1
|
Chessari G, Criscione A, Marletta D, Crepaldi P, Portolano B, Manunza A, Cesarani A, Biscarini F, Mastrangelo S. Characterization of heterozygosity-rich regions in Italian and worldwide goat breeds. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3. [PMID: 38168531 PMCID: PMC10762050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterozygosity-rich regions (HRR) are genomic regions of high heterozygosity, which may harbor loci related to key functional traits such as immune response, survival rate, fertility, and other fitness traits. This study considered 30 Italian and 19 worldwide goat breeds genotyped with the Illumina GoatSNP50k BeadChip. The aim of the work was to study inter-breed relationships and HRR patterns using Sliding Window (SW) and Consecutive Runs (CR) detection methods. Genetic relationships highlighted a clear separation between non-European and European breeds, as well as the north-south geographic cline within the latter. The Pearson correlation coefficients between the descriptive HRR parameters obtained with the SW and CR methods were higher than 0.9. A total of 166 HRR islands were detected. CHI1, CHI11, CHI12 and CHI18 were the chromosomes harboring the highest number of HRR islands. The genes annotated in the islands were linked to various factors such as productive, reproductive, immune, and environmental adaptation mechanisms. Notably, the Montecristo feral goat showed the highest number of HRR islands despite the high level of inbreeding, underlining potential balancing selection events characterizing its evolutionary history. Identifying a species-specific HRR pattern could provide a clearer view of the mechanisms regulating the genome modelling following anthropogenic selection combined with environmental interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Chessari
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Criscione
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Donata Marletta
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Crepaldi
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, University of Milan, Via Giovanni Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Baldassare Portolano
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Arianna Manunza
- CNR, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Via Bassini 15, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Cesarani
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Animal and Dairy Science Department, University of Georgia, 425 River Road, 30602, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Filippo Biscarini
- CNR, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Via Bassini 15, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mastrangelo
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liao Y, Jiang Q, Huo X, Yu L, Yang J, Zhao H, Li D, Xu X, Jiang G, Zhang C, Li C, Li Y, Zhang Y, Shao M, Liu B, Shen L, Fan S, Li Q. Preclinical safety evaluation of a bivalent inactivated EV71-CA16 vaccine in mice immunized intradermally. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2209472. [PMID: 37217189 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2209472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease is a common acute viral infectious disease that poses a serious threat to the life and health of young children. With the development of an effective inactivated EV71 vaccine, CA16 has become the main pathogen causing HFMD. Effective and safe vaccines against this disease are urgently needed. In our previous study, a bivalent inactivated vaccine was shown to have good immunogenicity and to induce neutralizing antibodies in mice and monkeys. Repeated administration toxicity is a critical safety test in the preclinical evaluation of vaccines. In this study, BALB/c mice were used to evaluate the toxicity of the bivalent vaccine after multiple intradermal administrations. Clinical observation was performed daily, and body weight, food intake, hematological characteristics, serum biochemical parameters, antinuclear antibodies, CD4+/CD8a+ T-cell proportions, bone marrow smear results and pathology results were recorded. The results showed that there was no significant change at the injection site and no adverse reactions related to the vaccine. The bivalent inactivated EV71-CA16 vaccine exhibits good safety in mice, and these results provide a sufficient basis for further clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Qinfang Jiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Xinqian Huo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Li Yu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Jinling Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Xingli Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Guorun Jiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Caixing Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Cong Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Mingxiang Shao
- Shandong Xinbo Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Baofeng Liu
- Shandong Xinbo Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Lianzhong Shen
- Shandong Xinbo Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Shengtao Fan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lai J, Li Z, Pan L, Huang Y, Zhou Z, Ma C, Guo J, Xu L. Research progress on pathogenic and therapeutic mechanisms of Enterovirus A71. Arch Virol 2023; 168:260. [PMID: 37773227 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection has become a major global public health problem, especially for infants and young children. The results of epidemiological research show that EV-A71 infection can cause acute hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and complications of the nervous system in severe cases, including aseptic pediatric meningoencephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even death. Many studies have demonstrated that EV-A71 infection may trigger a variety of intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways, which are interconnected to form a network that leads to the innate immune response, immune escape, inflammation, and apoptosis in the host. This article aims to provide an overview of the possible mechanisms underlying infection, signaling pathway activation, the immune response, immune evasion, apoptosis, and the inflammatory response caused by EV-A71 infection and an overview of potential therapeutic strategies against EV-A71 infection to better understand the pathogenesis of EV-A71 and to aid in the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Lai
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhishan Li
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixin Pan
- The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Yunxia Huang
- The Sixth Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifei Zhou
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiachun Guo
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingqing Xu
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun PP, Li D, Su M, Ren Q, Guo WP, Wang JL, Du LY, Xie GC. Cell membrane-bound toll-like receptor-1/2/4/6 monomers and -2 heterodimer inhibit enterovirus 71 replication by activating the antiviral innate response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1187035. [PMID: 37207203 PMCID: PMC10189127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1187035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Host immune activation is critical for enterovirus 71 (EV71) clearance and immunopathogenesis. However, the mechanism of innate immune activation, especially of cell membrane-bound toll-like receptors (TLRs), against EV71 remains unknown. We previously demonstrated that TLR2 and its heterodimer inhibit EV71 replication. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of TLR1/2/4/6 monomers and TLR2 heterodimer (TLR2/TLR1, TLR2/TLR6, and TLR2/TLR4) on EV71 replication and innate immune activation. We found that the overexpression of human- or mouse-derived TLR1/2/4/6 monomers and TLR2 heterodimer significantly inhibited EV71 replication and induced the production of interleukin (IL)-8 via activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Furthermore,human-mouse chimeric TLR2 heterodimer inhibited EV71 replication and activated innate immunity. Dominant-negative TIR-less (DN)-TLR1/2/4/6 did not exert any inhibitory effects, whereas DN-TLR2 heterodimer inhibited EV71 replication. Prokaryotic expression of purified recombinant EV71 capsid proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4) or overexpression of EV71 capsid proteins induced the production of IL-6 and IL-8 via activation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. Notably, two types of EV71 capsid proteins served as pathogen-associated molecular patterns for TLR monomers (TLR2 and TLR4) and TLR2 heterodimer (TLR2/TLR1, TLR2/TLR6, and TLR2/TLR4) and activated innate immunity. Collectively, our results revealed that membrane TLRs inhibited EV71 replication via activation of the antiviral innate response, providing insights into the EV71 innate immune activation mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Meng Su
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Qing Ren
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Wen-Ping Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Jiang-Li Wang
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Chengde Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Luan-Ying Du
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Guang-Cheng Xie
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
- *Correspondence: Guang-Cheng Xie,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu Y, Qu Z, Xiong R, Yang Y, Liu S, Nie J, Liang C, Huang W, Wang Y, Fan C. A practical method for evaluating the in vivo efficacy of EVA-71 vaccine using a hSCARB2 knock-in mouse model. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1180-1190. [PMID: 34044752 PMCID: PMC8205003 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1934558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is a contagious disease common among children under 5 years old worldwide. It is caused by strains of enterovirus, especially EV-A71, which can lead to severe disease. Vaccines are the only way to fight this disease. Accordingly, it is necessary to establish an efficient and accurate methodology to evaluate vaccine efficacy in vivo. Here, we established a practical method using a hSCARB2 knock-in mouse model, which was susceptible to EV-A71 infection at 5-6 weeks of age, to directly determine the efficacy of vaccines. Unlike traditional approaches, one-week-old hSCARB2 mice were immunized twice with a licensed vaccine, with an interval of a week. The titre of antibodies was measured after 1 week. Mice at 4 weeks of age were challenged with EV-A71 intraperitoneally and intracranially, respectively. The unimmunized hSCARB2 mice displayed systemic clinical symptoms and succumbed to the disease at a rate of approximately 50%. High viral loads were detected in the lungs, brain, and muscles, accompanied by clear pathological changes. The expression of IL-1β, IL-13, IL-17, and TNF-α was significantly upregulated. By contrast, the immunized group was practically normal and indistinguishable from the control mice. These results indicate that the hSCARB2 knock-in mouse is susceptible to infection in adulthood, and the in vivo efficacy of EV-A71 vaccine could be directly evaluated in this mouse model. The method developed here may be used in the development of new vaccines against HFMD or quality control of licensed vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Qu
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Institute for Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Yang
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Institute for Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Susu Liu
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunnan Liang
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changfa Fan
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Single B cells reveal the antibody responses of rhesus macaques immunized with an inactivated enterovirus D68 vaccine. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1777-1789. [PMID: 32462286 PMCID: PMC8851307 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infection may cause severe respiratory system manifestations in pediatric populations. Because of the lack of an effective preventive vaccine or specific therapeutic drug for this infection, the development of EV-D68-specific vaccines and antibodies has become increasingly important. In this study, we prepared an experimental EV-D68 vaccine inactivated by formaldehyde and found that the serum of rhesus macaques immunized with the inactivated EV-D68 vaccine exhibited potent neutralizing activity against EV-D68 virus in vitro. Subsequently, the antibody-mediated immune response of B cells elicited by the inactivated vaccine was evaluated in a rhesus monkey model. The binding activity, in vitro neutralization activity, and sequence properties of 28 paired antibodies from the rhesus macaques’ EV-D68-specific single memory B cells were analyzed, and the EV-D68 VP1-specific antibody group was found to be the main constituent in vivo. Intriguingly, we also found a synergistic effect among the E15, E18 and E20 monoclonal antibodies from the rhesus macaques. Furthermore, we demonstrated the protective efficacy of maternal antibodies in suckling C57BL/6 mice. This study provides valuable information for the future development of EV-D68 vaccines.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rattanapisit K, Chao Z, Siriwattananon K, Huang Z, Phoolcharoen W. Plant-Produced Anti-Enterovirus 71 (EV71) Monoclonal Antibody Efficiently Protects Mice Against EV71 Infection. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120560. [PMID: 31805650 PMCID: PMC6963219 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main causative agent of severe hand-foot-mouth disease. EV71 affects countries mainly in the Asia-Pacific region, which makes it unattractive for pharmaceutical companies to develop drugs or vaccine to combat EV71 infection. However, development of these drugs and vaccines is vital to protect younger generations. This study aims to develop a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) to EV71 using a plant platform, which is a cost-effective and scalable production technology. A previous report showed that D5, a murine anti-EV71 mAb, binds to VP1 protein of EV71, potently neutralizes EV71 in vitro, and effectively protects mice against EV71 infection. Herein, plant-produced chimeric D5 (cD5) mAb, variable regions of murine D5 antibody linked with constant regions of human IgG1, was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana using geminiviral vectors. The antibody was expressed at high levels within six days of infiltration. Plant-produced cD5 retained its in vitro high-affinity binding and neutralizing activity against EV71. Furthermore, a single dose (10 µg/g body weight) of plant-produced cD5 mAb offered 100% protection against infection in mice after a lethal EV71 challenge. Therefore, our results showed that plant-produced anti-EV71 mAb is an effective, safe, and affordable therapeutic option against EV71 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaewta Rattanapisit
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Zhang Chao
- Vaccine Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
| | - Konlavat Siriwattananon
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Zhong Huang
- Vaccine Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (W.P.); Tel.: +21-5492-3067 (Z.H.); +66-2218-8359 (W.P.)
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals and Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (W.P.); Tel.: +21-5492-3067 (Z.H.); +66-2218-8359 (W.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang Z, Gao F, Wang X, Shi L, Zhou Z, Jiang Y, Ma X, Zhang C, Zhou C, Zeng X, Liu G, Fan J, Mao Q, Shi L. Development and characterization of an enterovirus 71 (EV71) virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccine produced in Pichia pastoris. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:1602-1610. [PMID: 31403352 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1649554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major causative agents for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. Although there are three inactivated virus-based HFMD vaccines licensed in China, alternative approaches have been taken to produce an effective and safer vaccine that is easier to manufacture in large scale. Among these, a virus-like particles (VLPs) based EV71 vaccine is under active development. For this purpose, an efficient methodology for the production of EV71-VLPs by recombinant technology is needed. We here report the construction and expression of the P1 and 3C genes of EV71 in Pichia pastoris for producing VLP-based EV71 vaccine antigen with a high yield and simple manufacturing process. Based on codon-optimized P1 and 3C genes, EV71-VLPs were efficiently expressed in Pichia pastoris system, and the expression level reached 270 mg/L. Biochemical and biophysical analyses showed that the produced EV71-VLPs consisted of processed VP0, VP1, and VP3 present as ~35nm spherical particles. The immune response as a function of EV71-VLPs and adjuvant dose ratio was investigated for vaccine development. Immunization with EV71-VLPs of 1-5 µg/dose and adjuvant of 225 µg/dose induced robust neutralizing antibody responses in mice and provided effective protection against lethal challenge in both maternally transferred antibody and passive transfer protection mouse models. Therefore, the yeast produced EV71-VLPs antigen is a promising candidate for the development of a vaccine against HFMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Yang
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fan Gao
- Division of Hepatitis Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) , Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Likang Shi
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | | | - Xinxing Ma
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chenliang Zhou
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xianfang Zeng
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ge Liu
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiang Fan
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qunying Mao
- Division of Hepatitis Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) , Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Shi
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aw‐Yong KL, NikNadia NMN, Tan CW, Sam I, Chan YF. Immune responses against enterovirus A71 infection: Implications for vaccine success. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2073. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kam Leng Aw‐Yong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Nik Mohd Nasir NikNadia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - I‐Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Role of innate lymphoid cells and dendritic cells in intradermal immunization of the enterovirus antigen. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:14. [PMID: 30937186 PMCID: PMC6437170 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus type 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A 16 (CA16) are the major pathogens of human hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). In our previous study, intramuscular immunization with the inactivated EV71 vaccine elicited effective immunity, while immunization with the inactivated CA16 vaccine did not. In this report, we focused on innate immune responses elicited by inactivated EV71 and CA16 antigens administered intradermally or intramuscularly. The distributions of the EV71 and CA16 antigens administered intradermally or intramuscularly were not obviously different, but the antigens were detected for a shorter period of time when administered intradermally. The expression levels of NF-κB pathway signaling molecules, which were identified as being capable of activating DCs, ILCs, and T cells, were higher in the intradermal group than in the intramuscular group. Antibodies for the EV71 and CA16 antigens colocalized with ILCs and DCs in skin and muscle tissues under fluorescence microscopy. Interestingly, ILC colocalization decreased over time, while DC colocalization increased over time. ELISpot analysis showed that coordination between DCs and ILCs contributed to successful adaptive immunity against vaccine antigens in the skin. EV71 and/or CA16 antigen immunization via the intradermal route was more capable of significantly increasing neutralizing antibody titers and activating specific T cell responses than immunization via the intramuscular route. Furthermore, neonatal mice born to mothers immunized with the EV71 and CA16 antigens were 100% protected against wild-type EV71 or CA16 viral challenge. Together, our results provide new insights into the development of vaccines for HFMD. Coxsackievirus A 16 (CA16) and enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections are the most common cause of hand-foot-and-mouth diseases. Inactivated virus has been evaluated as potential vaccine for both viruses in animal models, but protection was only achieved for EV71. In this study, led by Qihan Li from the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, researchers show that intradermal, as compared to intramuscular immunization, results in an elevated immune response and improved protection from EV71 and CA16 infection in mice. Intradermal vaccination increases interaction of vaccine antigen with dendritic cells and innate lymphoid cells at the site of inoculation, as compared to intramuscular vaccination. Intradermal vaccination furthermore improves the antibody and T cell response and protects mice from infection. However, complete protection of mice from CA16 infection was only achieved after intradermal immunization with a combination of inactivated EV71 and CA16 vaccine, suggesting that further improvements of this vaccine candidate will be necessary.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ma Y, Shang C, Yang P, Li L, Zhai Y, Yin Z, Wang B, Shang L. 4-Iminooxazolidin-2-one as a Bioisostere of the Cyanohydrin Moiety: Inhibitors of Enterovirus 71 3C Protease. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10333-10339. [PMID: 30365311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A recently reported potent inhibitor of enterovirus 71 3C protease, ( R)-1, was found to have stability and potential toxicity issues due to the presence of a cyanohydrin moiety. Modifying the labile cyanohydrin moiety, by serendipity, led to the discovery of 4-iminooxazolidin-2-one-based inhibitors 4e and 4g with potent inhibitory activity and significantly improved stability. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies of 4e also demonstrated high plasma exposure and moderate half-life. These compounds have shown potential of becoming anti-EV71 drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Ma
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Chengyou Shang
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Peng Yang
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Yangyang Zhai
- Medical College , Henan Polytechnic University , Jiaozuo 454000 , China
| | - Zheng Yin
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Georgia State University , Atlanta , Georgia 30303 , United States
| | - Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chang YK, Chen KH, Chen KT. Hand, foot and mouth disease and herpangina caused by enterovirus A71 infections: a review of enterovirus A71 molecular epidemiology, pathogenesis, and current vaccine development. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018; 60:e70. [PMID: 30427405 PMCID: PMC6223252 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infections are one of the main etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina worldwide. EV-A71 infection is a life-threatening communicable disease and there is an urgent global need for the development of vaccines for its prevention and control. The morbidity rate of EV-A71 infection differs between countries. The pathogen’s genetic lineages are undergoing rapid evolutionary changes. An association between the occurrence of EV-A71 infection and the circulation of different genetic strains of EV-A71 virus has been identified around the world. In this review, we present and discuss the molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis of the human disease caused by EV-A71 infection, as well as current prospects for the development of an EV-A71 vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kang Chang
- Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying Campus, Department of Radiology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Huang Chen
- Sanming University, School of Mechanical & Electronic Engineering, Sanming, Fujian Province, China
| | - Kow-Tong Chen
- Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Department of Occupational Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Niu X, Zhang B, Yu X, Zhang X, Dou Y, Tang Y, Diao Y. Preparation and evaluation of goose reovirus inactivated vaccine. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:214. [PMID: 28683792 PMCID: PMC5501479 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with Goose Reovirus (GRV) can cause serious economic losses in the goose breeding industry. In this study, the GRV allantoic fluid was concentrated and used as an antigen in a formalin-inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine. Results When 6 day-old geese were inoculated, antibodies against GRV became detectable at 6 days post-vaccination, their concentration peaked at 3 weeks. These antibodies were maintained for longer than 2 weeks. As the most susceptible age for GRV infection is birds under 2 weeks of age this vaccine should provide adequate cover for the most at risk birds. When geese were exposed to reovirus at different time intervals after immunization, the data revealed that the vaccine can provide a protection rate of 80%. The developed vaccine has good stability and could be stored at 4 °C for at least 12 months. Conclusion These results indicate that the developed GRV vaccine is safe, effectively absorbed, efficacious in inducing a rapid immune response, and effective in controlling GRV infection. Our results should be useful for the application of vaccines for controlling GRV in different goose flocks. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1134-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road 61, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Bingqian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road 61, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xianglong Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road 61, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road 61, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yanguo Dou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road 61, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road 61, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
| | - Youxiang Diao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road 61, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao T, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Feng M, Fan S, Wang L, Liu L, Wang X, Wang Q, Zhang X, Wang J, Liao Y, He Z, Lu S, Yang H, Li Q. Dynamic Interaction of Enterovirus 71 and Dendritic Cells in Infected Neonatal Rhesus Macaques. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:171. [PMID: 28540257 PMCID: PMC5423916 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the main pathogens responsible for hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Infection with EV71 can lead to severe clinical disease via extensive infections of either the respiratory or alimentary tracts in children. Based on the previous pathological study of EV71 infections in neonatal rhesus macaques, our work using this animal model and an EV71 chimera that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP-EV71) primarily explored where EV71 localizes and proliferates, and the subsequent initiation of the pathological process. The chimeric EGFP-EV71 we constructed was similar to the wild-type EV71 (WT-EV71) virus in its biological characteristics. Similar clinical manifestations and histo-pathologic features were equally displayed in neonatal rhesus macaques infected with either WT-EV71 or EGFP-EV71 via the respiratory route. Fluorescent signal tracing in tissues from the animals infected with EGFP-EV71 showed that EV71 proliferated primarily in the respiratory tract epithelium and the associated lymphoid tissues. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analyses revealed that EV71 was able to enter a pre-conventional dendritic cell (DC) population at the infection sites. The viremia identified in the macaques infected by WT-EV71 or EGFP-EV71 was present even in the artificial presence of a specific antibody against the virus. Our results suggest that EV71 primarily proliferates in the respiratory tract epithelium followed by subsequent entry into a pre-cDC population of DCs. These cells are then hijacked by the virus and they can potentially transmit the virus from local sites to other organs through the blood circulation during the infection process. Our results suggest that the EV71 infection process in this DC population does not interfere with the induction of an independent immune response against the EV71 infection in the neonatal macaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming, China
| | - Zhixiao Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming, China
| | - Min Feng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming, China
| | - Shengtao Fan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming, China
| | - Longding Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming, China
| | - Qinglin Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming, China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming, China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming, China
| | - Huai Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhu L, Li W, Qi G, Liu N, Sheng L, Shang L, Qi B. The immune mechanism of intestinal tract Toll-like receptor in mediating EV71 virus type severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease and the MAPK pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2263-2266. [PMID: 28565836 PMCID: PMC5443248 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological response is thought to play a crucial role in the development of a severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) infection in children, but the mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study was designed to help in elucidating the immunopathological pathways involved in the disease by quantifying Toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNAs, MAPK factors and cytokine levels in children experiencing the disease. A total of 86 enterovirus 71 (EV71)-infected HFMD children (49 with mild and 27 with severe disease), along with 30 healthy children were involved in the study. Peripheral vein blood samples were collected from each individual, and used to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for mRNA extraction and sera for measuring levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10. The average expression levels of TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR8 mRNA in PBMCs of children with severe HFMD were significantly higher than those in the other children, the lowest values were found in the healthy control group (P<0.05). The expression levels of TLR2 and TLR9 mRNA were not significantly different (P>0.05) among the groups. Additionally, the expression levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 in the serum of the children in the severe group were significantly higher than those in the other two groups, and the lowest values were again found in the control group (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR8 mRNA levels in PBMCs were positively correlated with the TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 levels in the serum (P<0.05). Furthermore, the expression levels of the ERK, JNK and p38 mRNA in PBMCs of children in the severe group were significantly higher than those in the other two groups, with the lowest values being in the control group (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR8 mRNA levels in PBMCs were positively correlated with ERK, JNK and p38 mRNA levels (P<0.05). The results of our study seem to indicate that the high expression levels of TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR8 induced in severe EV71 HFMD regulate the expression of cytokines by MAPK signaling pathway and negatively affect the ability of the organism to resolve the infection. Further studies are needed to test the hypothesis that immuno-modulation would be an effective treatment approach in pediatric cases of severe HFMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Gongjian Qi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Liping Sheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Boxiang Qi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yi EJ, Shin YJ, Kim JH, Kim TG, Chang SY. Enterovirus 71 infection and vaccines. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2017; 6:4-14. [PMID: 28168168 PMCID: PMC5292356 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2017.6.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious viral infection affecting young children during the spring to fall seasons. Recently, serious outbreaks of HFMD were reported frequently in the Asia-Pacific region, including China and Korea. The symptoms of HFMD are usually mild, comprising fever, loss of appetite, and a rash with blisters, which do not need specific treatment. However, there are uncommon neurological or cardiac complications such as meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis that can be fatal. HFMD is most commonly caused by infection with coxsackievirus A16, and secondly by enterovirus 71 (EV71). Many other strains of coxsackievirus and enterovirus can also cause HFMD. Importantly, HFMD caused by EV71 tends to be associated with fatal complications. Therefore, there is an urgent need to protect against EV71 infection. Development of vaccines against EV71 would be the most effective approach to prevent EV71 outbreaks. Here, we summarize EV71 infection and development of vaccines, focusing on current scientific and clinical progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Je Yi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yun-Ju Shin
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Kim
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Tae-Gyun Kim
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Chang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea.; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bi Z, Zhu Y, Chen Z, Li C, Wang Y, Wang G, Liu G. Induction of a robust immunity response against novel duck reovirus in ducklings using a subunit vaccine of sigma C protein. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39092. [PMID: 27974824 PMCID: PMC5156932 DOI: 10.1038/srep39092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel duck reovirus (NDRV) disease emerged in China in 2011 and continues to cause high morbidity and about 5.0 to 50% mortality in ducklings. Currently there are no approved vaccines for the virus. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a new vaccine created from the baculovirus and sigma C gene against NDRV. In this study, a recombinant baculovirus containing the sigma C gene was constructed, and the purified protein was used as a vaccine candidate in ducklings. The efficacy of sigma C vaccine was estimated according to humoral immune responses, cellular immune response and protection against NDRV challenge. The results showed that sigma C was highly expressed in Sf9 cells. Robust humoral and cellular immune responses were induced in all ducklings immunized with the recombinant sigma C protein. Moreover, 100% protection against lethal challenge with NDRV TH11 strain was observed. Summary, the recombinant sigma C protein could be utilized as a good candidate against NDRV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangli Bi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yingqi Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zongyan Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chuanfeng Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Guijun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhou Y, Li JX, Jin PF, Wang YX, Zhu FC. Enterovirus 71: a whole virion inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:803-13. [PMID: 27206811 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1191357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enterovirus A71 (EV71) is the predominant causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which is often associated with severe cases and even deaths. EV71-associated epidemics have emerged as a serious threat to public health, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. AREAS COVERED We searched PubMed using the terms 'enterovirus 71', 'hand, foot, and mouth disease', and 'vaccine', with no date or language restrictions for all publications before April 27, 2016. Among various vaccine candidates, the alum-adjuvant inactivated EV71 vaccines are most promising. Three alum-adjuvant inactivated EV71 vaccines developed by mainland China showed high efficacy, good immunogenicity persistence and acceptable safety profiles in clinical trials. Recently, two of these EV71 vaccines have been approved for marketing in China and the other one is undergoing the review process of licensure. In this manuscript, we summarized previous study results as well as discussed the regulatory affairs and post-market surveillances issues. Expert commentary: The marketing of EV71 vaccines is a milestone in the controlling of HFMD. International clinical trials are needed to further assess the efficacy and cross-immunogenicity. Establishing a sensitive pathogen monitoring system would be essential to monitor the variation of genotypes and control HFMD epidemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- a School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Jing-Xin Li
- b Department of Vaccine Clinical Evaluation , Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , PR China.,c College of Pharmacy , Third Military Medical University & National Engineering Research Center for Immunological Products , Chongqing , PR China
| | - Peng-Fei Jin
- d School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Yu-Xiao Wang
- a School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Feng-Cai Zhu
- b Department of Vaccine Clinical Evaluation , Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , PR China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Demasius W, Weikard R, Hadlich F, Buitkamp J, Kühn C. A novel RNAseq-assisted method for MHC class I genotyping in a non-model species applied to a lethal vaccination-induced alloimmune disease. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:365. [PMID: 27188848 PMCID: PMC4869273 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MHC class I genotyping is essential for a wide range of biomedical, immunological and biodiversity applications. Whereas in human a comprehensive MHC class I allele catalogue is available, respective data in non-model species is scarce in spite of decades of research. Results Taking advantage of the new high-throughput RNA sequencing technology (RNAseq), we developed a novel RNAseq-assisted method (RAMHCIT) for MHC class I typing at nucleotide level. RAMHCIT is performed on white blood cells, which highly express MHC class I molecules enabling reliable discovery of new alleles and discrimination of closely related alleles due to the high coverage of alleles with reads. RAMHCIT is more comprehensive than previous methods, because no targeted PCR pre-amplification of MHC loci is necessary, which avoids preselection of alleles as usually encountered, when amplification with MHC class I primers is performed prior to sequencing. In addition to allele identification, RAMHCIT also enables quantification of MHC class I expression at allele level, which was remarkably consistent across individuals. Conclusions Successful application of RAMHCIT is demonstrated on a data set from cattle with different phenotype regarding a lethal, vaccination-induced alloimmune disease (bovine neonatal pancytopenia), for which MHC class I alleles had been postulated as causal agents. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2688-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Demasius
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Weikard
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Frieder Hadlich
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Buitkamp
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, 85586, Grub, Germany
| | - Christa Kühn
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany. .,Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang W, Kong Y, Jiang Z, Li C, Wang L, Xia J. Comprehensive safety assessment of a human inactivated diploid enterovirus 71 vaccine based on a phase III clinical trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:922-30. [PMID: 26837471 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1115934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). In a previous phase III trial in children, a human diploid cell-based inactivated EV71 vaccine elicited EV71 specific immune responses and protection against EV71 associated HFMD. This study aimed to assess the factors influencing the severity of adverse events observed in this previous trial. This was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase III clinical trial of a human diploid vaccine carried out in 12,000 children in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01569581). Solicited events were recorded for 7 days and unsolicited events were reported for 28 days after each injection. Age trend analysis of adverse reaction was conducted in each treatment group. Multiple logistic regression models were built to identify factors influencing the severity of adverse reactions. Fewer solicited adverse reactions were observed in older participants within the first 7 days after vaccination (P < 0.0001), except local pain and pruritus. More severe adverse reactions were observed after the initial injection than after the booster injection. Serious cold or respiratory tract infections (RTI) were observed more often in children aged 6-36 months than in older children. Only the severity of local swelling was associated with body mass index. Children with throat discomfort before injection had a higher risk of serious cold or RTI. These results indicated that the human diploid cell-based vaccine achieved a satisfactory safety profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- a Department of Health Statistics , Faculty of Preventative Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Yujia Kong
- a Department of Health Statistics , Faculty of Preventative Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,b Department of Public Health , Weifang Medical College , Weifang , Shandong , China
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- a Department of Health Statistics , Faculty of Preventative Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Chanjuan Li
- a Department of Health Statistics , Faculty of Preventative Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Ling Wang
- a Department of Health Statistics , Faculty of Preventative Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Jielai Xia
- a Department of Health Statistics , Faculty of Preventative Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang X, Xiao X, Zhao M, Liu W, Pang L, Sun X, Cen S, Yang BB, Huang Y, Sheng W, Zeng Y. EV71 virus-like particles produced by co-expression of capsid proteins in yeast cells elicit humoral protective response against EV71 lethal challenge. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:42. [PMID: 26809443 PMCID: PMC4724958 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the most common causative pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) associated with severe neurological complications. There is a great need to develop prophylactic vaccine against EV71 infection. RESULTS EV71 virus-like particle (VLP) was produced in yeast expression system by the co-expression of four EV71 structural proteins VP1-VP4. Immunization with the recombinant VLPs elicited potent anti-EV71 antibody responses in adult mice and anti-VLP sera were able to neutralize EV71 virus in vitro. Neonatal mice model demonstrated VLP immunization conferred protection to suckling mice against the lethal viral challenge. CONCLUSIONS Co-expression of four EV71 structural proteins VP1-VP4 in yeast expression systems is an effective method to produce EV71 VLPs. VLP-based vaccine shows great potential to prevent EV71 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Wang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangqian Xiao
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Miao Zhao
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Pang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Sun
- Research Center for Life Science, Beihua University, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shan Cen
- Department of Virology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Burton B Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, M4N 3M5, Canada.
| | - Yuming Huang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wang Sheng
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Zeng
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Song J, Hu Y, Hu Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Wang L, Guo L, Wang Y, Ning R, Liao Y, Zhang Y, Zheng H, Shi H, He Z, Li Q, Liu L. Global gene expression analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in rhesus monkey infants with CA16 infection-induced HFMD. Virus Res 2016; 214:1-10. [PMID: 26775814 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) is a dominant pathogen that results in hand, foot, and mouth disease and causes outbreaks worldwide, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Our previous study has demonstrated that the basic CA16 pathogenic process was successfully mimicked in rhesus monkey infant. The present study focused on the global gene expression changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of rhesus monkey infants with hand, foot, and mouth disease induced by CA16 infection at different time points. Genome-wide expression analysis was performed with Agilent whole-genome microarrays and established bioinformatics tools. Nine hundred and forty-eight significant differentially expressed genes that were associated with 5 gene ontology categories, including cell communication, cell cycle, immune system process, regulation of transcription and metabolic process were identified. Subsequently, the mapping of genes related to the immune system process by PANTHER pathway analysis revealed the predominance of inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathways and the interleukin signaling pathway. Ultimately, co-expressed genes and their networks were analyzed. The results revealed the gene expression profile of the immune system in response to CA16 in rhesus monkey infants and suggested that such an immune response was generated as a result of the positive mobilization of the immune system. This initial microarray study will provide insights into the molecular mechanism of CA16 infection and will facilitate the identification of biomarkers for the evaluation of vaccines against this virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Yajie Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Yunguang Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Yancui Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Ruotong Ning
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Huiwen Zheng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Haijing Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.
| | - Longding Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang J, Shao J, Wu X, Mao Q, Wang Y, Gao F, Kong W, Liang Z. Type I interferon related genes are common genes on the early stage after vaccination by meta-analysis of microarray data. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:739-45. [PMID: 25839220 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1008884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to find common immune mechanism across different kinds of vaccines. A meta-analysis of microarray datasets was performed using publicly available microarray Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and Array Express data sets of vaccination records. Seven studies (out of 35) were selected for this meta-analysis. A total of 447 chips (145 pre-vaccination and 302 post-vaccination) were included. Significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) program was used for screening differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional pathway enrichment for the DEGs was conducted in DAVID Gene Ontology (GO) database. Twenty DEGs were identified, of which 10 up-regulated genes involved immune response. Six of which were type I interferon (IFN) related genes, including LY6E, MX1, OAS3, IFI44L, IFI6 and IFITM3. Ten down-regulated genes mainly mediated negative regulation of cell proliferation and cell motion. Results of a subgroup analysis showed that although the kinds of genes varied widely between days 3 and 7 post vaccination, the pathways between them are basically the same, such as immune response and response to viruses, etc. For an independent verification of these 6 type I IFN related genes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected at baseline and day 3 after the vaccination from 8 Enterovirus 71(EV71) vaccinees and were assayed by RT-PCR. Results showed that the 6 DEGs were also upregulated in EV71 vaccinees. In summary, meta-analysis methods were used to explore the immune mechanism of vaccines and results indicated that the type I IFN related genes and corresponding pathways were common in early immune responses for different kinds of vaccines.
Collapse
Key Words
- CPE, cytopathogenic effect
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DEGs, differentially expressed genes
- EV71, enterovirus 71
- GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus
- GO, gene ontology
- IFN, interferon
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PRRs, pattern recognition receptors
- SAM, significance analysis of microarrays
- TLRs, Toll-like receptors
- immune mechanism
- meta-analysis
- microarray
- type I interferon
- vaccine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Zhang
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ; Beijing , P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang Y, Wang L, Liao Y, Liu L, Ma K, Yang E, Wang J, Che Y, Jiang L, Pu J, Guo L, Feng M, Liang Y, Cui W, Yang H, Li Q. Similar protective immunity induced by an inactivated enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine in neonatal rhesus macaques and children. Vaccine 2015; 33:6290-7. [PMID: 26419198 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During the development of enterovirus 71 (EV71) inactivated vaccine for preventing human hand, foot and mouth diseases (HFMD) by EV71 infection, an effective animal model is presumed to be significant and necessary. Our previous study demonstrated that the vesicles in oral regions and limbs potentially associated with viremia, which are the typical manifestations of HFMD, and remarkable pathologic changes were identified in various tissues of neonatal rhesus macaque during EV71 infection. Although an immune response in terms of neutralizing antibody and T cell memory was observed in animals infected by the virus or stimulated by viral antigen, whether such a response could be considered as an indicator to justify the immune response in individuals vaccinated or infected in a pandemic needs to be investigated. Here, a comparative analysis of the neutralizing antibody response and IFN-γ-specific T cell response in vaccinated neonatal rhesus macaques and a human clinical trial with an EV71 inactivated vaccine was performed, and the results showed the identical tendency and increased level of neutralizing antibody and the IFN-γ-specific T cell response stimulated by the EV71 antigen peptide. Importantly, the clinical protective efficacy against virus infection by the elicited immune response in the immunized population compared with the placebo control and the up-modulated gene profile associated with immune activation were similar to those in infected macaques. Further safety verification of this vaccine in neonatal rhesus macaques and children confirmed the potential use of the macaque as a reliable model for the evaluation of an EV71 candidate vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Longding Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Kaili Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Erxia Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China; Jiangsu Convac Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Yanchun Che
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China; Jiangsu Convac Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, China
| | - Jing Pu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Min Feng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China; Jiangsu Convac Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, China
| | - Huai Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu L, Mo Z, Liang Z, Zhang Y, Li R, Ong KC, Wong KT, Yang E, Che Y, Wang J, Dong C, Feng M, Pu J, Wang L, Liao Y, Jiang L, Tan SH, David P, Huang T, Zhou Z, Wang X, Xia J, Guo L, Wang L, Xie Z, Cui W, Mao Q, Liang Y, Zhao H, Na R, Cui P, Shi H, Wang J, Li Q. Immunity and clinical efficacy of an inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine in healthy Chinese children: a report of further observations. BMC Med 2015; 13:226. [PMID: 26381232 PMCID: PMC4574357 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the long-term effects on immunity of an inactivated enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine and its protective efficacy. METHODS A sub-cohort of 1,100 volunteers from Guangxi Province in China was eligible for enrolment and randomly administered either the EV71 vaccine or a placebo on days 0 and 28 in a phase III clinical trial and then observed for the following 2 years with approval by an independent ethics committee of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Serum samples from the 350 participants who provided a full series of blood samples (at all the sampling points) within the 2-year period were collected. Vaccine-induced immune effects, including the neutralizing antibody titres and cross-protection against different genotypes of EV71, were examined. This study also evaluated the protective efficacy of this vaccine based upon clinical diagnosis. RESULTS This sub-cohort showed a >60% drop-out rate over 2 years. The seroconversion rates among the 161 immunized subjects remained >95% at the end of study. The geometric mean titres of neutralizing antibodies (anti-genotype C4) 360 days after vaccination in 350 subjects were 81.0 (subjects aged 6-11 months), 98.4 (12-23 months), 95.0 (24-35 months), and 81.8 (36-71 months). These titres subsequently increased to 423.1, 659.0, 545.0, and 321.9, respectively, at 540 days post-immunization (d.p.i.), and similar levels were maintained at 720 d.p.i. Higher IFN-γ/IL-4-specific responses to the C4 genotype of EV71 and cross-neutralization reactivity against major EV71 genotype strains were observed in the vaccine group compared to those in the placebo group. Five EV71-infected subjects were observed in the placebo-treated control group and none in the vaccine-immunized group in per-protocol analysis. CONCLUSION These results are consistent with the induction of dynamic immune responses and protective efficacy of the vaccine against most circulating EV71 strains. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01569581, Trial registration date: March 2012.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longding Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Zhaojun Mo
- Guangxi Province Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Rongcheng Li
- Guangxi Province Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Kien Chai Ong
- Departments of Biomedical Science and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kum Thong Wong
- Departments of Biomedical Science and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Erxia Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Jiangsu Convac Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanchun Che
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Chenghong Dong
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Min Feng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Pu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Jiangsu Convac Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Soon Hao Tan
- Departments of Biomedical Science and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Perera David
- Institute of Health & Community Medicine, University Malaysia Sarawak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Teng Huang
- Guangxi Province Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zhenxin Zhou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xuanyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministries of Education and Health, Institute of Biological Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jielai Xia
- Department of Health Statistics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Health Statistics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongping Xie
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Qunying Mao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Hongling Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Ruixiong Na
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Pingfang Cui
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Haijing Shi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Junzhi Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.
| | - Qihan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Han X, Ying XL, Zhou SL, Han T, Huang H, Jin Q, Yang F, Sun QY, Sun XX. Characterization of the enterovirus 71 P1 polyprotein expressed in Pichia pastor as a candidate vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2220-6. [PMID: 25424925 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) plays an important role in hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which recently caused the death of hundreds of children in the Asia-Pacific region. However, there are no specific treatments available for EV71 infections; thus, a safe and effective vaccine is needed urgently. In this study, we developed an effective and economical method for producing EV71 polyprotein (P1 protein) in Pichia pastoris. Furthermore, we evaluated the potential of P1 protein as a candidate vaccine against EV71 virus. The data revealed that P1 protein induced persistent high cross-neutralization antibodies for different EV71 subtypes, and elicited significant splenocyte proliferation. The high levels of interleukin-10(IL-10) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) showed that P1 protein induced Th1 and Th2 immune responses. Interestingly, vaccinating female mice with the P1 protein conferred cross-protection against different EV71 subtypes to their neonatal offspring.Compared with heat-inactivated EV71, the P1 protein elicited improved humoral and cellular immune responses and showed good cross-protection with different EV71 subtypes. Therefore, the EV71-P1 protein produced by P. pastoris is a promising candidate vaccine against EV71.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- a College of life science; Jianghan University; Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mao Q, Wang Y, Shao J, Ying Z, Gao F, Yao X, Li C, Ye Q, Xu M, Li R, Zhu F, Liang Z. The compatibility of inactivated-Enterovirus 71 vaccination with Coxsackievirus A16 and Poliovirus immunizations in humans and animals. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:2723-33. [PMID: 25715318 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1011975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the key pathogen for Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) and can result in severe neurological complications and death among young children. Three inactivated-EV71 vaccines have gone through phase III clinical trials and have demonstrated good safety and efficacy. These vaccines will benefit young children under the threat of severe HFMD. However, the potential immunization-related compatibility for different enterovirus vaccines remains unclear, making it hard to include the EV71 vaccine in Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI). Here, we measured the neutralizing antibodies (NTAbs) against EV71, Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) and Poliovirus from infants enrolled in those EV71 vaccine clinical trials. The results indicated that the levels of NTAb GMTs for EV71 increased significantly in all 3 vaccine groups (high, middle and low dosages, respectively) post-vaccination. Seroconversion ratios and Geometric mean fold increase were significantly higher in the vaccine groups (≥ 7/9 and 8.9 ~ 228.1) than in the placebo group (≤ 1/10 and 0.8 ~ 1.7, P < 0.05). But no similar NTAb response trends were found in CA16 and 3 types of Poliovirus. The decrease of 3 types of Poliovirus NTAb GMTs and an increase of CA16 GMTs post-EV71-vaccination were found in vaccine and placebo groups. Further animal study on CA16 and poliovirus vaccine co-immunization or pre-immunization with EV71 vaccine in mice indicated that there was no NTAb cross-activity between EV71 and CA16/Poliovirus. Our research showed that inactivated-EV71 vaccine has good specific-neutralizing capacity and can be included in EPI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qunying Mao
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ; Beijing , China
| | - Yiping Wang
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ; Beijing , China
| | - Jie Shao
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ; Beijing , China
| | - Zhifang Ying
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ; Beijing , China
| | - Fan Gao
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ; Beijing , China
| | - Xin Yao
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ; Beijing , China
| | - Changgui Li
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ; Beijing , China
| | - Qiang Ye
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ; Beijing , China
| | - Miao Xu
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ; Beijing , China
| | - Rongcheng Li
- b The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region ; Nanning , China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- c Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention ; Nanjing , China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ; Beijing , China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li L, Yin H, An Z, Feng Z. Considerations for developing an immunization strategy with enterovirus 71 vaccine. Vaccine 2014; 33:1107-12. [PMID: 25444807 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a common pathogen for hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which has significant morbidity and mortality, and for which children aged 6-59 months age are at highest risk. Due to lack of effective treatment options, control of EV71 epidemics has mainly focused on development of EV71 vaccines. Clinical trials have been completed on 3 EV71 vaccines, with trial results demonstrating good vaccine efficacy and safety. When EV71 vaccine is approved by China's national regulatory authority, an evidence-based strategy should be developed to optimize impact and safety. An immunization strategy for EV71 vaccine should consider several factors, including the target population age group, the number of doses for primary immunization, the need for a booster dose, concomitant administration of other vaccines, economic value, program capacity and logistics, and public acceptance. Once EV71 vaccines are in use, vaccine effectiveness and safety must be monitored in large populations, and the epidemiology of HFMD must be evaluated to assure a match between vaccination strategy and epidemiology. Evaluation in China is especially important because there are no other EV71 vaccines globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hongzhang Yin
- The Center for Drug Evaluation, China Food and Drug Administration, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhijie An
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zijian Feng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
EV71 vaccine, an invaluable gift for children. Clin Transl Immunology 2014; 3:e28. [PMID: 25505956 PMCID: PMC4237031 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2014.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major pathogen for severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Development of vaccines against EV71 would be the most effective approach to prevent the EV71 outbreak. Research and development (R&D) of EV71 vaccine was carried out in several Asian countries. Currently three companies in mainland China have completed Phase III clinical trials of inactivated EV71 whole-virus vaccines, whereas the other two companies have completed Phase I clinical trials separately in Taiwan and in Singapore. Results from those clinical trials have indicated high safety and immunogenicity of EV71 vaccine. Protective efficacies were over 90% on EV71-associated HFMD and over 80% on other EV71-associated diseases. In this paper, we summarize the results from three EV71 vaccine Phase III clinical trials and discuss the challenges of incorporating EV71 vaccine into Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in countries with EV71 epidemics.
Collapse
|
30
|
The approved pediatric drug suramin identified as a clinical candidate for the treatment of EV71 infection-suramin inhibits EV71 infection in vitro and in vivo. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e62. [PMID: 26038755 PMCID: PMC4185360 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes severe central nervous system infections, leading to cardiopulmonary complications and death in young children. There is an urgent unmet medical need for new pharmaceutical agents to control EV71 infections. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we found that the approved pediatric antiparasitic drug suramin blocked EV71 infectivity by a novel mechanism of action that involves binding of the naphtalentrisulonic acid group of suramin to the viral capsid. Moreover, we demonstrate that when suramin is used in vivo at doses equivalent to or lower than the highest dose already used in humans, it significantly decreased mortality in mice challenged with a lethal dose of EV71 and peak viral load in adult rhesus monkeys. Thus, suramin inhibits EV71 infection by neutralizing virus particles prior to cell attachment. Consequently, these findings identify suramin as a clinical candidate for further development as a therapeutic or prophylactic treatment for severe EV71 infection.
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhou SL, Ying XL, Han X, Sun XX, Jin Q, Yang F. Characterization of the enterovirus 71 VP1 protein as a vaccine candidate. J Med Virol 2014; 87:256-62. [PMID: 25043151 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an important agent responsible for hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), which can cause severe neurological complications and death in children. However, there is no specific treatment for EV71 infection, and a safe and effective vaccine is needed urgently. In this study, an effective and economical method for the production of EV71-VP1 protein was developed, and the VP1 protein was evaluated in humoral and cellular immune responses as an EV71 vaccine. The results revealed that the VP1 protein induced high titers of cross-neutralizing antibodies for different EV71 subtypes, and elicited significant splenocyte proliferation. The high levels of IFN-r and IL-10 showed the VP1 protein induced a mixed Th1 and Th2 immune response. Vaccinated female mice could confer protection in their neonatal offspring. Compared with the inactivated EV71, the VP1 protein elicited similar humoral and cellular responses, but the engineered protein is safer, less expensive and can be produced more efficiently. Therefore, EV71-VP1 protein can induce effective immunologic protection against EV71 and is an ideal candidate against EV71 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Li Zhou
- College of Life Science, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Coxsackievirus A 16 infection does not interfere with the specific immune response induced by an enterovirus 71 inactivated vaccine in rhesus monkeys. Vaccine 2014; 32:4436-4442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
33
|
Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Yu R, Zhang X, Wu S, Liu J, Chi X, Song X, Fu L, Yu Y, Hou L, Chen W. Enterovirus 71 inhibits cellular type I interferon signaling by downregulating JAK1 protein expression. Viral Immunol 2014; 27:267-76. [PMID: 24905060 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2013.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection can cause severe disease and lead to death in children. Recurring outbreaks of EV71 have been reported in several countries. Interferons (IFNs) have been used for decades to treat several types of viral infection, but have a limited ability to inhibit EV71 replication. Herein, we intend to investigate the mechanisms by which EV71 inhibits the cellular type I IFN response. In this study, MRC-5 (human embryonic lung fibroblast) or RD (human rhabdomyosarcoma) cells were infected with EV71, and then treated with or without IFN-α2b. Cells were harvested and analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the level of IFNAR1. Cell lysis were prepared to detect the levels of STAT1, STAT2, phosphorylated STAT1, phosphorylated STAT2, IFNAR1, JAK1, and TYK2 by Western blotting. The phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2 induced by IFN were inhibited without significant downregulation of IFNAR1 in EV71-infected cells. The EV71-induced suppression of STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation was not rescued by the protein tyrosine phosphatases inhibitor, and was independent of suppressor of cytokine signaling protein 1/3 levels. The phosphorylation of JAK1 and TYK2 were inhibited accompanied by EV71-induced downregulation of JAK1, which occurred at a post-transcriptional level and was proteasome independent. JAK1 expression did not decrease, and IFN-α-stimulated STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation were not blocked in HEK293T cells overexpressing the EV71 viral protein 2A or 3C. This study demonstrates that EV71 inhibits the cellular type I IFN antiviral pathway by downregulating JAK1, while the expression of IFNAR1 does not significantly alter in EV71-infected cells. Additionally, the EV71 viral proteins 2A and 3C do not act as antagonists of cellular type I IFN signaling.
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu W, Wu S, Xiong Y, Li T, Wen Z, Yan M, Qin K, Liu Y, Wu J. Co-circulation and genomic recombination of coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus 71 during a large outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Central China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96051. [PMID: 24776922 PMCID: PMC4002479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 1844 patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), most of them were children of age 1–3-year-old, in Central China were hospitalized from 2011 to 2012. Among them, 422 were infected with coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), 334 were infected with enterovirus 71 (EV71), 38 were co-infected with EV71 and CVA16, and 35 were infected with other enteroviruses. Molecular epidemiology analysis revealed that EV71 and CVA16 were detected year-round, but EV71 circulated mainly in July and CVA16 circulated predominantly in November, and incidence of HFMD was reduced in January and February and increased in March. Clinical data showed that hyperglycemia and neurologic complications were significantly higher in EV71-infected patients, while upper respiratory tract infection and C-reactive protein were significantly higher in CVA16-associated patients. 124 EV71 and 80 CVA16 strains were isolated, among them 56 and 68 EV71 strains were C4a and C4b, while 25 and 55 CVA16 strains were B1a and B1b, respectively. Similarity plots and bootscan analyses based on entire genomic sequences revealed that the three C4a sub-genotype EV71 strains were recombinant with C4b sub-genotype EV71 in 2B–2C region, and the three CVA16 strains were recombinant with EV71 in 2A–2B region. Thus, CVA16 and EV71 were the major causative agents in a large HFMD outbreak in Central China. HFMD incidence was high for children among household contact and was detected year-round, but outbreak was seasonal dependent. CVA16 B1b and EV71 C4b reemerged and caused a large epidemic in China after a quiet period of many years. Moreover, EV71 and CVA16 were co-circulated during the outbreak, which may have contributed to the genomic recombination between the pathogens. It should gain more attention as there may be an upward trend in co-circulation of the two pathogens globally and the new role recombination plays in the emergence of new enterovirus variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shimin Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Medical Treatment Center, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhe Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingle Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JW); (YL)
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JW); (YL)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zueva KJ, Lumme J, Veselov AE, Kent MP, Lien S, Primmer CR. Footprints of directional selection in wild Atlantic salmon populations: evidence for parasite-driven evolution? PLoS One 2014; 9:e91672. [PMID: 24670947 PMCID: PMC3966780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of host-parasite co-adaptation have long been of interest in evolutionary biology; however, determining the genetic basis of parasite resistance has been challenging. Current advances in genome technologies provide new opportunities for obtaining a genome-scale view of the action of parasite-driven natural selection in wild populations and thus facilitate the search for specific genomic regions underlying inter-population differences in pathogen response. European populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) exhibit natural variance in susceptibility levels to the ectoparasite Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg 1957, ranging from resistance to extreme susceptibility, and are therefore a good model for studying the evolution of virulence and resistance. However, distinguishing the molecular signatures of genetic drift and environment-associated selection in small populations such as land-locked Atlantic salmon populations presents a challenge, specifically in the search for pathogen-driven selection. We used a novel genome-scan analysis approach that enabled us to i) identify signals of selection in salmon populations affected by varying levels of genetic drift and ii) separate potentially selected loci into the categories of pathogen (G. salaris)-driven selection and selection acting upon other environmental characteristics. A total of 4631 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were screened in Atlantic salmon from 12 different northern European populations. We identified three genomic regions potentially affected by parasite-driven selection, as well as three regions presumably affected by salinity-driven directional selection. Functional annotation of candidate SNPs is consistent with the role of the detected genomic regions in immune defence and, implicitly, in osmoregulation. These results provide new insights into the genetic basis of pathogen susceptibility in Atlantic salmon and will enable future searches for the specific genes involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia J. Zueva
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jaakko Lumme
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alexey E. Veselov
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre of RAS, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Matthew P. Kent
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE) and Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Sigbjørn Lien
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE) and Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cryo-electron microscopy study of insect cell-expressed enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 virus-like particles provides a structural basis for vaccine development. J Virol 2014; 88:6444-52. [PMID: 24672036 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00200-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) are the two most common etiological agents responsible for the epidemics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), a childhood illness with occasional severe neurological complications. A number of vaccine candidates against EV71 or CA16 have been reported; however, no vaccine is currently available for clinical use. Here, we generated a secreted version of EV71 and CA16 virus-like particles (VLPs) using a baculovirus-insect cell expression system and reconstructed the three-dimensional (3D) structures of both VLPs by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) single-particle analysis at 5.2-Å and 5.5-Å resolutions, respectively. The reconstruction results showed that the cryo-EM structures of EV71 and CA16 VLPs highly resemble the recently published crystal structures for EV71 natural empty particles and CA16 135S-like expanded particles, respectively. Our cryo-EM analysis also revealed that the majority of previously identified linear neutralizing epitopes are well preserved on the surface of EV71 and CA16 VLPs. In addition, both VLPs were able to induce efficiently neutralizing antibodies against various strains of EV71 and CA16 viruses in mouse immunization. These studies provide a structural basis for the development of insect cell-expressed VLP vaccines and for a potential bivalent VLP vaccine against both EV71- and CA16-associated HFMD. IMPORTANCE The recent outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in the Asia Pacific region spurred the search for effective vaccines against EV71 and CA16 viruses, the two most common etiological agents responsible for HFMD. In this paper, we show that secreted versions of EV71 and CA16 VLPs generated in the baculovirus-insect cell expression system highly resemble the crystal structures of their viral conterparts and that the majority of previously identified linear neutralizing epitopes are well preserved on the VLP surfaces. In addition, the generated VLPs can efficiently induce neutralizing antibodies against various strains of EV71 and CA16 viruses in mouse immunization. These studies provide a structural basis for the development of insect cell-expressed VLP vaccines and for a potential bivalent VLP vaccine against both EV71- and CA16-associated HFMD.
Collapse
|
37
|
Li JX, Mao QY, Liang ZL, Ji H, Zhu FC. Development of enterovirus 71 vaccines: from the lab bench to Phase III clinical trials. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:609-18. [PMID: 24621093 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.897617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The widespread epidemics of enterovirus 71 (EV71) seriously affected the Western Pacific Region. Young children, especially those younger than 3 years are the most susceptible population to the EV71-associated diseases. Several Asian countries have begun to focus on the research and development of EV71 vaccines. Five inactivated whole-virus EV71 candidate vaccines (three were manufactured in mainland China based on a C4 genotype strain, one in Taiwan based on a B4 genotype strain and one in Singapore based on a B2 genotype strain) have been assessed in clinical trials. Three candidate vaccines developed in mainland China have already completed Phase III clinical trials recently. The tested EV71 vaccine could provide good efficacy, satisfactory safety, and high immunogenicity. Thus, inactivated EV71 vaccines are expected to become the first available vaccines against EV71 in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University and National Engineering Research Center for Immunological Products, Chongqing, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Han J, Wang Y, Gan X, Song J, Sun P, Dong XP. Serum cytokine profiles of children with human enterovirus 71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1377-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University); National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University); National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing China
| | - Xing Gan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University); National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing China
| | - Juan Song
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University); National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University); National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University); National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yang E, Cheng C, Zhang Y, Wang J, Che Y, Pu J, Dong C, Liu L, He Z, Lu S, Zhao Y, Jiang L, Liao Y, Shao C, Li Q. Comparative study of the immunogenicity in mice and monkeys of an inactivated CA16 vaccine made from a human diploid cell line. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1266-73. [PMID: 24583556 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The coxsackie A16 virus (CA16), along with enterovirus 71 (EV71), is a primary pathogen that causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). To control HFMD, CA16, and EV71 vaccines are needed. In this study, an experimental inactivated CA16 vaccine was prepared using human diploid cells, and the vaccine's immunogenicity was analyzed in mice and rhesus monkeys. The results showed that the neutralizing antibody was developed in a dose-dependent manner, and was sustained for 70 days with an average GMT (geometric mean titer) level of 80 to 90 in immunized mouse and for 56 days with GMT of higher than 300 in monkeys. The neutralizing antibody had a cross-neutralizing activity against different viral strains (genotype A and B), and the specific IFN-γ-secreting cell response was activated by these virus strains in an ELISPOT assay. This study provides evidence for the potential use of inactivated CA16 as a candidate for use in vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erxia Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Kunming, PR China; Jiangsu Convac Biotechnology Co., Ltd; Taizhou Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chen Cheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Kunming, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Kunming, PR China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Kunming, PR China
| | - Yanchun Che
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Kunming, PR China
| | - Jing Pu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Kunming, PR China
| | - Chenghong Dong
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Kunming, PR China
| | - Longding Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Kunming, PR China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Kunming, PR China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Kunming, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Kunming, PR China
| | - Li Jiang
- Jiangsu Convac Biotechnology Co., Ltd; Taizhou Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yun Liao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Kunming, PR China
| | - Congwen Shao
- Jiangsu Convac Biotechnology Co., Ltd; Taizhou Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qihan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Kunming, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li R, Liu L, Mo Z, Wang X, Xia J, Liang Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Mao Q, Wang J, Jiang L, Dong C, Che Y, Huang T, Jiang Z, Xie Z, Wang L, Liao Y, Liang Y, Nong Y, Liu J, Zhao H, Na R, Guo L, Pu J, Yang E, Sun L, Cui P, Shi H, Wang J, Li Q. An inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine in healthy children. N Engl J Med 2014; 370:829-37. [PMID: 24571755 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1303224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children and may be fatal. A vaccine against EV71 is needed. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial involving healthy children 6 to 71 months of age in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Two doses of an inactivated EV71 vaccine or placebo were administered intramuscularly, with a 4-week interval between doses, and children were monitored for up to 11 months. The primary end point was protection against hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by EV71. RESULTS A total of 12,000 children were randomly assigned to receive vaccine or placebo. Serum neutralizing antibodies were assessed in 549 children who received the vaccine. The seroconversion rate was 100% 4 weeks after the two vaccinations, with a geometric mean titer of 170.6. Over the course of two epidemic seasons, the vaccine efficacy was 97.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 92.9 to 99.0) according to the intention-to-treat analysis and 97.3% (95% CI, 92.6 to 99.0) according to the per-protocol analysis. Adverse events, such as fever (which occurred in 41.6% of the participants who received vaccine vs. 35.2% of those who received placebo), were significantly more common in the week after vaccination among children who received the vaccine than among those who received placebo. CONCLUSIONS The inactivated EV71 vaccine elicited EV71-specific immune responses and protection against EV71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease. (Funded by the National Basic Research Program and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01569581.).
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Child, Preschool
- China
- Double-Blind Method
- Enterovirus A, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus A, Human/immunology
- Female
- Fever/etiology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/epidemiology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/immunology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/prevention & control
- Humans
- Infant
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Male
- Vaccines, Inactivated
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/adverse effects
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongcheng Li
- From Guangxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning (R.L., Z.M., Y. Li, T.H., Y.N.), Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming (L.L., Y.Z., Jingjing Wang, L.J., C.D., Y.C., Z.X., L.W., Y. Liao, Y. Liang, J.L., H.Z., R.N., L.G., J.P., E.Y., L.S., P.C., H.S., Q.L.), Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, Ministries of Education and Health, and the Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai (X.W.), Department of Health Statistics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an (J.X., Z.J.), and National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing (Z.L., Q.M., Junzhi Wang) - all in China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang Y, Yang E, Pu J, Liu L, Che Y, Wang J, Liao Y, Wang L, Ding D, Zhao T, Ma N, Song M, Wang X, Shen D, Tang D, Huang H, Zhang Z, Chen D, Feng M, Li Q. The gene expression profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from EV71-infected rhesus infants and the significance in viral pathogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83766. [PMID: 24392094 PMCID: PMC3879270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major pathogen responsible for fatal hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Our previous work reported on an EV71-infected rhesus monkey infant model that presented with histo-pathologic changes of the central nervous system (CNS) and lungs. This study is focused on the correlated modulation of gene expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from EV71-infected rhesus monkey infants. The expression of more than 500 functional genes associated with multiple pathways was modulated. The expression of genes associated with immune inflammatory responses was up-regulated during the period from days 4 to 10 post-infection. The expression of two genes (TAC1 and IL17A), which play major roles in inflammatory reactions, was remarkably up-regulated during the infection period. Furthermore, a higher expression level of the TAC1 gene was identified in the CNS compared to the lungs, but a high expression level of the IL-17A gene was observed in the lungs and not in the CNS. The results of this study suggest at least two facts about EV71 infection, which are that: the TAC1 gene that encodes substance P and neurokinin-A is present in both PBMCs and the hypothalamus; and the up-regulation of IL-17A is sustained in the peripheral blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Erxia Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Pu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Longding Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yanchun Che
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Dong Ding
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Na Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Ming Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Dong Shen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Donghong Tang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Hongtai Huang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Zhixiao Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Dai Chen
- Department of Bioinformatic analyses, Novel Bioinformatics Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingfei Feng
- Department of Bioinformatic analyses, Novel Bioinformatics Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhao M, Bai Y, Liu W, Xiao X, Huang Y, Cen S, Chan PKS, Sun X, Sheng W, Zeng Y. Immunization of N terminus of enterovirus 71 VP4 elicits cross-protective antibody responses. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:287. [PMID: 24320792 PMCID: PMC4029445 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is major cause of hand, foot and mouth disease. Large epidemics of EV71 infection have been recently reported in the Asian-Pacific region. Currently, no vaccine is available to prevent EV71 infection. RESULTS The peptide (VP4N20) consisting of the first 20 amino acids at the N-terminal of VP4 of EV71 genotype C4 were fused to hepatitis B core (HBcAg) protein. Expression of fusion proteins in E. coli resulted in the formation of chimeric virus-like particles (VLPs). Mice immunized with the chimeric VLPs elicited anti-VP4N20 antibody response. In vitro microneutralization experiments showed that anti-chimeric VLPs sera were able to neutralize not only EV71 of genotype C4 but also EV71 of genotype A. Neonatal mice model confirmed the neutralizing ability of anti-chimeric VLPs sera. Eiptope mapping led to the identification of a "core sequence" responsible for antibody recognition within the peptide. CONCLUSIONS Immunization of chimeric VLPs is able to elicit antibodies displaying a broad neutralizing activity against different genotypes of EV71 in vitro. The "core sequence" of EV71-VP4 is highly conserved across EV71 genotypes. The chimeric VLPs have a great potential to be a novel vaccine candidate with a broad cross-protection against different EV71 genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin Sun
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, PR China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Evaluation of the stability of enterovirus 71 virus-like particle. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 117:366-71. [PMID: 24140131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is responsible for the outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease that caused significant mortality in children, but no vaccine is available yet. EV71 virus-like particle (VLP) is the empty capsid consisting of viral structural proteins but can elicit potent immune responses, rendering VLP a promising EV71 vaccine candidate. To evaluate whether VLP remains stable after long-term storage, which is crucial for advancing the VLP vaccine to the clinical setting, we evaluated the effects of NaCl concentration, buffers and temperatures on the VLP stability. We first validated the use of dynamic light scattering (DLS) for measuring the hydrodynamic diameter (≈30-35 nm) of VLP, which was close to the VLP diameter (≈25-27 nm) as measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Using these techniques, we found that EV71 VLP remained stable for 5 months in sodium phosphate (NaPi) buffers with various NaCl concentrations. EV71 VLP also remained morphologically stable in NaPi, citrate and TE(+) buffers for 5 months, yet the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that the VLP stored in citrate and TE(+) buffers partially lost the immunogenicity after 5 months. In contrast, the VLP stored in the NaPi buffer at 4°C remained stable macroscopically and microscopically for 5 months, as judged from the DLS, TEM and ELISA. The VLP stored at 25°C and 37°C also retained stability for 1 month, which would obviate the need of a cold chain during the shipping. These data altogether proved the stability of EV71 VLP and suggested that the VLP is amenable to bioprocessing and storage.
Collapse
|
44
|
Immunogenicity, safety, and lot consistency of a novel inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine in Chinese children aged 6 to 59 months. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1805-11. [PMID: 24108780 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00491-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The determination of lot-to-lot consistency in the manufacturing process is a mandatory step in the clinical development of the novel enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine. A phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial assessed the lot consistency, immunogenicity, and safety of the EV71 vaccine in children aged 6 to 59 months. Healthy children (n = 1,400) received one of three lots of the EV71 vaccine containing 400 U of EV71 antigen or a placebo at days 0 and 28. Blood samples were collected before dose 1 and at 28 days after dose 2 (day 56) for an anti-EV71 neutralizing antibody (NTAb) assay. The geometric mean titer (GMT) and the seropositivity rates (with titers of ≥1:8) were compared at day 56. After each dose, the solicited injection site and general adverse events (AEs) were recorded for 7 days, and unsolicited AEs were recorded for 28 days. At day 56, the seropositivity rates ranged from 99.7% to 100% for the vaccine groups. The NTAb GMTs for the vaccine were 140.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 117.8 to 167.1), 141.5 (95% CI, 118.0 to 169.6), and 146.6 (95% CI, 122.5 to 175.3). The two-sided 95% CI of the log difference in GMTs between the pairs of lots were between -0.176 and 0.176, therefore meeting the predefined equivalence criteria. The percentages of subjects reporting any injection site AEs, general AEs, or serious AEs were similar across the four vaccination groups. In conclusion, the demonstration of consistency between the manufacturing lots confirms for the purposes of clinical development the reliability of the EV71 vaccine production process. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01636245.).
Collapse
|
45
|
Demasius W, Weikard R, Hadlich F, Müller KE, Kühn C. Monitoring the immune response to vaccination with an inactivated vaccine associated to bovine neonatal pancytopenia by deep sequencing transcriptome analysis in cattle. Vet Res 2013; 44:93. [PMID: 24099437 PMCID: PMC3851820 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP) is a new fatal, alloimmune/alloantibody mediated disease of new-born calves induced by ingestion of colostrum from cows, which had been vaccinated with a specific vaccine against the Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV). The hypothesis of pathogenic MHC class I molecules in the vaccine had been put up, but no formal proof of specific causal MHC class I alleles has been provided yet. However, the unique features of the vaccine obviously result in extremely high specific antibody titres in the vaccinated animals, but apparently also in further molecules inducing BNP. Thus, a comprehensive picture of the immune response to the vaccine is essential. Applying the novel approach of next generation RNA sequencing (RNAseq), our study provides a new holistic, comprehensive analysis of the blood transcriptome regulation after vaccination with the specific BVDV vaccine. Our RNAseq approach identified a novel cytokine-like gene in the bovine genome that is highly upregulated after vaccination. This gene has never been described before in any other species and might be specific to ruminant immune response. Furthermore, our data revealed a very coordinated immune response to double-stranded (ds) RNA or a dsRNA analogue after vaccination with the inactivated single-stranded (ss) RNA vaccine. This would suggest either a substantial contamination of the vaccine with dsRNA from host cells after virus culture or a dsRNA analogue applied to the vaccine. The first option would highlight the potential risks associated with virus culture on homologous cells during vaccine production; the latter option would emphasise the potential risks associated with immune stimulating adjuvants used in vaccine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Demasius
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Li YP, Liang ZL, Xia JL, Wu JY, Wang L, Song LF, Mao QY, Wen SQ, Huang RG, Hu YS, Yao X, Miao X, Wu X, Li RC, Wang JZ, Yin WD. Immunogenicity, Safety, and Immune Persistence of a Novel Inactivated Human Enterovirus 71 Vaccine: A Phase II, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:46-55. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
47
|
Liang ZL, Mao QY, Wang YP, Zhu FC, Li JX, Yao X, Gao F, Wu X, Xu M, Wang JZ. Progress on the research and development of inactivated EV71 whole-virus vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1701-5. [PMID: 23744508 PMCID: PMC3906269 DOI: 10.4161/hv.24949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diseases caused by EV71 infection has become a serious public health problem in the Western Pacific region. Due to a lack of effective treatment options, controlling EV71 epidemics has mainly focused on the research and development (R&D) of EV71 vaccines. Thus far, five organizations have completed pre-clinical studies focused on the development of inactivated EV71 whole-virus vaccines, including vaccine strain screening, process optimization, safety and immunogenicity evaluation, and are in different stages of clinical trials. Among these organizations, three companies in Mainland China [Beijing Vigoo Biological Co., Ltd. (Vigoo), Sinovac Biotech Ltd. (Sinovac) and Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS)] have recently completed Phase III trials for the vaccines they developed. In addition, the other two vaccines, developed by National Health Research Institutes (NHRI) of Taiwan and Inviragen Pte., Ltd (Inviragen), of Singapore, have also completed Phase I clinical trials. Published clinical trial results indicate that the inactivated EV71 vaccines have good safety and immunogenicity in the target population (infants) and confer a relatively high rate of protection against EV71 infection-related diseases. The results of clinical trials suggest a promising future for the clinical use of EV71 vaccines. Here, we review and highlight the recent progress on the R&D of inactivated EV71 whole-virus vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Lun Liang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qun-Ying Mao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Ping Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Cai Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Xin Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fan Gao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xing Wu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Miao Xu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Zhi Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Li HY, Han JF, Qin CF, Chen R. Virus-like particles for enterovirus 71 produced from Saccharomyces cerevisiae potently elicits protective immune responses in mice. Vaccine 2013; 31:3281-7. [PMID: 23726823 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is recognized as the leading causative agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) in the Asia-Pacific region in recent years. There are still no approved antiviral drugs or vaccines against EV71 infection yet. In this study, we have developed an advanced platform for production of the virus-like particles (VLPs) for EV71 in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae by co-expressing P1 and 3CD genes of EV71. These VLPs exhibited similar morphology and protein composition as EV71 empty particles produced from EV71-infected cells. Immunization with VLPs in mice elicited robust neutralization antibodies against EV71 and potent cellular immune response. In vivo challenge experiments showed that the immune sera induced by VLP conferred protection in neonate mice against lethal EV71 challenge. Together, our study indicated that VLP from yeast is another potential vaccine candidate against EV71 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|