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Lee SH, Choi YH, Kang SM, Lee MG, Debin A, Perouzel E, Hong SB, Kim DH. The Defined TLR3 Agonist, Nexavant, Exhibits Anti-Cancer Efficacy and Potentiates Anti-PD-1 Antibody Therapy by Enhancing Immune Cell Infiltration. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5752. [PMID: 38136298 PMCID: PMC10741573 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nexavant was reported as an alternative to the TLR3 agonist of Poly(I:C) and its derivatives. The physicochemical properties, signaling pathways, anti-cancer effects, and mechanisms of Nexavant were investigated. The distinctive characteristics of Nexavant compared to that of Poly(I:C) were demonstrated by precise quantification, enhanced thermostability, and increased resistance to RNase A. Unlike Poly(I:C), which activates TLR3, RIG-I, and MDA5, Nexavant stimulates signaling through TLR3 and RIG-I but not through MDA5. Compared to Poly(I:C), an intratumoral Nexavant treatment led to a unique immune response, immune cell infiltration, and suppression of tumor growth in various animal cancer models. Nexavant therapy outperformed anti-PD-1 antibody treatment in all the tested models and showed a synergistic effect in combinational therapy, especially in well-defined cold tumor models. The effect was similar to that of nivolumab in a humanized mouse model. Intranasal instillation of Nexavant led to the recruitment of immune cells (NK, CD4+ T, and CD8+ T) to the lungs, suppressing lung metastasis and improving animal survival. Our study highlighted Nexavant's defined nature for clinical use and unique signaling pathways and its potential as a standalone anti-cancer agent or in combination with anti-PD-1 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hwan Lee
- Research and Development Center, NA Vaccine Institute, Seoul 05854, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.-H.C.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Young-Ho Choi
- Research and Development Center, NA Vaccine Institute, Seoul 05854, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.-H.C.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Soon Myung Kang
- Research and Development Center, NA Vaccine Institute, Seoul 05854, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.-H.C.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Min-Gyu Lee
- Research and Development Center, NA Vaccine Institute, Seoul 05854, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.-H.C.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Arnaud Debin
- InvivoGen SAS, 5 Rue Jean Rodier, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Perouzel
- InvivoGen Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, Unit 307, 8W, Hong Kong, China
| | - Seung-Beom Hong
- Research and Development Center, NA Vaccine Institute, Seoul 05854, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.-H.C.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Dong-Ho Kim
- Research and Development Center, NA Vaccine Institute, Seoul 05854, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.-H.C.); (S.M.K.)
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Dotiwala F, Upadhyay AK. Next Generation Mucosal Vaccine Strategy for Respiratory Pathogens. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1585. [PMID: 37896988 PMCID: PMC10611113 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducing humoral and cytotoxic mucosal immunity at the sites of pathogen entry has the potential to prevent the infection from getting established. This is different from systemic vaccination, which protects against the development of systemic symptoms. The field of mucosal vaccination has seen fewer technological advances compared to nucleic acid and subunit vaccine advances for injectable vaccine platforms. The advent of the next-generation adenoviral vectors has given a boost to mucosal vaccine research. Basic research into the mechanisms regulating innate and adaptive mucosal immunity and the discovery of effective and safe mucosal vaccine adjuvants will continue to improve mucosal vaccine design. The results from clinical trials of inhaled COVID-19 vaccines demonstrate their ability to induce the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells and the production of secreted IgA and IgG antibodies locally, unlike intramuscular vaccinations. However, these mucosal vaccines induce systemic immune responses at par with systemic vaccinations. This review summarizes the function of the respiratory mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and the advantages that the adenoviral vectors provide as inhaled vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farokh Dotiwala
- Ocugen Inc., 11 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
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Elewa YHA, Khalifa AM, Zahran MH. Impact of intravenous/intranasal polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid administration on the mediastinal fat-associated lymphoid clusters and lung tissue in healthy mice. Ann Anat 2023; 250:152158. [PMID: 37666464 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (pIC) is a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA. It is used as a synthetic adjuvant to induce an adaptive immune response. However, the effect of pIC on the development of mediastinal fat-associated lymphoid clusters (MFALCs) that regulate intrathoracic hemostasis has remained unidentified. METHODS We investigated the impact of intranasal (i.n.) administration (pIC i.n. group) and intravenous (i.v.) administration (pIC i.v. group) of pIC on both MFALCs and lung tissue. RESULTS Compared with the control phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) groups, both pIC-administered groups displayed a significant increase in the MFALC size (particularly in the pIC i.n. group), area of MFALC high endothelial venules (HEVs), area of lymphatic vessels (LVs), number of proliferating cells (particularly in the pIC i.v. group), and number of immune cells (B220+ B-lymphocytes, CD3+ T-lymphocytes, Iba1+ macrophages, and Gr-1+ granulocytes) in both MFALCs and lung tissues. In addition, a positive correlation was detected between MFALC size and proliferating cells, immune cell population, LVs, and HEVs within MFALCs in both groups. Except for the proliferating cell and B-lymphocyte populations in the i.n. administered group and granulocyte populations in both i.n. and i.v. administered routes, such correlations were significant. CONCLUSION In all, our data indicate that local or systemic administration of pIC induces the development of MFALCs and can be used as an immunostimulant therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Alaa M Khalifa
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Mahmoud Hosny Zahran
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Hua T, Chang C, Zhang X, Huang Y, Wang H, Zhang D, Tang B. Protective efficacy of intranasal inactivated pseudorabies vaccine is improved by combination adjuvant in mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:976220. [PMID: 36187997 PMCID: PMC9520748 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.976220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) not only causes great economic loss to the pig industry but also seriously threatens the biosafety of other mammals, including humans. Since 2011, PRV mutant strains have emerged widely in China, and the classical Bartha-K61 vaccine cannot confer complete protection for pigs. PRV mainly infects pigs via the respiratory tract. Intranasal immunization with PRV has received more attention because intranasal vaccination elicits systemic and mucosal immune responses. To induce systemic and mucosal immune responses against PRV, we developed a combination adjuvant as a delivery system for intranasal vaccine, which was formulated with MONTANIDE™ Gel 01 and CVCVA5. In comparison to naked antigen of inactivated PRV, single Gel 01 adjuvanted inactivated antigen and single CVCVA5 adjuvanted inactivated antigen, intranasal inactivated PRV vaccine formulated with the combination adjuvant induced greater mucosal IgA immunity and serum antibody responses (IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a). Furthermore, the production of the Th1-type cytokine IFN-γ and the Th2-type cytokine IL-4 indicated that the cellular and humoral responses to the intranasal vaccine were improved by the combination adjuvant. In addition, the intranasal vaccine formulated with the combination adjuvant induced long-term T lymphocyte memory with increased central (CD62L+CD44+) and effector (CD62L–CD44+) memory subsets of both CD4 and CD8 T cells in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. Intranasal challenge with virulent PRV in mice showed that the protective efficacy of the intranasal PRV vaccine was improved by the combination adjuvant compared with the other single-adjuvanted vaccines. In summary, these data demonstrated that Gel 01 combined with the CVCVA5 adjuvant induced a synergistic effect to improve mucosal immunity and protective efficacy of the intranasally inactivated PRV vaccine in mice. It represents a promising vaccination approach against PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hua
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daohua Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Tang,
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Xu S, Jiao C, Jin H, Li W, Li E, Cao Z, Shi Z, Yan F, Zhang S, He H, Chi H, Feng N, Zhao Y, Gao Y, Yang S, Wang J, Wang H, Xia X. A Novel Bacterium-Like Particle-Based Vaccine Displaying the SUDV Glycoprotein Induces Potent Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Mice. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121149. [PMID: 31835785 PMCID: PMC6950126 DOI: 10.3390/v11121149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudan virus (SUDV) causes severe lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. The most effective and economical way to protect against Sudan ebolavirus disease is prophylactic vaccination. However, there are no licensed vaccines to prevent SUDV infections. In this study, a bacterium-like particle (BLP)-based vaccine displaying the extracellular domain of the SUDV glycoprotein (eGP) was developed based on a gram-positive enhancer matrix-protein anchor (GEM-PA) surface display system. Expression of the recombinant GEM-displayed eGP (eGP-PA-GEM) was verified by Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. The SUDV BLPs (SBLPs), which were mixed with Montanide ISA 201VG plus Poly (I:C) combined adjuvant, could induce high SUDV GP-specific IgG titers of up to 1:40,960 and robust virus-neutralizing antibody titers reached 1:460. The SBLP also elicited T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 2 (Th2) cell-mediated immunity. These data indicate that the SBLP subunit vaccine has the potential to be developed into a promising candidate vaccine against SUDV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.X.); (Z.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (C.J.); (H.J.); (W.L.); (E.L.); (Z.C.); (F.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (N.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Cuicui Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (C.J.); (H.J.); (W.L.); (E.L.); (Z.C.); (F.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (N.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Hongli Jin
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (C.J.); (H.J.); (W.L.); (E.L.); (Z.C.); (F.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (N.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (H.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Wujian Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (C.J.); (H.J.); (W.L.); (E.L.); (Z.C.); (F.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (N.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (H.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Entao Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (C.J.); (H.J.); (W.L.); (E.L.); (Z.C.); (F.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (N.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (H.W.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zengguo Cao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (C.J.); (H.J.); (W.L.); (E.L.); (Z.C.); (F.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (N.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (H.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhikang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.X.); (Z.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (C.J.); (H.J.); (W.L.); (E.L.); (Z.C.); (F.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (N.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Feihu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (C.J.); (H.J.); (W.L.); (E.L.); (Z.C.); (F.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (N.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (C.J.); (H.J.); (W.L.); (E.L.); (Z.C.); (F.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (N.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (H.W.)
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hongbin He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China;
| | - Hang Chi
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (C.J.); (H.J.); (W.L.); (E.L.); (Z.C.); (F.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (N.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (H.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (C.J.); (H.J.); (W.L.); (E.L.); (Z.C.); (F.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (N.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (H.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (C.J.); (H.J.); (W.L.); (E.L.); (Z.C.); (F.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (N.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (H.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (C.J.); (H.J.); (W.L.); (E.L.); (Z.C.); (F.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (N.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (H.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (C.J.); (H.J.); (W.L.); (E.L.); (Z.C.); (F.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (N.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (H.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.X.); (Z.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Hualei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (C.J.); (H.J.); (W.L.); (E.L.); (Z.C.); (F.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (N.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (H.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (C.J.); (H.J.); (W.L.); (E.L.); (Z.C.); (F.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (N.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (H.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (X.X.)
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Danilenko ED, Belkina AO, Sysoeva GM. Development of Drugs Based on High-Polymeric Double-Stranded RNA for Antiviral and Antitumor Therapy. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT. SERIES B, BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2019; 13:308-323. [PMID: 32288939 PMCID: PMC7104317 DOI: 10.1134/s1990750819040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract-The review summarizes literature data on the development of drugs based on natural and synthetic high-polymeric double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), their antiviral, immunoadjuvant, and antitumor properties. Special attention is paid to cell receptors responding to exogenous dsRNA, pathways of dsRNA-dependent antiviral reaction, ability of dsRNA to inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of malignant cells. It has been shown that enhancing the innate immune response with dsRNA can be an effective component in improving methods for treating and preventing infectious and cancer diseases. The further use of dsRNA for the correction of pathological processes of different origin is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. D. Danilenko
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (SRC VB) “Vector”, Khimzavodskaya ul. 9, 633010 Berdsk, Novosibirsk region Russia
| | - A. O. Belkina
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (SRC VB) “Vector”, Khimzavodskaya ul. 9, 633010 Berdsk, Novosibirsk region Russia
| | - G. M. Sysoeva
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (SRC VB) “Vector”, Khimzavodskaya ul. 9, 633010 Berdsk, Novosibirsk region Russia
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7
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Danilenko ED, Belkina AO, Sysoeva GM. [Development of drugs on the basis of high-polymeric double-stranded RNA for antiviral and antitumor therapy]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2019; 65:277-293. [PMID: 31436169 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20196504277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes literature data on the development of drugs based on natural and synthetic high-polymeric double-stranded RNA, and their antiviral, immunoadjuvant and antitumor properties. Special attention is paid to cell receptors responding to exogenous dsRNA, the paths of dsRNA-dependent antiviral reaction, ability of dsRNA to inhibit growth and induce apoptosis ofmalignant cells. It has been shown that enhancing the innate immune response with dsRNA can be an effective component in improving methods for treating and preventing infectious and cancer diseases. The further use of dsRNA for the correction of pathological processes of different origin is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Danilenko
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Berdsk, Russia
| | - A O Belkina
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Berdsk, Russia
| | - G M Sysoeva
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Berdsk, Russia
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8
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Grau M, Valsesia S, Mafille J, Djebali S, Tomkowiak M, Mathieu AL, Laubreton D, de Bernard S, Jouve PE, Ventre E, Buffat L, Walzer T, Leverrier Y, Marvel J. Antigen-Induced but Not Innate Memory CD8 T Cells Express NKG2D and Are Recruited to the Lung Parenchyma upon Viral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3635-3646. [PMID: 29632146 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pool of memory-phenotype CD8 T cells is composed of Ag-induced (AI) and cytokine-induced innate (IN) cells. IN cells have been described as having properties similar to those of AI memory cells. However, we found that pathogen-induced AI memory cells can be distinguished in mice from naturally generated IN memory cells by surface expression of NKG2D. Using this marker, we described the increased functionalities of AI and IN memory CD8 T cells compared with naive cells, as shown by comprehensive analysis of cytokine secretion and gene expression. However, AI differed from IN memory CD8 T cells by their capacity to migrate to the lung parenchyma upon inflammation or infection, a process dependent on their expression of ITGA1/CD49a and ITGA4/CD49d integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Grau
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; and
| | - Séverine Valsesia
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; and
| | - Julien Mafille
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; and
| | - Sophia Djebali
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; and
| | - Martine Tomkowiak
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; and
| | - Anne-Laure Mathieu
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; and
| | - Daphné Laubreton
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; and
| | | | | | - Erwan Ventre
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; and
| | | | - Thierry Walzer
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; and
| | - Yann Leverrier
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; and
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; and
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9
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Gai W, Zheng X, Wang C, Wang H, Zhao Y, Wang Q, Wong G, Zhang W, Feng N, Qiu B, Chi H, Li N, Wang T, Gao Y, Shan J, Yang S, Xia X. Marburg virus-like particles by co-expression of glycoprotein and matrix protein in insect cells induces immune responses in mice. Virol J 2017; 14:204. [PMID: 29070075 PMCID: PMC5657058 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Marburg virus (MARV) causes severe haemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates and has a high mortality rate. However, effective drugs or licensed vaccines are not currently available to control the outbreak and spread of this disease. Methods In this study, we generated MARV virus-like particles (VLPs) by co-expressing the glycoprotein (GP) and matrix protein (VP40) using the baculovirus expression system. MARV VLPs and three adjuvants, Poria cocos polysaccharide (PCP-II), poly(I:C) and aluminium hydroxide, were evaluated after intramuscular vaccination in mice. Results Murine studies demonstrated that vaccination with the MARV VLPs induce neutralizing antibodies and cellar immune responses. MARV VLPs and the PCP-II adjuvant group resulted in high titres of MARV-specific antibodies, activated relatively higher numbers of B cells and T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and induced greater cytokine secretion from splenocytes than the other adjuvants. Conclusion MARV VLPs with the PCP-II adjuvant may constitute an effective vaccination and PCP-II should be further investigated as a novel adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Gai
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Gary Wong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weijiao Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Boning Qiu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hang Chi
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Junjie Shan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China. .,Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China. .,Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Bianchi F, Pretto S, Tagliabue E, Balsari A, Sfondrini L. Exploiting poly(I:C) to induce cancer cell apoptosis. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:747-756. [PMID: 28881163 PMCID: PMC5678690 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1373220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR3 belong to the Toll-like receptors family, it is mainly expressed on immune cells where it senses pathogen-associated molecular patterns and initiates innate immune response. TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) was developed to mimic pathogens infection and boost immune system activation to promote anti-cancer therapy. Accordingly, TLR agonists were included in the National Cancer Institute list of immunotherapeutic agents with the highest potential to cure cancer. Besides well known effects on immune cells, poly(I:C) was also shown, in experimental models, to directly induce apoptosis in cancer cells expressing TLR3. This review presents the current knowledge on the mechanism of poly(I:C)-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Experimental evidences on positive or negative regulators of TLR3-mediated apoptosis induced by poly(I:C) are reported and strategies are proposed to successfully promote this event in cancer cells. Cancer cells apoptosis is an additional arm offered by poly(I:C), besides activation of immune system, for the treatment of various type of cancer. A further dissection of TLR3 signaling would contribute to greater resolution of the critical steps that impede full exploitation of the poly(I:C)-induced apoptosis. Experimental evidences about negative regulator of poly(I:C)-induced apoptotic program should be considered in combinations with TLR3 agonists in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bianchi
- a Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Department of Research, Epidemiologia e Medicina Molecolare , via Amadeo 42, Milan , Italy.,b Università degli Studi di Milano , Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute , via Mangiagalli 31, Milan , Italy
| | - Samantha Pretto
- b Università degli Studi di Milano , Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute , via Mangiagalli 31, Milan , Italy
| | - Elda Tagliabue
- a Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Department of Research, Epidemiologia e Medicina Molecolare , via Amadeo 42, Milan , Italy
| | - Andrea Balsari
- a Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Department of Research, Epidemiologia e Medicina Molecolare , via Amadeo 42, Milan , Italy.,b Università degli Studi di Milano , Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute , via Mangiagalli 31, Milan , Italy
| | - Lucia Sfondrini
- b Università degli Studi di Milano , Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute , via Mangiagalli 31, Milan , Italy
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11
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Shinde P, Liu W, Ménoret A, Luster AD, Vella AT. Optimal CD4 T cell priming after LPS-based adjuvanticity with CD134 costimulation relies on CXCL9 production. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:57-69. [PMID: 28432083 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0616-261rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
LPS is a powerful adjuvant, and although LPS-mediated TLR4 signaling has been exquisitely delineated, the in vivo mechanism of how TLR4 responses impact T cell priming is far less clear. Besides costimulation, TNF and type 1 IFN are dominant cytokines released after TLR4 activation and can shape T cell responses, but other downstream factors have not been examined extensively. Depending on context, we show that IFNαR1 blockade resulted in minor to major effects on specific CD4 T cell clonal expansion. To help explain these differences, it was hypothesized that IFNαR1 blockade would inhibit specific T cell migration by reducing chemokine receptor signaling, but specific CD4 T cells from IFNαR1-blocked mice were readily able to migrate in response to specific chemokines. Next, we examined downstream factors and found that type 1 IFN signaling was necessary for chemokine production, even when mice were immunized with specific Ag with LPS and CD134 costimulation. IFNαR1 signaling promoted CXCL9 and CXCL10 synthesis, suggesting that these chemokines might be involved in the LPS and CD134 costimulation response. After immunization, we show that CXCL9 blockade inhibited CD4 T cell accumulation in the liver but also in LNs, even in the presence of elevated serum IFN-β levels. Thus, whereas type 1 IFN might have direct effects on primed CD4 T cells, the downstream chemokines that play a role during migration also impact accumulation. In sum, CXCL9 production is a key benchmark for productive CD4 T cell vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paurvi Shinde
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Wenhai Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Antoine Ménoret
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; and
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA;
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12
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Zhang A, Lai H, Xu J, Huang W, Liu Y, Zhao D, Chen R. Evaluation of the Protective Efficacy of Poly I:C as an Adjuvant for H9N2 Subtype Avian Influenza Inactivated Vaccine and Its Mechanism of Action in Ducks. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170681. [PMID: 28135294 PMCID: PMC5279746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current commercial H9 avian influenza vaccines cannot provide satisfactory protective immunity against antigenic variant influenza viruses in ducks. Poly I:C, when used as an adjuvant, improves humoral and cellular immunity in many animals but has not been tested in ducks. In this study, we investigated the protective efficacy of Poly I:C as an adjuvant for an inactivated H9N2 Avian influenza vaccine in ducks. We found that an H9N2 vaccine administered with poly I:C (H9-PIC vaccine) induced a significantly more rapid response with higher anti-influenza antibody titers than those of the vaccine alone (H9 vaccine). Moreover, virus shedding was reduced in ducks immunized with the H9-PIC vaccine after challenge with an H9 subtype antigenic variant viruses. IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and MHC-II mRNA levels were all elevated in ducks receiving the H9-PIC vaccine. In addition, lower expression level of MHC-I may be a reason for inefficient protective ability against heterologous influenza viruses in H9-PIC vaccination of ducks. In conclusion, poly I:C adjuvant enhanced both humoral and cellular immune responses in ducks induced by immunization of inactivated H9N2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hanzhang Lai
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Biotechnology R&D of Veterinary Biologics, Guangdong, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiahua Xu
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Biotechnology R&D of Veterinary Biologics, Guangdong, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenke Huang
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Biotechnology R&D of Veterinary Biologics, Guangdong, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yufu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dawei Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ruiai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Ming B, Gao M, Zou H, Chen H, Sun Y, Xiao Y, Lai L, Xiong P, Xu Y, Tan Z, Wang J, Chen G, Gong F, Xia J, Zheng F. HMGB1 blockade differentially impacts pulmonary inflammation and defense responses in poly(I:C)/LPS-exposed heart transplant mice. Mol Immunol 2016; 76:80-9. [PMID: 27387278 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A large number of recipients are in a compromised immune defense condition because of the routine application of immunosuppressive regimens after heart transplantation. Our previous work demonstrated that blockade of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) prolongs the graft survival. Whether and how HMGB1 blockade impacts respiratory responses against pathogen-like challenge in organ transplant recipients when it improves cardiac graft are not elucidated. At the present study, after abdominal heterotopic heart transplantation, the recipient mice were treated with HMGB1 mAb, and then challenged with poly(I:C) or LPS intratracheally on day 7 post transplantation. We found that the level of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) HMGB1 was elevated after heart transplantation, and aggravated responses to respiratory tract poly(I:C)/LPS challenge were observed. HMGB1 neutralizing mAb treatment in poly(I:C)-challenged recipient mice alleviated pulmonary histopathological changes, neutrophil infiltration and inflammatory cytokine release, but unaffected the level of IFN-β, the distribution of CD11b(+)CD27(+)/CD11b(+)CD27(-) NK cell subsets, and CD8(+) T cell responses. In LPS-exposed recipient mice, HMGB1 mAb treatment ameliorated pulmonary inflammatory damage and enhanced the phagocytosis of phagocytic cells. Thus, this study may establish a basis for the application of HMGB1 blockade to improve the outcomes of heart transplant recipients because HMGB1 inhibition ameliorates pulmonary inflammation, but maintains defense-associated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxia Ming
- Department of immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huijuan Zou
- Department of immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huoying Chen
- Department of immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifan Xiao
- Department of immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Lai
- Department of immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Xiong
- Department of immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Tan
- Department of immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, China
| | - Feili Gong
- Department of immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, China
| | - Jiahong Xia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, China.
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14
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Azuma M, Takeda Y, Nakajima H, Sugiyama H, Ebihara T, Oshiumi H, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Biphasic function of TLR3 adjuvant on tumor and spleen dendritic cells promotes tumor T cell infiltration and regression in a vaccine therapy. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1188244. [PMID: 27622060 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1188244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful cancer immunotherapy necessitates T cell proliferation and infiltration into tumor without exhaustion, a process closely links optimal maturation of dendritic cells (DC), and adjuvant promotes this process as an essential prerequisite. Poly(I:C) has contributed to adjuvant immunotherapy that evokes an antitumor response through the Toll-loke receptor 3 (TLR3)/TICAM-1 pathway in DC. However, the mechanism whereby Poly(I:C) acts on DC for T cell proliferation and migration remains undetermined. Subcutaneous injection of Poly(I:C) regressed implant tumors (WT1-C1498 or OVA-EG7) in C57BL/6 mice, which coincided with tumor-infiltration of CD8(+) T cells. Epitope-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were increased in spleen by challenge with Poly(I:C)+Db126 WT-1 peptide but not Poly(I:C) alone, suggesting the need of an exogenous Ag density for cross-priming. In tumor, CXCR3 ligands were upregulated by Poly(I:C), which facilitated recruitment of CTL to the tumor. Thus, Poly(I:C) acts on splenic CD8α(+) DC to cross-prime T cells and on intratumor cells to attract CTLs. Besides CD8(+) T cell cross-priming, T cell recruitment into tumor was significantly dampened in Batf3 (-/-) mice, reflecting the importance of tumor Batf3-dependent DC rather than macrophages in T cell recruitment. Poly(I:C)-induced XCR1(hi) CD8α(+) DC with high TLR3 levels were markedly decreased in Batf3 (-/-) mice, which hampered the production of IL-12 and IL-12-mediated CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cell proliferation. Subcutaneous administration of Poly(I:C) and adoptive transfer of wild-type CD8α(+) DC largely recovered antitumor response in those Batf3 (-/-) mice. Collectively, Poly(I:C) tunes up proper maturation of CD8α(+) DC to establish TLR3-mediated IL-12 function and cross-presentation in spleen and lymphocyte-attractive antitumor microenvironment in tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Azuma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yohei Takeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakajima
- Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugiyama
- Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Ebihara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oshiumi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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15
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Dauletbaev N, Cammisano M, Herscovitch K, Lands LC. Stimulation of the RIG-I/MAVS Pathway by Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid Upregulates IFN-β in Airway Epithelial Cells with Minimal Costimulation of IL-8. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:2829-41. [PMID: 26283481 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological stimulation of the antiviral cytokine IFN-β in the airways may help to counter deleterious virus-induced exacerbations in chronic inflammatory lung diseases (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis). Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] is a known inducer of IFN-β but also costimulates an inflammatory response. The latter response is undesirable given the pre-existing airway inflammation in these diseases. The objective of our study was to identify conditions for poly(I:C) to selectively upregulate IFN-β in airway epithelial cells without a concomitant inflammatory response. The inflammatory response was gauged by production of the chemokine IL-8. Using cell lines and primary airway epithelial cells (both submerged and well-differentiated), we observed that pure poly(I:C) stimulated IFN-β mainly through the TLR3/TRIF pathway and IL-8 through an unidentified pathway. The magnitude of the IL-8 response stimulated by pure poly(I:C) matched or even exceeded that of IFN-β. Furthermore, this IL-8 response could not be pharmacologically downregulated without affecting IFN-β. In contrast, we show that stimulation of the RIG-I/MAVS pathway, such as when poly(I:C) is delivered intracellularly in a complex with liposomes or via nucleofection, selectively stimulates IFN-β with low IL-8 costimulation. The magnitude of IFN-β stimulation by liposome-encapsulated poly(I:C) is markedly diminished in well-differentiated cells. In conclusion, it is feasible to augment IFN-β production in airway epithelial cells without excessive costimulation of IL-8 if the RIG-I/MAVS pathway is stimulated, such as via liposomal delivery of poly(I:C). Better cytoplasmic delivery vehicles are needed to efficiently stimulate this pathway in well-differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurlan Dauletbaev
- The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada; and
| | - Maria Cammisano
- The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada; and
| | - Kassey Herscovitch
- The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada; and
| | - Larry C Lands
- Respiratory Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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16
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Nizard M, Diniz MO, Roussel H, Tran T, Ferreira LC, Badoual C, Tartour E. Mucosal vaccines: novel strategies and applications for the control of pathogens and tumors at mucosal sites. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2175-87. [PMID: 25424921 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system displays several adaptations reflecting the exposure to the external environment. The efficient induction of mucosal immune responses also requires specific approaches, such as the use of appropriate administration routes and specific adjuvants and/or delivery systems. In contrast to vaccines delivered via parenteral routes, experimental, and clinical evidences demonstrated that mucosal vaccines can efficiently induce local immune responses to pathogens or tumors located at mucosal sites as well as systemic response. At least in part, such features can be explained by the compartmentalization of mucosal B and T cell populations that play important roles in the modulation of local immune responses. In the present review, we discuss molecular and cellular features of the mucosal immune system as well as novel immunization approaches that may lead to the development of innovative and efficient vaccines targeting pathogens and tumors at different mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mevyn Nizard
- a INSERM U970; Universite Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France
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17
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Wang S, Liu D, Jin R, Zhu Y, Xu A. Differential responses of normal human melanocytes to intra- and extracellular dsRNA. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:391-9. [PMID: 25803620 PMCID: PMC4485883 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral factor has been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of vitiligo. To elucidate the effects of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) on melanocytes and to explore the underlying mechanisms, primary cultured normal human melanocytes were treated with synthetic viral dsRNA analog poly(I:C). The results demonstrated that poly(I:C)-triggered apoptosis when transfected into melanocytes, while extracellular poly(I:C) did not have that effect. Intracellular poly(I:C)-induced melanocyte death was decreased by RIG-I or MDA5 siRNA, but not by TLR3 siRNA. Both intracellular and extracellular poly(I:C) induced the expression of IFNB, TNF, IL6, and IL8. However, extracellular poly(I:C) demonstrated a much weaker induction capacity of cytokine genes than intracellular poly(I:C). Further analysis revealed that phosphorylation of TBK1, IRF3, IRF7, and TAK1 was differentially induced by intra- or extracellular poly(I:C). NFκB inhibitor Bay 11-7082 decreased the induction of all the cytokines by poly(I:C), suggesting the ubiquitous role of NFκB in the process. Poly(I:C) treatment also induced the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK in melanocytes. Both JNK and p38 inhibitors showed suppression on the cytokine induction by intra- or extracellular poly(I:C). However, only the JNK inhibitor decreased the intracellular poly(I:C)-induced melanocyte death. Taken together, this study provides the possible mechanism of viral factor in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suiquan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dongyin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Aie Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Errea A, González Maciel D, Hiriart Y, Hozbor D, Rumbo M. Intranasal administration of TLR agonists induces a discriminated local innate response along murine respiratory tract. Immunol Lett 2015; 164:33-9. [PMID: 25637743 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are relevant for mucosal immunization in order to induce long lasting protective immunity. It has been shown that targeting to different regions of the airway results in different capacity to trigger adaptive/protective immunity. Nevertheless there is scarce knowledge regarding topological responsiveness along airways to TLR agonists. We analyzed the effects of intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), poly I:C and flagellin on the expression of a panel of innate response markers along murine airways by laser microdissection and RTqPCR. In all cases treatment induced recruitment of inflammatory cells to airways. However, regional gene expression indicated that whereas deeper airways (mainly alveoli) respond with high expression of IL6, CXCL1 and CXCL10, the response in conductive airways (bronchi and bronchioles) is dominated by expression of CCL20. On the other hand, triggering TLR3 elicits a response dominated by CXCL10, showing higher expression at 6h compared to 2h, whereas LPS and flagellin induce a response peaking at 2h and dominated by IL6 and CXCL1. The results presented here showed difference in topological response triggered by different TLR agonist. These results make the targeting of different sites of airways a variable to evaluate when selecting the appropriate combinations of TLR and vaccinal antigens for intranasal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Errea
- Instituto de Estudios en Inmunología y Fisiopatología (IIFP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Dolores González Maciel
- Instituto de Estudios en Inmunología y Fisiopatología (IIFP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Yanina Hiriart
- Instituto de Estudios en Inmunología y Fisiopatología (IIFP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniela Hozbor
- Laboratorio VacSal, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT La Plata CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Martin Rumbo
- Instituto de Estudios en Inmunología y Fisiopatología (IIFP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
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Thomas M, Wang Z, Sreenivasan CC, Hause BM, Gourapura J Renukaradhya, Li F, Francis DH, Kaushik RS, Khatri M. Poly I:C adjuvanted inactivated swine influenza vaccine induces heterologous protective immunity in pigs. Vaccine 2014; 33:542-8. [PMID: 25437101 PMCID: PMC7115561 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal administration of Poly I:C adjuvanted bivalent swine influenza vaccine induced challenge virus-specific HI antibodies. Poly I:C adjuvanted vaccine also induced IgA and IgG antibodies in the lungs. Poly I:C adjuvanted vaccine provided protection against antigenic variant and heterologous swine influenza viruses.
Swine influenza is widely prevalent in swine herds in North America and Europe causing enormous economic losses and a public health threat. Pigs can be infected by both avian and mammalian influenza viruses and are sources of generation of reassortant influenza viruses capable of causing pandemics in humans. Current commercial vaccines provide satisfactory immunity against homologous viruses; however, protection against heterologous viruses is not adequate. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of an intranasal Poly I:C adjuvanted UV inactivated bivalent swine influenza vaccine consisting of Swine/OH/24366/07 H1N1 and Swine/CO/99 H3N2, referred as PAV, in maternal antibody positive pigs against an antigenic variant and a heterologous swine influenza virus challenge. Groups of three-week-old commercial-grade pigs were immunized intranasally with PAV or a commercial vaccine (CV) twice at 2 weeks intervals. Three weeks after the second immunization, pigs were challenged with the antigenic variant Swine/MN/08 H1N1 (MN08) and the heterologous Swine/NC/10 H1N2 (NC10) influenza virus. Antibodies in serum and respiratory tract, lung lesions, virus shedding in nasal secretions and virus load in lungs were assessed. Intranasal administration of PAV induced challenge viruses specific-hemagglutination inhibition- and IgG antibodies in the serum and IgA and IgG antibodies in the respiratory tract. Importantly, intranasal administration of PAV provided protection against the antigenic variant MN08 and the heterologous NC10 swine influenza viruses as evidenced by significant reductions in lung virus load, gross lung lesions and significantly reduced shedding of challenge viruses in nasal secretions. These results indicate that Poly I:C or its homologues may be effective as vaccine adjuvants capable of generating cross-protective immunity against antigenic variants/heterologous swine influenza viruses in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Thomas
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Chithra C Sreenivasan
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Ben M Hause
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA; Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - David H Francis
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA; Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Mahesh Khatri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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Martins KAO, Bavari S, Salazar AM. Vaccine adjuvant uses of poly-IC and derivatives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:447-59. [PMID: 25308798 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.966085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are stand-alone immunomodulators or 'danger signals,' that are increasingly recognized as critical components of many modern vaccines. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly-IC) is a synthetic dsRNA that can activate multiple elements of the host defense in a pattern that parallels that of a viral infection. When properly combined with an antigen, it can be utilized as a PAMP-adjuvant, resulting in modulation and optimization of the antigen-specific immune response. We briefly review the preclinical and clinical uses of poly-IC and two poly-IC derivatives, poly-IC12U (Ampligen) and poly-ICLC (Hiltonol), as vaccine adjuvants.
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21
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Influenza vaccines: a moving interdisciplinary field. Viruses 2014; 6:3809-26. [PMID: 25302957 PMCID: PMC4213563 DOI: 10.3390/v6103809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is by far the most effective way of preventing morbidity and mortality due to infection of the upper respiratory tract by influenza virus. Current vaccines require yearly vaccine updates as the influenza virus can escape vaccine-induced humoral immunity due to the antigenic variability of its surface antigens. In case of a pandemic, new vaccines become available too late with current vaccine practices. New technologies that allow faster production of vaccine seed strains in combination with alternative production platforms and vaccine formulations may shorten the time gap between emergence of a new influenza virus and a vaccine becoming available. Adjuvants may allow antigen-sparing, allowing more people to be vaccinated with current vaccine production capacity. Adjuvants and universal vaccines can target immune responses to more conserved influenza epitopes, which eventually will result in broader protection for a longer time. In addition, further immunological studies are needed to gain insights in the immune features that contribute to protection from influenza-related disease and mortality, allowing redefinition of correlates of protection beyond virus neutralization in vitro.
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Alpha/beta interferon receptor signaling amplifies early proinflammatory cytokine production in the lung during respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Virol 2014; 88:6128-36. [PMID: 24648449 PMCID: PMC4093897 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00333-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are produced early upon virus infection and signal through the alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) receptor (IFNAR) to induce genes that encode proteins important for limiting viral replication and directing immune responses. To investigate the extent to which type I IFNs play a role in the local regulation of inflammation in the airways, we examined their importance in early lung responses to infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). IFNAR1-deficient (IFNAR1−/−) mice displayed increased lung viral load and weight loss during RSV infection. As expected, expression of IFN-inducible genes was markedly reduced in the lungs of IFNAR1−/− mice. Surprisingly, we found that the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the lungs of RSV-infected mice were also greatly reduced in the absence of IFNAR signaling. Furthermore, low levels of proinflammatory cytokines were also detected in the lungs of IFNAR1−/− mice challenged with noninfectious innate immune stimuli such as selected Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. Finally, recombinant IFN-α was sufficient to potentiate the production of inflammatory mediators in the lungs of wild-type mice challenged with innate immune stimuli. Thus, in addition to its well-known role in antiviral resistance, type I IFN receptor signaling acts as a central driver of early proinflammatory responses in the lung. Inhibiting the effects of type I IFNs may therefore be useful in dampening inflammation in lung diseases characterized by enhanced inflammatory cytokine production. IMPORTANCE The initial response to viral infection is characterized by the production of interferons (IFNs). One group of IFNs, the type I IFNs, are produced early upon virus infection and signal through the IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR) to induce proteins important for limiting viral replication and directing immune responses. Here we examined the importance of type I IFNs in early responses to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Our data suggest that type I IFN production and IFNAR receptor signaling not only induce an antiviral state but also serve to amplify proinflammatory responses in the respiratory tract. We also confirm this conclusion in another model of acute inflammation induced by noninfectious stimuli. Our findings are of relevance to human disease, as RSV is a major cause of infant bronchiolitis and polymorphisms in the IFN system are known to impact disease severity.
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