elisabetta Cilli
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy;
| | - Esther Lizano
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.W.); (T.d.-D.); (P.C.); (L.L.); (E.L.); (I.O.); (T.M.-B.)
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Maral K. Khabdulina
- K.A. Akishev Institute of Archaeology, L.N. Gumilev Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (M.K.K.); (D.T.T.)
| | - Daniyar T. Tleugabulov
- K.A. Akishev Institute of Archaeology, L.N. Gumilev Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (M.K.K.); (D.T.T.)
| | - Iñigo Olalde
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.W.); (T.d.-D.); (P.C.); (L.L.); (E.L.); (I.O.); (T.M.-B.)
- Centro de Investigación “Lascaray” Ikergunea, BIOMICs Research Group, Universidad del País Vasco, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Tomàs Marquès-Bonet
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.W.); (T.d.-D.); (P.C.); (L.L.); (E.L.); (I.O.); (T.M.-B.)
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - François Balloux
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics Evolution & Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Davide Pettener
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Lucy van Dorp
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics Evolution & Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Correspondence: (L.v.D.); (D.L.); (C.L.-F.); Tel.: +34-617-277-935 (C.L.-F.)
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy;
- Correspondence: (L.v.D.); (D.L.); (C.L.-F.); Tel.: +34-617-277-935 (C.L.-F.)
| | - Carles Lalueza-Fox
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.W.); (T.d.-D.); (P.C.); (L.L.); (E.L.); (I.O.); (T.M.-B.)
- Correspondence: (L.v.D.); (D.L.); (C.L.-F.); Tel.: +34-617-277-935 (C.L.-F.)
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6
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Mahal DG. Y-DNA genetic evidence reveals several different ancient origins in the Brahmin population. Mol Genet Genomics 2020; 296:67-78. [PMID: 32978661 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-020-01725-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ancient geographical origins of Brahmins-a prominent ethnic group in the Indian subcontinent-have remained controversial for a long time. This study employed the AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance) test to evaluate genetic affinities of this group with thirty populations of Central Asia and Europe. A domestic comparison was performed with fifty non-Brahmin groups in India. The results showed that Brahmins had genetic affinities with several foreign populations and also shared their genetic heritage with several domestic non-Brahmin groups. The study identified the deep ancient origins of Brahmins by tracing their Y-chromosome haplogroups and genetic markers on the Y-DNA phylogenetic tree. It was confirmed that the progenitors of this group emerged from at least 12 different geographic regions of the world. The study concluded that about 83% of the Brahmins in the dataset belonged to four major haplogroups, of which two emerged from Central Asia, one from the Fertile Crescent, and one was of an indigenous Indian origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Mahal
- DGM Associates, Pacific Palisades, CA, USA. .,Institut Avrio de Geneve, Geneva, Switzerland.
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7
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Neparáczki E, Maróti Z, Kalmár T, Kocsy K, Maár K, Bihari P, Nagy I, Fóthi E, Pap I, Kustár Á, Pálfi G, Raskó I, Zink A, Török T. Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205920. [PMID: 30335830 PMCID: PMC6193700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been widely accepted that the Finno-Ugric Hungarian language, originated from proto Uralic people, was brought into the Carpathian Basin by the conquering Hungarians. From the middle of the 19th century this view prevailed against the deep-rooted Hungarian Hun tradition, maintained in folk memory as well as in Hungarian and foreign written medieval sources, which claimed that Hungarians were kinsfolk of the Huns. In order to shed light on the genetic origin of the Conquerors we sequenced 102 mitogenomes from early Conqueror cemeteries and compared them to sequences of all available databases. We applied novel population genetic algorithms, named Shared Haplogroup Distance and MITOMIX, to reveal past admixture of maternal lineages. Our results show that the Conquerors assembled from various nomadic groups of the Eurasian steppe. Population genetic results indicate that they had closest connection to the Onogur-Bulgar ancestors of Volga Tatars. Phylogenetic results reveal that more than one third of the Conqueror maternal lineages were derived from Central-Inner Asia and their most probable ultimate sources were the Asian Scythians and Asian Huns, giving support to the Hungarian Hun tradition. The rest of the lineages most likely originated from the Bronze Age Potapovka-Poltavka-Srubnaya cultures of the Pontic-Caspian steppe. Available data imply that the Conquerors did not have a major contribution to the gene pool of the Carpathian Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoltán Maróti
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kalmár
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Kocsy
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kitti Maár
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - István Nagy
- SeqOmics Biotechnology Ltd., Mórahalom, Hungary
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Fóthi
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Pap
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kustár
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Pálfi
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Raskó
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Albert Zink
- Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, EURAC, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Tibor Török
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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8
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Pilipenko AS, Trapezov RO, Cherdantsev SV, Babenko VN, Nesterova MS, Pozdnyakov DV, Molodin VI, Polosmak NV. Maternal genetic features of the Iron Age Tagar population from Southern Siberia (1st millennium BC). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204062. [PMID: 30235269 PMCID: PMC6147448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early nomads in the Eurasian steppes since the beginning of the 1st millennium BC played a key role in the formation of the cultural and genetic landscape of populations of a significant part of Eurasia, from Eastern Europe to Eastern Central Asia. Numerous archaeological cultures associated with early nomads have been discovered throughout the Eurasian steppe belt. The Tagar archaeological culture existed in the Minusinsk basin (Sayan Mountains, Southern Siberia, Russia) in the northeastern periphery of the Eurasian steppe belt from the 8th to 1st century BC during the pre-Scythian, Scythian, and Early Xiongnu-Sarmatian periods. In this study, we evaluated mtDNA diversity in the Tagar population based on representative series (N = 79) belonging to all chronological stages of the culture. The Tagar population had a mixed mtDNA pool dominated by Western Eurasian haplogroups and subgroups (H, HV6, HV*, I, K, T, U2e, U4, U5a, and U*) and, to a lesser degree, Eastern Eurasian haplogroups (A*, A8, C*, C5, D, G2a, and F1b). The Tagar population showed a similar mtDNA pool structure to those of other Iron Age populations representing the "Scythian World." We observed particularly high similarity between the Tagar and Classic Scythians from the North Pontic region. Our results support the assumption that genetic components introduced by Bronze Age migrants from Western Eurasia contributed to the formation of the genetic composition of Scythian period populations in Southern Siberia. Another important component of the Tagar mtDNA pool was autochthonous East Eurasian lineages, some of which (A8 and C4a2a) are potential markers of the westward genetic influence of the eastern populations of the Scythian period. Our results suggest a genetic continuity (at least partial) between the Early, Middle, and Late Tagar populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr S. Pilipenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Rostislav O. Trapezov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Stepan V. Cherdantsev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir N. Babenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina S. Nesterova
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitri V. Pozdnyakov
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav I. Molodin
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Polosmak
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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9
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Sikhayeva N, Talzhanov Y, Iskakova A, Dzharmukhanov J, Nugmanova R, Zholdybaeva E, Ramanculov E. Type 2 diabetes mellitus: distribution of genetic markers in Kazakh population. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13:377-388. [PMID: 29551892 PMCID: PMC5842777 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s156044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethnic differences exist in the frequencies of genetic variations that contribute to the risk of common disease. This study aimed to analyse the distribution of several genes, previously associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and obesity-related phenotypes, in a Kazakh population. Methods A total of 966 individuals belonging to the Kazakh ethnicity were recruited from an outpatient clinic. We genotyped 41 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with type 2 diabetes in other ethnic groups and 31 of these were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The obtained allele frequencies were further compared to publicly available data from other ethnic populations. Allele frequencies for other (compared) populations were pooled from the haplotype map (HapMap) database. Principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, and multidimensional scaling (MDS) were used for the analysis of genetic relationship between the populations. Results Comparative analysis of allele frequencies of the studied SNPs showed significant differentiation among the studied populations. The Kazakh population was grouped with Asian populations according to the cluster analysis and with the Caucasian populations according to PCA. According to MDS, results of the current study show that the Kazakh population holds an intermediate position between Caucasian and Asian populations. Conclusion A high percentage of population differentiation was observed between Kazakh and world populations. The Kazakh population was clustered with Caucasian populations, and this result may indicate a significant Caucasian component in the Kazakh gene pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurgul Sikhayeva
- National Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerkebulan Talzhanov
- National Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Aisha Iskakova
- National Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Jarkyn Dzharmukhanov
- National Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Raushan Nugmanova
- National Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Elena Zholdybaeva
- National Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Erlan Ramanculov
- National Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan.,School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
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10
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Šebest L, Baldovič M, Frtús A, Bognár C, Kyselicová K, Kádasi Ľ, Beňuš R. Detection of mitochondrial haplogroups in a small avar-slavic population from the eigth-ninth century AD. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165:536-553. [PMID: 29345305 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the sixth century AD, Avars came to Central Europe from middle Eurasian steppes and founded a strong Empire called the Avar Khagante (568-799/803 AD) in the Pannonian basin. During the existence of this empire, they undertook many military and pugnacious campaigns. In the seventh century, they conquered the northern territory inhabited by Slavs, who were further recruited in Avar military and were commissioned with obtaining food supplies. During almost 200 years of Avar domination, a significant influence by the Avar culture (especially on the burial rite) and assimilation with indigenous population (occurrence of "East Asian"cranial features) could be noticed in this mixed area, which is supported by achaeological and anthropologcal research. Therefore we expected higher incidence of east Eurasian haplogroups (introduced by Avars) than the frequencies detected in present-day central European populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mitochondrial DNA from 62 human skeletal remains excavated from the Avar-Slavic burial site Cífer-Pác (Slovakia) dated to the eighth and ninth century was analyzed by the sequencing of hypervariable region I and selected parts of coding region. Obtained haplotypes were compared with other present-day and historical populations and genetic distances were calculated using standard statistical method. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In total, the detection of mitochondrial haplogroups was possible in 46 individuals. Our results prooved a higher frequency of east Eurasian haplogroups in our analyzed population (6.52%) than in present-day central European populations. However, it is almost three times lower than the frequency of east Eurasian haplogroups detected in other medieval Avar populations. The statistical analysis showed a greater similarity and the lowest genetic distances between the Avar-Slavic burial site Cifer-Pac and medieval European populations than the South Siberian, East and Central Asian populations. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the transfer of Avar genetic variation through their mtDNA was rather weak in the analyzed mixed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Šebest
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Marian Baldovič
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Adam Frtús
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Csaba Bognár
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Klaudia Kyselicová
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, Bratislava 813 72, Slovak Republic.,Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľudevít Kádasi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic.,Biomedical Research Center Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Radoslav Beňuš
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
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11
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Juras A, Krzewińska M, Nikitin AG, Ehler E, Chyleński M, Łukasik S, Krenz-Niedbała M, Sinika V, Piontek J, Ivanova S, Dabert M, Götherström A. Diverse origin of mitochondrial lineages in Iron Age Black Sea Scythians. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43950. [PMID: 28266657 PMCID: PMC5339713 DOI: 10.1038/srep43950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Scythians were nomadic and semi-nomadic people that ruled the Eurasian steppe during much of the first millennium BCE. While having been extensively studied by archaeology, very little is known about their genetic identity. To fill this gap, we analyzed ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from Scythians of the North Pontic Region (NPR) and successfully retrieved 19 whole mtDNA genomes. We have identified three potential mtDNA lineage ancestries of the NPR Scythians tracing back to hunter-gatherer and nomadic populations of east and west Eurasia as well as the Neolithic farming expansion into Europe. One third of all mt lineages in our dataset belonged to subdivisions of mt haplogroup U5. A comparison of NPR Scythian mtDNA linages with other contemporaneous Scythian groups, the Saka and the Pazyryks, reveals a common mtDNA package comprised of haplogroups H/H5, U5a, A, D/D4, and F1/F2. Of these, west Eurasian lineages show a downward cline in the west-east direction while east Eurasian haplogroups display the opposite trajectory. An overall similarity in mtDNA lineages of the NPR Scythians was found with the late Bronze Age Srubnaya population of the Northern Black Sea region which supports the archaeological hypothesis suggesting Srubnaya people as ancestors of the NPR Scythians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Juras
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maja Krzewińska
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University Wallenberglaboratoriet, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexey G Nikitin
- Biology Department, Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, Michigan 49401, United States of America
| | - Edvard Ehler
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.,Department of Biology and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Education, Charles University in Prague, Magdalény Rettigové 4, 116 39, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maciej Chyleński
- Institute of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89D, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Sylwia Łukasik
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Krenz-Niedbała
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Vitaly Sinika
- Taras Shevchenko University in Tiraspol, Taras Shevchenko University in Tiraspol, October Street 25, 33-00 Tiraspol, Moldova
| | - Janusz Piontek
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Svetlana Ivanova
- Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lanzheronivska Street, 65026, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Miroslawa Dabert
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anders Götherström
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University Wallenberglaboratoriet, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Unterländer M, Palstra F, Lazaridis I, Pilipenko A, Hofmanová Z, Groß M, Sell C, Blöcher J, Kirsanow K, Rohland N, Rieger B, Kaiser E, Schier W, Pozdniakov D, Khokhlov A, Georges M, Wilde S, Powell A, Heyer E, Currat M, Reich D, Samashev Z, Parzinger H, Molodin VI, Burger J. Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14615. [PMID: 28256537 PMCID: PMC5337992 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During the 1st millennium before the Common Era (BCE), nomadic tribes associated with the Iron Age Scythian culture spread over the Eurasian Steppe, covering a territory of more than 3,500 km in breadth. To understand the demographic processes behind the spread of the Scythian culture, we analysed genomic data from eight individuals and a mitochondrial dataset of 96 individuals originating in eastern and western parts of the Eurasian Steppe. Genomic inference reveals that Scythians in the east and the west of the steppe zone can best be described as a mixture of Yamnaya-related ancestry and an East Asian component. Demographic modelling suggests independent origins for eastern and western groups with ongoing gene-flow between them, plausibly explaining the striking uniformity of their material culture. We also find evidence that significant gene-flow from east to west Eurasia must have occurred early during the Iron Age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Unterländer
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Friso Palstra
- CNRS UMR 7206 Eco-anthropologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Iosif Lazaridis
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Aleksandr Pilipenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Akademika Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Zuzana Hofmanová
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Melanie Groß
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Sell
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Blöcher
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Karola Kirsanow
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin Rieger
- Molecular Genetics and Genome Analysis Group, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elke Kaiser
- Department of History and Cultural Studies, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfram Schier
- Department of History and Cultural Studies, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dimitri Pozdniakov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Akademika Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Khokhlov
- Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara 443099, Russian Federation
| | - Myriam Georges
- CNRS UMR 7206 Eco-anthropologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Sandra Wilde
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Adam Powell
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Evelyne Heyer
- CNRS UMR 7206 Eco-anthropologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Mathias Currat
- Dépt. de Génétique & Evolution, Unité d'anthropologie, Université de Genève, 1205 Genève, Suisse
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Zainolla Samashev
- Branch of Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Vyacheslav I. Molodin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Akademika Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Joachim Burger
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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13
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Refrégier G, Abadia E, Matsumoto T, Ano H, Takashima T, Tsuyuguchi I, Aktas E, Cömert F, Gomgnimbou MK, Panaiotov S, Phelan J, Coll F, McNerney R, Pain A, Clark TG, Sola C. Turkish and Japanese Mycobacterium tuberculosis sublineages share a remote common ancestor. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:461-473. [PMID: 27746295 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Two geographically distant M. tuberculosis sublineages, Tur from Turkey and T3-Osaka from Japan, exhibit partially identical genotypic signatures (identical 12-loci MIRU-VNTR profiles, distinct spoligotyping patterns). We investigated T3-Osaka and Tur sublineages characteristics and potential genetic relatedness, first using MIRU-VNTR locus analysis on 21 and 25 samples of each sublineage respectively, and second comparing Whole Genome Sequences of 8 new samples to public data from 45 samples uncovering human tuberculosis diversity. We then tried to date their Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) using three calibrations of SNP accumulation rate (long-term=0.03SNP/genome/year, derived from a tuberculosis ancestor of around 70,000years old; intermediate=0.2SNP/genome/year derived from a Peruvian mummy; short-term=0.5SNP/genome/year). To disentangle between these scenarios, we confronted the corresponding divergence times with major human history events and knowledge on human genetic divergence. We identified relatively high intrasublineage diversity for both T3-Osaka and Tur. We definitively proved their monophyly; the corresponding super-sublineage (referred to as "T3-Osa-Tur") shares a common ancestor with T3-Ethiopia and Ural sublineages but is only remotely related to other Euro-American sublineages such as X, LAM, Haarlem and S. The evolutionary scenario based on long-term evolution rate being valid until T3-Osa-Tur MRCA was not supported by Japanese fossil data. The evolutionary scenario relying on short-term evolution rate since T3-Osa-Tur MRCA was contradicted by human history and potential traces of past epidemics. T3-Osaka and Tur sublineages were found likely to have diverged between 800y and 2000years ago, potentially at the time of Mongol Empire. Altogether, this study definitively proves a strong genetic link between Turkish and Japanese tuberculosis. It provides a first hypothesis for calibrating TB Euro-American lineage molecular clock; additional studies are needed to reliably date events corresponding to intermediate depths in tuberculosis phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guislaine Refrégier
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
| | - Edgar Abadia
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Tomoshige Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka Prefectural Medical Center for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Habikino-city, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ano
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka Prefectural Medical Center for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Habikino-city, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takashima
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka Prefectural Medical Center for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Habikino-city, Japan
| | - Izuo Tsuyuguchi
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka Prefectural Medical Center for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Habikino-city, Japan
| | - Elif Aktas
- Şişli Etfal Research and Training Hopital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Füsun Cömert
- Faculty of Medicine, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Michel Kireopori Gomgnimbou
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Stefan Panaiotov
- National Center of Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jody Phelan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Francesc Coll
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ruth McNerney
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Infection and Immunity Unit, UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town,South Africa
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Group, Biological, Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Christophe Sola
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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14
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Pugach I, Matveev R, Spitsyn V, Makarov S, Novgorodov I, Osakovsky V, Stoneking M, Pakendorf B. The Complex Admixture History and Recent Southern Origins of Siberian Populations. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:1777-95. [PMID: 26993256 PMCID: PMC4915357 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Siberia was inhabited by modern humans at an early stage, there is still debate over whether it remained habitable during the extreme cold of the Last Glacial Maximum or whether it was subsequently repopulated by peoples with recent shared ancestry. Previous studies of the genetic history of Siberian populations were hampered by the extensive admixture that appears to have taken place among these populations, because commonly used methods assume a tree-like population history and at most single admixture events. Here we analyze geogenetic maps and use other approaches to distinguish the effects of shared ancestry from prehistoric migrations and contact, and develop a new method based on the covariance of ancestry components, to investigate the potentially complex admixture history. We furthermore adapt a previously devised method of admixture dating for use with multiple events of gene flow, and apply these methods to whole-genome genotype data from over 500 individuals belonging to 20 different Siberian ethnolinguistic groups. The results of these analyses indicate that there have been multiple layers of admixture detectable in most of the Siberian populations, with considerable differences in the admixture histories of individual populations. Furthermore, most of the populations of Siberia included here, even those settled far to the north, appear to have a southern origin, with the northward expansions of different populations possibly being driven partly by the advent of pastoralism, especially reindeer domestication. These newly developed methods to analyze multiple admixture events should aid in the investigation of similarly complex population histories elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Pugach
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rostislav Matveev
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Viktor Spitsyn
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Federal State Budgetary Institution, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Makarov
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Federal State Budgetary Institution, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Innokentiy Novgorodov
- Institute of Foreign Philology and Regional Studies, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Osakovsky
- Institute of Health, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Mark Stoneking
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brigitte Pakendorf
- Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage, UMR5596, CNRS and Université Lyon Lumière 2, Lyon, France
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15
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Tassi F, Ghirotto S, Mezzavilla M, Vilaça ST, De Santi L, Barbujani G. Early modern human dispersal from Africa: genomic evidence for multiple waves of migration. INVESTIGATIVE GENETICS 2015; 6:13. [PMID: 26550467 PMCID: PMC4636834 DOI: 10.1186/s13323-015-0030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Anthropological and genetic data agree in indicating the African continent as the main place of origin for anatomically modern humans. However, it is unclear whether early modern humans left Africa through a single, major process, dispersing simultaneously over Asia and Europe, or in two main waves, first through the Arab Peninsula into southern Asia and Oceania, and later through a northern route crossing the Levant. Results Here, we show that accurate genomic estimates of the divergence times between European and African populations are more recent than those between Australo-Melanesia and Africa and incompatible with the effects of a single dispersal. This difference cannot possibly be accounted for by the effects of either hybridization with archaic human forms in Australo-Melanesia or back migration from Europe into Africa. Furthermore, in several populations of Asia we found evidence for relatively recent genetic admixture events, which could have obscured the signatures of the earliest processes. Conclusions We conclude that the hypothesis of a single major human dispersal from Africa appears hardly compatible with the observed historical and geographical patterns of genome diversity and that Australo-Melanesian populations seem still to retain a genomic signature of a more ancient divergence from Africa Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13323-015-0030-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tassi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghirotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Mezzavilla
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "BurloGarofolo", University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sibelle Torres Vilaça
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Present Address: Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa De Santi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Guido Barbujani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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16
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Álvarez-Sandoval BA, Manzanilla LR, González-Ruiz M, Malgosa A, Montiel R. Genetic Evidence Supports the Multiethnic Character of Teopancazco, a Neighborhood Center of Teotihuacan, Mexico (AD 200-600). PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26200455 PMCID: PMC4511806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiethnicity in Teopancazco, Teotihuacan, is supported by foreign individuals found in the neighborhood center as well as by the diversity observed in funerary rituals at the site. Studies of both stable and strontium isotopes as well as paleodietary analysis, suggest that the population of Teopancazco was composed by three population groups: people from Teotihuacan, people from nearby sites (Tlaxcala-Hidalgo-Puebla), and people from afar, including the coastal plains. In an attempt to understand the genetic dynamics in Teopancazco we conducted an ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis based on mtDNA. Our results show that the level of genetic diversity is consistent with the multiethnicity phenomenon at the neighborhood center. Levels of genetic diversity at different time periods of Teopancazco’s history show that multiethnicity was evident since the beginning and lasted until the collapse of the neighborhood center. However, a PCA and a Neighbor-Joining tree suggested the presence of a genetically differentiated group (buried at the Transitional phase) compared to the population from the initial phase (Tlamimilolpa) as well as the population from the final phase (Xolalpan) of the history of Teopancazco. Genetic studies showed no differences in genetic diversity between males and females in the adult population of Teopancazco, this data along with ample archaeological evidence, suggest a neolocal post-marital pattern of residence in Teopancazco. Nevertheless, genetic analyses on the infant population showed that the males are significantly more heterogeneous than the females suggesting a possible differential role in cultural practices by sex in the infant sector. Regarding interpopulation analysis, we found similar indices of genetic diversity between Teopancazco and heterogeneous native groups, which support the multiethnic character of Teopancazco. Finally, our data showed a close genetic relationship between Teopancazco and populations from the “Teotihuacan corridor” and from Oaxaca and the Maya region, in agreement with previous archaeological evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda A. Álvarez-Sandoval
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Linda R. Manzanilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mercedes González-Ruiz
- Unitat d’Antropologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Assumpció Malgosa
- Unitat d’Antropologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Montiel
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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17
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MtDNA Haplogroup A10 Lineages in Bronze Age Samples Suggest That Ancient Autochthonous Human Groups Contributed to the Specificity of the Indigenous West Siberian Population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127182. [PMID: 25950581 PMCID: PMC4423966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The craniometric specificity of the indigenous West Siberian human populations cannot be completely explained by the genetic interactions of the western and eastern Eurasian groups recorded in the archaeology of the area from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. Anthropologists have proposed another probable explanation: contribution to the genetic structure of West Siberian indigenous populations by ancient human groups, which separated from western and eastern Eurasian populations before the final formation of their phenotypic and genetic features and evolved independently in the region over a long period of time. This hypothesis remains untested. From the genetic point of view, it could be confirmed by the presence in the gene pool of indigenous populations of autochthonous components that evolved in the region over long time periods. The detection of such components, particularly in the mtDNA gene pool, is crucial for further clarification of early regional genetic history. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We present the results of analysis of mtDNA samples (n = 10) belonging to the A10 haplogroup, from Bronze Age populations of West Siberian forest-steppe (V-I millennium BC), that were identified in a screening study of a large diachronic sample (n = 96). A10 lineages, which are very rare in modern Eurasian populations, were found in all the Bronze Age groups under study. Data on the A10 lineages' phylogeny and phylogeography in ancient West Siberian and modern Eurasian populations suggest that A10 haplogroup underwent a long-term evolution in West Siberia or arose there autochthonously; thus, the presence of A10 lineages indicates the possible contribution of early autochthonous human groups to the genetic specificity of modern populations, in addition to contributions of later interactions of western and eastern Eurasian populations.
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Palstra FP, Heyer E, Austerlitz F. Statistical inference on genetic data reveals the complex demographic history of human populations in central Asia. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:1411-24. [PMID: 25678589 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The demographic history of modern humans constitutes a combination of expansions, colonizations, contractions, and remigrations. The advent of large scale genetic data combined with statistically refined methods facilitates inference of this complex history. Here we study the demographic history of two genetically admixed ethnic groups in Central Asia, an area characterized by high levels of genetic diversity and a history of recurrent immigration. Using Approximate Bayesian Computation, we infer that the timing of admixture markedly differs between the two groups. Admixture in the traditionally agricultural Tajiks could be dated back to the onset of the Neolithic transition in the region, whereas admixture in Kyrgyz is more recent, and may have involved the westward movement of Turkic peoples. These results are confirmed by a coalescent method that fits an isolation-with-migration model to the genetic data, with both Central Asian groups having received gene flow from the extremities of Eurasia. Interestingly, our analyses also uncover signatures of gene flow from Eastern to Western Eurasia during Paleolithic times. In conclusion, the high genetic diversity currently observed in these two Central Asian peoples most likely reflects the effects of recurrent immigration that likely started before historical times. Conversely, conquests during historical times may have had a relatively limited genetic impact. These results emphasize the need for a better understanding of the genetic consequences of transmission of culture and technological innovations, as well as those of invasions and conquests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friso P Palstra
- Laboratoire d'Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, UMR 7206, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Paris 7 Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Heyer
- Laboratoire d'Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, UMR 7206, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Paris 7 Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Austerlitz
- Laboratoire d'Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, UMR 7206, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Paris 7 Diderot, Paris, France
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Gao SZ, Zhang Y, Wei D, Li HJ, Zhao YB, Cui YQ, Zhou H. Ancient DNA reveals a migration of the ancient Di-qiang populations into Xinjiang as early as the early Bronze Age. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 157:71-80. [PMID: 25546319 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Xinjiang is at the crossroads between East and West Eurasia, and it harbors a relatively complex genetic history. In order to better understand the population movements and interactions in this region, mitochondrial and Y chromosome analyses on 40 ancient human remains from the Tianshanbeilu site in eastern Xinjiang were performed. Twenty-nine samples were successfully assigned to specific mtDNA haplogroups, including the west Eurasian maternal lineages of U and W and the east Eurasian maternal lineages of A, C, D, F, G, Z, M7, and M10. In the male samples, two Y chromosome haplogroups, C* and N1 (xN1a, N1c), were successfully assigned. Our mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal DNA analyses combined with the archaeological studies revealed that the Di-qiang populations from the Hexi Corridor had migrated to eastern Xinjiang and admixed with the Eurasian steppe populations in the early Bronze Age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Zhu Gao
- Laboratory of Ancient DNA, Department of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Department of Biopharmacy, College of Pharmacia Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Denisova G, Perkova M, Litvinov A, Grzybowski T, Dambueva I, Skonieczna K, Rogalla U, Tsybovsky I, Zakharov I. Western Eurasian ancestry in modern Siberians based on mitogenomic data. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:217. [PMID: 25301575 PMCID: PMC4195960 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the genetic heritage of aboriginal Siberians is mostly of eastern Asian ancestry, a substantial western Eurasian component is observed in the majority of northern Asian populations. Traces of at least two migrations into southern Siberia, one from eastern Europe and the other from western Asia/the Caucasus have been detected previously in mitochondrial gene pools of modern Siberians. Results We report here 166 new complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences that allow us to expand and re-analyze the available data sets of western Eurasian lineages found in northern Asian populations, define the phylogenetic status of Siberian-specific subclades and search for links between mtDNA haplotypes/subclades and events of human migrations. From a survey of 158 western Eurasian mtDNA genomes found in Siberia we estimate that nearly 40% of them most likely have western Asian and another 29% European ancestry. It is striking that 65 of northern Asian mitogenomes, i.e. ~41%, fall into 19 branches and subclades which can be considered as Siberian-specific being found so far only in Siberian populations. From the coalescence analysis it is evident that the sequence divergence of Siberian-specific subclades was relatively small, corresponding to only 0.6-9.5 kya (using the complete mtDNA rate) and 1–6 kya (coding region rate). Conclusions The phylogeographic analysis implies that the western Eurasian founders, giving rise to Siberian specific subclades, may trace their ancestry only to the early and mid-Holocene, though some of genetic lineages may trace their ancestry back to the end of Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). We have not found the modern northern Asians to have western Eurasian genetic components of sufficient antiquity to indicate traces of pre-LGM expansions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0217-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Derenko
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia.
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Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative markers. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2014; 12:199-207. [PMID: 25016250 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Altai Mountains have been a long-term boundary zone between the Eurasian Steppe populations and South and East Asian populations. To disentangle some of the historical population movements in this area, 14 ancient human specimens excavated in the westernmost part of the Mongolian Altai were studied. Thirteen of them were dated from the Middle to the End of the Bronze Age and one of them to the Eneolithic period. The environmental conditions encountered in this region led to the good preservation of DNA in the human remains. Therefore, a multi-markers approach was adopted for the genetic analysis of identity, ancestry and phenotype markers. Mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed that the ancient Altaians studied carried both Western (H, U, T) and Eastern (A, C, D) Eurasian lineages. In the same way, the patrilineal gene pool revealed the presence of different haplogroups (Q1a2a1-L54, R1a1a1b2-Z93 and C), probably marking different origins for the male paternal lineages. To go further in the search of the origin of these ancient specimens, phenotypical characters (i.e. hair and eye color) were determined. For this purpose, we adapted the HIrisPlex assay recently described to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. In addition, some ancestry informative markers were analyzed with this assay. The results revealed mixed phenotypes among this group confirming the probable admixed ancestry of the studied Altaian population at the Middle Bronze Age. The good results obtained from ancient DNA samples suggest that this approach might be relevant for forensic casework too.
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SCHMIDT RYANW, EVTEEV ANDREJA. Iron Age nomads of southern Siberia in craniofacial perspective. ANTHROPOL SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.140724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- RYAN W. SCHMIDT
- Kitasato University, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Sagamihara
- University of Montana, Department of Anthropology, Missoula
| | - ANDREJ A. EVTEEV
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
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Fedorova SA, Reidla M, Metspalu E, Metspalu M, Rootsi S, Tambets K, Trofimova N, Zhadanov SI, Kashani BH, Olivieri A, Voevoda MI, Osipova LP, Platonov FA, Tomsky MI, Khusnutdinova EK, Torroni A, Villems R. Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:127. [PMID: 23782551 PMCID: PMC3695835 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sakha--an area connecting South and Northeast Siberia--is significant for understanding the history of peopling of Northeast Eurasia and the Americas. Previous studies have shown a genetic contiguity between Siberia and East Asia and the key role of South Siberia in the colonization of Siberia. RESULTS We report the results of a high-resolution phylogenetic analysis of 701 mtDNAs and 318 Y chromosomes from five native populations of Sakha (Yakuts, Evenks, Evens, Yukaghirs and Dolgans) and of the analysis of more than 500,000 autosomal SNPs of 758 individuals from 55 populations, including 40 previously unpublished samples from Siberia. Phylogenetically terminal clades of East Asian mtDNA haplogroups C and D and Y-chromosome haplogroups N1c, N1b and C3, constituting the core of the gene pool of the native populations from Sakha, connect Sakha and South Siberia. Analysis of autosomal SNP data confirms the genetic continuity between Sakha and South Siberia. Maternal lineages D5a2a2, C4a1c, C4a2, C5b1b and the Yakut-specific STR sub-clade of Y-chromosome haplogroup N1c can be linked to a migration of Yakut ancestors, while the paternal lineage C3c was most likely carried to Sakha by the expansion of the Tungusic people. MtDNA haplogroups Z1a1b and Z1a3, present in Yukaghirs, Evens and Dolgans, show traces of different and probably more ancient migration(s). Analysis of both haploid loci and autosomal SNP data revealed only minor genetic components shared between Sakha and the extreme Northeast Siberia. Although the major part of West Eurasian maternal and paternal lineages in Sakha could originate from recent admixture with East Europeans, mtDNA haplogroups H8, H20a and HV1a1a, as well as Y-chromosome haplogroup J, more probably reflect an ancient gene flow from West Eurasia through Central Asia and South Siberia. CONCLUSIONS Our high-resolution phylogenetic dissection of mtDNA and Y-chromosome haplogroups as well as analysis of autosomal SNP data suggests that Sakha was colonized by repeated expansions from South Siberia with minor gene flow from the Lower Amur/Southern Okhotsk region and/or Kamchatka. The minor West Eurasian component in Sakha attests to both recent and ongoing admixture with East Europeans and an ancient gene flow from West Eurasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sardana A Fedorova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Yakut Research Center of Complex Medical Problems, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maere Reidla
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ene Metspalu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | | | - Natalya Trofimova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
| | - Sergey I Zhadanov
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Anna Olivieri
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mikhail I Voevoda
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ludmila P Osipova
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Fedor A Platonov
- Institute of Health, North-East Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail I Tomsky
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Yakut Research Center of Complex Medical Problems, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Elza K Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Antonio Torroni
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Richard Villems
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
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