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Li X, Tang Y, Wang L, Chang Y, Wu J, Wang S. QTL mapping and identification of genes associated with the resistance to Acanthoscelides obtectus in cultivated common bean using a high-density genetic linkage map. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:260. [PMID: 35610573 PMCID: PMC9131570 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important agricultural product with large nutritional value, and the insect pest Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) seriously affects its product quality and commodity quality during storage. Few researches on genes of bruchid resistance have investigated in common bean cultivars. RESULTS In this study, a bruchid-resistant cultivar black kidney bean and a highly susceptible accession Longyundou3 from different gene banks were crossed to construct a recombinant inbred line population. The genetic analysis indicated a quantitative inheritance of the bruchid resistance trait controlled by polygenes. A high-density genetic map of a total map distance of 1283.68 cM with an average interval of 0.61 cM between each marker was constructed using an F6 population of 157 recombinant inbred lines. The map has 3106 bin markers, containing 2,234,769 SNPs. Using the high-density genetic map, a new quantitative trait locus for the resistance to Acanthoscelides obtectus was identified on chromosome 6. New molecular markers based on the candidate region were developed, and this locus was further delimited to an interval of 122.3 kb between SSR markers I6-4 and I6-16 using an F2 population. This region comprised five genes. Phvul.006G003700, which encodes a bifunctional inhibitor, may be a potential candidate gene for bruchid resistance. Sequencing analysis of candidate gene identified a 5 bp insertion-deletion in promoter of gene Phvul.006G003700 between two parents. Expression analysis of candidate gene revealed that the expression level of Phvul.006G003700 in bruchid-resistant parent was markedly higher than that in bruchid-susceptible parent both in dry seeds and leaves. CONCLUSIONS A high-density genetic linkage map was constructed utilizing whole-genome resequencing and one new QTL for bruchid resistance was identified on chromosome 6 in common bean cultivar. Phvul.006G003700 (encoding a bifunctional inhibitor) may be a potential candidate gene. These results may form the basis for further research to reveal the bruchid resistance molecular mechanism of common bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongsheng Tang
- Qujing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qujing, 655000, China
| | - Lanfen Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yujie Chang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Shumin Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Bustos‐Segura C, Hernández‐Cumplido J, Traine J, Benrey B. Herbivory and jasmonate treatment affect reproductive traits in wild Lima bean, but without transgenerational effects. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:2096-2104. [PMID: 34693514 PMCID: PMC9297984 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plant responses to herbivores and their elicitors include changes in traits associated with phenology, defense, and reproduction. Induced responses by chewing herbivores are known to be hormonally mediated by the jasmonate pathway and can cascade and affect late-season seed predators and pollinators. Moreover, herbivore-induced plant responses can be transmitted to the next generation. Whether herbivore-induced transgenerational effects also apply to phenological traits is less well understood. METHODS Here, we explored responses of wild lima bean plants (Phaseolus lunatus) to herbivory and jasmonate treatment and possible transgenerational effects of herbivore-induced early flowering. In a controlled field experiment, we exposed lima bean plants to herbivory by leaf beetles or methyl jasmonate sprays (MJ). We then compared plant development, phenology, reproductive fitness and seed traits among these treatments and undamaged, untreated control plants. RESULTS We found that MJ and leaf herbivory induced similar responses, with treated plants growing less, flowering earlier, and producing fewer seeds than undamaged plants. However, seed size, phenolics and cyanogenic glycosides concentrations did not differ among treatments. Seed germination rates and flowering time of the offspring were similar among maternal treatments. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results confirm that responses of lima bean to herbivory by leaf beetles are mediated by jasmonate; however, effects on phenological traits are not transmitted to the next generation. We discuss why transgenerational effects of herbivory might be restricted to traits that directly target herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bustos‐Segura
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutionary EntomologyUniversity of NeuchâtelRue Emile‐Argand 112000Switzerland
| | | | - Juan Traine
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutionary EntomologyUniversity of NeuchâtelRue Emile‐Argand 112000Switzerland
| | - Betty Benrey
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutionary EntomologyUniversity of NeuchâtelRue Emile‐Argand 112000Switzerland
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3
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Bustos-Segura C, Hernández-Cumplido J, Traine J, Benrey B. Herbivory and jasmonate treatment affect reproductive traits in wild Lima bean, but without transgenerational effects. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:2096-2104. [PMID: 34693514 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4725696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plant responses to herbivores and their elicitors include changes in traits associated with phenology, defense, and reproduction. Induced responses by chewing herbivores are known to be hormonally mediated by the jasmonate pathway and can cascade and affect late-season seed predators and pollinators. Moreover, herbivore-induced plant responses can be transmitted to the next generation. Whether herbivore-induced transgenerational effects also apply to phenological traits is less well understood. METHODS Here, we explored responses of wild lima bean plants (Phaseolus lunatus) to herbivory and jasmonate treatment and possible transgenerational effects of herbivore-induced early flowering. In a controlled field experiment, we exposed lima bean plants to herbivory by leaf beetles or methyl jasmonate sprays (MJ). We then compared plant development, phenology, reproductive fitness and seed traits among these treatments and undamaged, untreated control plants. RESULTS We found that MJ and leaf herbivory induced similar responses, with treated plants growing less, flowering earlier, and producing fewer seeds than undamaged plants. However, seed size, phenolics and cyanogenic glycosides concentrations did not differ among treatments. Seed germination rates and flowering time of the offspring were similar among maternal treatments. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results confirm that responses of lima bean to herbivory by leaf beetles are mediated by jasmonate; however, effects on phenological traits are not transmitted to the next generation. We discuss why transgenerational effects of herbivory might be restricted to traits that directly target herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bustos-Segura
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Johnattan Hernández-Cumplido
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Juan Traine
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Betty Benrey
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Switzerland
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Austel N, Böttcher C, Meiners T. Chemical defence in Brassicaceae against pollen beetles revealed by metabolomics and flower bud manipulation approaches. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:519-534. [PMID: 33190271 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Divergence of chemical plant defence mechanisms within the Brassicaceae can be utilized to identify means against specialized pest insects. Using a bioassay-driven approach, we (a) screened 24 different Brassica napus cultivars, B. napus resyntheses and related brassicaceous species for natural plant resistance against feeding adults of the pollen beetle (Brassicogethes aeneus), (b) tested for gender-specific feeding resistance, (c) analysed the flower bud metabolomes by a non-targeted approach and (d) tested single candidate compounds for their antifeedant activity. (a) In no-choice assays, beetles were allowed to feed on intact plants. Reduced feeding activity was mainly observed on Sinapis alba and Barbarea vulgaris but not on B. napus cultivars. (b) Males fed less and discriminated more in feeding than females. (c) Correlation of the metabolite abundances with the beetles' feeding activity revealed several glucosinolates, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and saponins as potential antifeedants. (d) These were tested in dual-bud-choice assays developed for medium-throughput compound screening. Application of standard compounds on single oilseed rape flower buds revealed highly deterrent effects of glucobarbarin, oleanolic acid and hederagenin. These results help to understand chemical plant defence in the Brassicaceae and are of key importance for further breeding strategies for insect-resistant oilseed rape cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Austel
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Meiners
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Grunseich JM, Thompson MN, Aguirre NM, Helms AM. The Role of Plant-Associated Microbes in Mediating Host-Plant Selection by Insect Herbivores. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E6. [PMID: 31861487 PMCID: PMC7020435 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that plant-associated microorganisms play important roles in shaping interactions between plants and insect herbivores. Studies of both pathogenic and beneficial plant microbes have documented wide-ranging effects on herbivore behavior and performance. Some studies, for example, have reported enhanced insect-repellent traits or reduced performance of herbivores on microbe-associated plants, while others have documented increased herbivore attraction or performance. Insect herbivores frequently rely on plant cues during foraging and oviposition, suggesting that plant-associated microbes affecting these cues can indirectly influence herbivore preference. We review and synthesize recent literature to provide new insights into the ways pathogenic and beneficial plant-associated microbes alter visual, olfactory, and gustatory cues of plants that affect host-plant selection by insect herbivores. We discuss the underlying mechanisms, ecological implications, and future directions for studies of plant-microbial symbionts that indirectly influence herbivore behavior by altering plant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Grunseich
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (J.M.G.); (M.N.T.)
| | - Morgan N. Thompson
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (J.M.G.); (M.N.T.)
| | - Natalie M. Aguirre
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program, Texas A&M University; College Station, TX 77840, USA;
| | - Anjel M. Helms
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (J.M.G.); (M.N.T.)
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program, Texas A&M University; College Station, TX 77840, USA;
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Kautz S, Williams T, Ballhorn DJ. Ecological Importance of Cyanogenesis and Extrafloral Nectar in Invasive English Laurel,Prunus laurocerasus. NORTHWEST SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3955/046.091.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kautz
- Stefanie Kautz, Trevor Williams, and Daniel J. Ballhorn, Portland State University, Department of Biology, 1719 SW 10th Ave, Portland, Oregon 97201
| | - Trevor Williams
- Stefanie Kautz, Trevor Williams, and Daniel J. Ballhorn, Portland State University, Department of Biology, 1719 SW 10th Ave, Portland, Oregon 97201
| | - Daniel J. Ballhorn
- Stefanie Kautz, Trevor Williams, and Daniel J. Ballhorn, Portland State University, Department of Biology, 1719 SW 10th Ave, Portland, Oregon 97201
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Peterson JA, Ode PJ, Oliveira-Hofman C, Harwood JD. Integration of Plant Defense Traits with Biological Control of Arthropod Pests: Challenges and Opportunities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1794. [PMID: 27965695 PMCID: PMC5129739 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Crop plants exhibit a wide diversity of defensive traits and strategies to protect themselves from damage by herbivorous pests and disease. These defensive traits may be naturally occurring or artificially selected through crop breeding, including introduction via genetic engineering. While these traits can have obvious and direct impacts on herbivorous pests, many have profound effects on higher trophic levels, including the natural enemies of herbivores. Multi-trophic effects of host plant resistance have the potential to influence, both positively and negatively, biological control. Plant defense traits can influence both the numerical and functional responses of natural enemies; these interactions can be semiochemically, plant toxin-, plant nutrient-, and/or physically mediated. Case studies involving predators, parasitoids, and pathogens of crop pests will be presented and discussed. These diverse groups of natural enemies may respond differently to crop plant traits based on their own unique biology and the ecological niches they fill. Genetically modified crop plants that have been engineered to express transgenic products affecting herbivorous pests are an additional consideration. For the most part, transgenic plant incorporated protectant (PIP) traits are compatible with biological control due to their selective toxicity to targeted pests and relatively low non-target impacts, although transgenic crops may have indirect effects on higher trophic levels and arthropod communities mediated by lower host or prey number and/or quality. Host plant resistance and biological control are two of the key pillars of integrated pest management; their potential interactions, whether they are synergistic, complementary, or disruptive, are key in understanding and achieving sustainable and effective pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Peterson
- Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, North PlatteNE, USA
| | - Paul J. Ode
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort CollinsCO, USA
| | | | - James D. Harwood
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, LexingtonKY, USA
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Ballhorn DJ, Schädler M, Elias JD, Millar JA, Kautz S. Friend or Foe-Light Availability Determines the Relationship between Mycorrhizal Fungi, Rhizobia and Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154116. [PMID: 27136455 PMCID: PMC4852939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant associations with root microbes represent some of the most important symbioses on earth. While often critically promoting plant fitness, nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) also demand significant carbohydrate allocation in exchange for key nutrients. Though plants may often compensate for carbon loss, constraints may arise under light limitation when plants cannot extensively increase photosynthesis. Under such conditions, costs for maintaining symbioses may outweigh benefits, turning mutualist microbes into parasites, resulting in reduced plant growth and reproduction. In natural systems plants commonly grow with different symbionts simultaneously which again may interact with each other. This might add complexity to the responses of such multipartite relationships. We experimented with lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), which efficiently forms associations with both types of root symbionts. We applied full light and low-light to each of four treatments of microbial inoculation. After an incubation period of 14 weeks, we quantified vegetative aboveground and belowground biomass and number and viability of seeds to determine effects of combined inoculant and light treatment on plant fitness. Under light-limited conditions, vegetative and reproductive traits were inhibited in AMF and rhizobia inoculated lima bean plants relative to controls (un-colonized plants). Strikingly, reductions in seed production were most critical in combined treatments with rhizobia x AMF. Our findings suggest microbial root symbionts create additive costs resulting in decreased plant fitness under light-limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Ballhorn
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, 97201, United States of America
| | - Martin Schädler
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Dept. Community Ecology, 06120, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-Leipzig (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jacob D. Elias
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, 97201, United States of America
| | - Jess A. Millar
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, 97201, United States of America
| | - Stefanie Kautz
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, 97201, United States of America
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Austel N, Eilers EJ, Meiners T, Hilker M. Elm leaves 'warned' by insect egg deposition reduce survival of hatching larvae by a shift in their quantitative leaf metabolite pattern. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:366-76. [PMID: 26296819 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants may take insect eggs on their leaves as a warning of future herbivory and intensify their defence against feeding larvae. Responsible agents are, however, largely unknown, and little knowledge is available on this phenomenon in perennial plants. We investigated how egg deposition affects the anti-herbivore defence of elm against the multivoltine elm leaf beetle. Prior egg deposition caused changes in the quality of feeding-damaged leaves that resulted in increased larval mortality and reduced reproductive capacity of the herbivore by harming especially female larvae. Chemical analyses of primary and secondary leaf metabolites in feeding-damaged, egg-free (F) and feeding-damaged, egg-deposited (EF)-leaves revealed only small differences in concentrations when comparing metabolites singly. However, a pattern-focused analysis showed clearly separable patterns of (F) and (EF)-leaves because of concentration differences in especially nitrogen and phenolics, of which robinin was consumed in greater amounts by larvae on (EF) than on (F)-leaves. Our study shows that insect egg deposition mediates a shift in the quantitative nutritional pattern of feeding-damaged leaves, and thus might limit the herbivore's population growth by reducing the number of especially female herbivores. This may be a strategy that pays off in a long run particularly in perennial plants against multivoltine herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Austel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Haderslebener Str. 9,, 12163, Berlin, Germany
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10,, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth J Eilers
- Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Haderslebener Str. 9,, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Meiners
- Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Haderslebener Str. 9,, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Haderslebener Str. 9,, 12163, Berlin, Germany
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Godschalx AL, Stady L, Watzig B, Ballhorn DJ. Is protection against florivory consistent with the optimal defense hypothesis? BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:32. [PMID: 26822555 PMCID: PMC4730643 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant defense traits require resources and energy that plants may otherwise use for growth and reproduction. In order to most efficiently protect plant tissues from herbivory, one widely accepted assumption of the optimal defense hypothesis states that plants protect tissues most relevant to fitness. Reproductive organs directly determining plant fitness, including flowers and immature fruit, as well as young, productive leaf tissue thus should be particularly well-defended. To test this hypothesis, we quantified the cyanogenic potential (HCNp)-a direct, chemical defense-systemically expressed in vegetative and reproductive organs in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), and we tested susceptibility of these organs in bioassays with a generalist insect herbivore, the Large Yellow Underwing (Noctuidae: Noctua pronuba). To determine the actual impact of either florivory (herbivory on flowers) or folivory on seed production as a measure of maternal fitness, we removed varying percentages of total flowers or young leaf tissue and quantified developing fruit, seeds, and seed viability. RESULTS We found extremely low HCNp in flowers (8.66 ± 2.19 μmol CN(-) g(-1) FW in young, white flowers, 6.23 ± 1.25 μmol CN(-) g(-1) FW in mature, yellow flowers) and in pods (ranging from 32.05 ± 7.08 to 0.09 ± 0.08 μmol CN(-) g(-1) FW in young to mature pods, respectively) whereas young leaves showed high levels of defense (67.35 ± 3.15 μmol CN(-) g(-1) FW). Correspondingly, herbivores consumed more flowers than any other tissue, which, when taken alone, appears to contradict the optimal defense hypothesis. However, experimentally removing flowers did not significantly impact fitness, while leaf tissue removal significantly reduced production of viable seeds. CONCLUSIONS Even though flowers were the least defended and most consumed, our results support the optimal defense hypothesis due to i) the lack of flower removal effects on fitness and ii) the high defense investment in young leaves, which have high consequences for fitness. These data highlight the importance of considering plant defense interactions from multiple angles; interpreting where empirical data fit within any plant defense hypothesis requires understanding the fitness consequences associated with the observed defense pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne L Godschalx
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
| | - Lauren Stady
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
| | - Benjamin Watzig
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
| | - Daniel J Ballhorn
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
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Stenberg JA, Heil M, Åhman I, Björkman C. Optimizing Crops for Biocontrol of Pests and Disease. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:698-712. [PMID: 26447042 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Volatile compounds and extrafloral nectar are common defenses of wild plants; however, in crops they bear an as-yet underused potential for biological control of pests and diseases. Odor emission and nectar secretion are multigene traits in wild plants, and thus form difficult targets for breeding. Furthermore, domestication has changed the capacity of crops to express these traits. We propose that breeding crops for an enhanced capacity for tritrophic interactions and volatile-mediated direct resistance to herbivores and pathogens can contribute to environmentally-friendly and sustainable agriculture. Natural plant volatiles with antifungal or repellent properties can serve as direct resistance agents. In addition, volatiles mediating tritrophic interactions can be combined with nectar-based food rewards for carnivores to boost indirect plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan A Stenberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Protection Biology, PO Box 102, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36670 México.
| | - Inger Åhman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Breeding, PO Box 101, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Christer Björkman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, PO Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Herbivore damage induces a transgenerational increase of cyanogenesis in wild lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus). CHEMOECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-015-0201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Blue E, Kay J, Younginger BS, Ballhorn DJ. Differential effects of type and quantity of leaf damage on growth, reproduction and defence of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:712-719. [PMID: 25377879 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Folivores are major plant antagonists in most terrestrial ecosystems. However, the quantitative effects of leaf area loss on multiple interacting plant traits are still little understood. We sought to contribute to filling this lack of understanding by applying different types of leaf area removal (complete leaflets versus leaflet parts) and degrees of leaf damage (0, 33 and 66%) to lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) plants. We quantified various growth and fitness parameters including above- and belowground biomass as well as the production of reproductive structures (fruits, seeds). In addition, we measured plant cyanogenic potential (HCNp; direct chemical defence) and production of extrafloral nectar (EFN; indirect defence). Leaf damage reduced above- and belowground biomass production in general, but neither variation in quantity nor type of damage resulted in different biomass. Similarly, the number of fruits and seeds was significantly reduced in all damaged plants without significant differences between treatment groups. Seed mass, however, was affected by both type and quantity of leaf damage. Leaf area loss had no impact on HCNp, whereas production of EFN decreased with increasing damage. While EFN production was quantitatively affected by leaf area removal, the type of damage had no effect. Our study provides a thorough analysis of the quantitative and qualitative effects of defoliation on multiple productivity-related and defensive plant traits and shows strong differences in plant response depending on trait. Quantifying such plant responses is vital to our understanding of the impact of herbivory on plant fitness and productivity in natural and agricultural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Blue
- Portland State University, Department of Biology, Portland, OR, USA
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Kautz S, Trisel JA, Ballhorn DJ. Jasmonic Acid Enhances Plant Cyanogenesis and Resistance to Herbivory in Lima Bean. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:1186-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Aboveground endophyte affects root volatile emission and host plant selection of a belowground insect. Oecologia 2014; 177:487-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ballhorn DJ, Godschalx AL, Smart SM, Kautz S, Schädler M. Chemical defense lowers plant competitiveness. Oecologia 2014; 176:811-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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A new approach to quantify semiochemical effects on insects based on energy landscapes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106276. [PMID: 25171062 PMCID: PMC4149542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Our ability to document insect preference for semiochemicals is pivotal in pest control as these agents can improve monitoring and be deployed within integrated pest management programmes for more efficacious control of pest species. However, methods used to date have drawbacks that limit their utility. We present and test a new concept for determining insect motivation to move towards, or away from, semiochemicals by noting direction and speed of movement as animals work against a defined energy landscape (environmentally dependent variation in the cost of transport) requiring different powers to negotiate. We conducted trials with the pine weevils Hylobius abietis and peach-potato aphids Myzus persicae exposed to various attractants and repellents and placed so that they either moved up defined slopes against gravity or had to travel over variously rough surfaces. Results Linear Mixed Models demonstrated clear reductions in travel speed by insects moving along increasingly energetically taxing energy landscapes but also that responses varied according to different semiochemicals, thus highlighting the value of energy landscapes as a new concept to help measure insect motivation to access or avoid different attractants or repellents across individuals. Conclusions New sensitive, detailed indicators of insect motivation derived from this approach should prove important in pest control across the world.
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Ballhorn DJ, Kautz S. How useful are olfactometer experiments in chemical ecology research? Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e24787. [PMID: 23986812 PMCID: PMC3742059 DOI: 10.4161/cib.24787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactometer experiments, in which arthropods are given the choice between two or more odor sources to test behavioral preferences, are commonly used in chemical ecology research. Results of such often lead to conclusions on behavior in an ecologically relevant setting. However, it is widely unknown how well these experiments reflect actual behavior in nature. Recently, we used natural insect herbivores of wild lima bean plants to evaluate their behavior in Y-tube olfactometer experiments compared with feeding experiments. We demonstrated that depending on volatile concentration, insect sex significantly determined preference, and that independent of sex, the actual feeding choice of insects depended on defensive short-distance cues, which did not correlate with volatile cues emitted by the plants. Thus, our study shows that olfactory decisions do not reflect actual feeding choice and that olfactometer experiments may only provide a limited and simplified picture of actual decision making by insects.
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Rodriguez-Saona CR, Polashock J, Malo EA. Jasmonate-Mediated Induced Volatiles in the American Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon: From Gene Expression to Organismal Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:115. [PMID: 23641249 PMCID: PMC3638147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates, i.e., jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), are signaling hormones that regulate a large number of defense responses in plants which in turn affect the plants' interactions with herbivores and their natural enemies. Here, we investigated the effect of jasmonates on the emission of volatiles in the American cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, at different levels of biological organization from gene expression to organismal interactions. At the molecular level, four genes (BCS, LLS, NER1, and TPS21) responded significantly to gypsy moth larval feeding, MeJA, and mechanical wounding, but to different degrees. The most dramatic changes in expression of BCS and TPS21 (genes in the sesquiterpenoid pathway) were when treated with MeJA. Gypsy moth-damaged and MeJA-treated plants also had significantly elevated expression of LLS and NER1 (genes in the monoterpene and homoterpene biosynthesis pathways, respectively). At the biochemical level, MeJA induced a complex blend of monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds that differed from gypsy moth and mechanical damage, and followed a diurnal pattern of emission. At the organismal level, numbers of Sparganothis sulfureana moths were lower while numbers of parasitic wasps were higher on sticky traps near MeJA-treated cranberry plants than those near untreated plants. Out of 11 leaf volatiles tested, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, linalool, and linalool oxide elicited strong antennal (EAG) responses from S. sulfureana, whereas sesquiterpenes elicited weak EAG responses. In addition, mortality of S. sulfureana larvae increased by about 43% in JA treated cranberry plants as compared with untreated plants, indicating a relationship among adult preference, antennal sensitivity to plant odors, and offspring performance. This study highlights the role of the jasmonate-dependent defensive pathway in the emissions of herbivore-induced volatiles in cranberries and its importance in multi-trophic level interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar R. Rodriguez-Saona
- Department of Entomology, Philip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry ResearchChatsworth, NJ, USA
- *Correspondence: Cesar R. Rodriguez-Saona, Philip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research, 125A Lake Oswego Road, Chatsworth, NJ 08019, USA. e-mail:
| | - James Polashock
- Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Lab, Philip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research ServiceChatsworth, NJ, USA
| | - Edi A. Malo
- Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de plagas, El Colegio de la Frontera SurTapachula, Chiapas, México
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