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Tabassum S, Shorter S, Ovsepian SV. Analysis of the action mechanisms and targets of herbal anticonvulsants highlights opportunities for therapeutic engagement with refractory epilepsy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:761-771. [PMID: 38653825 PMCID: PMC11106186 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by spontaneous and recurring seizures. It poses significant therapeutic challenges due to diverse etiology, pathobiology, and pharmacotherapy-resistant variants. The anticonvulsive effects of herbal leads with biocompatibility and toxicity considerations have attracted much interest, inspiring mechanistic analysis with the view of their use for engagement of new targets and combination with antiseizure pharmacotherapies. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the key molecular players and putative action mechanisms of the most common antiepileptic herbals demonstrated in tissue culture and preclinical models. From the review of the literature, it emerges that their effects are mediated via five distinct mechanisms: (1) reduction of membrane excitability through inhibition of cation channels, (2) improvement of mitochondrial functions with antioxidant effects, (3) enhancement in synaptic transmission mediated by GABAA receptors, (4) improvement of immune response with anti-inflammatory action, and (5) suppression of protein synthesis and metabolism. While some of the primary targets and action mechanisms of herbal anticonvulsants (1, 3) are shared with antiseizure pharmacotherapies, herbal leads also engage with distinct mechanisms (2, 4, and 5), suggesting new drug targets and opportunities for their integration with antiseizure medications. Addressing outstanding questions through research and in silico modeling should facilitate the future use of herbals as auxiliary therapy in epilepsy and guide the development of treatment of pharmacoresistant seizures through rigorous trials and regulatory approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Tabassum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Susan Shorter
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich London, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Saak V Ovsepian
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich London, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
- Faculty of Medicine, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, 0177, Republic of Georgia.
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Malaník M, Čulenová M, Sychrová A, Skiba A, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Šmejkal K. Treating Epilepsy with Natural Products: Nonsense or Possibility? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1061. [PMID: 37630977 PMCID: PMC10459181 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures that can lead to uncontrollable muscle twitching, changes in sensitivity to sensory perceptions, and disorders of consciousness. Although modern medicine has effective antiepileptic drugs, the need for accessible and cost-effective medication is urgent, and products derived from plants could offer a solution. For this review, we have focused on natural compounds that have shown anticonvulsant activity in in vivo models of epilepsy at relevant doses. In some cases, the effects have been confirmed by clinical data. The results of our search are summarized in tables according to their molecular targets. We have critically evaluated the data we present, identified the most promising therapeutic candidates, and discussed these in the text. Their perspectives are supported by both pharmacokinetic properties and potential interactions. This review is intended to serve as a basis for future research into epilepsy and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Malaník
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého 1946/1, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (K.Š.)
| | - Marie Čulenová
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého 1946/1, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (K.Š.)
| | - Alice Sychrová
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého 1946/1, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (K.Š.)
| | - Adrianna Skiba
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.-W.)
| | - Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.-W.)
| | - Karel Šmejkal
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého 1946/1, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (K.Š.)
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Teng L, Guo X, Ma Y, Xu L, Wei J, Xiao P. A comprehensive review on traditional and modern research of the genus Bupleurum (Bupleurum L., Apiaceae) in recent 10 years. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 306:116129. [PMID: 36638855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Bupleurum (family Apiaceae), comprising approximately 248 accepted species, is widely distributed and used in China, Japan, India, Central Asia, North Africa and some European countries as traditional herbal medicines. Certain species have been reported to have significant therapeutic effects in fever, inflammatory disorders, cancer, gastric ulcer, virus infection and other diseases. AIM OF THE REVIEW we performed a comprehensive review of the ten-year research progress in phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, along with bibliometrics research of the genus Bupleurum, aiming to identify knowledge gaps for future research. MATERIALS AND METHODS All the literatures are retrieved from library and electronic sources including Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, CNKI and Baidu Scholar. These papers cover studies of the traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of the genus Bupleurum. RESULTS There is a long history of using the genus Bupleurum in traditional herbal medicine that dated back to over 2000 years ago. Twenty-five species and 8 varieties with 3 variants within this genus have been reported to be effective to treat fever, pain, liver disease, inflammation, thoracolumbar pain, irregular menstruation and rectal prolapse. The main phytochemicals found in these plants are triterpene saponins, volatile oil, flavonoid, lignans, and polysaccharides. Many of these compounds have also been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antimicrobial, immunoregulation, neuroregulation, hepatoprotective and antidiabetic activities. Meanwhile, improper usage of Bupleurum may induce cytotoxic effects, and polyacetylenes may be the main poisonous compounds. CONCLUSIONS This article summarized recent findings about Bupleurum research from many different aspects. While a small number of Bupleurum species have been investigated through modern pharmacology methods, there are still major knowledge gaps due to inadequate studies and ambiguous findings. Future research could focus on more specific phytochemistry studies combined with mechanistic analysis to provide better guidance to utilize Bupleurum as medicinal resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Teng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Xinwei Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Yuzhi Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Lijia Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Peigen Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Tao F, Cai Y, Deng C, Chen Z, Shen Y, Sun H. A narrative review on traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions and bioactive components in epilepsy treatment. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2023; 11:129. [PMID: 36819494 PMCID: PMC9929833 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-3306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), natural drugs and their bioactive components have been widely used to treat epilepsy. Epilepsy is a chronic disease caused by abnormal discharge of brain neurons that leads to brain dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Several factors are involved in the mechanisms of epilepsy, and the current treatments do not seem promising. The potential efficacy of natural drugs with lower toxicity and less side effects have attracted increasing attention. Methods We used the terms, "TCM", "traditional Chinese medicine", "herbal", "epilepsy", "seizure", and the name of each prescription and bioactive components in the review to collect papers about application of TCM in epilepsy treatment from PubMed online database and Chinese database including Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, and Weipu. Key Content and Findings We summarized some common TCM prescriptions and related active components used for the treatment of epilepsy. Six prescriptions (Chaihu Shugan decoction, Tianma Gouteng decoction, Kangxian capsules, Taohong Siwu decoction, Liujunzi decoction, Compound Danshen dropping pills) and nine main bioactive compounds (Saikosaponin A, Rhynchophylline, Tetramethylpyrazine, Gastrodin, Baicalin and baicalein, α-Asarone, Ginsenoside, Tanshinone, Paeoniflorin) were reviewed to provide a scientific basis for the development of potential antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Conclusions The pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of TCM in the treatment of epilepsy are complex, targeting several pathological aspects of epilepsy. However, the limitations of TCM, such as the lack of standardized treatments, have prevented its clinical application in epilepsy treatment. Thus, additional clinical trials are required to further evaluate the effectiveness and safety of TCM prescriptions and their bioactive components in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tao
- Nantong University Informatization Center, Nantong University, Nantong, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yong Cai
- Department of Neurology, People’s Hospital of Binhai County, Yancheng, China
| | - Chunyan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zehao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Asgharian P, Quispe C, Herrera-Bravo J, Sabernavaei M, Hosseini K, Forouhandeh H, Ebrahimi T, Sharafi-Badr P, Tarhriz V, Soofiyani SR, Helon P, Rajkovic J, Durna Daştan S, Docea AO, Sharifi-Rad J, Calina D, Koch W, Cho WC. Pharmacological effects and therapeutic potential of natural compounds in neuropsychiatric disorders: An update. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:926607. [PMID: 36188551 PMCID: PMC9521271 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.926607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric diseases are a group of disorders that cause significant morbidity and disability. The symptoms of psychiatric disorders include anxiety, depression, eating disorders, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder. Various medicinal plants are frequently used as therapeutics in traditional medicine in different parts of the world. Nowadays, using medicinal plants as an alternative medication has been considered due to their biological safety. Despite the wide range of medications, many patients are unable to tolerate the side effects and eventually lose their response. By considering the therapeutic advantages of medicinal plants in the case of side effects, patients may prefer to use them instead of chemical drugs. Today, the use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is diverse and increasing, and these plants are a precious heritage for humanity. Investigation about traditional medicine continues, and several studies have indicated the basic pharmacology and clinical efficacy of herbal medicine. In this article, we discuss five of the most important and common psychiatric illnesses investigated in various studies along with conventional therapies and their pharmacological therapies. For this comprehensive review, data were obtained from electronic databases such as MedLine/PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, EMBASE, DynaMed Plus, ScienceDirect, and TRIP database. Preclinical pharmacology studies have confirmed that some bioactive compounds may have beneficial therapeutic effects in some common psychiatric disorders. The mechanisms of action of the analyzed biocompounds are presented in detail. The bioactive compounds analyzed in this review are promising phytochemicals for adjuvant and complementary drug candidates in the pharmacotherapy of neuropsychiatric diseases. Although comparative studies have been carefully reviewed in the preclinical pharmacology field, no clinical studies have been found to confirm the efficacy of herbal medicines compared to FDA-approved medicines for the treatment of mental disorders. Therefore, future clinical studies are needed to accelerate the potential use of natural compounds in the management of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parina Asgharian
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Jesús Herrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santo Tomas, Chile
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Mahsa Sabernavaei
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Haleh Forouhandeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Ebrahimi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Paria Sharafi-Badr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Tarhriz
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
| | - Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Sina Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
| | - Paweł Helon
- Branch in Sandomierz, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Sandomierz, Poland
| | - Jovana Rajkovic
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
| | - Sevgi Durna Daştan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
- Beekeeping Development Application and Research Center, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
| | - Wojciech Koch
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
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Jayaraman M, Dutta P, Krishnan S, Arora K, Sivakumar D, Raghavendran HRB. Emerging Promise of Phytochemicals in Ameliorating Neurological Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 22:CNSNDDT-EPUB-124961. [PMID: 35786341 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220701153926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The field of medicine and synthetic drug development have advanced rapidly over the past few decades. However, research on alternative medicine such as phytochemicals cannot be ignored. The main reason for prominent curiosity about phytochemicals stems from the belief that usage of natural compounds is safer and has lesser detrimental side effects. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present review was to discuss in detail with several phytochemicals that have been studied or are being studied in the context of various neurological disorders including depression, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and even neuroinflammatory disorders such as encephalitis. METHODS The potential role of phytochemicals in the treatment or management of symptoms associated with neurological disorders have been included in this article. All data included in this paper has been pooled from various databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer and Wiley Online Library. RESULTS Phytochemicals have been widely studied for their therapeutic properties associated with neurological disorders. Using various experimental techniques for both in vivo and in vitro experiments, studies have shown that phytochemicals do have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities which play major roles in the treatment of neurological diseases. CONCLUSION Even though there has been compelling evidence of the therapeutic role of phytochemicals, further research is still required to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these medicines. Using previously published papers as foundation for additional research such as preclinical studies and clinical trials, phytochemicals can become a safer alternative to synthetic drugs for treating a spectrum of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megala Jayaraman
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parijat Dutta
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sabari Krishnan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Khyati Arora
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Diveyaa Sivakumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- School of Dental Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hanumanth Rao Balaji Raghavendran
- Faculty of Clinical Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Central Research Facility, Porur, Chennai-600116, India
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Analysis of Medication Rule of Primary Epilepsy Based on Xiaocheng Yan’s Clinical Experience Collection of Epilepsy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9539944. [PMID: 35795265 PMCID: PMC9252657 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9539944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore and analyze the medication rule of Professor Xiaocheng Yan in the treatment of primary epilepsy, hoping to provide reference for the clinical treatment of primary epilepsy. Methods Mining and analysis of Professor Xiaocheng Yan sorted out the medical cases of primary epilepsy in Xiaocheng Yan's clinical experience collection of epilepsy, extracted the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription data in the medical cases, standardized the obtained TCM prescription data, and used the data mining function integrated by the ancient and modern medical case cloud platform V2.3.5 to carry out frequency statistics, cluster analysis, association analysis, and complex network analysis on the TCM data, and the common herbs used by Professor Xiaocheng Yan in the treatment of primary epilepsy, properties and classifications of commonly used herbs, pairs of commonly used herbs, and core prescriptions were obtained. Results A total of 39 cases, 228 medical records, and 230 prescriptions data of TCM were included. A total of 96 Chinese medicinal herbs were involved, and the total frequency of medication was 3,828. High-frequency herbs include Rhizoma Gastrodiae (Tianma) (222 times), Ramulus Uncariae cum Uncis (Gouteng) (220 times), Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (Shichangpu) (216 times), Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (Fabanxia) (207 times), Bombyx Batryticatus (Jiangcan) (206 times), and Periostracum Cicadae (Chantui) (181 times). The main properties and flavors of commonly used Chinese medicinal herbs were sweet, bitter, and pungent, which were mainly attributed to the four meridians of liver, lung, heart, and spleen. Commonly used couplet herbs were {Periostracum Cicadae (Chantui)} ≥ {Bombyx Batryticatus (Jiangcan)}, {Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (Shichangpu)} ≥{ Bombyx Batryticatus (Jiangcan)}, {Radix Bupleuri (Chaihu)} ≥ {Radix Scutellariae (Huangqin)}, {Rhizoma Gastrodiae (Tianma)} ≥ {Ramulus Uncariae cum Uncis (Gouteng)}, {Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (Shichangpu)} ≥ {Periostracum Cicadae (Chantui)}, {Ramulus Uncariae cum Uncis (Gouteng)} ≥ {Bombyx Batryticatus (Jiangcan)}, {Bombyx Batryticatus (Jiangcan)} ≥ {Rhizoma Gastrodiae (Tianma)}, {Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (Shichangpu)} ≥ {Ramulus Uncariae cum Uncis (Gouteng)}, etc. The core prescription composition was based on the addition and subtraction of Tianma Gouteng decoction and Erchen decoction. The main pharmacological mechanisms of core prescriptions are mainly reflected in antioxidation, enhancing GABA efficacy, and regulating NMDA channel and sodium channel, neuroprotection, and so on. Conclusion Professor Xiaocheng Yan's medication for the treatment of primary epilepsy was based on the principle of relieving wind and spasm, drying dampness and resolving phlegm, giving consideration to both Qi and blood, and harmonizing liver, lung, heart, and spleen.
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Jia A, Yang X, Zou B, Li J, Wang Y, Ma R, Li J, Yao Y. Saikosaponins: A Review of Structures and Pharmacological Activities. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221094908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radix Bupleuri is a traditional medicine widely used in China and other Asian countries. Phytochemistry and pharmacology study reveal that saikosaponins(SSs) are the main bioactive compounds in Radix Bupleuri. SSs are complex compounds composed of triterpene aglycone and carbohydrate part containing 1-13 monosaccharides, which can be divided into seven types based on their structural characteristics. Many different kinds of SSs have been isolated from plants of Bupleurum L. SSs show a variety of biological activities, such as central nervous system protection, liver protection, antivirus, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, hormone-like effects, and immune regulation functions. Due to their broad activity and favorable safety profile, SSs attract an increasing amount of attention in recent years. In this review, the structures of 86 SSs are summarized based on the different aglycones due to the diverse structures of saikosaponin(SS). The pharmacological effects and related mechanism of SSs are thoroughly reviewed, and perspectives for future research are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Jia
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xinhe Yang
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Bin Zou
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yefeng Wang
- School of Public Health & Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Ruixia Ma
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yao Yao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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Faheem M, Ameer S, Khan AW, Haseeb M, Raza Q, Ali Shah F, Khusro A, Aarti C, Umar Khayam Sahibzada M, El-Saber Batiha G, Koirala N, Adnan M, Alghamdi S, Assaggaf H, Alsiwiehri NO. A comprehensive review on antiepileptic properties of medicinal plants. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Lin CH, Hsieh CL. Chinese Herbal Medicine for Treating Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:682821. [PMID: 34276290 PMCID: PMC8284486 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.682821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicine has a long history of use for treating epilepsy. Because of the side effects of Western antiepileptic therapy and the quest for more accessible treatment, complementary and alternative medicines have become popular. Traditional Chinese medical diet therapy appears to be safe and effective. We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Library through November 2020 for the use of traditional Chinese medicine in clinical settings, including plants, fungi, and animals. Combinations of keywords included “epilepsy,” “seizure,” “antiepileptic,” “anticonvulsive,” “Chinese herbal medicine,” “Chinese herb,” and each of the Latin names, English names, and scientific names of herbs. We also summarized the sources and functions of these herbs in Chinese medicine. Different herbs can be combined to increase antiepileptic effects through various mechanisms, including anti-inflammation, antioxidation, GABAergic effect enhancement, modulation of NMDA channels and sodium channel, and neuroprotection. Despite reports of their anticonvulsive effects, adequate experimental evidence and randomized controlled clinical trials are required to confirm their antiepileptic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hui Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Kaur J, Famta P, Famta M, Mehta M, Satija S, Sharma N, Vyas M, Khatik GL, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Khurana N. Potential anti-epileptic phytoconstituents: An updated review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113565. [PMID: 33166627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epilepsy is one of the most commonly occurring non-communicable neurological disorder that affects people of all age groups. Around 50 million people globally are epileptic, with 80% cases in developing countries due to lack of access to treatments determined by high cost and poor availability or it can be defined by the fraction of active epileptic patients who are not appropriately being treated. The availability of antiepileptic drugs and their adjuvant therapy in such countries is less than 50% and these are highly susceptible to drug interactions and severe adverse effects. As a result, the use of herbal medicine is increasingly becoming popular. AIM OF THE STUDY To provide pharmacological information on the active constituents evaluated in the preclinical study to treat epilepsy with potential to be used as an alternative therapeutic option in future. It also provides affirmation for the development of novel antiepileptic drugs derived from medicinal plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant information on the antiepileptic potential of phytoconstituents in the preclinical study (in-vitro, in-vivo) is provided based on their effect on screening parameters. Besides, relevant information on pharmacology of phytoconstituents, the traditional use of their medicinal plants related to epilepsy and status of phytoconstituents in the clinical study were derived from online databases, including PubMed, Clinicaltrial. gov, The Plant List (TPL, www.theplantlist.org), Science Direct. Articles identified using preset searching syntax and inclusion criteria are presented. RESULTS More than 70% of the phytoconstituents reviewed in this paper justified the traditional use of their medicinal plant related to epilepsy by primarily acting on the GABAergic system. Amongst the phytoconstituents, only cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol have been explored for clinical application in epilepsy. CONCLUSION The preclinical and clinical data of the phytoconstituents to treat epilepsy and its associated comorbidities provides evidence for the discovery and development of novel antiepileptic drugs from medicinal plants. In terms of efficacy and safety, further randomized and controlled clinical studies are required to understand the complete pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic picture of phytoconstituents. Also, specific botanical source evaluation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaskiran Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Paras Famta
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Mani Famta
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS), Vidya Vihar Campus, Street Number 41, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Meenu Mehta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Neha Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Manish Vyas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Gopal Lal Khatik
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) & School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
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12
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He LY, Hu MB, Li RL, Zhao R, Fan LH, He L, Lu F, Ye X, Huang YL, Wu CJ. Natural Medicines for the Treatment of Epilepsy: Bioactive Components, Pharmacology and Mechanism. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:604040. [PMID: 33746751 PMCID: PMC7969896 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.604040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic disease that can cause temporary brain dysfunction as a result of sudden abnormal discharge of the brain neurons. The seizure mechanism of epilepsy is closely related to the neurotransmitter imbalance, synaptic recombination, and glial cell proliferation. In addition, epileptic seizures can lead to mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, and the disorder of sugar degradation. Although the mechanism of epilepsy research has reached up to the genetic level, the presently available treatment and recovery records of epilepsy does not seem promising. Recently, natural medicines have attracted more researches owing to their low toxicity and side-effects as well as the excellent efficacy, especially in chronic diseases. In this study, the antiepileptic mechanism of the bioactive components of natural drugs was reviewed so as to provide a reference for the development of potential antiepileptic drugs. Based on the different treatment mechanisms of natural drugs considered in this review, it is possible to select drugs clinically. Improving the accuracy of medication and the cure rate is expected to compensate for the shortage of the conventional epilepsy treatment drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying He
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei-Bian Hu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Food engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin-Hong Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin He
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xun Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong-Liang Huang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun-Jie Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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13
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Li J, Copmans D, Partoens M, Hunyadi B, Luyten W, de Witte P. Zebrafish-Based Screening of Antiseizure Plants Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine: Magnolia officinalis Extract and Its Constituents Magnolol and Honokiol Exhibit Potent Anticonvulsant Activity in a Therapy-Resistant Epilepsy Model. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:730-742. [PMID: 32083464 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aim to discover interesting lead compounds that could be further developed into compounds active against pharmacoresistant epilepsies, we first collected 14 medicinal plants used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) against epilepsy. Of the six extracts that tested positive in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) behavioral zebrafish model, only the ethanol and acetone extracts from Magnolia officinalis (M. officinalis) also showed effective antiseizure activity in the ethylketopentenoate (EKP) zebrafish model. The EKP model is regarded as an interesting discovery platform to find mechanistically novel antiseizure drugs, as it responds poorly to a large number of marketed anti-epileptics. We then demonstrated that magnolol and honokiol, two major constituents of M. officinalis, displayed an effective behavioral and electrophysiological antiseizure activity in both the PTZ and the EKP models. Out of six structural analogues tested, only 4-O-methylhonokiol was active and to a lesser extent tetrahydromagnolol, whereas the other analogues (3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl, 2,2'-biphenol, 2-phenylphenol, and 3,3',5,5'-tetra-tert-butyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,2'-diol) were not consistently active in the aforementioned assays. Finally, magnolol was also active in the 6 Hz psychomotor mouse model, an acute therapy-resistant rodent model, thereby confirming the translation of the findings from zebrafish larvae to mice in the field of epilepsy. We also developed a fast and automated power spectral density (PSD) analysis of local field potential (LFP) recordings. The PSD results are in agreement with the visual analysis of LFP recordings using Clampfit software and manually counting the epileptiform events. Taken together, screening extracts of single plants employed in TCM, using a combination of zebrafish- and mouse-based assays, allowed us to identify allyl biphenol as a chemical scaffold for the future development of compounds with potential activity against therapy-resistant epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniëlle Copmans
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michèle Partoens
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Borbála Hunyadi
- STADIUS Center for Dynamical Systems, Signal Processing and Data Analytics, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Walter Luyten
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Li R, Wen Y, Wu B, He M, Zhang P, Zhang Q, Chen Y. MicroRNA-25-3p suppresses epileptiform discharges through inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis via targeting OXSR1 in neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:859-866. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Zhang J, He Y, Jiang X, Jiang H, Shen J. Nature brings new avenues to the therapy of central nervous system diseases—An overview of possible treatments derived from natural products. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1332-1367. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-9587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Zheng J, Chen J, Zou X, Zhao F, Guo M, Wang H, Zhang T, Zhang C, Feng W, Pessah IN, Cao Z. Saikosaponin d causes apoptotic death of cultured neocortical neurons by increasing membrane permeability and elevating intracellular Ca 2+ concentration. Neurotoxicology 2019; 70:112-121. [PMID: 30458186 PMCID: PMC6342622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Saikosaponins (SSs) are a class of naturally occurring oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins found in Radix bupleuri that has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. As the main active principals of Radix bupleuri, SSs have been shown to suppress mouse motor activity, impair learning and memory, and decrease hippocampal neurogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of five SSs (SSa, SSb1, SSb2, SSc, and SSd) on neuronal viability and the underlying mechanisms in cultured murine neocortical neurons. We demonstrate that SSa, SSb1 and SSd produce concentration-dependent apoptotic neuronal death and induce robust increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) at low micromolar concentrations with a rank order of SSd > SSa > SSb1, whereas SSb2 and SSc have no detectable effect on both neuronal survival and [Ca2+]i. Mechanistically, SSd-induced elevation in [Ca2+]i is the primary result of enhanced extracellular Ca2+ influx, which likely triggers Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release through ryanodine receptor activation, but not SERCA inhibition. SSd-induced Ca2+ entry occurs through a non-selective mechanism since blockers of major neuronal Ca2+ entry pathways, including L-type Ca2+ channel, NMDA receptor, AMPA receptor, Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, and TRPV1, all failed to attenuate the Ca2+ response to SSd. Further studies demonstrate that SSd increases calcein efflux and induces an inward current in neocortical neurons. Together, these data demonstrate that SSd elevates [Ca2+]i due to its ability to increase membrane permeability, likely by forming pores in the surface of membrane, which leads to massive Ca2+ influx and apoptotic neuronal death in neocortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211198
| | - Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211198
| | - Xiaohan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211198
| | - Fang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211198
| | - Mengqi Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, China, 2640050
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, China, 2640050
| | - Tian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, 100875
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211198
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, 95616
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, 95616
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211198
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17
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A comprehensive review and perspectives on pharmacology and toxicology of saikosaponins. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 30466994 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.174' and 2*3*8=6*8 and 'hgwn'='hgwn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Bupleuri (RB) has been widely used in Chinese Traditional Medicine for over 2000 years and is currently marketed in China as Chai-Hu-Shu-Gan tablets and Xiao-Yao-Wan tablets. Saikosaponins (SSs, especially SSa, SSc and SSd), as the major bioactive compounds in RB, represent anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-viral and hepatoprotective effects. PURPOSE To summarize recent findings regarding to the extraction, detection, biosynthesis, metabolism, pharmacological/toxicological effects of SSs. METHODS Online academic databases (including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and CNKI) were searched using search terms of "Saikosaponin", "Radix Bupleuri", "Bupleurum" and combinations to include published studies of SSs primarily from 2003 to 2018. Several critical previous studies beyond this period were also included. RESULTS 354 papers were found and 165 papers were reviewed. SSs have drawn great attention for their anti-inflammation, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects and contradictory roles in the regulation of cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, increased risks of overdose-induced acute or accumulation-related chronic hepatotoxicity of SSs and RB have also been reported. However, underlying mechanisms of SSs bioactivities, the metabolism of SSs and bioactivities of SSs metabolites are largely unknown. CONCLUSION This comprehensive review of SSs provides novel insights and perspectives on the limitations of current studies and the importance of metabolism study and the dose-pharmacological/toxic relationship of SSs for the future discovery of SSs-based therapeutic strategies and clinical safe practice.
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18
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A comprehensive review and perspectives on pharmacology and toxicology of saikosaponins. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 30466994 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.174%' and 2*3*8=6*8 and 'alnw'!='alnw%] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Bupleuri (RB) has been widely used in Chinese Traditional Medicine for over 2000 years and is currently marketed in China as Chai-Hu-Shu-Gan tablets and Xiao-Yao-Wan tablets. Saikosaponins (SSs, especially SSa, SSc and SSd), as the major bioactive compounds in RB, represent anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-viral and hepatoprotective effects. PURPOSE To summarize recent findings regarding to the extraction, detection, biosynthesis, metabolism, pharmacological/toxicological effects of SSs. METHODS Online academic databases (including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and CNKI) were searched using search terms of "Saikosaponin", "Radix Bupleuri", "Bupleurum" and combinations to include published studies of SSs primarily from 2003 to 2018. Several critical previous studies beyond this period were also included. RESULTS 354 papers were found and 165 papers were reviewed. SSs have drawn great attention for their anti-inflammation, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects and contradictory roles in the regulation of cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, increased risks of overdose-induced acute or accumulation-related chronic hepatotoxicity of SSs and RB have also been reported. However, underlying mechanisms of SSs bioactivities, the metabolism of SSs and bioactivities of SSs metabolites are largely unknown. CONCLUSION This comprehensive review of SSs provides novel insights and perspectives on the limitations of current studies and the importance of metabolism study and the dose-pharmacological/toxic relationship of SSs for the future discovery of SSs-based therapeutic strategies and clinical safe practice.
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19
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A comprehensive review and perspectives on pharmacology and toxicology of saikosaponins. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 30466994 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.174" and 2*3*8=6*8 and "mze9"="mze9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Bupleuri (RB) has been widely used in Chinese Traditional Medicine for over 2000 years and is currently marketed in China as Chai-Hu-Shu-Gan tablets and Xiao-Yao-Wan tablets. Saikosaponins (SSs, especially SSa, SSc and SSd), as the major bioactive compounds in RB, represent anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-viral and hepatoprotective effects. PURPOSE To summarize recent findings regarding to the extraction, detection, biosynthesis, metabolism, pharmacological/toxicological effects of SSs. METHODS Online academic databases (including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and CNKI) were searched using search terms of "Saikosaponin", "Radix Bupleuri", "Bupleurum" and combinations to include published studies of SSs primarily from 2003 to 2018. Several critical previous studies beyond this period were also included. RESULTS 354 papers were found and 165 papers were reviewed. SSs have drawn great attention for their anti-inflammation, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects and contradictory roles in the regulation of cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, increased risks of overdose-induced acute or accumulation-related chronic hepatotoxicity of SSs and RB have also been reported. However, underlying mechanisms of SSs bioactivities, the metabolism of SSs and bioactivities of SSs metabolites are largely unknown. CONCLUSION This comprehensive review of SSs provides novel insights and perspectives on the limitations of current studies and the importance of metabolism study and the dose-pharmacological/toxic relationship of SSs for the future discovery of SSs-based therapeutic strategies and clinical safe practice.
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20
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Li X, Li X, Huang N, Liu R, Sun R. A comprehensive review and perspectives on pharmacology and toxicology of saikosaponins. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 50:73-87. [PMID: 30466994 PMCID: PMC7126585 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Bupleuri (RB) has been widely used in Chinese Traditional Medicine for over 2000 years and is currently marketed in China as Chai-Hu-Shu-Gan tablets and Xiao-Yao-Wan tablets. Saikosaponins (SSs, especially SSa, SSc and SSd), as the major bioactive compounds in RB, represent anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-viral and hepatoprotective effects. PURPOSE To summarize recent findings regarding to the extraction, detection, biosynthesis, metabolism, pharmacological/toxicological effects of SSs. METHODS Online academic databases (including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and CNKI) were searched using search terms of "Saikosaponin", "Radix Bupleuri", "Bupleurum" and combinations to include published studies of SSs primarily from 2003 to 2018. Several critical previous studies beyond this period were also included. RESULTS 354 papers were found and 165 papers were reviewed. SSs have drawn great attention for their anti-inflammation, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects and contradictory roles in the regulation of cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, increased risks of overdose-induced acute or accumulation-related chronic hepatotoxicity of SSs and RB have also been reported. However, underlying mechanisms of SSs bioactivities, the metabolism of SSs and bioactivities of SSs metabolites are largely unknown. CONCLUSION This comprehensive review of SSs provides novel insights and perspectives on the limitations of current studies and the importance of metabolism study and the dose-pharmacological/toxic relationship of SSs for the future discovery of SSs-based therapeutic strategies and clinical safe practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Advanced Medical Science, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxilu road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1217 E Marshall St. KMSB, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
| | - Nana Huang
- School of Advanced Medical Science, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxilu road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Ave, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Runping Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1217 E Marshall St. KMSB, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Rong Sun
- School of Advanced Medical Science, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxilu road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Ave, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China; Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China.
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Hong Y, Deng N, Jin HN, Xuan ZZ, Qian YX, Wu ZY, Xie W. Saikosaponin A modulates remodeling of Kv4.2-mediated A-type voltage-gated potassium currents in rat chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:2945-2958. [PMID: 30254424 PMCID: PMC6141107 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s166408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (cTLE) is the most common intractable epilepsy. Recent studies have shown that saikosaponin A (SSa) could inhibit epileptiform discharges induced by 4 action potentials and selectively increase the transient inactivating K+ currents (IA). However, the mechanisms of SSa on IA remain unclear. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the anticonvulsant activities of SSa and explored whether or not it plays an anti-epileptic role in a Li-pilocarpine induced epilepsy rat model via remodeling Kv4.2-mediated A-type voltage-gated potassium currents (Kv4.2-mediated IA). Materials and methods All in vitro spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) were recorded with continuous video monitoring. Nissl’s staining was used to evaluate the SSa protection of neurons and immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and quantitative reverse transcription PCR were used to quantify the expression of Kchip1 and Kv4.2 in the hippocampal CA1 field and the adjacent cortex following Li-pilocarpine induced status epilepticus. We used whole-cell current-clamp recordings to evaluate the anticonvulsant activities of SSa in a hippocampal neuronal culture model of cTLE, while whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were used to evaluate the modulatory effects of SSa on Kv4.2-mediated IA. Results SSa treatment significantly reduced the frequency and duration of SRS over the course of eight weeks and increased the production of Kchip1 and Kv4.2. In addition, SSa attenuated spontaneous recurrent epileptiform discharges (SREDs) in the hippocampal neuronal model and up-regulated Kv4.2-mediated IA. Conclusions SSa exerted a disease-modifying effect in our cTLE rat model both in vivo and in vitro; the increase in Kv4.2-mediated IA may contribute to the anticonvulsant mechanisms of SSa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, .,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Ning Deng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Han-Na Jin
- Department of Internal Neurology, People's Hospital of Huizhou Zhongkai Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone, Huizhou, China
| | - Zheng-Zheng Xuan
- Neuroelectrophysiological Examination Room, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xiao Qian
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Zhi-Yong Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, .,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, .,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,
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Zhao Z, He X, Ma C, Wu S, Cuan Y, Sun Y, Bai Y, Huang L, Chen X, Gao T, Zheng X. Excavating Anticonvulsant Compounds from Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Epilepsy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:707-737. [PMID: 29737210 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history and been widely used in prevention and treatment of epilepsy in China. This paper is intended to review the advances in the active anticonvulsant compounds isolated from herbs in the prescription of TCM in the treatment of epilepsy. These compounds were introduced with the details including classification, CAS number specific structure and druggability data. Meanwhile, much of the research in these compounds in the last two decades has shown that they exhibited favorable pharmacological properties in treatment of epilepsy both in in vivo and in vitro models. In addition, in this present review, the evaluation of the effects of the anticonvulsant classical TCM prescriptions is discussed. According to these rewarding pharmacological effects and chemical substances, the prescription of TCM herbs could be an effective therapeutic strategy for epilepsy patients, and also could be a promising source for the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Zhao
- * Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Xirui He
- * Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China.,‡ Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, P. R. China
| | - Cuixia Ma
- * Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Shaoping Wu
- * Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Ye Cuan
- * Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- * Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Bai
- * Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China.,† College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Linhong Huang
- ‡ Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, P. R. China
| | - Xufei Chen
- * Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Tian Gao
- * Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- * Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
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Li XQ, Song YN, Wang SJ, Rahman K, Zhu JY, Zhang H. Saikosaponins: a review of pharmacological effects. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2018; 20:399-411. [PMID: 29726699 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1465937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, a number of phytochemicals have been reported to possess potent pharmacological effects. Saikosaponins represent a group of oleanane derivatives, usually as glucosides, which are commonly found in medicinal plants Bupleurum spp., which have been used as traditional Chinese medicine for more than 1,000 years in China. Emerging evidence suggests that saikosaponins have many pharmacological effects, including sedation, anticonvulsant, antipyretic, antiviral, immunity, anti-inflammation, antitumor properties, protecting liver and kidney and so on. The present review provides a comprehensive summary and analysis of the pharmacological properties of saikosaponins, supporting the potential uses of saikosaponins as a medicinal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Li
- a School of Pharmacy , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu 611137 , China
- b Central Laboratory , Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM , Shanghai 200137 , China
| | - Ya-Nan Song
- b Central Laboratory , Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM , Shanghai 200137 , China
| | - Su-Juan Wang
- b Central Laboratory , Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM , Shanghai 200137 , China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- c Faculty of Science, School of Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool L3 3AF , UK
| | - Jian-Yong Zhu
- b Central Laboratory , Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM , Shanghai 200137 , China
| | - Hong Zhang
- a School of Pharmacy , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu 611137 , China
- b Central Laboratory , Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM , Shanghai 200137 , China
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24
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Yuan B, Yang R, Ma Y, Zhou S, Zhang X, Liu Y. A systematic review of the active saikosaponins and extracts isolated from Radix Bupleuri and their applications. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:620-635. [PMID: 27951737 PMCID: PMC6130612 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1262433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Radix Bupleuri has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years with functions of relieving exterior syndrome, clearing heat, regulating liver-qi, and lifting yang-qi. More natural active compounds, especially saikosaponins, have been isolated from Radix Bupleuri, which possess various valuable pharmacological activities. OBJECTIVE To summarize the current knowledge on pharmacological activities, mechanisms and applications of extracts and saikosaponins isolated from Radix Bupleuri, and obtain new insights for further research and development of Radix Bupleuri. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Research Gate, Academic Journals and Google Scholar were used as information sources through the inclusion of the search terms 'Radix Bupleuri', 'Bupleurum', 'saikosaponins', 'Radix Bupleuri preparation', and their combinations, mainly from the year 2008 to 2016 without language restriction. Clinical preparations containing Radix Bupleuri were collected from official website of China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 296 papers were searched and 128 papers were reviewed. A broad spectrum of in vitro and in vivo research has proved that Radix Bupleuri extracts, saikosaponin a, saikosaponin d, saikosaponin c, and saikosaponin b2, exhibit evident anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, anti-allergic, immunoregulation, and neuroregulation activities mainly through NF-κB, MAPK or other pathways. 15 clinical preparations approved by CFDA remarkably broaden the application of Radix Bupleuri. The main side effect of Radix Bupleuri is liver damage when the dosage is excess, which indicates that the maximum tolerated dose is critical for clinical use of Radix Bupleuri extract and purified compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochuan Yuan
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yongsheng Ma
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- CONTACT Ying LiuSchool of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Wangjing Zhonghuan South Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing100102, China
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Huang W, Zheng X, Yang X, Fan S. Stimulation of Osteogenic Differentiation by Saikosaponin-A in Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Via WNT/β-Catenin Pathway. Calcif Tissue Int 2017; 100:392-401. [PMID: 28185033 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Saikosaponin-A (SA), a class of native compound with numerous biological activities, may exert protective effect against postmenopausal bone loss. However, it remains unknown whether SA regulates the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. In this study, BMSCs were treated with various concentrations of SA to stimulate osteogenic differentiation over a 14-day period. Additionally, a canonical ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model was used to evaluate the effect of 3-month SA treatment in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis. In vitro, we found that SA promotes alkaline phosphatase activity/staining and Alizarin red assay, stimulated the expression of osteogenic markers, i.e., runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osterix, osteopontin, and osteocalcin (OCN) in BMSCs. In vivo, the trabecular number, trabecular thickness, and trabecular bone mineral density of the distal femoral metaphysis were significantly increased in OVX mice treated intraperitoneally with SA for 3 months compared with OVX mice that not treated with SA. Moreover, the expression of Runx2 and OCN in OVX + SA mice was significantly increased than that in OVX mice. Finally, we found that SA activated the WNT/β-catenin pathway and the expression of several downstream genes including T-cell factor-1 and lymphoid enhancer factor-1. Inhibition of WNT/β-catenin pathway by Dickkopf-related protein 1 blocked the positive role of SA on osteogenesis. Therefore, SA promoted the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs through WNT/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 183 West Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511400, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 183 West Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Shicai Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 183 West Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.
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Saikosaponin A Alleviates Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder through Downregulation of DAT and Enhancing BDNF Expression in Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:2695903. [PMID: 28293263 PMCID: PMC5331296 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2695903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The disturbed dopamine availability and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression are due in part to be associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, we investigated the therapeutical effect of saikosaponin a (SSa) isolated from Bupleurum Chinese DC, against spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model of ADHD. Methylphenidate and SSa were orally administered for 3 weeks. Activity was assessed by open-field test and Morris water maze test. Dopamine (DA) and BDNF were determined in specific brain regions. The mRNA or protein expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT), and vesicles monoamine transporter (VMAT) was also studied. Both MPH and SSa reduced hyperactivity and improved the spatial learning memory deficit in SHRs. An increased DA concentration in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum was also observed after treating with the SSa. The increased DA concentration may partially be attributed to the decreased mRNA and protein expression of DAT in PFC while SSa exhibited no significant effects on the mRNA expression of TH and VMAT in PFC of SHRs. In addition, BDNF expression in SHRs was also increased after treating with SSa or MPH. The obtained result suggested that SSa may be a potential drug for treating ADHD.
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27
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Cai L. Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine for Epilepsy Treatment Should Be Administered According to the Seizure Type and Epileptic Syndrome. Health (London) 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2017.98087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Shao H, Yang Y, Qi AP, Hong P, Zhu GX, Cao XY, Ji WG, Zhu ZR. Gastrodin Reduces the Severity of Status Epilepticus in the Rat Pilocarpine Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy by Inhibiting Nav1.6 Sodium Currents. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:360-374. [PMID: 27743286 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most refractory types of adult epilepsy, and treatment options remain unsatisfactory. Gastrodin (GAS), a phenolic glucoside used in Chinese herbal medicine and derived from Gastrodia elata Blume, has been shown to have remarkable anticonvulsant effects on various models of epilepsy in vivo. However, the mechanisms of GAS as an anticonvulsant drug remain to be established. By utilizing a combination of behavioral surveys, immunofluorescence and electrophysiological recordings, the present study characterized the anticonvulsant effect of GAS in a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) rat model of TLE and explored the underlying cellular mechanisms. We found that GAS pretreatment effectively reduced the severity of SE in the acute phase of TLE. Moreover, GAS protected medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) layer III neurons from neuronal death and terminated the SE-induced bursting discharge of mEC layer II neurons from SE-experienced rats. Furthermore, the current study revealed that GAS prevented the pilocarpine-induced enhancement of Nav1.6 currents (persistent (INaP) and resurgent (INaR) currents), which were reported to play a critical role in the generation of bursting spikes. Consistent with this result, GAS treatment reversed the expression of Nav1.6 protein in SE-experienced EC neurons. These results suggest that the inhibition of Nav1.6 sodium currents may be the underlying mechanism of GAS's anticonvulsant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shao
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street 30, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The Fifth Camp of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street 30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ai-Ping Qi
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street 30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Pian Hong
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street 30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Guang-Xi Zhu
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street 30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xin-Yu Cao
- The Fifth Camp of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Gang Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Ru Zhu
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street 30, Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Li J, Xu Q, Jiang H. Identification and Characterization of Two New Degradation Products of Saikosaponin A under Acid Hydrolytic Conditions. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091232. [PMID: 27649123 PMCID: PMC6274035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Saikosaponin (SS) A is a compound with various pharmacological properties and is easily degraded into SS-B1 and SS-G under acid conditions. In the present work, two new degradation products of SS-A, formed under acid hydrolytic conditions, were detected and isolated using analytical and semi-preparative liquid chromatography technology; furthermore, their structures were characterized as hydroxy-saikosaponin A and SS-B2 by spectral analysis, which is not only essential in stability-indicating method development and validation, but also could be used as a worst case scenario to assess the analytical method performance of SS-A. Moreover, their structural transformation pathways are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| | - Qiang Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| | - Hua Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
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Khaspekov LG, Sharonova IN, Kolbaev SN. Modeling of acquired postischemic epileptogenesis in cultures of neural cells and tissue. NEUROCHEM J+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712416030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Sheng F, Chen M, Tan Y, Xiang C, Zhang M, Li B, Su H, He C, Wan J, Li P. Protective Effects of Otophylloside N on Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Neuronal Injury In vitro and In vivo. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:224. [PMID: 27504096 PMCID: PMC4959150 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 30% of epileptic patients worldwide are medically unable to control their seizures. In addition, repeated epileptic seizures generally lead to neural damage. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) is a clinical circulatory and respiratory stimulant that is experimentally used to mimic epileptic convulsion in epilepsy research. Here, we systematically explore the neuroprotective effects of a pure compound isolated from Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid (Qingyangshen), Otophylloside N (OtoN), against PTZ-induced neuronal injury. We used three models: in vitro primary cortical neurons, in vivo mice, and in vivo zebrafish. Our results revealed that OtoN treatment may attenuate PTZ-induced morphology changes, cell death, LDH efflux in embryonic neuronal cells of C57BL/6J mice, and convulsive behavior in zebrafish. Additionally, our Western blot and RT-PCR results demonstrated that OtoN may attenuate PTZ-induced apoptosis and neuronal activation in neuronal cells, mice, and zebrafish. OtoN may reduce PTZ-induced cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase and upregulation of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and decrease the expression level of c-Fos. This study is the first investigation of the neuroprotective effects of OtoN, which might be developed as a novel antiepileptic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiya Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Mengting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Yuan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Cheng Xiang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming, China
| | - Baocai Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Jianbo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau, China
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32
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Ye M, Bi YF, Ding L, Zhu WW, Gao W. Saikosaponin a functions as anti-epileptic effect in pentylenetetrazol induced rats through inhibiting mTOR signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 81:281-287. [PMID: 27261605 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Saikosaponin a (SSa), which is one major bioactive compound isolated from radix bupleuri, has been demonstrated to exhibit the properties of anticonvulsant and antiepileptic in few reports. This study aims to clarify the molecular mechanism by which SSa protects against pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced epileptic seizure. METHODS PTZ induced rat and hippocampal neuron were established. Treated rats or hippocampal neuron with SSa, and mTOR, P70S6K, IL-1β and TNF-α were then determined. RESULTS In PTZ induced rat, SSa significantly reduced seizure severity and duration while markedly elevated seizure latency, and it also down-regulated hippocampal p-mTOR, p-70S6K, L-1β and TNF-α expression. In hippocampal neurons exposed to PTZ, p-mTOR and p-70S6K expression levels were also decreased by SSa. Pre-incubated hippocampal neurons with leucine, an mTOR agonist, reversed the effects of SSa on decreasing cytokines expression and inhibiting cell apoptosis. The treatment of mTOR inhibitor rapamycin prevented against the increase of cytokines expression and hippocampal neuron apoptosis induced by PTZ. Leucine also canceled the alleviation of seizures and induction of hippocampal caspase-3 activity in PTZ induced rat with the treatment of SSa. CONCLUSION SSa protects against PTZ induced epileptic seizure and hippocampal neuron apoptosis through inhibiting mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow 215006, China
| | - Yong-Feng Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow 215006, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow 215006, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow 215006, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow 215006, China.
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Mao X, Miao G, Tao X, Hao S, Zhang H, Li H, Hou Z, Tian R, Lu T, Ma J, Zhang X, Cheng H, Liu B. Saikosaponin a protects TBI rats after controlled cortical impact and the underlying mechanism. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:133-141. [PMID: 27069547 PMCID: PMC4759423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory response plays a significant role in neuronal cell death and functional deficits after Traumatic brain injury (TBI). Importantly, anti-inflammatory agents have neuroprotective effects. To date, however, no studies have investigated the neuroprotective effects of Saikosaponin a (SSa) after TBI. In the present study, rats with controlled cortical impact (CCI) were used to investigate the neuroprotective effects of SSa. The results showed that SSa reduced body weight loss, improved neurological functions andcognition, and reduced brain edema and blood brain barrier permeability after CCI. Moreover, SSa inhibited aquaporin-4 (AQP-4), matrix metalloprotein-9 (MMP-9), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (c-JNK), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The reduction in the loss of occludin mediated by SSa may partially account for its neuroprotective effects. Together, our results suggest that SSa appears to counteract the inflammatory response and neurological function deficits after TBI and possibly via an anti-inflammatory response and inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Neurotrauma Laboratory, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
- Nerve Injury and Repair Center of Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China
| | - Guozhuan Miao
- Department of Neurotrauma, General Hospital of Armed Police ForcesBeijing, China
| | - Xiaogang Tao
- Neurotrauma Laboratory, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
- Nerve Injury and Repair Center of Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China
| | - Shuyu Hao
- Neurotrauma Laboratory, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
- Nerve Injury and Repair Center of Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Neurotrauma Laboratory, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
- Department of Neurotrauma, General Hospital of Armed Police ForcesBeijing, China
- Nerve Injury and Repair Center of Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China
| | - Huan Li
- Neurotrauma Laboratory, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
- Nerve Injury and Repair Center of Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China
| | - Zonggang Hou
- Neurotrauma Laboratory, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
- Nerve Injury and Repair Center of Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China
| | - Runfa Tian
- Neurotrauma Laboratory, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
- Nerve Injury and Repair Center of Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China
| | - Te Lu
- Neurotrauma Laboratory, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
- Nerve Injury and Repair Center of Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Imaging Center of Neuroscience, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Baiyun Liu
- Neurotrauma Laboratory, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
- Department of Neurotrauma, General Hospital of Armed Police ForcesBeijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
- Nerve Injury and Repair Center of Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China
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Xiao F, Yan B, Chen L, Zhou D. Review of the use of botanicals for epilepsy in complementary medical systems--Traditional Chinese Medicine. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 52:281-9. [PMID: 26052078 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine, botanical remedies have been used for centuries to treat seizures. This review aimed to summarize the botanicals that have been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat epilepsy. We searched Chinese online databases to determine the botanicals used for epilepsy in traditional Chinese medicine and identified articles using a preset search syntax and inclusion criteria of each botanical in the PubMed database to explore their potential mechanisms. Twenty-three botanicals were identified to treat epilepsy in traditional Chinese medicine. The pharmacological mechanisms of each botanical related to antiepileptic activity, which were mainly examined in animal models, were reviewed. We discuss the use and current trends of botanical treatments in China and highlight the limitations of botanical epilepsy treatments. A substantial number of these types of botanicals would be good candidates for the development of novel AEDs. More rigorous clinical trials of botanicals in traditional Chinese medicine for epilepsy treatment are encouraged in the future. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Botanicals for Epilepsy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglai Xiao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yan
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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Zhu HL, Wan JB, Wang YT, Li BC, Xiang C, He J, Li P. Medicinal compounds with antiepileptic/anticonvulsant activities. Epilepsia 2013; 55:3-16. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Bao-Cai Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming China
| | - Cheng Xiang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming China
| | - Jing He
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
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Saikosaponin a Enhances Transient Inactivating Potassium Current in Rat Hippocampal CA1 Neurons. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:413092. [PMID: 23554830 PMCID: PMC3608310 DOI: 10.1155/2013/413092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Saikosaponin a (SSa), a main constituent of the Chinese herb Bupleurum chinense DC., has been demonstrated to have antiepileptic activity. Recent studies have shown that SSa could inhibit NMDA receptor current and persistent sodium current. However, the effects of SSa on potassium (K+) currents remain unclear. In this study, we tested the effect of SSa on 4AP-induced epileptiform discharges and K+ currents in CA1 neurons of rat hippocampal slices. We found that SSa significantly inhibited epileptiform discharges frequency and duration in hippocampal CA1 neurons in the 4AP seizure model in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50
of 0.7 μM. SSa effectively increased the amplitude of ITotal
and IA, significantly negative-shifted the activation curve, and positive-shifted steady-state curve of IA. However, SSa induced no significant changes in the amplitude and activation curve of IK. In addition, SSa significantly increased the amplitude of 4AP-sensitive K+ current, while there was no significant change in the amplitude of TEA-sensitive K+ current. Together, our data indicate that SSa inhibits epileptiform discharges induced by 4AP in a dose-dependent manner and that SSa exerts selectively enhancing effects on IA. These increases in IA may contribute to the anticonvulsant mechanisms of SSa.
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