1
|
Zuchowska A, Frojdenfal S, Trzaskowski M, Jastrzebska E. Advanced three-dimensional in vitro liver models to study the activity of anticancer drugs. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2400159. [PMID: 38896414 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202400159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The liver is one of the most important organs in the human body. It performs many important functions, including being responsible for the metabolism of most drugs, which is often associated with its drug-induced damage. Currently, there are no ideal pharmacological models that would allow the evaluation of the effect of newly tested drugs on the liver in preclinical studies. Moreover, the influence of hepatic metabolism on the effectiveness of the tested drugs is rarely evaluated. Therefore, in this work we present an advanced model of the liver, which reflects most of the morphologically and metabolically important features of the liver in vivo, namely: three-dimensionality, cellular composition, presence of extracellular matrix, distribution of individual cell types in the structure of the liver model, high urea and albumin synthesis efficiency, high cytochrome p450 activity. In addition, the work, based on the example of commonly used anticancer drugs, shows how important it is to take into account hepatic metabolism in the effective assessment of their impact on the target organ, in this case cancer. In our research, we have shown that the most similar to liver in vivo are 3D cellular aggregates composed of three important liver cells, namely hepatocytes (HepG2), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSECs). Moreover, we showed that the cells in 3D aggregate structure need time (cell-cell interactions) to improve proper liver characteristic. The triculture model additionally showed the greatest ability to metabolize selected anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Frojdenfal
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Feng L, Wang Y, Fu Y, Li T, He G. Stem Cell-Based Strategies: The Future Direction of Bioartificial Liver Development. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:601-616. [PMID: 38170319 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) results from severe liver damage or end-stage liver disease. It is extremely fatal and causes serious health and economic burdens worldwide. Once ALF occurs, liver transplantation (LT) is the only definitive and recommended treatment; however, LT is limited by the scarcity of liver grafts. Consequently, the clinical use of bioartificial liver (BAL) has been proposed as a treatment strategy for ALF. Human primary hepatocytes are an ideal cell source for these methods. However, their high demand and superior viability prevent their widespread use. Hence, finding alternatives that meet the seed cell quality and quantity requirements is imperative. Stem cells with self-renewing, immunogenic, and differentiative capacities are potential cell sources. MSCs and its secretomes encompass a spectrum of beneficial properties, such as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-ROS (reactive oxygen species), anti-apoptotic, pro-metabolomic, anti-fibrogenesis, and pro-regenerative attributes. This review focused on the recent status and future directions of stem cell-based strategies in BAL for ALF. Additionally, we discussed the opportunities and challenges associated with promoting such strategies for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Shanxi Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guolin He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Park B, Bang S, Hwang KS, Cha YK, Kwak J, Tran NL, Kim HS, Park S, Oh SJ, Im M, Chung S, Kim J, Park TH, Song HS, Kim HN, Kim JH. Eye-Mimicked Neural Network Composed of Photosensitive Neural Spheroids with Human Opsin Proteins. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302996. [PMID: 37377148 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro model, composed of the short-wavelength human opsins and rhodopsins, is created. Two types of photosensitive neural spheroids are transfected for selective reaction under bluish-purple and green lights. These are employed to two devices with intact neuron and neural-spheroid to study the interaction. By photostimulation, the photosensitive spheroid initiated photoactivation, and the signal generated from its body is transmitted to adjacent neural networks. Specifically, the signal traveled through the axon bundle in narrow gap from photosensitive spheroid to intact spheroid as an eye-to-brain model including optic nerve. The whole process with photosensitive spheroid is monitored by calcium ion detecting fluorescence images. The results of this study can be applied to examine vision restoration and novel photosensitive biological systems with spectral sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byeongho Park
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokyoung Bang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Seob Hwang
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Kyung Cha
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisung Kwak
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Ly Tran
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Suk Kim
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Subeen Park
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ja Oh
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Maesoon Im
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbaeg Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Song
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Nam Kim
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei-KIST Convergence Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hun Kim
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Di Stefano AB, Urrata V, Trapani M, Moschella F, Cordova A, Toia F. Systematic review on spheroids from adipose‐derived stem cells: Spontaneous or artefact state? J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4397-4411. [PMID: 36209478 PMCID: PMC10091738 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures represent the spontaneous state of stem cells with specific gene and protein molecular expression that are more alike the in vivo condition. In vitro two-dimensional (2D) cell adhesion cultures are still commonly employed for various cellular studies such as movement, proliferation and differentiation phenomena; this procedure is standardized and amply used in laboratories, however their representing the original tissue has recently been subject to questioning. Cell cultures in 2D require a support/substrate (flasks, multiwells, etc.) and use of fetal bovine serum as an adjuvant that stimulates adhesion that most likely leads to cellular aging. A 3D environment stimulates cells to grow in suspended aggregates that are defined as "spheroids." In particular, adipose stem cells (ASCs) are traditionally observed in adhesion conditions, but a recent and vast literature offers many strategies that obtain 3D cell spheroids. These cells seem to possess a greater ability in maintaining their stemness and differentiate towards all mesenchymal lineages, as demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo studies compared to adhesion cultures. To date, standardized procedures that form ASC spheroids have not yet been established. This systematic review carries out an in-depth analysis of the 76 articles produced over the past 10 years and discusses the similarities and differences in materials, techniques, and purposes to standardize the methods aimed at obtaining ASC spheroids as already described for 2D cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Barbara Di Stefano
- BIOPLAST‐Laboratory of BIOlogy and Regenerative Medicine‐PLASTic Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences University of Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - Valentina Urrata
- BIOPLAST‐Laboratory of BIOlogy and Regenerative Medicine‐PLASTic Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences University of Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - Marco Trapani
- BIOPLAST‐Laboratory of BIOlogy and Regenerative Medicine‐PLASTic Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences University of Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - Francesco Moschella
- BIOPLAST‐Laboratory of BIOlogy and Regenerative Medicine‐PLASTic Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences University of Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - Adriana Cordova
- BIOPLAST‐Laboratory of BIOlogy and Regenerative Medicine‐PLASTic Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences University of Palermo Palermo Italy
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Unit of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery University of Palermo Palermo Italy
- Department of D.A.I. Chirurgico, Plastic and Reconstructive Unit Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico “Paolo Giaccone” Palermo Italy
| | - Francesca Toia
- BIOPLAST‐Laboratory of BIOlogy and Regenerative Medicine‐PLASTic Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences University of Palermo Palermo Italy
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Unit of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery University of Palermo Palermo Italy
- Department of D.A.I. Chirurgico, Plastic and Reconstructive Unit Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico “Paolo Giaccone” Palermo Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tutty MA, Vella G, Prina-Mello A. Pre-clinical 2D and 3D toxicity response to a panel of nanomaterials; comparative assessment of NBM-induced liver toxicity. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2157-2177. [PMID: 35763196 PMCID: PMC9360078 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanobiomaterials, or NBMs, have been used in medicine and bioimaging for decades, with wide-reaching applications ranging from their uses as carriers of genes and drugs, to acting as sensors and probes. When developing nanomedicine products, it is vitally important to evaluate their safety, ensuring that both biocompatibility and efficacy are achieved so their applications in these areas can be safe and effective. When discussing the safety of nanomedicine in general terms, it is foolish to make generalised statements due to the vast array of different manufactured nanomaterials, formulated from a multitude of different materials, in many shapes and sizes; therefore, NBM pre-clinical screening can be a significant challenge. Outside of their distribution in the various tissues, organs and cells in the body, a key area of interest is the impact of NBMs on the liver. A considerable issue for researchers today is accurately predicting human-specific liver toxicity prior to clinical trials, with hepatotoxicity not only the most cited reasons for withdrawal of approved drugs, but also a primary cause of attrition in pre-launched drug candidates. To date, no simple solution to adequately predict these adverse effects exists prior to entering human experimentation. The limitations of the current pre-clinical toolkit are believed to be one of the main reasons for this, with questions being raised on the relevance of animal models in pre-clinical assessment, and over the ability of conventional, simplified in vitro cell–based assays to adequately assess new drug candidates or NBMs. Common 2D cell cultures are unable to adequately represent the functions of 3D tissues and their complex cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, as well as differences found in diffusion and transport conditions. Therefore, testing NBM toxicity in conventional 2D models may not be an accurate reflection of the actual toxicity these materials impart on the body. One such method of overcoming these issues is the use of 3D cultures, such as cell spheroids, to more accurately assess NBM-tissue interaction. In this study, we introduce a 3D hepatocellular carcinoma model cultured from HepG2 cells to assess both the cytotoxicity and viability observed following treatment with a variety of NBMs, namely a nanostructured lipid carrier (in the specific technical name = LipImage™ 815), a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) and a panel of polymeric (in the specific technical name = PACA) NBMs. This model is also in compliance with the 3Rs policy of reduction, refinement and replacement in animal experimentation [1], and meets the critical need for more advanced in vitro models for pre-clinical nanotoxicity assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Anne Tutty
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland. .,Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), TTMI, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Gabriele Vella
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), TTMI, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland. .,Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), TTMI, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland. .,Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Establishment of large canine hepatocyte spheroids by mixing vascular endothelial cells and canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Regen Ther 2022; 19:1-8. [PMID: 35024388 PMCID: PMC8728312 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Differentiation of hepatocytes and culture methods have been investigated in dogs as a tool to establish liver transplant and drug metabolism examination systems. However, mass culture techniques for canine hepatocytes (cHep) have not been investigated, and it is necessary to construct a suitable culture system. Recently, a protocol called Bud production has attracted attention, and a mixed culture of human and mouse hepatocytes, stem cells, and artificial blood vessels significantly improved the size and formation ratio of spheroids. The purpose of this study was to investigate and improve the in vitro culture of cHep by mixing canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cASCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods Spheroid formation ratio and histological examination were evaluated among four culture methods, including cHep alone, two-mix (cHep + cASCs and cHep + HUVEC), and three-mix (cHep + HUVEC + cASCs), on days 0, 4, and 7. Expression levels of liver-related genes (ALB, AFP, α1-AT, CDH1, CYP2E1, CYP3A12, and TAT) were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Protein expression of albumin, vimentin, and von Willebrand Factor (vWF) was investigated to confirm the location of the hepatocytes. Results The ratio of spheroid formation was 60.2% in the three-mix culture and was significantly improved compared with cHep alone (5.9%) and two-mix; cHep + cASCs (36.2%) and cHep + HUVEC (26.4%) (P < 0.001). Histological evaluation revealed that the three-mix spheroids formed large canine hepatocyte spheroids (LcHS), and hepatocytes were distributed in the center of the spheroids. Quantitative gene expression analysis of LcHS showed that liver-related genes expression were maintained the same levels with that of a culture of cHep alone from days 4-7. Conclusion These results revealed that the three-mix culture method using cHep, HUVECs, and cASCs was capable of promoting LcHS without impairing liver function in cHep, suggesting that LcHS could be used for the application of high-volume culture techniques in dogs.
Collapse
Key Words
- 3D, three-dimensions
- AFP, α-fetoprotein
- ALB, albumin
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CDH1, cadherin-1 (epithelital-cadherin)
- CYP, cytochrome
- Canine
- DILI, drug induced liver injury
- EGM, endothelial cell growth medium
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HGM, hepatocyte growth medium
- HTM, hepatocyte thawing medium
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Hepatocyte
- LcHS, large canine hepatocyte spheroids
- MSCGM, mesenchymal stem cell growth medium
- Mesenchymal stem cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- SF-HGM, hepatocyte growth medium for spheroid formation
- Spheroids
- TAT, tyrosine aminotransferase
- Three-dimensions
- cASC, canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells
- cHep, canine primary-cultured hepatocytes
- hFGF, human fibroblast growth factor
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cells
- rf-HGF, recombinant ferine hepatocyte growth factor
- α1-AT, α1-antitrypsin
Collapse
|
7
|
Capturing the third dimension in drug discovery: Spatially-resolved tools for interrogation of complex 3D cell models. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 55:107883. [PMID: 34875362 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advanced three-dimensional (3D) cell models have proven to be capable of depicting architectural and microenvironmental features of several tissues. By providing data of higher physiological and pathophysiological relevance, 3D cell models have been contributing to a better understanding of human development, pathology onset and progression mechanisms, as well as for 3D cell-based assays for drug discovery. Nonetheless, the characterization and interrogation of these tissue-like structures pose major challenges on the conventional analytical methods, pushing the development of spatially-resolved technologies. Herein, we review recent advances and pioneering technologies suitable for the interrogation of multicellular 3D models, while capable of retaining biological spatial information. We focused on imaging technologies and omics tools, namely transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. The advantages and shortcomings of these novel methodologies are discussed, alongside the opportunities to intertwine data from the different tools.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang Q, Li AP. Messenger RNA Expression of Albumin, Transferrin, Transthyretin, Asialoglycoprotein Receptor, Cytochrome P450 Isoform, Uptake Transporter, and Efflux Transporter Genes as a Function of Culture Duration in Prolonged Cultured Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes as Collagen-Matrigel Sandwich Cultures: Evidence for Redifferentiation upon Prolonged Culturing. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:790-802. [PMID: 34135090 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic gene expression as a function of culture duration was evaluated in prolonged cultured human hepatocytes. Human hepatocytes from seven donors were maintained as near-confluent collagen-Matrigelsandwich cultures, with messenger RNA expression for genes responsible for key hepatic functions quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction at culture durations of 0 (day of plating), 2, 7, 9, 16, 23, 26, 29, 36, and 43 days. Key hepatocyte genes were evaluated, including the differentiation markers albumin, transferrin, and transthyretin; the hepatocyte-specific asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP3A7; uptake transporter isoforms SLC10A1, SLC22A1, SLC22A7, SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3, and SLCO2B1; efflux transporter isoforms ATP binding cassette (ABC)B1, ABCB11, ABCC2, ABCC3, ABCC4, and ABCG2; and the nonspecific housekeeping gene hypoxanthine ribosyl transferase 1 (HPRT1). The well established dedifferentiation phenomenon was observed on day 2, with substantial (>80%) decreases in gene expression in day 2 cultures observed for all genes evaluated except HPRT1 and efflux transporters ABCB1, ABCC2, ABCC3 (<50% decrease in expression), ABCC4 (>400% increase in expression), and ABCG2 (no decrease in expression). All genes with a >80% decrease in expression were found to have increased levels of expression on day 7, with peak expression observed on either day 7 or day 9, followed by a gradual decrease in expression up to the longest duration evaluated of 43 days. Our results provide evidence that cultured human hepatocytes undergo redifferentiation upon prolonged culturing. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study reports that although human hepatocytes underwent dedifferentiation upon 2 days of culture, prolonged culturing resulted in redifferentiation based on gene expression of differentiation markers, uptake and efflux transporters, and cytochrome P450 isoforms. The observed redifferentiation suggests that prolonged (>7 days) culturing of human hepatocyte cultures may represent an experimental approach to overcome the initial dedifferentiation process, resulting in "stabilized" hepatocytes that can be applied toward the evaluation of drug properties requiring an extended period of treatment and evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland
| | - Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gibler P, Gimble J, Hamel K, Rogers E, Henderson M, Wu X, Olesky S, Frazier T. Human Adipose-Derived Stromal/Stem Cell Culture and Analysis Methods for Adipose Tissue Modeling In Vitro: A Systematic Review. Cells 2021; 10:1378. [PMID: 34204869 PMCID: PMC8227575 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (hASC) are widely used for in vitro modeling of physiologically relevant human adipose tissue. These models are useful for the development of tissue constructs for soft tissue regeneration and 3-dimensional (3D) microphysiological systems (MPS) for drug discovery. In this systematic review, we report on the current state of hASC culture and assessment methods for adipose tissue engineering using 3D MPS. Our search efforts resulted in the identification of 184 independent records, of which 27 were determined to be most relevant to the goals of the present review. Our results demonstrate a lack of consensus on methods for hASC culture and assessment for the production of physiologically relevant in vitro models of human adipose tissue. Few studies have assessed the impact of different 3D culture conditions on hASC adipogenesis. Additionally, there has been a limited use of assays for characterizing the functionality of adipose tissue in vitro. Results from this study suggest the need for more standardized culture methods and further analysis on in vitro tissue functionality. These will be necessary to validate the utility of 3D MPS as an in vitro model to reduce, refine, and replace in vivo experiments in the drug discovery regulatory process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peyton Gibler
- Obatala Sciences Inc., New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; (P.G.); (K.H.); (E.R.); (M.H.); (X.W.); (S.O.); (T.F.)
| | - Jeffrey Gimble
- Obatala Sciences Inc., New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; (P.G.); (K.H.); (E.R.); (M.H.); (X.W.); (S.O.); (T.F.)
- Department of Structural and Cell Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Katie Hamel
- Obatala Sciences Inc., New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; (P.G.); (K.H.); (E.R.); (M.H.); (X.W.); (S.O.); (T.F.)
| | - Emma Rogers
- Obatala Sciences Inc., New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; (P.G.); (K.H.); (E.R.); (M.H.); (X.W.); (S.O.); (T.F.)
| | - Michael Henderson
- Obatala Sciences Inc., New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; (P.G.); (K.H.); (E.R.); (M.H.); (X.W.); (S.O.); (T.F.)
| | - Xiying Wu
- Obatala Sciences Inc., New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; (P.G.); (K.H.); (E.R.); (M.H.); (X.W.); (S.O.); (T.F.)
| | - Spencer Olesky
- Obatala Sciences Inc., New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; (P.G.); (K.H.); (E.R.); (M.H.); (X.W.); (S.O.); (T.F.)
| | - Trivia Frazier
- Obatala Sciences Inc., New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; (P.G.); (K.H.); (E.R.); (M.H.); (X.W.); (S.O.); (T.F.)
- Department of Structural and Cell Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Berg IC, Mohagheghian E, Habing K, Wang N, Underhill GH. Microtissue Geometry and Cell-Generated Forces Drive Patterning of Liver Progenitor Cell Differentiation in 3D. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100223. [PMID: 33890430 PMCID: PMC8222189 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
3D microenvironments provide a unique opportunity to investigate the impact of intrinsic mechanical signaling on progenitor cell differentiation. Using a hydrogel-based microwell platform, arrays of 3D, multicellular microtissues in constrained geometries, including toroids and cylinders are produced. These generated distinct mechanical profiles to investigate the impact of geometry and stress on early liver progenitor cell fate using a model liver development system. Image segmentation allows the tracking of individual cell fate and the characterization of distinct patterning of hepatocytic makers to the outer shell of the microtissues, and the exclusion from the inner diameter surface of the toroids. Biliary markers are distributed throughout the interior regions of micropatterned tissues and are increased in toroidal tissues when compared with those in cylindrical tissues. Finite element models of predicted stress distributions, combined with mechanical measurements, demonstrates that intercellular tension correlates with increased hepatocytic fate, while compression correlates with decreased hepatocytic and increased biliary fate. This system, which integrates microfabrication, imaging, mechanical modeling, and quantitative analysis, demonstrates how microtissue geometry can drive patterning of mechanical stresses that regulate cell differentiation trajectories. This approach may serve as a platform for further investigation of signaling mechanisms in the liver and other developmental systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. Berg
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Bioengineering, 1102 Everitt Lab, MC-278, 1406 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Erfan Mohagheghian
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Building, 1206 W. Green St. MC 244, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Krista Habing
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Bioengineering, 1102 Everitt Lab, MC-278, 1406 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Building, 1206 W. Green St. MC 244, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Gregory H. Underhill
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Bioengineering, 1102 Everitt Lab, MC-278, 1406 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chao C, Ngo Le P, Engelward BP. SpheroidChip: Patterned Agarose Microwell Compartments Harboring HepG2 Spheroids are Compatible with Genotoxicity Testing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:2427-2439. [PMID: 33145399 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional tissue culture models are emerging as effective alternatives to animal testing. They are especially beneficial for liver toxicity studies, enabling hepatocytes to display improved levels of liver-specific functions. One common model is hepatocyte spheroids, which are spontaneously formed cell aggregates. Techniques for spheroid formation include the use of ultralow attachment plates and the hanging drop method, both of which are technically challenging and relatively low throughput. Here, we describe a simple-to-use platform that improves spheroid production and is compatible with genotoxicity testing by the comet assay. To achieve this, we created a chip containing a microwell array where dozens of spheroids are contained within a single well of a 96-well plate. The microwells are made from agarose, a nontoxic material suitable for cell growth and spheroid formation. HepG2 cells loaded into customizable microwells formed spheroids through agarose-assisted aggregation within one to two days. In addition, the agarose matrix allows the same platform to be used in DNA damage analysis. Specifically, the comet assay enables quantification of DNA breaks based on the increased migration of damaged DNA through agarose during electrophoresis. Here, we developed a modified comet assay and show that intact HepG2 spheroids cultured in microwells can be electrophoresed to reveal the extent of DNA damage following exposure to inflammatory chemicals (H2O2 and SIN-1). With this SpheroidChip analysis method, we detected a dose-dependent increase in DNA damage and observed rapid repair of H2O2-induced DNA damage. In summary, we utilized an agarose microarray to condense what had required an entire 96-well plate into a single well, enabling analysis techniques that were cumbersome or impossible under conditions of a single spheroid per well of a 96-well plate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christy Chao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - P Ngo Le
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bevin P Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim MK, Jeong W, Lee SM, Kim JB, Jin S, Kang HW. Decellularized extracellular matrix-based bio-ink with enhanced 3D printability and mechanical properties. Biofabrication 2020; 12:025003. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab5d80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
13
|
Towards Three-Dimensional Dynamic Regulation and In Situ Characterization of Single Stem Cell Phenotype Using Microfluidics. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:843-861. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
14
|
Han W, Wu Q, Zhang X, Duan Z. Innovation for hepatotoxicity in vitro research models: A review. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:146-162. [PMID: 30182494 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many categories of drugs can induce hepatotoxicity, so improving the prediction of toxic drugs is important. In vitro models using human hepatocytes are more accurate than in vivo animal models. Good in vitro models require an abundance of metabolic enzyme activities and normal cellular polarity. However, none of the in vitro models can completely simulate hepatocytes in the human body. There are two ways to overcome this limitation: enhancing the metabolic function of hepatocytes and changing the cultural environment. In this review, we summarize the current state of research, including the main characteristics of in vitro models and their limitations, as well as improved technology and developmental prospects. We hope that this review provides some new ideas for hepatotoxicity research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Han
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Failure; Artificial Liver Treatment and Research; Beijing China
| | - Qiao Wu
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Failure; Artificial Liver Treatment and Research; Beijing China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Failure; Artificial Liver Treatment and Research; Beijing China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Failure; Artificial Liver Treatment and Research; Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tendon Tissue Engineering: Mechanism and Effects of Human Tenocyte Coculture With Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. J Hand Surg Am 2018; 43:183.e1-183.e9. [PMID: 28888566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are a potential candidate for cell-based therapy targeting tendon injury; however, their therapeutic benefit relies on their ability to interact with native tenocytes. This study examines the mechanism and effects of coculturing human tenocytes and ASCs. METHODS Tenocytes (T) were directly cocultured with either ASCs (A) or fibroblasts (F) (negative control) in the following ratios: 50% T/50% A or F; 25% T/75% A or F; and 75% T/25% A or F. Cells were indirectly cocultured using a transwell insert that allowed for exchange of soluble factors only. Proliferation and collagen I production were measured and compared with monoculture controls. Synergy was quantified using the interaction index (II), which normalizes measured values by the expected values assuming no interaction (no synergy when II = 1). The ability of ASCs to elicit tenocyte migration was examined in vitro using a transwell migration assay and ex vivo using decellularized human flexor tendon explants. RESULTS Compared with monoculture controls, II of proliferation was greater than 1 for all tenocyte and ASC direct coculture ratios, but not for tenocyte and fibroblast direct coculture ratios or for tenocyte and ASC indirect coculture. The ASCs elicited greater tenocyte migration in vitro and ex vivo. The II of collagen I production was greater than 1 for direct coculture groups with 25% T/75% A and 75% T/25% A. CONCLUSIONS Direct coculture of ASCs and tenocytes demonstrated synergistic proliferation and collagen I production, and ASCs elicited tenocyte migration in vitro and ex vivo. These interactions play a key role in tendon healing and were absent when ASCs were replaced with fibroblasts, supporting the use of ASCs for cell-based therapy targeting tendon injuries. CLINICAL RELEVANCE When ASCs are delivered for cell-based therapy, they directly interact with native tenocytes to increase cell proliferation, collagen I production, and tenocyte migration, which may enhance tendon healing.
Collapse
|
16
|
Turetta M, Del Ben F, Brisotto G, Biscontin E, Bulfoni M, Cesselli D, Colombatti A, Scoles G, Gigli G, del Mercato LL. Emerging Technologies for Cancer Research: Towards Personalized Medicine with Microfluidic Platforms and 3D Tumor Models. Curr Med Chem 2018; 25:4616-4637. [PMID: 29874987 PMCID: PMC6302350 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180605122633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present review, we describe three hot topics in cancer research such as circulating tumor cells, exosomes, and 3D environment models. The first section is dedicated to microfluidic platforms for detecting circulating tumor cells, including both affinity-based methods that take advantage of antibodies and aptamers, and "label-free" approaches, exploiting cancer cells physical features and, more recently, abnormal cancer metabolism. In the second section, we briefly describe the biology of exosomes and their role in cancer, as well as conventional techniques for their isolation and innovative microfluidic platforms. In the third section, the importance of tumor microenvironment is highlighted, along with techniques for modeling it in vitro. Finally, we discuss limitations of two-dimensional monolayer methods and describe advantages and disadvantages of different three-dimensional tumor systems for cell-cell interaction analysis and their potential applications in cancer management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Loretta L. del Mercato
- Address correspondence to this author at the CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Geraili A, Jafari P, Hassani MS, Araghi BH, Mohammadi MH, Ghafari AM, Tamrin SH, Modarres HP, Kolahchi AR, Ahadian S, Sanati-Nezhad A. Controlling Differentiation of Stem Cells for Developing Personalized Organ-on-Chip Platforms. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 28910516 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-chip (OOC) platforms have attracted attentions of pharmaceutical companies as powerful tools for screening of existing drugs and development of new drug candidates. OOCs have primarily used human cell lines or primary cells to develop biomimetic tissue models. However, the ability of human stem cells in unlimited self-renewal and differentiation into multiple lineages has made them attractive for OOCs. The microfluidic technology has enabled precise control of stem cell differentiation using soluble factors, biophysical cues, and electromagnetic signals. This study discusses different tissue- and organ-on-chip platforms (i.e., skin, brain, blood-brain barrier, bone marrow, heart, liver, lung, tumor, and vascular), with an emphasis on the critical role of stem cells in the synthesis of complex tissues. This study further recaps the design, fabrication, high-throughput performance, and improved functionality of stem-cell-based OOCs, technical challenges, obstacles against implementing their potential applications, and future perspectives related to different experimental platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Geraili
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering; Sharif University of Technology; Azadi, Tehran 14588-89694 Iran
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering; Western University; London N6A 5B9 ON Canada
| | - Parya Jafari
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering; Western University; London N6A 5B9 ON Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering; Sharif University of Technology; Azadi, Tehran 14588-89694 Iran
| | - Mohsen Sheikh Hassani
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering; Carleton University; 1125 Colonel By Drive Ottawa K1S 5B6 ON Canada
| | - Behnaz Heidary Araghi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Sharif University of Technology; Azadi, Tehran 14588-89694 Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON M5S 3G9 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
| | - Amir Mohammad Ghafari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology; Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology; Tehran 16635-148 Iran
| | - Sara Hasanpour Tamrin
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory (BioM); Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive N.W. Calgary T2N 1N4 AB Canada
| | - Hassan Pezeshgi Modarres
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory (BioM); Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive N.W. Calgary T2N 1N4 AB Canada
| | - Ahmad Rezaei Kolahchi
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory (BioM); Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive N.W. Calgary T2N 1N4 AB Canada
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON M5S 3G9 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory (BioM); Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive N.W. Calgary T2N 1N4 AB Canada
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education; Biomedical Engineering Program; University of Calgary; Calgary T2N 1N4 AB Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Monitoring cytochrome P450 activity in living hepatocytes by chromogenic substrates in response to drug treatment or during cell maturation. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:1133-1149. [PMID: 29209748 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic activity of hepatocytes is a central prerequisite for drug activity and a key element in drug-drug interaction. This central role in metabolism largely depends on the activity of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme family, which is not only dependent on liver cell maturation but is also controlled in response to drug and chemical exposure. Here, we report the use of VividDye fluorogenic CYP450 substrates to directly measure and continuously monitor metabolic activity in living hepatocytes. We observed time- and dose-dependent correlation in response to established and putative CYP450 inducers acting through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and drug combinations. Using repetitive addition of VividDye fluorogenic substrate on a daily basis, we demonstrated the new application of VividDye for monitoring the maturation and dedifferentiation of hepatic cells. Despite a lack of high specificity for individual CYP450 isoenzymes, our approach enables continuous monitoring of metabolic activity in living cells with no need to disrupt cultivation. Our assay can be integrated in in vitro liver-mimetic models for on-line monitoring and thus should enhance the reliability of these tissue model systems.
Collapse
|
19
|
Theobald J, Ghanem A, Wallisch P, Banaeiyan AA, Andrade-Navarro MA, Taškova K, Haltmeier M, Kurtz A, Becker H, Reuter S, Mrowka R, Cheng X, Wölfl S. Liver-Kidney-on-Chip To Study Toxicity of Drug Metabolites. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 4:78-89. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jannick Theobald
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Ghanem
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Wallisch
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amin A. Banaeiyan
- Biological
Physics, Department of Physics, Chalmers Campus, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-41296, Sweden
| | - Miguel A. Andrade-Navarro
- Computational
Biology and Data Mining Group, Institute for Molecular Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Ackermannweg 4, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Katerina Taškova
- Computational
Biology and Data Mining Group, Institute for Molecular Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Ackermannweg 4, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Kurtz
- Berlin-Brandenburg
Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Holger Becker
- Microfluidic ChipShop GmbH, Stockholmer
Strasse 20, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reuter
- Experimentelle
Nephrologie, KIM III, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Nonenplan 4, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Ralf Mrowka
- Experimentelle
Nephrologie, KIM III, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Nonenplan 4, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Human liver microtissue spheroids in hollow fiber membrane bioreactor. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 160:272-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
21
|
In vivo and ex vivo methods of growing a liver bud through tissue connection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14085. [PMID: 29074999 PMCID: PMC5658340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapy has been proposed as an alternative to orthotopic liver transplantation. The novel transplantation of an in vitro-generated liver bud might have therapeutic potential. In vivo and ex vivo methods for growing a liver bud are essential for paving the way for the clinical translation of liver bud transplantation. We herein report a novel transplantation method for liver buds that are grown in vivo involving orthotopic transplantation on the transected parenchyma of the liver, which showed long engraftment and marked growth in comparison to heterotopic transplantation. Furthermore, this study demonstrates a method for rapidly fabricating scalable liver-like tissue by fusing hundreds of liver bud-like spheroids using a 3D bioprinter. Its system to fix the shape of the 3D tissue with the needle-array system enabled the fabrication of elaborate geometry and the immediate execution of culture circulation after 3D printing—thereby avoiding an ischemic environment ex vivo. The ex vivo-fabricated human liver-like tissue exhibited self-tissue organization ex vivo and engraftment on the liver of nude rats. These achievements conclusively show both in vivo and ex vivo methods for growing in vitro-generated liver buds. These methods provide a new approach for in vitro-generated liver organoids transplantation.
Collapse
|
22
|
Bovard D, Iskandar A, Luettich K, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Organs-on-a-chip. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847317726351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, considerable attention has been given to in vitro models in an attempt to reduce the use of animals and to decrease the rate of preclinical failure associated with the development of new drugs. Simple two-dimensional cultures grown in a dish are now frequently replaced by organotypic cultures with three-dimensional (3-D) architecture, which enables interactions between cells, promoting their differentiation and increasing their in vivo likeness. Microengineering now enables the incorporation of small devices into 3-D culture models to reproduce the complex microenvironment of the modeled organ, often referred to as organs-on-a-chip (OoCs). This review describes various OoCs developed to mimic liver, brain, kidney, and lung tissues. Current challenges encountered in attempts to recreate the in vivo environment are described, as well as some examples of OoCs. Finally, attention is given to the ongoing evolution of OoCs with the aim of solving one of the major limitations in that they can only represent a single organ. Multi-organ-on-a-chip (MOC) systems mimic organ interactions observed in the human body and aim to provide the features of compound uptake, metabolism, and excretion, while simultaneously allowing for insights into biological effects. MOCs might therefore represent a new paradigm in drug development, providing a better understanding of dose responses and mechanisms of toxicity, enabling the detection of drug resistance and supporting the evaluation of pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamics parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Bovard
- Philip Morris Products SA, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris Products SA, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zakrzewska KE, Samluk A, Wencel A, Dudek K, Pijanowska DG, Pluta KD. Liver tissue fragments obtained from males are the most promising source of human hepatocytes for cell-based therapies - Flow cytometric analysis of albumin expression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182846. [PMID: 28793328 PMCID: PMC5549982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies that could provide an alternative treatment for the end-stage liver disease require an adequate source of functional hepatocytes. There is little scientific evidence for the influence of patient's age, sex, and chemotherapy on the cell isolation efficiency and metabolic activity of the harvested hepatocytes. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether hepatocytes derived from different sources display differential viability and biosynthetic capacity. Liver cells were isolated from 41 different human tissue specimens. Hepatocytes were labeled using specific antibodies and analyzed using flow cytometry. Multiparametric analysis of the acquired data revealed statistically significant differences between some studied groups of patients. Generally, populations of cells isolated from the male specimens had greater percentage of biosynthetically active hepatocytes than those from the female ones regardless of age and previous chemotherapy of the patient. Based on the albumin staining (and partially on the α-1-antitrypsin labeling) after donor liver exclusion (6 out of 41 samples), our results indicated that: 1. samples obtained from males gave a greater percentage of active hepatocytes than those from females (p = 0.034), and 2. specimens from the males after chemotherapy greater than those from the treated females (p = 0.032).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Ewa Zakrzewska
- Department of Hybrid Microbiosystems Engineering, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Samluk
- Department of Hybrid Microbiosystems Engineering, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wencel
- Department of Hybrid Microbiosystems Engineering, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dudek
- Chair and Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Genowefa Pijanowska
- Department of Hybrid Microbiosystems Engineering, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dariusz Pluta
- Department of Hybrid Microbiosystems Engineering, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Park D, Park J, Jang H, Cheng J, Hyun Kim S, Lee SH. Simultaneous microfluidic spinning of multiple strands of submicron fiber for the production of free-standing porous membranes for biological application. Biofabrication 2017; 9:025026. [PMID: 28504242 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa7307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Microfibers produced using electrospinning and microfluidics-based technologies have been developed as a powerful tool in tissue engineering applications such as drug delivery and scaffolds. The applications of these fibers, however, have been limited because of the hazardous solvents used to make them, difficulties in controlling the pore sizes of their membrane forms, and downscaling the size of the fiber. Nevertheless, extending the use of these fibers, for example in the production of a free-standing porous membrane appropriate for cell-based research, is highly needed for tissue engineering, organ-on-a-chip, and drug delivery research and applications. Here, we fabricated a free-standing porous membrane by using a novel method that involved simultaneously spinning multiple strands of submicron-thick 'noodle-like' fibers. In addition to the novelty of the single noodle fiber in overcoming the size-reducing limitations of conventional microfluidic spinning methods, these fibers can hence form the units of 'noodle membranes' whose pores have sizes that the convention electrospinning method cannot achieve. We confirmed the potential of the noodle membrane to serve as a free-standing porous membrane in two simple experiments. Also, we found that noodle membranes have an advantage in loading different amounts of different materials in itself that it was also shown to be of use as a new type of scaffold for complex tissue regeneration. Therefore, the proposed noodle membrane can be an effective tool in tissue engineering applications and biological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- DoYeun Park
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nikravesh N, Cox SC, Birdi G, Williams RL, Grover LM. Calcium pre-conditioning substitution enhances viability and glucose sensitivity of pancreatic beta-cells encapsulated using polyelectrolyte multilayer coating method. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43171. [PMID: 28240241 PMCID: PMC5327385 DOI: 10.1038/srep43171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I diabetics are dependent on daily insulin injections. A therapy capable of immunoisolating pancreatic beta-cells and providing normoglycaemia is an alternative since it would avoid the late complications associated with insulin use. Here, 3D-concave agarose micro-wells were used to culture robust pancreatic MIN-6 cell spheroids within 24 hours that were shown to exhibit cell-cell contact and uniform size (201 ± 2 μm). A polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) approach using alginate and poly-l-lysine was employed to coat cell spheroids. In comparison to conventional PEM, use of a novel Ca2+ pre-coating step enhanced beta-cells viability (89 ± 6%) and metabolic activity since it reduced the toxic effect of the cationic polymer. Pre-coating was achieved by treating MIN-6 spheroids with calcium chloride, which enabled the adhesion of anionic polymer to the cells surface. Pre-coated cells coated with four bilayers of polymers were successfully immunoisolated from FITC-mouse antibody and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Novel PEM coated cells were shown to secret significantly (P < 0.05) different amounts of insulin in response to changes in glucose concentration (2 vs. 20 mM). This work presents a 3D culture model and novel PEM coating procedure that enhances viability, maintains functionality and immunoisolates beta-cells, which is a promising step towards an alternative therapy to insulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niusha Nikravesh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sophie C Cox
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gurpreet Birdi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Richard L Williams
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Liam M Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Perez RA, Jung CR, Kim HW. Biomaterials and Culture Technologies for Regenerative Therapy of Liver Tissue. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 27860372 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative approach has emerged to substitute the current extracorporeal technologies for the treatment of diseased and damaged liver tissue. This is based on the use of biomaterials that modulate the responses of hepatic cells through the unique matrix properties tuned to recapitulate regenerative functions. Cells in liver preserve their phenotype or differentiate through the interactions with extracellular matrix molecules. Therefore, the intrinsic properties of the engineered biomaterials, such as stiffness and surface topography, need to be tailored to induce appropriate cellular functions. The matrix physical stimuli can be combined with biochemical cues, such as immobilized functional groups or the delivered actions of signaling molecules. Furthermore, the external modulation of cells, through cocultures with nonparenchymal cells (e.g., endothelial cells) that can signal bioactive molecules, is another promising avenue to regenerate liver tissue. This review disseminates the recent approaches of regenerating liver tissue, with a focus on the development of biomaterials and the related culture technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman A. Perez
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN); Dankook University; Cheonan 330-714 Republic of Korea
- Regenerative Medicine Research Institute; Universitat Internacional de Catalunya; Barcelona 08017 Spain
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine; Dankook University; Cheonan 330-714 Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Rok Jung
- Gene Therapy Research Unit; KRIBB; 125 Gwahak-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN); Dankook University; Cheonan 330-714 Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine; Dankook University; Cheonan 330-714 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science; Dankook University Dental College; Cheonan 330-714 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Improved human endometrial stem cells differentiation into functional hepatocyte-like cells on a glycosaminoglycan/collagen-grafted polyethersulfone nanofibrous scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:2516-2529. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
28
|
Lauschke VM, Hendriks DFG, Bell CC, Andersson TB, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Novel 3D Culture Systems for Studies of Human Liver Function and Assessments of the Hepatotoxicity of Drugs and Drug Candidates. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1936-1955. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker M. Lauschke
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Delilah F. G. Hendriks
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catherine C. Bell
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy B. Andersson
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development
Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Akasov R, Gileva A, Zaytseva-Zotova D, Burov S, Chevalot I, Guedon E, Markvicheva E. 3D in vitro co-culture models based on normal cells and tumor spheroids formed by cyclic RGD-peptide induced cell self-assembly. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 39:45-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
30
|
Regmi S, Jeong JH. Superiority of three-dimensional stem cell clusters over monolayer culture: An archetype to biological application. Macromol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-016-4107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
31
|
Lee G, Lee J, Oh H, Lee S. Reproducible Construction of Surface Tension-Mediated Honeycomb Concave Microwell Arrays for Engineering of 3D Microtissues with Minimal Cell Loss. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161026. [PMID: 27513567 PMCID: PMC4981302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The creation of engineered 3D microtissues has attracted prodigious interest because of the fact that this microtissue structure is able to mimic in vivo environments. Such microtissues can be applied extensively in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, as well as in drug and toxicity screening. Here, we develop a novel method of fabricating a large number of dense honeycomb concave microwells via surface tension-mediated self-construction. More specifically, in order to control the curvature and shape of the concavity in a precise and reproducible manner, a custom-made jig system was designed and fabricated. By applying a pre-set force using the jig system, the shape of the honeycomb concave well was precisely and uniformly controlled, despite the fact that wells were densely packed. The thin wall between the honeycomb wells enables the minimization of cell loss during the cell-seeding process. To evaluate the performance of the honeycomb microwell array, rat hepatocytes were seeded, and spheroids were successfully formed with uniform shape and size. Liver-specific functions such as albumin secretion and cytochrome P450 were subsequently analyzed. The proposed method of fabricating honeycomb concave wells is cost-effective, simple, and reproducible. The honeycomb well array can produce multiple spheroids with minimal cell loss, and can lead to significant contributions in tissue engineering and organ regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- GeonHui Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeSeo Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - HyunJik Oh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- MicroFIT R&BD Institute, Dunchon-daero, Jungwon-gu, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - SangHoon Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-convergence Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tolosa L, Gómez-Lechón MJ, López S, Guzmán C, Castell JV, Donato MT, Jover R. Human Upcyte Hepatocytes: Characterization of the Hepatic Phenotype and Evaluation for Acute and Long-Term Hepatotoxicity Routine Testing. Toxicol Sci 2016; 152:214-29. [PMID: 27208088 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of human hepatic cell-based models to predict hepatotoxicity depends on the functional performance of cells. The major limitations of human hepatocytes include the scarce availability and rapid loss of the hepatic phenotype. Hepatoma cells are readily available and easy to handle, but are metabolically poor compared with hepatocytes. Recently developed human upcyte hepatocytes offer the advantage of combining many features of primary hepatocytes with the unlimited availability of hepatoma cells. We analyzed the phenotype of upcyte hepatocytes comparatively with HepG2 cells and adult primary human hepatocytes to characterize their functional features as a differentiated hepatic cell model. The transcriptomic analysis of liver characteristic genes confirmed that the upcyte hepatocytes expression profile comes closer to human hepatocytes than HepG2 cells. CYP activities were measurable and showed a similar response to prototypical CYP inducers than primary human hepatocytes. Upcyte hepatocytes also retained conjugating activities and key hepatic functions, e.g. albumin, urea, lipid and glycogen synthesis, at levels close to hepatocytes. We also investigated the suitability of this cell model for preclinical hepatotoxicity risk assessments using multiparametric high-content screening, as well as transcriptomics and targeted metabolomic analysis. Compounds with well-documented in vivo hepatotoxicity were screened after acute and repeated doses up to 1 week. The evaluation of complex mechanisms of cell toxicity, drug-induced steatosis and oxidative stress biomarkers demonstrated that, by combining the phenotype of primary human hepatocytes and the ease of handling of HepG2 cells, upcyte hepatocytes offer suitable properties to be potentially used for toxicological assessments during drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Tolosa
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, N° 106- Torre A, Valencia, 46026, Spain
| | - M José Gómez-Lechón
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, N° 106- Torre A, Valencia, 46026, Spain CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia López
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, N° 106- Torre A, Valencia, 46026, Spain
| | - Carla Guzmán
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, N° 106- Torre A, Valencia, 46026, Spain
| | - José V Castell
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, N° 106- Torre A, Valencia, 46026, Spain CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain Departamento de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, N° 106- Torre A, Valencia, 46026, Spain CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain Departamento de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, N° 106- Torre A, Valencia, 46026, Spain CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain Departamento de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Firtina Karagonlar Z, Koç D, Şahin E, Avci ST, Yilmaz M, Atabey N, Erdal E. Effect of adipocyte-secreted factors on EpCAM+/CD133+ hepatic stem cell population. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 474:482-490. [PMID: 27131739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies have associated obesity with a variety of cancer types including HCC. However, the tumor initiating role of obesity in hepatocarcinogenesis is still unknown. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of adipocyte-secreted factors on EpCAM+/CD133+ cancer stem cells and to identify which factors play a role in modulating hepatic cancer stem cell behavior. Our results demonstrated that adipocyte-secreted factors affect motility and drug resistance of EpCAM+/CD133+ cells. When incubated with adipocyte conditioned media, EpCAM+/CD133+ cells exhibited augmented motility and reduced sorafenib-induced apoptosis. Using array-based system, we identified secretion of several cytokines such as IL6, IL8 and MCP1 by cultured adipocytes and activation of c-Met, STAT3 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in EpCAM+/CD133+ cells incubated with adipocyte conditioned media. Treating EpCAM+/CD133+ cancer stem cells with IL6 receptor blocking antibody or c-Met inhibitor SU11274 both reduced the increase in motility; however SU11274 had greater effect on relieving protection from sorafenib-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that adipocyte-secreted factors might regulate cancer stem cell behavior through several signaling molecules including c-Met, STAT3 and ERK1/2 and inhibition of these signaling pathways offer novel strategies in targeting the effect of adipose-derived cytokines in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Doğukan Koç
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Eren Şahin
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sanem Tercan Avci
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yilmaz
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Neşe Atabey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Erdal
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Heslop JA, Rowe C, Walsh J, Sison-Young R, Jenkins R, Kamalian L, Kia R, Hay D, Jones RP, Malik HZ, Fenwick S, Chadwick AE, Mills J, Kitteringham NR, Goldring CEP, Kevin Park B. Mechanistic evaluation of primary human hepatocyte culture using global proteomic analysis reveals a selective dedifferentiation profile. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:439-452. [PMID: 27039104 PMCID: PMC5225178 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of primary human hepatocytes following isolation from human tissue is well accepted to be compromised by the process of dedifferentiation. This phenomenon reduces many unique hepatocyte functions, limiting their use in drug disposition and toxicity assessment. The aetiology of dedifferentiation has not been well defined, and further understanding of the process would allow the development of novel strategies for sustaining the hepatocyte phenotype in culture or for improving protocols for maturation of hepatocytes generated from stem cells. We have therefore carried out the first proteomic comparison of primary human hepatocyte differentiation. Cells were cultured for 0, 24, 72 and 168 h as a monolayer in order to permit unrestricted hepatocyte dedifferentiation, so as to reveal the causative signalling pathways and factors in this process, by pathway analysis. A total of 3430 proteins were identified with a false detection rate of <1 %, of which 1117 were quantified at every time point. Increasing numbers of significantly differentially expressed proteins compared with the freshly isolated cells were observed at 24 h (40 proteins), 72 h (118 proteins) and 168 h (272 proteins) (p < 0.05). In particular, cytochromes P450 and mitochondrial proteins underwent major changes, confirmed by functional studies and investigated by pathway analysis. We report the key factors and pathways which underlie the loss of hepatic phenotype in vitro, particularly those driving the large-scale and selective remodelling of the mitochondrial and metabolic proteomes. In summary, these findings expand the current understanding of dedifferentiation should facilitate further development of simple and complex hepatic culture systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Heslop
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Cliff Rowe
- CN Bio, Centre for Innovation and Enterprise, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Joanne Walsh
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Rowena Sison-Young
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Roz Jenkins
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Laleh Kamalian
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Richard Kia
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - David Hay
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Robert P Jones
- University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Hassan Z Malik
- University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Stephen Fenwick
- University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Amy E Chadwick
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - John Mills
- AstraZeneca, Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, Alderley Park, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Chris E P Goldring
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
| | - B Kevin Park
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ham SL, Thakuri PS, Tavana H. Robotic printing and drug testing of 384-well tumor spheroids. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:2183-6. [PMID: 26736723 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7318823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A major impediment to anti-cancer drug development is the lack of a reliable and inexpensive tumor model to test the efficacy of candidate compounds. This need has emerged due to the insufficiency of widely-used monolayer cultures to predict drug efficacy in vivo. Spheroids, 3D compact clusters of cancer cells, mimic important characteristics of tumors and provide a tissue analog for drug testing. Here we present a novel spheroid formation microtechnology that is simple to use and allows high throughput drug screening in 384-microwell plates. This approach is based on a polymeric aqueous two-phase system. The denser aqueous phase is mixed with cancer cells at a desired density. Using a robotic liquid handler, a drop of this cell suspension is dispensed into each well of a 384-microwell plate containing the second, immersion aqueous phase. Cancer cells remain contained in the drop, which rests on the well bottom, and form a spheroid during incubation. The use of liquid handling robotics ensures precise dispensing of a single drop, resulting in a single spheroid per well and homogenously sized spheroids within each plate. We confirmed the consistency of production of spheroids and demonstrated their biological relevance to tumors. A proof of concept study with spheroids of triple negative breast cancer cells treated with a standard chemotherapeutic compound, doxorubicin, showed the potential of this method for drug testing. This spheroid culture microtechnology presents key advantages over existing methods such as the ease of drug and viability reagent addition, ability to analyze spheroids without transferring them to a new plate, and the elimination of the need for specialized plates or devices to form spheroids. Incorporating this technology in anti-cancer drug development pipeline will help examine the efficacy of drug candidates more effectively and expedite discovery of novel drugs.
Collapse
|
36
|
Lee GH, Lee JS, Wang X, Hoon Lee S. Bottom-Up Engineering of Well-Defined 3D Microtissues Using Microplatforms and Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:56-74. [PMID: 25880830 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, the engineering of well-defined 3D tissues has attracted great attention because it provides in vivo mimicking environment and can be a building block for the engineering of bioartificial organs. In this Review, diverse engineering methods of 3D tissues using microscale devices are introduced. Recent progress of microtechnologies has enabled the development of microplatforms for bottom-up assembly of diverse shaped 3D tissues consisting of various cells. Micro hanging-drop plates, microfluidic chips, and arrayed microwells are the typical examples. The encapsulation of cells in hydrogel microspheres and microfibers allows the engineering of 3D microtissues with diverse shapes. Applications of 3D microtissues in biomedical fields are described, and the future direction of microplatform-based engineering of 3D micro-tissues is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geon Hui Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging, Science and Technology; Korea University; Seoul 136-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seo Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging, Science and Technology; Korea University; Seoul 136-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Center of Organ Manufacturing; Department of Mechanical Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering; College of Health Science; Korea University; Seoul 136-701 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Park D, Lim J, Park JY, Lee SH. Concise Review: Stem Cell Microenvironment on a Chip: Current Technologies for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Biology. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1352-68. [PMID: 26450425 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stem cells have huge potential in many therapeutic areas. With conventional cell culture methods, however, it is difficult to achieve in vivo-like microenvironments in which a number of well-controlled stimuli are provided for growing highly sensitive stem cells. In contrast, microtechnology-based platforms offer advantages of high precision, controllability, scalability, and reproducibility, enabling imitation of the complex physiological context of in vivo. This capability may fill the gap between the present knowledge about stem cells and that required for clinical stem cell-based therapies. We reviewed the various types of microplatforms on which stem cell microenvironments are mimicked. We have assigned the various microplatforms to four categories based on their practical uses to assist stem cell biologists in using them for research. In particular, many examples are given of microplatforms used for the production of embryoid bodies and aggregates of stem cells in vitro. We also categorized microplatforms based on the types of factors controlling the behaviors of stem cells. Finally, we outline possible future directions for microplatform-based stem cell research, such as research leading to the production of well-defined environments for stem cells to be used in scaled-up systems or organs-on-a-chip, the regulation of induced pluripotent stem cells, and the study of the genetic states of stem cells on microplatforms. SIGNIFICANCE Stem cells are highly sensitive to a variety of physicochemical cues, and their fate can be easily altered by a slight change of environment; therefore, systematic analysis and discrimination of the extracellular signals and intracellular pathways controlling the fate of cells and experimental realization of sensitive and controllable niche environments are critical. This review introduces diverse microplatforms to provide in vitro stem cell niches. Microplatforms could control microenvironments around cells and have recently attracted much attention in biology including stem cell research. These microplatforms and the future directions of stem cell microenvironment are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- DoYeun Park
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Lim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Yull Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yoon No D, Lee KH, Lee J, Lee SH. 3D liver models on a microplatform: well-defined culture, engineering of liver tissue and liver-on-a-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3822-37. [PMID: 26279012 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00611b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The liver, the largest organ in the human body, is a multi-functional organ with diverse metabolic activities that plays a critical role in maintaining the body and sustaining life. Although the liver has excellent regenerative and recuperative properties, damages caused by chronic liver diseases or viral infection may lead to permanent loss of liver functions. Studies of liver disease mechanism have focused on drug screening and liver tissue engineering techniques, including strategies based on in vitro models. However, conventional liver models are plagued by a number of limitations, which have motivated the development of 'liver-on-a-chip' and microplatform-based bioreactors that can provide well-defined microenvironments. Microtechnology is a promising tool for liver tissue engineering and liver system development, as it can mimic the complex in vivo microenvironment and microlevel ultrastructure, by using a small number of human cells under two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions. These systems provided by microtechnology allow improved liver-specific functions and can be expanded to encompass diverse 3D culture methods, which are critical for the maintenance of liver functions and recapitulation of the features of the native liver. In this review, we provide an overview of microtechnologies that have been used for liver studies, describe biomimetic technologies for constructing microscale 2D and 3D liver models as well as liver-on-a-chip systems and microscale bioreactors, and introduce applications of liver microtechnology and future trends in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da Yoon No
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Anamro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Martinez NJ, Titus SA, Wagner AK, Simeonov A. High-throughput fluorescence imaging approaches for drug discovery using in vitro and in vivo three-dimensional models. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:1347-61. [PMID: 26394277 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1091814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-resolution microscopy using fluorescent probes is a powerful tool to investigate individual cell structure and function, cell subpopulations and mechanisms underlying cellular responses to drugs. Additionally, responses to drugs more closely resemble those seen in vivo when cells are physically connected in three-dimensional (3D) systems (either 3D cell cultures or whole organisms), as opposed to traditional monolayer cultures. Combined, the use of imaging-based 3D models in the early stages of drug development has the potential to generate biologically relevant data that will increase the likelihood of success for drug candidates in human studies. AREAS COVERED The authors discuss current methods for the culturing of cells in 3D as well as approaches for the imaging of whole-animal models and 3D cultures that are amenable to high-throughput settings and could be implemented to support drug discovery campaigns. Furthermore, they provide critical considerations when discussing imaging these 3D systems for high-throughput chemical screenings. EXPERT OPINION Despite widespread understanding of the limitations imposed by the two-dimensional versus the 3D cellular paradigm, imaging-based drug screening of 3D cellular models is still limited, with only a few screens found in the literature. Image acquisition in high throughput, accurate interpretation of fluorescent signal, and uptake of staining reagents can be challenging, as the samples are in essence large aggregates of cells. The authors recognize these shortcomings that need to be overcome before the field can accelerate the utilization of these technologies in large-scale chemical screens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia J Martinez
- a National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Steven A Titus
- a National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Amanda K Wagner
- a National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- a National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yang D, Wang ZQ, Deng JQ, Liao JY, Wang X, Xie J, Deng MM, Lü MH. Adipose-derived stem cells: A candidate for liver regeneration. J Dig Dis 2015; 16:489-98. [PMID: 26121206 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The scarcity of donor livers and the impracticality of hepatocyte transplantation represent the biggest obstacles for the treatment of liver failure. Adipose-derived stem cells, with their ability to differentiate into the hepatic lineage, provide a reliable alternative cell source with clear ethical and practical advantages. Moreover, adipose-derived stem cells can effectively repair liver damage by the dominant indirect pattern and increase the number of hepatocytes by the secondary direct pattern. In recent years, the development of the indirect pattern, which mainly includes immunomodulatory and trophic effects, has become a hot topic in the field of cell engineering. Therefore, adipose-derived stem cells are considered to be ideal therapeutic stem cells for human liver regeneration. In this article, we reviewed the advantages of adipose-derived stem cells in liver regeneration, and explore their underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhong Qiong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jia Qi Deng
- School of Foreign Languages of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Yuan Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ming Ming Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mu Han Lü
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hu C, Li L. In vitro culture of isolated primary hepatocytes and stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells for liver regeneration. Protein Cell 2015; 6:562-74. [PMID: 26088193 PMCID: PMC4506286 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Various liver diseases result in terminal hepatic failure, and liver transplantation, cell transplantation and artificial liver support systems are emerging as effective therapies for severe hepatic disease. However, all of these treatments are limited by organ or cell resources, so developing a sufficient number of functional hepatocytes for liver regeneration is a priority. Liver regeneration is a complex process regulated by growth factors (GFs), cytokines, transcription factors (TFs), hormones, oxidative stress products, metabolic networks, and microRNA. It is well-known that the function of isolated primary hepatocytes is hard to maintain; when cultured in vitro, these cells readily undergo dedifferentiation, causing them to lose hepatocyte function. For this reason, most studies focus on inducing stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) in vitro. In this review, we mainly focus on the nature of the liver regeneration process and discuss how to maintain and enhance in vitro hepatic function of isolated primary hepatocytes or stem cell-derived HLCs for liver regeneration. In this way, hepatocytes or HLCs may be applied for clinical use for the treatment of terminal liver diseases and may prolong the survival time of patients in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kim JH, Jang YJ, An SY, Son J, Lee J, Lee G, Park JY, Park HJ, Hwang DY, Kim JH, Han J. Enhanced Metabolizing Activity of Human ES Cell-Derived Hepatocytes Using a 3D Culture System with Repeated Exposures to Xenobiotics. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:190-206. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
43
|
Visk D. Will Advances in Preclinical In Vitro Models Lower the Costs of Drug Development? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2015.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
44
|
Bachmann A, Moll M, Gottwald E, Nies C, Zantl R, Wagner H, Burkhardt B, Sánchez JJM, Ladurner R, Thasler W, Damm G, Nussler AK. 3D Cultivation Techniques for Primary Human Hepatocytes. MICROARRAYS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:64-83. [PMID: 27600213 PMCID: PMC4996383 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays4010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the main challenges in drug development is the prediction of in vivo toxicity based on in vitro data. The standard cultivation system for primary human hepatocytes is based on monolayer cultures, even if it is known that these conditions result in a loss of hepatocyte morphology and of liver-specific functions, such as drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. As it has been demonstrated that hepatocytes embedded between two sheets of collagen maintain their function, various hydrogels and scaffolds for the 3D cultivation of hepatocytes have been developed. To further improve or maintain hepatic functions, 3D cultivation has been combined with perfusion. In this manuscript, we discuss the benefits and drawbacks of different 3D microfluidic devices. For most systems that are currently available, the main issues are the requirement of large cell numbers, the low throughput, and expensive equipment, which render these devices unattractive for research and the drug-developing industry. A higher acceptance of these devices could be achieved by their simplification and their compatibility with high-throughput, as both aspects are of major importance for a user-friendly device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Bachmann
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076 Tü̈bingen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Moll
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076 Tü̈bingen, Germany.
| | - Eric Gottwald
- Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, POB 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Cordula Nies
- Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, POB 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Roman Zantl
- GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Helga Wagner
- GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076 Tü̈bingen, Germany.
| | - Juan J Martínez Sánchez
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076 Tü̈bingen, Germany.
| | - Ruth Ladurner
- Clinic for General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Georg Damm
- Department for General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité Medical University Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076 Tü̈bingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L, Conde I, Donato MT. Competency of different cell models to predict human hepatotoxic drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:1553-68. [PMID: 25297626 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.967680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The liver is the most important target for drug-induced toxicity. This vulnerability results from functional liver features and its role in the metabolic elimination of most drugs. Drug-induced liver injury is a significant leading cause of acute, chronic liver disease and an important safety issue when developing new drugs. AREAS COVERED This review describes the advantages and limitations of hepatic cell-based models for early safety risk assessment during drug development. These models include hepatocytes cultured as monolayer, collagen-sandwich; emerging complex 3D configuration; liver-derived cell lines; stem cell-derived hepatocytes. EXPERT OPINION In vitro toxicity assays performed in hepatocytes or hepatoma cell lines can potentially provide rapid and cost-effective early feedback to identify toxic candidates for compound prioritization. However, their capacity to predict hepatotoxicity depends critically on cells' functional performance. In an attempt to improve and prolong functional properties of cultured cells, different strategies to recreate the in vivo hepatocyte environment have been explored. 3D cultures, co-cultures of hepatocytes with other cell types and microfluidic devices seem highly promising for toxicological studies. Moreover, hepatocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells are emerging cell-based systems that may provide a stable source of hepatocytes to reliably screen metabolism and toxicity of candidate compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS LA Fe) , Torre A Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia , Spain +34 961246619 ;
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gualda EJ, Simão D, Pinto C, Alves PM, Brito C. Imaging of human differentiated 3D neural aggregates using light sheet fluorescence microscopy. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:221. [PMID: 25161607 PMCID: PMC4123789 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of three dimensional (3D) cell cultures represents a big step for the better understanding of cell behavior and disease in a more natural like environment, providing not only single but multiple cell type interactions in a complex 3D matrix, highly resembling physiological conditions. Light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) is becoming an excellent tool for fast imaging of such 3D biological structures. We demonstrate the potential of this technique for the imaging of human differentiated 3D neural aggregates in fixed and live samples, namely calcium imaging and cell death processes, showing the power of imaging modality compared with traditional microscopy. The combination of light sheet microscopy and 3D neural cultures will open the door to more challenging experiments involving drug testing at large scale as well as a better understanding of relevant biological processes in a more realistic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio J. Gualda
- Cell Imaging Unit, Instituto Gulbenkian de CiênciaOeiras, Portugal
| | - Daniel Simão
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaOeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pinto
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaOeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula M. Alves
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaOeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaOeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
No DY, Jeong GS, Lee SH. Immune-protected xenogeneic bioartificial livers with liver-specific microarchitecture and hydrogel-encapsulated cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8983-91. [PMID: 25088727 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Development of a xenogeneic biological liver support is important in providing a bridge to transplantation or liver regeneration, thus helping to overcome the chronic shortage of liver donors. Among the critical factors in developing biological liver support are the creation of in vivo mimetic micro liver tissue (mLT), especially mLTs containing liver-specific ultrastructure, and an encapsulation method that can package massive numbers of cells while providing immune-protection from the host immune system. We describe here the development of mLTs that include liver microarchitecture and their in situ encapsulation in hydrogel composites. Concave microwells and the tri-culture of three types of primary liver cells were applied for the construction of mLTs showing excellent liver functions and long-term (>1 month) viability in vitro. Large quantities of rat mLTs were encapsulated in collagen-alginate composites, implanted into hepatic failure mice and sustained their survival during regeneration of the remaining liver. The proposed liver support system offers xenogeneic hepatic assistance by mimicking native liver microarchitecture and providing immune-protection without the need for complicated devices or processes, and as such represents a promising system for recovery of organ function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da Yoon No
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Seok Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging of Sciences & Technologies, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Goral VN, Au SH, Faris RA, Yuen PK. Microstructured multi-well plate for three-dimensional packed cell seeding and hepatocyte cell culture. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:046502. [PMID: 25379107 PMCID: PMC4189372 DOI: 10.1063/1.4892978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we present a microstructured multi-well plate for enabling three-dimensional (3D) high density seeding and culture of cells through the use of a standard laboratory centrifuge to promote and maintain 3D tissue-like cellular morphology and cell-specific functionality in vitro without the addition of animal derived or synthetic matrices or coagulants. Each well has microfeatures on the bottom that are comprised of a series of ditches/open microchannels. The dimensions of the microchannels promote and maintain 3D tissue-like cellular morphology and cell-specific functionality in vitro. After cell seeding with a standard pipette, the microstructured multi-well plates were centrifuged to tightly pack cells inside the ditches in order to enhance cell-cell interactions and induce formation of 3D cellular structures during cell culture. Cell-cell interactions were optimized based on cell packing by considering dimensions of the ditches/open microchannels, orientation of the microstructured multi-well plate during centrifugation, cell seeding density, and the centrifugal force and time. With the optimized cell packing conditions, we demonstrated that after 7 days of cell culture, primary human hepatocytes adhered tightly together to form cord-like structures that resembled 3D tissue-like cellular architecture. Importantly, cell membrane polarity was restored without the addition of animal derived or synthetic matrices or coagulants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy N Goral
- Science and Technology, Corning Incorporated , Corning, New York 14831-0001, USA
| | - Sam H Au
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown , Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Ronald A Faris
- Science and Technology, Corning Incorporated , Corning, New York 14831-0001, USA
| | - Po Ki Yuen
- Science and Technology, Corning Incorporated , Corning, New York 14831-0001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Khademi F, Soleimani M, Verdi J, Tavangar SM, Sadroddiny E, Masumi M, Ai J. Human endometrial stem cells differentiation into functional hepatocyte-like cells. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:825-34. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Khademi
- Department of Tissue Engineering; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center; Tehran Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center; Tehran Iran
- Department of Hematology; Faculty of Medical Science; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Javad Verdi
- Department of Tissue Engineering; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Applied Cell; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
- Department of Tissue Engineering; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Pathology; Shariaty Hospital; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Esmaeil Sadroddiny
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Masumi
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center; Tehran Iran
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Biotechnology Team; Stem Cells Department; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Tehran Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Brain and Spinal Injury Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Jun Y, Kang AR, Lee JS, Park SJ, Lee DY, Moon SH, Lee SH. Microchip-based engineering of super-pancreatic islets supported by adipose-derived stem cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4815-26. [PMID: 24636217 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disorder characterized by targeted autoimmune-mediated destruction of the β cells of Langerhans within pancreatic islets. Currently, islet transplantation is the only curative therapy; however, donor shortages and cellular damage during the isolation process critically limit the use of this approach. Here, we describe a method for creating viable and functionally potent islets for successful transplantation by co-culturing single primary islet cells with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in concave microwells. We observed that the ADSCs segregated from the islet cells, eventually yielding purified islet spheroids in the three-dimensional environment. Thereafter, the ADSC-exposed islet spheroids showed significantly different ultrastructural morphologies, higher viability, and enhanced insulin secretion compared to mono-cultured islet spheroids. This suggests that ADSCs may have a significant potential to protect islet cells from damage during culture, and may be employed to improve islet cell survival and function prior to transplantation. In vivo experiments involving xenotransplantation of microfiber-encapsulated spheroids into a mouse model of diabetes revealed that co-culture-transplanted mice maintained their blood glucose levels longer than mono-culture-transplanted mice, and required less islet mass to reverse diabetes. This method for culturing islet spheroids could potentially help overcome the cell shortages that have limited clinical applications and could possibly be developed into a bioartificial pancreas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yesl Jun
- Biotechnology-Medical Science, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Ran Kang
- Biotechnology-Medical Science, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seo Lee
- Biotechnology-Medical Science, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Jung Park
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Moon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- Biotechnology-Medical Science, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|