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Borges BM, Ramos RBC, Preite NW, Kaminski VDL, Alves de Castro P, Camacho M, Maximo MF, Fill TP, Calich VLG, Traynor AM, Sarikaya-Bayram Ö, Doyle S, Bayram Ö, de Campos CBL, Zelanis A, Goldman GH, Loures FV. Transcriptional profiling of a fungal granuloma reveals a low metabolic activity of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts and an actively regulated host immune response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1268959. [PMID: 37868350 PMCID: PMC10585178 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1268959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulomas are important immunological structures in the host defense against the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the main etiologic agent of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a granulomatous systemic mycosis endemic in Latin America. We have performed transcriptional and proteomic studies of yeasts present in the pulmonary granulomas of PCM aiming to identify relevant genes and proteins that act under stressing conditions. C57BL/6 mice were infected with 1x106 yeasts and after 8- and 12-weeks of infection, granulomatous lesions were obtained for extraction of fungal and murine RNAs and fungal proteins. Dual transcriptional profiling was done comparing lung cells and P. brasiliensis yeasts from granulomas with uninfected lung cells and the original yeast suspension used in the infection, respectively. Mouse transcripts indicated a lung malfunction, with low expression of genes related to muscle contraction and organization. In addition, an increased expression of transcripts related to the activity of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes as well as an elevated expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17 transcripts were observed. The increased expression of transcripts for CTLA-4, PD-1 and arginase-1, provided evidence of immune regulatory mechanisms within the granulomatous lesions. Also, our results indicate iron as a key element for the granuloma to function, where a high number of transcripts related to fungal siderophores for iron uptake was observed, a mechanism of fungal virulence not previously described in granulomas. Furthermore, transcriptomics and proteomics analyzes indicated a low fungal activity within the granuloma, as demonstrated by the decreased expression of genes and proteins related to energy metabolism and cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Montanari Borges
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Berton Correia Ramos
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Nycolas Willian Preite
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Alves de Castro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maurício Camacho
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Taicia Pacheco Fill
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Garcia Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aimee M. Traynor
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - Sean Doyle
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Özgür Bayram
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - André Zelanis
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H. Goldman
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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2
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Pruksaphon K, Amsri A, Thammasit P, Nosanchuk JD, Youngchim S. Extracellular vesicles derived from Talaromyces marneffei contain immunogenic compounds and modulate THP-1 macrophage responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192326. [PMID: 37457708 PMCID: PMC10339390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic eukaryotes including fungi release extracellular vesicles (EVs) which are composed of a variety of bioactive components, including peptides, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and membrane lipids. EVs contain virulence-associated molecules suggesting a crucial role of these structures in disease pathogenesis. EVs derived from the pathogenic yeast phase of Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei, a causative agent of systemic opportunistic mycoses "talaromycosis," were studied for their immunogenic components and immunomodulatory properties. Some important virulence factors in EVs including fungal melanin and yeast phase specific mannoprotein were determined by immunoblotting. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy revealed that T. marneffei EVs were internalized by THP-1 human macrophages. Co-incubation of T. marneffei EVs with THP-1 human macrophages resulted in increased levels of supernatant interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-10. The expression of THP-1 macrophage surface CD86 was significantly increased after exposed to T. marneffei EVs. These findings support the hypothesis that fungal EVs play an important role in macrophage "classical" M1 polarization. T. marneffei EVs preparations also increased phagocytosis, suggesting that EV components stimulate THP-1 macrophages to produce effective antimicrobial compounds. In addition, T. marneffei EVs stimulated THP-1 macrophages were more effective at killing T. marneffei conidia. These results indicate that T. marneffei EVs can potently modulate macrophage functions, resulting in the activation of these innate immune cells to enhance their antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritsada Pruksaphon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Artid Amsri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Patcharin Thammasit
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sirida Youngchim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Razi S, Yaghmoorian Khojini J, Kargarijam F, Panahi S, Tahershamsi Z, Tajbakhsh A, Gheibihayat SM. Macrophage efferocytosis in health and disease. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:152-165. [PMID: 36794573 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Creating cellular homeostasis within a defined tissue typically relates to the processes of apoptosis and efferocytosis. A great example here is cell debris that must be removed to prevent unwanted inflammatory responses and then reduce autoimmunity. In view of that, defective efferocytosis is often assumed to be responsible for the improper clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs). This predicament triggers off inflammation and even results in disease development. Any disruption of phagocytic receptors, molecules as bridging groups, or signaling routes can also inhibit macrophage efferocytosis and lead to the impaired clearance of the apoptotic body. In this line, macrophages as professional phagocytic cells take the lead in the efferocytosis process. As well, insufficiency in macrophage efferocytosis facilitates the spread of a wide variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, kidney problems, types of cancer, asthma, and the like. Establishing the functions of macrophages in this respect can be thus useful in the treatment of many diseases. Against this background, this review aimed to recapitulate the knowledge about the mechanisms related to macrophage polarization under physiological or pathological conditions, and shed light on its interaction with efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokufeh Razi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Yaghmoorian Khojini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fateme Kargarijam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Advanced Technology in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Susan Panahi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zahra Tahershamsi
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Munich, Germany
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4
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Rastall RA, Diez-Municio M, Forssten SD, Hamaker B, Meynier A, Moreno FJ, Respondek F, Stah B, Venema K, Wiese M. Structure and function of non-digestible carbohydrates in the gut microbiome. Benef Microbes 2022; 13:95-168. [PMID: 35729770 DOI: 10.3920/bm2021.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Together with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of the macronutrients in the human diet. Digestible carbohydrates, such as starch, starch-based products, sucrose, lactose, glucose and some sugar alcohols and unusual (and fairly rare) α-linked glucans, directly provide us with energy while other carbohydrates including high molecular weight polysaccharides, mainly from plant cell walls, provide us with dietary fibre. Carbohydrates which are efficiently digested in the small intestine are not available in appreciable quantities to act as substrates for gut bacteria. Some oligo- and polysaccharides, many of which are also dietary fibres, are resistant to digestion in the small intestines and enter the colon where they provide substrates for the complex bacterial ecosystem that resides there. This review will focus on these non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) and examine their impact on the gut microbiota and their physiological impact. Of particular focus will be the potential of non-digestible carbohydrates to act as prebiotics, but the review will also evaluate direct effects of NDC on human cells and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Rastall
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - M Diez-Municio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - S D Forssten
- IFF Health & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - B Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009, USA
| | - A Meynier
- Nutrition Research, Mondelez France R&D SAS, 6 rue René Razel, 91400 Saclay, France
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Respondek
- Tereos, Zoning Industriel Portuaire, 67390 Marckolsheim, France
| | - B Stah
- Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K Venema
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University - campus Venlo, St. Jansweg 20, 5928 RC Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - M Wiese
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, the Netherlands
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5
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Diep AL, Tejeda-Garibay S, Miranda N, Hoyer KK. Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Activation and Polarization in Response to Coccidioidesposadasii Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080630. [PMID: 34436169 PMCID: PMC8397226 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal, respiratory disease caused by Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. The host immune responses that define disease outcome during infection are largely unknown, although T helper responses are required. Adaptive immunity is influenced by innate immunity as antigen-presenting cells activate and educate adaptive responses. Macrophage and dendritic cell (DC) recognition of pathogen surface molecules are critical for Coccidioides clearance. We characterize the broad innate immune responses to Coccidioides by analyzing macrophage and dendritic cell responses to Coccidioides arthroconidia using avirulent, vaccine Coccidioides strain NR-166 (Δcts2/Δard1/Δcts3), developed from parental virulent strain C735. We developed a novel flow cytometry-based method to analyze macrophage phagocytosis to complement traditional image-scoring methods. Our study found that macrophage polarization is blocked at M0 phase and activation reduced, while DCs polarize into proinflammatory DC1s, but not anti-inflammatory DC2, following interaction with Coccidioides. However, DCs exhibit a contact-dependent reduced activation to Coccidioides as defined by co-expression of MHC-II and CD86. In vivo, only modest DC1/DC2 recruitment and activation was observed with avirulent Coccidioides infection. In conclusion, the vaccine Coccidioides strain recruited a mixed DC population in vivo, while in vitro data suggest active innate immune cell inhibition by Coccidioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh L. Diep
- Quantitative Systems Biology Graduate Programme, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA; (A.L.D.); (S.T.-G.); (N.M.)
| | - Susana Tejeda-Garibay
- Quantitative Systems Biology Graduate Programme, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA; (A.L.D.); (S.T.-G.); (N.M.)
| | - Nadia Miranda
- Quantitative Systems Biology Graduate Programme, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA; (A.L.D.); (S.T.-G.); (N.M.)
| | - Katrina K. Hoyer
- Quantitative Systems Biology Graduate Programme, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA; (A.L.D.); (S.T.-G.); (N.M.)
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(209)-228-4229
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6
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Liu J, Geng X, Hou J, Wu G. New insights into M1/M2 macrophages: key modulators in cancer progression. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:389. [PMID: 34289846 PMCID: PMC8296555 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of macrophages in and around tumor nest represents one of the most crucial hallmarks during tumor progression. The mutual interactions with tumor cells and stromal microenvironment contribute to phenotypically polarization of tumor associated macrophages. Macrophages consist of at least two subgroups, M1 and M2. M1 phenotype macrophages are tumor-resistant due to intrinsic phagocytosis and enhanced antitumor inflammatory reactions. Contrastingly, M2 are endowed with a repertoire of tumor-promoting capabilities involving immuno-suppression, angiogenesis and neovascularization, as well as stromal activation and remodeling. The functional signature of M2 incorporates location-related, mutually connected, and cascade-like reactions, thereby accelerating paces of tumor aggressiveness and metastasis. In this review, mechanisms underlying the distinct functional characterization of M1 and M2 macrophages are demonstrated to make sense of M1 and M2 as key regulators during cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyang Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiafei Geng
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxuan Hou
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Gaosong Wu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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7
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Żelechowska P, Brzezińska-Błaszczyk E, Różalska S, Agier J, Kozłowska E. Mannan activates tissue native and IgE-sensitized mast cells to proinflammatory response and chemotaxis in TLR4-dependent manner. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 109:931-942. [PMID: 33047839 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0720-452r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells take part in host defense against microorganisms as they are numerous at the portal of infection, exert several essential mechanisms of pathogen destruction, and they express pattern recognition receptors. Accumulating evidence indicates that these cells are involved in the control and clearance of bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections, but much less is known about their contribution in defense against fungi. The study was aimed to establish whether mannan, which comprises an outermost layer and major structural constituent of the fungal cell wall, may directly stimulate tissue mast cells to the antifungal response. Our findings indicate that mannan activates mast cells isolated from the rat peritoneal cavity to initiate the proinflammatory response. We found that mannan stimulates mast cells to release histamine and to generate cysteinyl leukotrienes, cytokines (IFN-γ, GM-CSF, TNF), and chemokines (CCL2, CCL3). It also increased the mRNA expression of various cytokines/chemokines. We also documented that mannan strongly activates mast cells to generate reactive oxygen species and serves as a potent chemoattractant for these cells. Furthermore, we established that mannan-induced activity of mast cells is mediated via TLR4 with the involvement of the spleen tyrosine kinase molecule. Taking together, our results clearly support the idea that mast cells act as sentinel cells and crucially determine the course of the immune response during fungal infection. Additionally, presented data on IgE-coated mast cells suggest that exposure to fungal mannan could influence the severity of IgE-dependent diseases, including allergic ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Żelechowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Brzezińska-Błaszczyk
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Różalska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna Agier
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kozłowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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8
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de Araújo EF, Loures FV, Preite NW, Feriotti C, Galdino NA, Costa TA, Calich VLG. AhR Ligands Modulate the Differentiation of Innate Lymphoid Cells and T Helper Cell Subsets That Control the Severity of a Pulmonary Fungal Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630938. [PMID: 33936043 PMCID: PMC8085362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In agreement with other fungal infections, immunoprotection in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is mediated by Th1/Th17 cells whereas disease progression by prevalent Th2/Th9 immunity. Treg cells play a dual role, suppressing immunity but also controlling excessive tissue inflammation. Our recent studies have demonstrated that the enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) and the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) play an important role in the immunoregulation of PCM. To further evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of AhR in this fungal infection, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infected mice were treated with two different AhR agonists, L-Kynurenin (L-Kyn) or 6-formylindole [3,2-b] carbazole (FICZ), and one AhR specific antagonist (CH223191). The disease severity and immune response of treated and untreated mice were assessed 96 hours and 2 weeks after infection. Some similar effects on host response were shared by FICZ and L-Kyn, such as the reduced fungal loads, decreased numbers of CD11c+ lung myeloid cells expressing activation markers (IA, CD40, CD80, CD86), and early increased expression of IDO and AhR. In contrast, the AhR antagonist CH223191 induced increased fungal loads, increased number of pulmonary CD11c+ leukocytes expressing activation markers, and a reduction in AhR and IDO production. While FICZ treatment promoted large increases in ILC3, L-Kyn and CH223191 significantly reduced this cell population. Each of these AhR ligands induced a characteristic adaptive immunity. The large expansion of FICZ-induced myeloid, lymphoid, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) led to the increased expansion of all CD4+ T cell subpopulations (Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22, and Treg), but with a clear predominance of Th17 and Th22 subsets. On the other hand, L-Kyn, that preferentially activated plasmacytoid DCs, reduced Th1/Th22 development but caused a robust expansion of Treg cells. The AhR antagonist CH223191 induced a preferential expansion of myeloid DCs, reduced the number of Th1, Th22, and Treg cells, but increased Th17 differentiation. In conclusion, the present study showed that the pathogen loads and the immune response in pulmonary PCM can be modulated by AhR ligands. However, further studies are needed to define the possible use of these compounds as adjuvant therapy for this fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu F de Araújo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V Loures
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nycolas W Preite
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Feriotti
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nayane Al Galdino
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia A Costa
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera L G Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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de Oliveira SAM, Reis JN, Catão E, Amaral AC, Souza ACO, Ribeiro AM, Faccioli LH, Carneiro FP, Marina CLF, Bürgel PH, Fernandes L, Tavares AH, Bocca AL. β2 Integrin-Mediated Susceptibility to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Experimental Infection in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:622899. [PMID: 33796477 PMCID: PMC8007971 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.622899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest interaction between macrophages and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is particularly important in paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) progression, and surface proteins play a central role in this process. The present study investigated the contribution of β2 integrin in P. brasiliensis-macrophage interaction and PCM progression. We infected β2-low expression (CD18low) and wild type (WT) mice with P. brasiliensis 18. Disease progression was evaluated for fungal burden, lung granulomatous lesions, nitrate levels, and serum antibody production. Besides, the in vitro capacity of macrophages to internalize and kill fungal yeasts was investigated. Our results revealed that CD18low mice infected with Pb18 survived during the time analyzed; their lungs showed fewer granulomas, a lower fungal load, lower levels of nitrate, and production of high levels of IgG1 in comparison to WT animals. Our results revealed that in vitro macrophages from CD18low mice slowly internalized yeast cells, showing a lower fungal burden compared to WT cells. The migration capacity of macrophages was compromised and showed a higher intensity in the lysosome signal when compared with WT mice. Our data suggest that β2 integrins play an important role in fungal survival inside macrophages, and once phagocytosed, the macrophage may serve as a protective environment for P. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Alberto Machado de Oliveira
- Molecular Pathology Graduation Course, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Janayna Nunes Reis
- Molecular Pathology Graduation Course, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Elisa Catão
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Andre Correa Amaral
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Brazil
| | - Ana Camila Oliveira Souza
- Molecular Pathology Graduation Course, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Alice Melo Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Faccioli
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Clara Luna Freitas Marina
- Molecular Biology Graduation Course, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Bürgel
- Molecular Biology Graduation Course, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Anamelia Lorenzetti Bocca
- Molecular Pathology Graduation Course, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Molecular Biology Graduation Course, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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10
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Unraveling the susceptibility of paracoccidioidomycosis: Insights towards the pathogen-immune interplay and immunogenetics. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 86:104586. [PMID: 33039601 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a life-threatening systemic mycosis caused by Paracoccidioides spp. This disease comprises three clinical forms: symptomatic acute and chronic forms (PCM disease) and PCM infection, a latent form without clinical symptoms. PCM disease differs markedly according to severity, clinical manifestations, and host immune response. Fungal virulence factors and adhesion molecules are determinants for entry, latency, immune escape and invasion, and dissemination in the host. Neutrophils and macrophages play a paramount role in first-line defense against the fungus through the recognition of antigens by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), activating their microbicidal machinery. Furthermore, the clinical outcome of the PCM is strongly associated with the variability of cytokines and immunoglobulins produced by T and B cells. While the mechanisms that mediate susceptibility or resistance to infection are dictated by the immune system, some genetic factors may alter gene expression and its final products and, hence, modulate how the organism responds to infection and injury. This review outlines the main findings relative to this topic, addressing the complexity of the immune response triggered by Paracoccidioides spp. infection from preclinical investigations to studies in humans. Here, we focus on mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis, the patterns of innate and adaptive immunity, and the genetic and molecular basis related to immune response and susceptibility to the development of the PCM and its clinical forms. Immunogenetic features such as HLA system, cytokines/cytokines receptors genes and other immune-related genes, and miRNAs are likewise discussed. Finally, we point out the occurrence of PCM in patients with primary immunodeficiencies and call attention to the research gaps and challenges faced by the PCM field.
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Pagliari C, Kanashiro-Galo L, Jesus ACC, Saldanha MG, Sotto MN. Paracoccidioidomycosis: characterization of subpopulations of macrophages and cytokines in human mucosal lesions. Med Mycol 2020; 57:757-763. [PMID: 30418569 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal lesions of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) are frequently described and clinically important. Macrophages are classified as M1 or M2. M1 are proinflammatory and M2 are related to chronicity. Dectin-1 recognizes β-glucan and plays an important role against fungal cells. The objective was to verify the presence of M1, M2, and dectin-1 and a possible correlation with Th1/Th2 cytokines in mucosal PCM lesions. In sum, 33 biopsies of oral PCM were submitted to histological and immunohistochemistry analysis, and positive cells were quantified. Eleven biopsies were characterized by compact granulomas (G1), 12 with loose granulomas (G2), and 10 with both kind of granulomas (G3). pSTAT-1 was equally increased in the three groups. G1 was characterized by an increased number of CD163+ macrophages. G2 presented similar number of arginase 1, iNOS, and CD163 expressing cells. G3 presented an increased number of cells expressing arginase 1 and CD163 over iNOS. G1 and G3 presented high number of cells expressing interferon (IFN)-γ; interleukin (IL) 5 was increased in G2 and G3; the expression of IL10 was similar among the three groups, and the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was higher in G3. G1 correlates to Th1 cytokines and pSTAT-1 and G2 correlates to Th2 cytokines. G3 presents both kinds of cytokines. We could not associate the expression of arginase-1, CD163, iNOS, and dectin-1 with the pattern of cytokines or kind of granuloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pagliari
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - L Kanashiro-Galo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A C C Jesus
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M G Saldanha
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - M N Sotto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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12
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Kirkland TN, Fierer J. Innate Immune Receptors and Defense Against Primary Pathogenic Fungi. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E303. [PMID: 32545735 PMCID: PMC7350247 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is critical for natural resistance to all pathogenic microorganisms, including fungi. The innate response plays a vital role in resistance to infections before the antigen-specific immune response and also influences antigen-specific adaptive immunity. There are many different receptors for the innate immune response to fungi, and some receptors have been found to play a significant role in the response to human infections with opportunistic fungi. Most human infections are caused by opportunistic fungi, but a small number of organisms are capable of causing infections in normal hosts. The primary pathogenic fungi that cause invasive infections include Blastomyces spp., Cryptococcus gattii, Coccidioides spp., Histoplasma spp., and Paracoccidioides spp. In this review of innate immune receptors that play a role in infections caused by these organisms, we find that innate immunity differs between organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo N. Kirkland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pathology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Joshua Fierer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pathology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USA;
- VA HealthCare San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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13
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Hey YY, O'Neill TJ, O'Neill HC. A novel myeloid cell in murine spleen defined through gene profiling. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:5128-5143. [PMID: 31210415 PMCID: PMC6653018 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel myeloid antigen presenting cell can be generated through in vitro haematopoiesis in long‐term splenic stromal cocultures. The in vivo equivalent subset was recently identified as phenotypically and functionally distinct from the spleen subsets of macrophages, conventional (c) dendritic cells (DC), resident monocytes, inflammatory monocytes and eosinophils. This novel subset which is myeloid on the basis of cell surface phenotype, but dendritic‐like on the basis of cell surface marker expression and antigen presenting function, has been tentatively labelled “L‐DC.” Transcriptome analysis has now been employed to determine the lineage relationship of this cell type with known splenic cDC and monocyte subsets. Principal components analysis showed separation of “L‐DC” and monocytes from cDC subsets in the second principal component. Hierarchical clustering then indicated a close lineage relationship between this novel subset, resident monocytes and inflammatory monocytes. Resident monocytes were the most closely aligned, with no genes specifically expressed by the novel subset. This subset, however, showed upregulation of genes reflecting both dendritic and myeloid lineages, with strong upregulation of several genes, particularly CD300e. While resident monocytes were found to be dependent on Toll‐like receptor signalling for development and were reduced in number in Myd88‐/‐ and Trif‐/‐ mutant mice, both the novel subset and inflammatory monocytes were unaffected. Here, we describe a novel myeloid cell type closely aligned with resident monocytes in terms of lineage but distinct in terms of development and functional capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Hey
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Helen C O'Neill
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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14
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Peng X, Zhao G, Lin J, Li C. Interaction of mannose binding lectin and other pattern recognition receptors in human corneal epithelial cells during Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 63:161-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Peng X, Zhao G, Lin J, Qu J, Zhang Y, Li C. Phospholipase Cγ2 is critical for Ca 2+ flux and cytokine production in anti-fungal innate immunity of human corneal epithelial cells. BMC Ophthalmol 2018; 18:170. [PMID: 30005593 PMCID: PMC6043966 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-018-0847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fungal keratitis (FK) is a sight-threatening disease, accounting for a significant portion with its complex presentation, suboptimal efficacy of the existing therapies and uncontrollable excessive innate inflammation. Phospholipase C-γ2 (PLCγ2) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that plays an important role at the early period of innate immunity. This study aimed to identify the role of PLCγ2 in Dectin-1-mediated Ca2+ Flux and its effect on the expression of proinflammatory mediators at the exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) hyphae antigens in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). Methods The HCECs were preincubated with or without different inhibitors respectively before A. fumigatus hyphae stimulation. Intracellular calcium flux in HCECs and levels of PLCγ2 and spleen-tyrosine kinase (Syk) were detected by fluorescence imaging and Western Blotting. The expression of proinflammatory mediators was determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results We demonstrated that an intracellular Ca2+ flux in HCECs was triggered by A. fumigatus hyphae and could be reduced by pre-treatment with PLCγ2-inhibitor U73122. A. fumigatus hyphae induced PLCγ2 phosphorylation was regulated by Dectin-1 via Syk. Furthermore, PLCγ2-deficient HCECs showed a drastic impairment in the Ca2+ signaling and the secretion of IL-6, CXCL1 and TNF-α. Conclusions PLCγ2 plays a critical role for Ca2+ Flux in HCECs stimulated by A. fumigatus hyphae. Syk acts upstream of PLCγ2 in the Dectin-1 signaling pathway. The expressions of proinflammatory mediators induced by A. fumigatus are regulated by the activation of Dectin-1-mediated PLCγ2 signaling pathway in HCECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianqiu Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
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16
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Goyal S, Castrillón-Betancur JC, Klaile E, Slevogt H. The Interaction of Human Pathogenic Fungi With C-Type Lectin Receptors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1261. [PMID: 29915598 PMCID: PMC5994417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi, usually present as commensals, are a major cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Such infections, if not diagnosed or treated properly, can prove fatal. However, in most cases healthy individuals are able to avert the fungal attacks by mounting proper antifungal immune responses. Among the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are the major players in antifungal immunity. CLRs can recognize carbohydrate ligands, such as β-glucans and mannans, which are mainly found on fungal cell surfaces. They induce proinflammatory immune reactions, including phagocytosis, oxidative burst, cytokine, and chemokine production from innate effector cells, as well as activation of adaptive immunity via Th17 responses. CLRs such as Dectin-1, Dectin-2, Mincle, mannose receptor (MR), and DC-SIGN can recognize many disease-causing fungi and also collaborate with each other as well as other PRRs in mounting a fungi-specific immune response. Mutations in these receptors affect the host response and have been linked to a higher risk in contracting fungal infections. This review focuses on how CLRs on various immune cells orchestrate the antifungal response and on the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms in these receptors toward the risk of developing such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Goyal
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Juan Camilo Castrillón-Betancur
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,International Leibniz Research School for Microbial and Biomolecular Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology/Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Esther Klaile
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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17
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CD40 ligand deficiency causes functional defects of peripheral neutrophils that are improved by exogenous IFN-γ. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29518426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome caused by CD40 ligand (CD40L) deficiency often present with episodic, cyclic, or chronic neutropenia, suggesting abnormal neutrophil development in the absence of CD40L-CD40 interaction. However, even when not neutropenic and despite immunoglobulin replacement therapy, CD40L-deficient patients are susceptible to life-threatening infections caused by opportunistic pathogens, suggesting impaired phagocyte function and the need for novel therapeutic approaches. OBJECTIVES We sought to analyze whether peripheral neutrophils from CD40L-deficient patients display functional defects and to explore the in vitro effects of recombinant human IFN-γ (rhIFN-γ) on neutrophil function. METHODS We investigated the microbicidal activity, respiratory burst, and transcriptome profile of neutrophils from CD40L-deficient patients. In addition, we evaluated whether the lack of CD40L in mice also affects neutrophil function. RESULTS Neutrophils from CD40L-deficient patients exhibited defective respiratory burst and microbicidal activity, which were improved in vitro by rhIFN-γ but not soluble CD40L. Moreover, neutrophils from patients showed reduced CD16 protein expression and a dysregulated transcriptome suggestive of impaired differentiation. Similar to CD40L-deficient patients, CD40L knockout mice were found to have impaired neutrophil responses. In parallel, we demonstrated that soluble CD40L induces the promyelocytic cell line HL-60 to proliferate and mature by regulating the expression of genes of the same Gene Ontology categories (eg, cell differentiation) when compared with those dysregulated in peripheral blood neutrophils from CD40L-deficient patients. CONCLUSION Our data suggest a nonredundant role of CD40L-CD40 interaction in neutrophil development and function that could be improved in vitro by rhIFN-γ, indicating a potential novel therapeutic application for this cytokine.
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18
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de Araújo EF, Loures FV, Feriotti C, Costa T, Vacca C, Puccetti P, Romani L, Calich VLG. Disease Tolerance Mediated by Phosphorylated Indoleamine-2,3 Dioxygenase Confers Resistance to a Primary Fungal Pathogen. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1522. [PMID: 29181001 PMCID: PMC5693877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to primary fungal pathogens is usually attributed to the proinflammatory mechanisms of immunity conferred by interferon-γ activation of phagocytes that control microbial growth, whereas susceptibility is attributed to anti-inflammatory responses that deactivate immunity. This study challenges this paradigm by demonstrating that resistance to a primary fungal pathogen such as Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis can be mediated by disease tolerance, a mechanism that preserves host fitness instead of pathogen clearance. Among the mechanisms of disease tolerance described, a crucial role has been ascribed to the enzyme indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) that concomitantly controls pathogen growth by limiting tryptophan availability and reduces tissue damage by decreasing the inflammatory process. Here, we demonstrated in a pulmonary model of paracoccidioidomycosis that IDO exerts a dual function depending on the resistant pattern of hosts. IDO activity is predominantly enzymatic and induced by IFN-γ signaling in the pulmonary dendritic cells (DCs) from infected susceptible (B10.A) mice, whereas phosphorylated IDO (pIDO) triggered by TGF-β activation of DCs functions as a signaling molecule in resistant mice. IFN-γ signaling activates the canonical pathway of NF-κB that promotes a proinflammatory phenotype in B10.A DCs that control fungal growth but ultimately suppress T cell responses. In contrast, in A/J DCs IDO promotes a tolerogenic phenotype that conditions a sustained synthesis of TGF-β and expansion of regulatory T cells that avoid excessive inflammation and tissue damage contributing to host fitness. Therefore, susceptibility is unexpectedly mediated by mechanisms of proinflammatory immunity that are usually associated with resistance, whereas genetic resistance is based on mechanisms of disease tolerance mediated by pIDO, a phenomenon never described in the protective immunity against primary fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu Frank de Araújo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Feriotti
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Costa
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmine Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vera Lúcia Garcia Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Mendes RP, Cavalcante RDS, Marques SA, Marques MEA, Venturini J, Sylvestre TF, Paniago AMM, Pereira AC, da Silva JDF, Fabro AT, Bosco SDMG, Bagagli E, Hahn RC, Levorato AD. Paracoccidioidomycosis: Current Perspectives from Brazil. Open Microbiol J 2017; 11:224-282. [PMID: 29204222 PMCID: PMC5695158 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801711010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review article summarizes and updates the knowledge on paracoccidioidomycosis. P lutzii and the cryptic species of P. brasiliensis and their geographical distribution in Latin America, explaining the difficulties observed in the serological diagnosis. OBJECTIVES Emphasis has been placed on some genetic factors as predisposing condition for paracoccidioidomycosis. Veterinary aspects were focused, showing the wide distribution of infection among animals. The cell-mediated immunity was better characterized, incorporating the recent findings. METHODS Serological methods for diagnosis were also compared for their parameters of accuracy, including the analysis of relapse. RESULTS Clinical forms have been better classified in order to include the pictures less frequently observesiod. CONCLUSION Itraconazole and the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination was compared regarding efficacy, effectiveness and safety, demonstrating that azole should be the first choice in the treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo Poncio Mendes
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu – São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Souza Cavalcante
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu – São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sílvio Alencar Marques
- Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu – São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - James Venturini
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Fernanda Sylvestre
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu – São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anamaria Mello Miranda Paniago
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina – Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul – UFMS, Brazil
| | | | - Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu – São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Todorovic Fabro
- Unit of Experimental Research, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu – São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra de Moraes Gimenes Bosco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology – Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu – São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bagagli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology – Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu – São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosane Christine Hahn
- Laboratory of Investigation and Mycology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Faculty of Medicine Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Adriele Dandara Levorato
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu – São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Feriotti C, de Araújo EF, Loures FV, da Costa TA, Galdino NADL, Zamboni DS, Calich VLG. NOD-Like Receptor P3 Inflammasome Controls Protective Th1/Th17 Immunity against Pulmonary Paracoccidioidomycosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:786. [PMID: 28740491 PMCID: PMC5502381 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor P3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is an intracellular multimeric complex that triggers the activation of inflammatory caspases and the maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, important cytokines for the innate immune response against pathogens. The functional NLRP3 inflammasome complex consists of NLRP3, the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, and caspase-1. Various molecular mechanisms were associated with NLRP3 activation including the presence of extracellular ATP, recognized by the cell surface P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). Several pattern recognition receptors on innate immune cells recognize Paracoccidioides brasiliensis components resulting in diverse responses that influence adaptive immunity and disease outcome. However, the role of NLRP3 inflammasome was scantily investigated in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), leading us to use an intratracheal (i.t.) model of infection to study the influence of this receptor in anti-fungal immunity and severity of infection. For in vivo studies, C57BL/6 mice deficient for several NLRP3 inflammasome components (Nlrp3−/−, Casp1/11−/−, Asc−/−) as well as deficient for ATP receptor (P2x7r−/−) were infected via i.t. with P. brasiliensis and several parameters of immunity and disease severity analyzed at the acute and chronic periods of infection. Pulmonary PCM was more severe in Nlrp3−/−, Casp1/11−/−, Asc−/−, and P2x7r−/− mice as demonstrated by the increased fungal burdens, mortality rates and tissue pathology developed. The more severe disease developed by NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1/11 deficient mice was associated with decreased production of IL-1β and IL-18 and reduced inflammatory reactions mediated by PMN leukocytes and activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The decreased T cell immunity was concomitant with increased expansion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3 regulatory T (Treg) cells. Characterization of intracellular cytokines showed a persistent reduction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing IFN-γ and IL-17 whereas those producing IL-4 and TGF-β appeared in increased frequencies. Histopathological studies showed that all deficient mouse strains developed more severe lesions containing elevated numbers of budding yeast cells resulting in increased mortality rates. Altogether, these findings led us to conclude that the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome has a crucial role in the immunoprotection against pulmonary PCM by promoting the expansion of Th1/Th17 immunity and reducing the suppressive control mediated by Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Feriotti
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Dario Simões Zamboni
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Chen H, Jin Y, Chen H, Liao N, Wang Y, Chen J. MicroRNA-mediated inflammatory responses induced by Cryptococcus neoformans are dependent on the NF-κB pathway in human monocytes. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:1525-1532. [PMID: 28440395 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a significant invasive fungal infection with noteworthy morbidity and mortality that is usually caused by either Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) or Cryptococcus gattii (C. gattii). Epidemiological studies have indicated that C. neoformans are more often reported in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. It has been well established that the cytokine profile of the host markedly affects the outcome of cryptococcal disease, and the negative regulators of microRNAs(miRs or miRNAs) are critically important for immunomodulation. However, the role of miRNAs and the molecular basis of the inflammatory response induced by C. neoformans in monocytes remain unknown. In this study, we identified 7 differentially expressed miRNAs in THP-1 cells exposed to C. neoformans by Illumina sequencing, and confirmed our findings by RT-qPCR. Furthermore, miR‑146a was selected for further analysis to identify the regulatory mechanisms of inflammation induced by C. neoformans. An examination of the function of miR‑146a in monocytes was performed by overexpressing and inhibiting miR‑146a. In addition, we identified a pattern of induction in response to a variety of microbial components and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our data suggested that the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway was required for the induction of miR‑146a, whereas miR‑146a negatively regulated NF-κB activation by targeting interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) and TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), then inhibiting NF-κB activation and the release of inflammatory cytokines in monocytes induced by C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Ningxin Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Jianghan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
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22
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Zhou D, Yang K, Chen L, Zhang W, Xu Z, Zuo J, Jiang H, Luan J. Promising landscape for regulating macrophage polarization: epigenetic viewpoint. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57693-57706. [PMID: 28915705 PMCID: PMC5593677 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are critical myeloid cells with the hallmark of phenotypic heterogeneity and functional plasticity. Macrophages phenotypes are commonly described as classically-activated M1 and alternatively-activated M2 macrophages which play an essential role in the tissues homeostasis and diseases pathogenesis. Alternations of macrophage polarization and function states require precise regulation of target-gene expression. Emerging data demonstrate that epigenetic mechanisms and transcriptional factors are becoming increasingly appreciated in the orchestration of macrophage polarization in response to local environmental signals. This review is to focus on the advanced concepts of epigenetics changes involved with the macrophage polarization, including microRNAs, DNA methylation and histone modification, which are responsible for the altered cellular signaling and signature genes expression during M1 or M2 polarization. Eventually, the persistent investigation and understanding of epigenetic mechanisms in tissue macrophage polarization and function will enhance the potential to develop novel therapeutic targets for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexi Zhou
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy in Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Kui Yang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy in Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy in Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy in Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy in Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jian Zuo
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy in Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy in Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiajie Luan
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy in Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
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Extracellular vesicles from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis induced M1 polarization in vitro. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35867. [PMID: 27775058 PMCID: PMC5075875 DOI: 10.1038/srep35867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria contain proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and other molecules. The cargo analysis of EVs shows that they contain virulence factors suggesting a role in the pathogenesis of infection. The proteome, lipidome, RNA content, and carbohydrate composition of EVs from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii were characterized. However, the effects of P. brasiliensis EVs on the host immune system have not yet been investigated. Herein, we verified that EVs from P. brasiliensis induce the production of proinflammatory mediators by murine macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Addition of EV to macrophages also promoted transcription of the M1-polarization marker iNOs and diminish that of the M2 markers Arginase-1, Ym-1, and FIZZ-1. Furthermore, the augmented expression of M2-polarization markers, stimulated by IL-4 plus IL-10, was reverted toward an M1 phenotype in response to secondary stimulation with EVs from P. brasiliensis. The ability of EVs from P. brasiliensis to promote M1 polarization macrophages favoring an enhanced fungicidal activity, demonstrated by the decreased CFU recovery of internalized yeasts, with comparable phagocytic efficacy. Our results suggest that EVs from P. brasiliensis can modulate the innate immune response and affect the relationship between P. brasiliensis and host immune cells.
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Freitas MS, Oliveira AF, da Silva TA, Fernandes FF, Gonçales RA, Almeida F, Roque-Barreira MC. Paracoccin Induces M1 Polarization of Macrophages via Interaction with TLR4. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1003. [PMID: 27458431 PMCID: PMC4932198 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal human pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis contains paracoccin (PCN), a multi-domain protein that has lectin and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activities, which account for its effects on the growth and morphogenesis of the fungus and on the activation of host macrophages through its interaction with TLR N-glycans. With the purpose of detailing the knowledge on the effects of PCN on macrophages, we used recombinant PCN expressed in Pichia pastoris (p-rPCN) to stimulate isolated murine peritoneal macrophages. The activation of these cells manifested through the release of high levels of inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-12p40, and IL-6. Furthermore, peritoneal macrophages stimulated with p-rPCN increased the relative expression of STAT1, SOCS3, and iNOS2 mRNA (M1 polarization markers). However, the expression of Arginase-1, Ym-1, and FIZZ1 (M2 polarization markers) remained at basal levels. Interestingly, the observed M1 macrophages’ polarization triggered by p-rPCN was abolished in cells obtained from knockout Toll-like receptor-4 mice. In this case, the p-rPCN-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators was blocked too. These results demonstrate that the classical activation of macrophages induced by paracoccin depends on TLR4. Taken together, the results of our study indicate that paracoccin acts as a TLR agonist able to modulate immunity and exerts biological activities that favor its applicability as an immunotherapeutic agent to combat systemic fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus S Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Aline F Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago A da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fabrício F Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Relber A Gonçales
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria C Roque-Barreira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Perazzio SF, Silva NPD, Carneiro-Sampaio M, Andrade LEC. Mild and moderate Mannose Binding Lectin deficiency are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis in Brazilian patients. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2016; 56:220-7. [PMID: 27267640 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbre.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The potential association of mannose binding lectin (MBL) deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been investigated in several studies, but results have been mixed. One explanation for the conflicting results could be differences in ethnic background of study subjects. In this study we investigated the association of MBL deficiency and SLE in a large cohort of Brazilian SLE patients and controls. METHODS Serum MBL and Complement levels were determined for 286 Brazilian adult SLE patients and 301 healthy Brazilian adults as controls. MBL deficiency was classified as mild (<1000 and ≥500μg/L), moderate (<500 and ≥100μg/L) or severe (<100μg/L). RESULTS SLE patients presented higher frequency of mild and moderate MBL deficiency compared to controls. SLE patients with MBL deficiency presented higher frequency of lupus nephritis compared to those without MBL deficiency. MBL deficiency was not associated with any other clinical manifestation, use of immunosuppressant therapy, disease activity, disease severity serum or Complement levels. CONCLUSION This study shows that an association between MBL deficiency and SLE does exist in the Brazilian population. We also found an association between MBL deficiency and lupus nephritis. These findings support the hypothesis that MBL deficiency contributes to the development of SLE and lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Félix Perazzio
- Division of Rheumatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Grupo Fleury, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Neusa Pereira da Silva
- Division of Rheumatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Magda Carneiro-Sampaio
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Coelho Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Grupo Fleury, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Perazzio SF, Silva NPD, Carneiro‐Sampaio M, Andrade LEC. As deficiências leve e moderada de lectina ligadora de manose estão associadas ao lúpus eritematoso sistêmico e à nefrite lúpica em pacientes brasileiros. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Marcos CM, Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva ACA, Da Silva JDF, Singulani JDL, Alarcon KM, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Paracoccidioides-host Interaction: An Overview on Recent Advances in the Paracoccidioidomycosis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1319. [PMID: 26635779 PMCID: PMC4658449 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii are etiologic agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), an important endemic mycosis in Latin America. During its evolution, these fungi have developed characteristics and mechanisms that allow their growth in adverse conditions within their host through which they efficiently cause disease. This process is multi-factorial and involves host-pathogen interactions (adaptation, adhesion, and invasion), as well as fungal virulence and host immune response. In this review, we demonstrated the glycoproteins and polysaccharides network, which composes the cell wall of Paracoccidioides spp. These are important for the change of conidia or mycelial (26°C) to parasitic yeast (37°C). The morphological switch, a mechanism for the pathogen to adapt and thrive inside the host, is obligatory for the establishment of the infection and seems to be related to pathogenicity. For these fungi, one of the most important steps during the interaction with the host is the adhesion. Cell surface proteins called adhesins, responsible for the first contact with host cells, contribute to host colonization and invasion by mediating this process. These fungi also present the capacity to form biofilm and through which they may evade the host's immune system. During infection, Paracoccidioides spp. can interact with different host cell types and has the ability to modulate the host's adaptive and/or innate immune response. In addition, it participates and interferes in the coagulation system and phenomena like cytoskeletal rearrangement and apoptosis. In recent years, Paracoccidioides spp. have had their endemic areas expanding in correlation with the expansion of agriculture. In response, several studies were developed to understand the infection using in vitro and in vivo systems, including alternative non-mammal models. Moreover, new advances were made in treating these infections using both well-established and new antifungal agents. These included natural and/or derivate synthetic substances as well as vaccines, peptides, and anti-adhesins sera. Because of all the advances in the PCM study, this review has the objective to summarize all of the recent discoveries on Paracoccidioides-host interaction, with particular emphasis on fungi surface proteins (molecules that play a fundamental role in the adhesion and/or dissemination of the fungi to host-cells), as well as advances in the treatment of PCM with new and well-established antifungal agents and approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroldo C de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A Assato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline M Marcos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C A de Paula E Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julhiany De Fátima Da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Junya de Lacorte Singulani
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kaila M Alarcon
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana M Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria J S Mendes-Giannini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
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Bazan SB, Costa TA, de Araújo EF, Feriotti C, Loures FV, Pretel FD, Calich VLG. Loss- and Gain-of-Function Approaches Indicate a Dual Role Exerted by Regulatory T Cells in Pulmonary Paracoccidioidomycosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004189. [PMID: 26512987 PMCID: PMC4626087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), is a pulmonary fungal disease whose severity depends on the adequate development of T cell immunity. Although regulatory T (Treg) cells were shown to control immunity against PCM, deleterious or protective effects were described in different experimental settings. To clarify the function of Treg cells in pulmonary PCM, loss-and gain-of-function approaches were performed with Foxp3GFP knock-in mice and immunodeficient Rag1-/- mice, respectively, which were intratracheally infected with 106 yeast cells. The activity of Foxp3-expressing Treg cells in pulmonary PCM was determined in Foxp3GFP transgenic mice. First, it was verified that natural Treg cells migrate to the lungs of infected mice, where they become activated. Depletion of Treg cells led to reduced fungal load, diminished pathogen dissemination and increased Th1/Th2/Th17 immunity. Further, adoptive transfer of diverse T cell subsets to Rag1-/- mice subsequently infected by the pulmonary route demonstrated that isolated CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells were able to confer some degree of immunoprotection and that CD4+Foxp3- T cells alone reduced fungal growth and enhanced T cell immunity, but induced vigorous inflammatory reactions in the lungs. Nevertheless, transfer of Treg cells combined with CD4+Foxp3- T cells generated more efficient and balanced immune Th1/Th2/Th17 responses able to limit pathogen growth and excessive tissue inflammation, leading to regressive disease and increased survival rates. Altogether, these loss- and gain-of-function approaches allow us to clearly demonstrate the dual role of Treg cells in pulmonary PCM, their deleterious effects by impairing T cell immunity and pathogen eradication, and their protective role by suppressing exacerbated tissue inflammation. Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most relevant deep mycosis in Latin America, is caused by the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The involvement of regulatory T (Treg) cells in the immunity against PCM has been previously demonstrated, however its underlying mechanisms are still to be elucidated. Using Foxp3GFP transgenic mice, we found that natural Tregs migrate to the lungs of infected mice, where they become activated. Depletion of Treg cells led to reduced fungal load, diminished pathogen dissemination and increased Th1/Th2/Th17 immunity. Further, after performing adoptive transfer experiments using immunodeficient Rag1-/- mice, we demonstrated that isolated CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells were able to confer some degree of immunoprotection and that CD4+Foxp3- T cells alone contributed to fungal elimination and enhanced T cell immunity, but induced vigorous inflammatory reactions in the lungs. Nevertheless, transfer of Tregs combined with CD4+Foxp3- T cells generated more efficient and balanced immune responses able to limit pathogen growth and excessive tissue inflammation, leading to regressive disease and higher survival rates. Altogether, these loss- and gain-of-function approaches allow us to propose a dual role for Treg cells in pulmonary PCM, their deleterious effects by impairing T cell immunity and pathogen eradication, and their protective role by suppressing exacerbated tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia B. Bazan
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania A. Costa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Frank de Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Feriotti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V. Loures
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando D. Pretel
- Centro de Facilidades de Apoio à Pesquisa (CEFAP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera L. G. Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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The Effects of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Infection on GM-CSF- and M-CSF-Induced Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophage from Resistant and Susceptible Mice Strains. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:605450. [PMID: 26543326 PMCID: PMC4620243 DOI: 10.1155/2015/605450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the importance of macrophages as the first line of defense against fungal infection and the different roles played by the two M1- and M2-like polarized macrophages, we decided to evaluate the effects of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection on GM-CSF- and M-CSF-induced bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) from the A/J and B10.A mouse strains, an established model of resistance/susceptibility to PCM, respectively. Upon differentiation, the generated GM- or M-BMMs were characterized by morphological analyses, gene expression profiles, and cytokines production. Our main results demonstrate that GM-BMMs derived from A/J and B.10 produced high levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that may contribute to generate an unbalanced early immune response. In accordance with the literature, the B10.A susceptible mice lineage has an innate tendency to polarize into M1-like phenotype, whereas the opposite phenotype occurs in A/J resistance mice. In this context, our data support that susceptibility and resistance are strongly correlated with M1 and M2 polarization, respectively.
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Lipoxin Inhibits Fungal Uptake by Macrophages and Reduces the Severity of Acute Pulmonary Infection Caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:852574. [PMID: 26635449 PMCID: PMC4618125 DOI: 10.1155/2015/852574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) and lipoxins (LXs) are lipid mediators that control inflammation, with the former inducing and the latter inhibiting this process. Because the role played by these mediators in paracoccidioidomycosis was not investigated, we aimed to characterize the role of CysLT in the pulmonary infection developed by resistant (A/J) and susceptible (B10.A) mice. 48 h after infection, elevated levels of pulmonary LTC4 and LXA4 were produced by both mouse strains, but higher levels were found in the lungs of susceptible mice. Blocking the CysLTs receptor by MTL reduced fungal loads in B10.A, but not in A/J mice. In susceptible mice, MLT treatment led to reduced influx of PMN leukocytes, increased recruitment of monocytes, predominant synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and augmented expression of 5- and 15-lipoxygenase mRNA, suggesting a prevalent LXA4 activity. In agreement, MTL-treated macrophages showed reduced fungal burdens associated with decreased ingestion of fungal cells. Furthermore, the addition of exogenous LX reduced, and the specific blockade of the LX receptor increased the fungal loads of B10.A macrophages. This study showed for the first time that inhibition of CysLTs signaling results in less severe pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis that occurs in parallel with elevated LX activity and reduced infection of macrophages.
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Feriotti C, Bazan SB, Loures FV, Araújo EF, Costa TA, Calich VLG. Expression of dectin-1 and enhanced activation of NALP3 inflammasome are associated with resistance to paracoccidioidomycosis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:913. [PMID: 26388856 PMCID: PMC4558525 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dectin-1 is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that recognizes β-glucans and plays a major role in the immunity against fungal pathogens. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, has a sugar-rich cell wall mainly composed of mannans and glucans. To investigate the role of dectin-1 in the innate immunity of resistant (A/J) and susceptible (B10.A) mice to P. brasiliensis infection, we evaluated the role of curdlan (a dectin-1 agonist) and laminarin (a dectin-1 antagonist) in the activation of macrophages from both mouse strains. We verified that curdlan has a negligible role in the activation of B10.A macrophages but enhances the phagocytic and fungicidal abilities of A/J macrophages. Curdlan up-regulated the expression of costimulatory molecules and PRRs in A/J macrophages that express elevated levels of dectin-1, but not in B10.A cells. In addition, curdlan treatment inhibited arginase-1 and enhanced NO-synthase mRNA expression in infected A/J macrophages but had not effect in B10.A cells. In contrast, laminarin reinforced the respective M2/M1 profiles of infected A/J and B10.A macrophages. Following curdlan treatment, A/J macrophages showed significantly higher Syk kinase phosphorylation and expression of intracellular pro-IL-1β than B10.A cells. These findings led us to investigate if the NRLP3 inflammasome was differently activated in A/J and B10.A cells. Indeed, compared with B10.A cells A/J macrophages showed an increased expression of NALP3, ASC, and IL-1β mRNA. They also showed elevated caspase-1 activity and secreted high levels of mature IL-β and IL-18 after curdlan treatment and P. brasiliensis infection. Our data demonstrate that soluble and particulate β-glucans exert opposed modulatory activities on macrophages of diverse genetic patterns. Moreover, the synergistic action of dectin-1 and NALP3 inflammasome were for the first time associated with the innate response of resistant hosts to P. brasiliensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Feriotti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia B Bazan
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V Loures
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliseu F Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia A Costa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera L G Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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Araújo EF, Loures FV, Bazan SB, Feriotti C, Pina A, Schanoski AS, Costa TA, Calich VLG. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase controls fungal loads and immunity in Paracoccidioidomicosis but is more important to susceptible than resistant hosts. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3330. [PMID: 25411790 PMCID: PMC4238999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paracoccidioidomycosis, a primary fungal infection restricted to Latin America, is acquired by inhalation of fungal particles. The immunoregulatory mechanisms that control the severe and mild forms of paracoccidioidomycosis are still unclear. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an IFN-γ induced enzyme that catalyzes tryptophan metabolism, can control host-pathogen interaction by inhibiting pathogen growth, T cell immunity and tissue inflammation. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we investigated the role of IDO in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis of susceptible and resistant mice. IDO was blocked by 1-methyl-dl-tryptophan (1MT), and fungal infection studied in vitro and in vivo. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection was more severe in 1MT treated than untreated macrophages of resistant and susceptible mice, concurrently with decreased production of kynurenines and IDO mRNA. Similar results were observed in the pulmonary infection. Independent of the host genetic pattern, IDO inhibition reduced fungal clearance but enhanced T cell immunity. The early IDO inhibition resulted in increased differentiation of dendritic and Th17 cells, accompanied by reduced responses of Th1 and Treg cells. Despite these equivalent biological effects, only in susceptible mice the temporary IDO blockade caused sustained fungal growth, increased tissue pathology and mortality rates. In contrast, resistant mice were able to recover the transitory IDO blockade by the late control of fungal burdens without enhanced tissue pathology. Conclusions/Significance Our studies demonstrate for the first time that in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis, IDO is an important immunoregulatory enzyme that promotes fungal clearance and inhibits T cell immunity and inflammation, with prominent importance to susceptible hosts. In fact, only in the susceptible background IDO inhibition resulted in uncontrolled tissue pathology and mortality rates. Our findings open new perspectives to understand the immunopathology of paracoccidioidomycosis, and suggest that an insufficient IDO activity could be associated with the severe cases of human PCM characterized by inefficient fungal clearance and excessive inflammation. Immunoprotection to paracoccidiodomycosis, a systemic mycosis endemic in Latin America, is mediated by T cell immunity whereas immunosuppression characterizes the severe forms of the disease. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme mainly induced by IFN-γ, catabolizes tryptophan along the kynurenines pathway. Tryptophan deficiency has been associated with reduced pathogen growth, while elevated levels of kynurenines with suppressed immune responses. In this study, the role of IDO in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis was investigated using resistant and susceptible mice. In both mouse strains, IDO blockade by 1-methyl tryptophan resulted in inefficient fungal clearance accompanied by enhanced T cell immunity. Despite these equivalent biological effects, only in susceptible mice IDO inhibition caused progressive fungal growth and tissue pathology resulting in increased mortality. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that IDO exert a yet unexplored immunoregulatory role in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis that can be particularly important in the severe cases of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu F. Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V. Loures
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia B. Bazan
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Feriotti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Pina
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra S. Schanoski
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia A. Costa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera L. G. Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Drummond RA, Gaffen SL, Hise AG, Brown GD. Innate Defense against Fungal Pathogens. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 5:cshperspect.a019620. [PMID: 25384766 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human fungal infections have been on the rise in recent years and proved increasingly difficult to treat as a result of the lack of diagnostics, effective antifungal therapies, and vaccines. Most pathogenic fungi do not cause disease unless there is a disturbance in immune homeostasis, which can be caused by modern medical interventions, disease-induced immunosuppression, and naturally occurring human mutations. The innate immune system is well equipped to recognize and destroy pathogenic fungi through specialized cells expressing a broad range of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). This review will outline the cells and PRRs required for effective antifungal immunity, with a special focus on the major antifungal cytokine IL-17 and recently characterized antifungal inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Drummond
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Amy G Hise
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Centre, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
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Chen P, Zhang X, Jia L, Prud'homme RK, Szekely Z, Sinko PJ. Optimal structural design of mannosylated nanocarriers for macrophage targeting. J Control Release 2014; 194:341-9. [PMID: 25220160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are involved in a number of diseases, such as HIV infection/AIDS, tuberculosis, tumor development and atherosclerosis. Macrophages possess several cell surface receptors (e.g., the mannose receptor, MR) that may serve as drug delivery cellular portals for nanocarriers (NCs). In this study, the optimal structural configuration for cell uptake of mannosylated poly(ethylene glycol)-conjugate type NCs was determined. A series of NCs were synthesized to systematically evaluate the effects of the number of mannose units (Man), the PEG carrier size and the mPEG spacer length between adjacent mannose units on NC uptake into MR-expressing J774.E murine macrophage-like cells. Among NCs with 0, 1, 2 or 4 units of mannose, the uptake of (Man)2-NC was the highest, suggesting a trade-off between avidity and NC-MR clustering on the cell surface that sterically hinders endocytosis. This optimal (Man)2-NC configuration was built into subsequent NCs to optimize the other two parameters, PEG carrier size and spacer length. NCs with 0, 5, 12, 20, 30 or 40 kDa linear PEG carriers showed an inverse relationship between PEG size and uptake. The 12 kDa PEG carrier was chosen for investigating the third parameter, the Man-Man distance, since it may represent the best trade off (i.e., tissue penetration vs. systemic clearance) for in vivo macrophage targeting. Three (Man)2-PEG12kDa NCs with different Man-Man distances (39, 56 or 89Å) were synthesized. The uptake of the NC with the 56Å distance between mannoses was four- and two-fold higher than NCs with 39Å and 89Å distances, respectively. Confocal microscopy confirmed that the optimized (Man)2-PEG12kDa NC with the 56Å Man-Man distance was internalized via endocytosis consistent with temperature-dependent active uptake. In conclusion, the optimal NC structural parameters for targeting the MR on macrophage-like J774.E cells are (i) a small PEG polymer carrier, (ii) two mannose units per NC and (iii) a 56Å distance between adjacent mannose units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiming Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Lee Jia
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Robert K Prud'homme
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Zoltan Szekely
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Patrick J Sinko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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New approaches to transcutaneous immunotherapy: targeting dendritic cells with novel allergen conjugates. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 13:669-76. [PMID: 24169433 PMCID: PMC3814987 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e328364f4df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review This review summarizes recent preclinical and human studies evaluating allergen-specific immunotherapy via the transcutaneous route, and provides a rationale for the application of modified allergens with reduced allergenicity. Furthermore, it covers approaches to generate hypoallergenic conjugates for specific dendritic cell targeting. Recent findings Efficacy and safety of specific immunotherapy by application of allergens to the skin have been demonstrated in both animal models as well as clinical trials. However, localized adverse events have been reported, and delivery of antigens via barrier-disrupted skin has been linked to the induction of unwanted T helper 2-biased immune responses and allergic sensitization. Coupling of carbohydrates to allergens has been shown to induce formation of nanoparticles, which can specifically target dendritic cells and potentiate immune responses, and by masking B-cell epitopes, can render the molecules hypoallergenic. Summary Due to its abundance of immunocompetent cells, the skin represents an attractive target tissue for novel and enhanced immunotherapeutic approaches. However, in order to avoid adverse events and therapy-induced sensitizations, transcutaneous immunotherapy requires the use of formulations with reduced allergenic potential. Combining novel hypoallergenic conjugates with painless transcutaneous immunization techniques may provide an efficient and patient-friendly alternative to the standard specific immunotherapy practices.
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Beauvais A, Bozza S, Kniemeyer O, Formosa C, Balloy V, Henry C, Roberson RW, Dague E, Chignard M, Brakhage AA, Romani L, Latgé JP. Deletion of the α-(1,3)-glucan synthase genes induces a restructuring of the conidial cell wall responsible for the avirulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003716. [PMID: 24244155 PMCID: PMC3828178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
α-(1,3)-Glucan is a major component of the cell wall of Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic human fungal pathogen. There are three genes (AGS1, AGS2 and AGS3) controlling the biosynthesis of α-(1,3)-glucan in this fungal species. Deletion of all the three AGS genes resulted in a triple mutant that was devoid of α-(1,3)-glucan in its cell wall; however, its growth and germination was identical to that of the parental strain in vitro. In the experimental murine aspergillosis model, this mutant was less pathogenic than the parental strain. The AGS deletion resulted in an extensive structural modification of the conidial cell wall, especially conidial surface where the rodlet layer was covered by an amorphous glycoprotein matrix. This surface modification was responsible for viability reduction of conidia in vivo, which explains decrease in the virulence of triple agsΔ mutant. Aspergillus fumigatus is the predominant mold pathogen of humans, responsible for life-threatening systemic infections in patients with depressed immunity. Because of its external localization and specific composition, the fungal cell wall represents a target for recognition by and interaction with the host immune cells. In A. fumigatus, α-(1,3)-glucan is a key component of the extracellular matrix, which encloses the cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan-chitin fibrillar core. Interestingly, the deletion of the genes responsible for α-(1,3)-glucan synthesis resulted in a mutant that exhibited wild type phenotype in vitro; while the altered cell wall organization resulted in this fungus being avirulent in vivo. This study confirms that any modification in the cell wall components is associated with compensatory reactions developed by the fungus to counteract stress on the cell wall that may result in unexpected fungal response when challenged with the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Beauvais
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Silvia Bozza
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care Jena, University Hospital (CSCC), Jena, Germany
| | | | - Viviane Balloy
- Unité de Défence Innée et Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Inserm U874, Paris, France
| | | | - Robert W. Roberson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Michel Chignard
- Unité de Défence Innée et Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Inserm U874, Paris, France
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Costa TA, Bazan SB, Feriotti C, Araújo EF, Bassi ÊJ, Loures FV, Calich VLG. In pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis IL-10 deficiency leads to increased immunity and regressive infection without enhancing tissue pathology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2512. [PMID: 24205424 PMCID: PMC3812093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular immunity is the main defense mechanism in paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America. Th1 immunity and IFN-γ activated macrophages are fundamental to immunoprotection that is antagonized by IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Both in human and experimental PCM, several evidences indicate that the suppressive effect of IL-10 causes detrimental effects to infected hosts. Because direct studies have not been performed, this study was aimed to characterize the function of IL-10 in pulmonary PCM. Methodology/Principal Findings Wild type (WT) and IL-10−/− C57BL/6 mice were used to characterize the role of IL-10 in the innate and adaptive immunity against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb) infection. We verified that Pb-infected peritoneal macrophages from IL-10−/− mice presented higher phagocytic and fungicidal activities than WT macrophages, and these activities were associated with elevated production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, nitric oxide (NO) and MCP-1. For in vivo studies, IL-10−/− and WT mice were i.t. infected with 1×106 Pb yeasts and studied at several post-infection periods. Compared to WT mice, IL-10−/− mice showed increased resistance to P. brasiliensis infection as determined by the progressive control of pulmonary fungal loads and total clearance of fungal cells from dissemination organs. This behavior was accompanied by enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, precocious humoral immunity and controlled tissue pathology resulting in increased survival times. In addition, IL-10−/− mice developed precocious T cell immunity mediated by increased numbers of lung infiltrating effector/memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The inflammatory reactions and the production of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines were reduced at late phases of infection, paralleling the regressive infection of IL-10−/− mice. Conclusions/Significance Our work demonstrates for the first time that IL-10 plays a detrimental effect to pulmonary PCM due to its suppressive effect on the innate and adaptive immunity resulting in progressive infection and precocious mortality of infected hosts. Paracoccidioidomycosis, the most important deep mycosis from Latin America, is acquired by inhalation of fungal spores. The pulmonary infection can remain as a quiescent infection or evolve to overt, life-threatening disease. Immunoprotection is mainly mediated by Th1 lymphocytes secreting IFN- γ, the most important macrophage activating cytokine. It is well established that the severe forms of infection are associated with elevated production of anti-inflammatory or suppressive cytokines such as IL-10. However, direct approaches investigating the role of this cytokine in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis were never employed. This led us to investigate the innate and adaptive aspects of immunity in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis using IL-10-deficient mice in comparison with their IL-10-normal counterparts. We verified that IL-10 absence leads to a regressive disease, resulting in reduced mortality rates of infected mice. This better disease outcome was associated with precocious and enhanced mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity that allow the control of fungal growth without excessive inflammatory reactions and harmful tissue pathology. These evidences on the detrimental effects of IL-10 to pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis suggest that therapeutic measures aimed to control IL-10 production or activity could exert a protective effect to this severe fungal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia A. Costa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia B. Bazan
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Feriotti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliseu F. Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ênio J. Bassi
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V. Loures
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera L. G. Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Bernardino S, Pina A, Felonato M, Costa TA, Frank de Araújo E, Feriotti C, Bazan SB, Keller AC, Leite KRM, Calich VLG. TNF-α and CD8+ T cells mediate the beneficial effects of nitric oxide synthase-2 deficiency in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2325. [PMID: 23936574 PMCID: PMC3731220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO), a key antimicrobial molecule, was previously shown to exert a dual role in paracoccidioidomycosis, an endemic fungal infection in Latin America. In the intravenous and peritoneal models of infection, NO production was associated with efficient fungal clearance but also with non-organized granulomatous lesions. Because paracoccidioidomycosis is a pulmonary infection, we aimed to characterize the role of NO in a pulmonary model of infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS C57Bl/6 wild type (WT) and iNOS(-/-) mice were i.t. infected with 1×10(6) Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts and studied at several post-infection periods. Unexpectedly, at week 2 of infection, iNOS(-/-) mice showed decreased pulmonary fungal burdens associated with an M2-like macrophage profile, which expressed high levels of TGF-β impaired ability of ingesting fungal cells. This early decreased fungal loads were concomitant with increased DTH reactions, enhanced TNF-α synthesis and intense migration of activated macrophages, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells into the lungs. By week 10, iNOS(-/-) mice showed increased fungal burdens circumscribed, however, by compact granulomas containing elevated numbers of activated CD4(+) T cells. Importantly, the enhanced immunological reactivity of iNOS(-/-) mice resulted in decreased mortality rates. In both mouse strains, depletion of TNF-α led to non-organized lesions and excessive influx of inflammatory cells into the lungs, but only the iNOS(-/-) mice showed increased mortality rates. In addition, depletion of CD8(+) cells abolished the increased migration of inflammatory cells and decreased the number of TNF-α and IFN-γ CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells into the lungs of iNOS(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our study demonstrated that NO plays a deleterious role in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis due to its suppressive action on TNF-α production, T cell immunity and organization of lesions resulting in precocious mortality of mice. It was also revealed that uncontrolled fungal growth can be overcome by an efficient immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bernardino
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Adriana Pina
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maíra Felonato
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Tânia A. Costa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Eliseu Frank de Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cláudia Feriotti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Silvia Boschi Bazan
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alexandre C. Keller
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Katia R. M. Leite
- Departamento de Patologia, Hospital Sírio Libanês de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Vera L. G. Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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