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Gao T, Xu P, Chen R, Wang XC, Dzakpasu M. Environmental risk assessment by using disability adjusted life year via constructing of a generalized linear model for morbidity estimation of waterborne pathogens. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113566. [PMID: 34425498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Environmental burden of disease (EBD) quantitatively evaluates the health impacts of pathogens by using the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) method. The life loss due to morbidity is a general expression for the EBD outcome and, thus, morbidity analysis is indispensable. Considering the deficiency of previous morbidity analysis methods, the objective of this study was to construct a linear morbidity model by using a generalized linear model (GLM) as a template and introducing exposure dose, pathogen toxicity and human immunity as impact variables. Human experimental data were collected for model fitting, and the results indicated a good fit of the majority of the pathogen data. Consequently, two practical cases of water reuse in Xi'an Siyuan University (Case 1) and Lake Cui, Kunming (Case 2) were selected for model validation. Results for case 1 indicated the major EBD to be attributed to rotaviruses (5.57 × 10-7 DALYs, 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.46 × 10-7-1.72 × 10-4 DALYs) and sprinkling irrigation (5.12 × 10-7 DALYs, 95% CI: 1.95 × 10-7-1.47 × 101 DALYs). Conversely, that for case 2 is mainly attributed to noroviruses (1.42 × 10-7 DALYs, 95% CI: 7.51 × 10-11-2.67 × 10-4 DALYs) and road flushing (1.62 × 10-7 DALYs, 95% CI: 1.16 × 10-7-2.67 × 10-4 DALYs). However, comparison with the suggested threshold of 10-6 DALYs indicated the EBDs for both cases are acceptable and, thus, water reuse is confirmed to be safe. The methodology for morbidity modelling proposed in this research can effectively compensate for missing data in DALY calculation and, thereby, help to optimize the process for EBD evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Gao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, No.19 South Jinhua Road, Xi'an, 710048, PR China; International S&T Cooperation Centre for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China.
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- International S&T Cooperation Centre for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- International S&T Cooperation Centre for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International S&T Cooperation Centre for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Mawuli Dzakpasu
- International S&T Cooperation Centre for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
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Lo M, Mitra S, De P, Banerjee A, Deb AK, Miyoshi SI, Manna A, Ghosh SK, Okamoto K, Dutta S, Chawla-Sarkar M. Genetic characterization and evolutionary analysis of norovirus genotypes circulating among children in eastern India during 2018-2019. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2989-2998. [PMID: 34383167 PMCID: PMC8358548 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are significant etiological agents of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) across all age groups, especially in children under 5 years of age. Although the prevalence of norovirus infection is known to have increased in various countries, in India there are few reports pertaining to the norovirus disease burden. We investigated the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of noroviruses in children seeking health care at two hospitals in Kolkata, Eastern India. Faecal specimens were collected between January 2018 and December 2019 from 2812 children under 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis. Noroviruses were detected in 6.04% (170/2812) of the samples, and 12.9% (22/170) of these were cases of coinfection with rotavirus. Among children (≤5 years), a higher infection rate (8.2%, n = 94/1152) was observed in the 6 to 12 month age group. GII.4 Sydney 2012 was the dominant norovirus capsid genotype (n = 75/90, 83.3%), followed by GII.3 (n = 10/90, 11.1%). Other capsid types GII.13 (n = 4/90, 4.4%) and GII.17 (n = 1/90; 1.1%) were also detected at low frequency. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the GII.P16 polymerase of strains in this region clustered with those of the phylogenetically distinct monophyletic clade of GII.P16 strains, whose members have been circulating worldwide since 2014. Inter-genotypic norovirus recombinants such as GII.P16-GII.3 (n = 10) and GII.P16-GII.13 (n = 4) were also observed among the circulating strains. In comparison to previous studies from eastern India, the present study shows a higher detection rate of norovirus infection in the paediatric population suffering from acute gastroenteritis. Continuous surveillance is required for predicting the emergence of novel genotypes and recombinant strains and for future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadeb Lo
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Suvrotoa Mitra
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Papiya De
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Anindita Banerjee
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Alok Kumar Deb
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Disease, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Asis Manna
- Infectious diseases and Beliaghata General (ID & BG) Hospital, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Sanat Kumar Ghosh
- Dr. B.C. Roy Post Graduate Institute of Pediatric Sciences, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Keinosuke Okamoto
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Disease, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Regional Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India.
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3
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Family income and exposure to norovirus in childhood: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. SSM Popul Health 2019; 8:100445. [PMID: 31440576 PMCID: PMC6698927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Children from low income families are at greater risk of poorer health outcomes than their wealthier peers. Hospital admissions for children with gastroenteritis increase as deprivation increases. Noroviruses are responsible for 47-96% of outbreaks of acute paediatric gastroenteritis, and 5-36% of sporadic cases worldwide. However, evidence on the relationship between family income and childhood exposure to norovirus is still limited, with published studies pointing to conflicting results. This study explored the relationship between family income and early childhood exposure to norovirus in the United Kingdom using data from the Millennium Cohort Study linked to serological data. Exposure to norovirus was measured by the level of human norovirus-specific antibodies (titres) obtained from oral fluid samples collected from 5962 pre-school age UK children and tested for Norovirus-specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG). Multivariable linear and quantile regression analyses were conducted to investigate the extent to which family income was associated with child norovirus exposure, and to explore the potential mechanisms through which income might translate into norovirus exposure. Higher norovirus-specific IgG titres were associated with higher family income, but the relationship weakened after controlling for potential mediating factors, mainly increased opportunities for person-to-person contacts, such as formal childcare arrangements. This study provides novel evidence that can help inform and prioritise policy interventions (e.g. vaccination) and health promotion programmes to reduce child health inequalities in the area of gastrointestinal infections.
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Tamminen K, Malm M, Vesikari T, Blazevic V. Norovirus-specific mucosal antibodies correlate to systemic antibodies and block norovirus virus-like particles binding to histo-blood group antigens. Clin Immunol 2018; 197:110-117. [PMID: 30244152 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The best acknowledged correlate of protection from norovirus (NoV) infection is the ability of serum antibodies to block binding of NoV virus-like particles (VLPs) to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). We investigated mucosal NoV-specific antibody levels in adult volunteers and used saliva from a single donor to determine whether purified saliva antibodies confer blocking. NoV-specific IgG and IgA levels in saliva and plasma samples were measured against four NoV genotype VLPs. NoV-specific IgG and IgA titers in saliva and plasma samples correlated significantly. Antibodies were detected against all VLPs with the highest level of antibodies directed against ancestral GII.4 99 genotype. Affinity chromatography purified salivary IgA and IgG blocked binding of GII.4 99 VLPs to HBGAs. Saliva sampling is a non-invasive alternative to blood drawing and an excellent biological fluid to study NoV-specific immune responses. Mucosal anti-NoV antibodies block binding of NoV VLPs to HBGAs, and may therefore be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Tamminen
- Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, Tampere FI-33520, Finland.
| | - Maria Malm
- Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, Tampere FI-33520, Finland
| | - Timo Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, Tampere FI-33520, Finland
| | - Vesna Blazevic
- Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, Tampere FI-33520, Finland
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5
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Thorne L, Nalwoga A, Mentzer AJ, de Rougemont A, Hosmillo M, Webb E, Nampiija M, Muhwezi A, Carstensen T, Gurdasani D, Hill AV, Sandhu MS, Elliott A, Goodfellow I. The First Norovirus Longitudinal Seroepidemiological Study From Sub-Saharan Africa Reveals High Seroprevalence of Diverse Genotypes Associated With Host Susceptibility Factors. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:716-725. [PMID: 29912471 PMCID: PMC6057498 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a prominent cause of gastroenteritis, yet fundamental questions remain regarding epidemiology, diversity, and immunity in sub-Saharan African children. We investigated HuNoV seroprevalence and genetic and sociodemographic risk factors in Ugandan children. Methods We randomly screened 797 participants of a longitudinal birth cohort (Entebbe, EMaBS) and 378 from a cross-sectional survey (rural Lake Victoria, LaVIISWA), for antibodies against HuNoV genotypes by ELISA. We used linear regression modeling to test for associations between HuNoV antibody levels and sociodemographic factors, and with the human susceptibility rs601338 FUT2 secretor SNP and histo-blood group antigens (A/B/O). Results Of EMaBS participants, 76.6% were seropositive by age 1, rising to 94.5% by age 2 years. Seroprevalence in 1 year olds of the rural LaVIISWA survey was even higher (95%). In the birth cohort, 99% of seropositive 2 year olds had responses to multiple HuNoV genotypes. We identified associations between secretor status and genogroup GII antibody levels (GII.4 P = 3.1 × 10-52), as well as ABO and GI (GI.2 P = 2.1 × 10-12). Conclusions HuNoVs are highly prevalent in Ugandan children, indicating a substantial burden of diarrhea-associated morbidity with recurrent infections. Public health interventions, including vaccination, and increased surveillance are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Thorne
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, UK
| | - Angela Nalwoga
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Alexis de Rougemont
- Centre National de Référence des Virus Entériques, Laboratoire de Virologie-Sérologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, France
- L'Unité Mixte de Recherche Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, France
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily Webb
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Margaret Nampiija
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Allan Muhwezi
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | | | - Adrian V Hill
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Manj S Sandhu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alison Elliott
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
- School of Public Health, University of Makeni, Sierra Leone
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6
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Abstract
Norovirus is one of the leading causes of viral gastroenteritis worldwide and responsible for substantial morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. To further understanding of the epidemiology and control of norovirus, there has been much recent interest in describing the transmission dynamics of norovirus through mathematical models. In this study, we review the current modelling approaches for norovirus transmission. We examine the data and methods used to estimate these models that vary structurally and parametrically between different epidemiological contexts. Many of the existing studies at population level have focused on the same case notification dataset, whereas models from outbreak settings are highly specific and difficult to generalise. In this review, we explore the consistency in the description of norovirus transmission dynamics and the robustness of parameter estimates between studies. In particular, we find that there is considerable variability in estimates of key parameters such as the basic reproduction number, which may mean that the effort required to control norovirus at the population level may currently be underestimated.
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7
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Noroviruses are increasingly recognized as a major cause of sporadic and epidemic acute gastroenteritis (AGE). Although there have been multiple studies published on norovirus epidemiology in Latin America, no comprehensive assessment of the role of norovirus has been conducted in the region. We aim to estimate the role of norovirus in the Latin American region through a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing literature. METHODS We carried out a literature search in MEDLINE, SciELO and LILACS. We included papers that provided information on the prevalence or incidence of norovirus (including seroprevalence studies and outbreaks), with a recruitment and/or follow-up period of at least 12 months and where the diagnosis of norovirus was confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The data were pooled for meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of norovirus AGE and norovirus asymptomatic infection with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Thirty-eight studies were included in the review. Overall, the prevalence of norovirus among AGE cases was 15% (95% CI: 13-18). By location, it was 15% in the community (95% CI: 11%-21%), 14% in outpatient settings (95% CI: 10%-19%) and 16% in hospital locations (95% CI: 12%-21%). The prevalence of norovirus among asymptomatic subjects was 8% (95% CI: 4-13). Norovirus GII.4 strains were associated with 37%-100% of norovirus AGE cases, but only 7% of norovirus asymptomatic detections. CONCLUSIONS Noroviruses are associated with almost 1 out of every 6 hospitalizations because of acute diarrhea in children younger than 5 years of age in Latin America.
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8
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van Beek J, de Graaf M, Xia M, Jiang X, Vinjé J, Beersma M, de Bruin E, van de Vijver D, Holwerda M, van Houten M, Buisman AM, van Binnendijk R, Osterhaus ADME, van der Klis F, Vennema H, Koopmans MPG. Comparison of norovirus genogroup I, II and IV seroprevalence among children in the Netherlands, 1963, 1983 and 2006. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2255-2264. [PMID: 27365054 PMCID: PMC5042128 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide and are a genetically diverse group of viruses. Since 2002, an increasing number of norovirus outbreaks have been reported globally, but it is not clear whether this increase has been caused by a higher awareness or reflects the emergence of new genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) variants. The hypothesis that norovirus prevalence has increased post-2002 and is related to the emergence of GII.4 is tested in this study. Sera collected from children aged <5 years of three Dutch cross-sectional population based cohorts in 1963, 1983 and 2006/2007 (n=143, n=130 and n=376, respectively) were tested for specific serum IgG by protein array using antigens to GII.4 and a range of other antigens representing norovirus GI, GII and GIV genotypes. The protein array was validated by paired sera of norovirus infected patients and supernatants of B-cell cultures with single epitope specificity. Evidence for norovirus infection was found to be common among Dutch children in each cohort, but the prevalence towards different genotypes changed over time. At the genogroup level, GI seroprevalence decreased significantly between 1963 and 2006/2007, while a significant increase of GII and, in particular, specific antibodies of the genotype GII.4 was detected in the 2006/2007 cohort. There were no children with only GII.4 antibodies in the 1963 cohort. This study shows that the high GII.4 norovirus incidence in very young children is a recent phenomenon. These findings are of importance for vaccine development and trials that are currently focusing mostly on GII.4 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko van Beek
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda de Graaf
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ming Xia
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Mathias Beersma
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - David van de Vijver
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melle Holwerda
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies van Houten
- Pediatric Department, Spaarne Hospital Hoofddorp, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M Buisman
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van Binnendijk
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona van der Klis
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Vennema
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Kulkarni R, Lole K, Chitambar SD. Seroprevalence of antibodies against GII.4 norovirus among children in Pune, India. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1636-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruta Kulkarni
- Enteric Viruses Group; National Institute of Virology; Pune India
| | - Kavita Lole
- Hepatitis Group; National Institute of Virology; Pune India
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10
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Melhem NM. Norovirus vaccines: Correlates of protection, challenges and limitations. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1653-69. [PMID: 26836766 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1125054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is responsible for at least 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. NoVs are classified into 6 different genogroups (GGI- GGVI) based on the viral capsid protein with NoV genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) being the predominant strain causing human diseases. Supportive therapy involving reversal of dehydration and electrolyte deficiency is the main treatment of NoV gastroenteritis. However, the worldwide increased recognition of NoV as an important agent of diarrheal gastroenteritis prompted researchers to focus on establishing preventive strategies conferring long-lasting immunity. This review describes the current status of animal and human vaccine models/studies targeting NoV and addresses the factors hampering the development of a broadly effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada M Melhem
- a Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
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11
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Pringle K, Lopman B, Vega E, Vinje J, Parashar UD, Hall AJ. Noroviruses: epidemiology, immunity and prospects for prevention. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:53-67. [PMID: 25598337 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, noroviruses have become recognized as an important cause of both sporadic and epidemic acute gastroenteritis (AGE), largely due to the improved availability of broadly reactive real-time RT-PCR (TaqMan-based RT-PCR) assays. While there is substantial diversity among noroviruses, one specific genotype, GII.4, is the most common etiology in sporadic and epidemic AGE. Outbreaks of norovirus AGE most commonly occur in healthcare facilities and restaurants and result in significant morbidity and mortality and substantial healthcare costs. Norovirus vaccine development is progressing, and Phase I and II human trials have shown proof-of-principle that norovirus vaccines can reduce illness and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Pringle
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization & Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop A-34, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
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12
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Ayukekbong JA, Mesumbe HN, Oyero OG, Lindh M, Bergström T. Role of noroviruses as aetiological agents of diarrhoea in developing countries. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1983-1999. [PMID: 26002299 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoea is considered to be the second leading cause of death due to infections among children < 5 years of age worldwide that may be caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses and non-infectious agents. The major causative agents of diarrhoea in developing countries may vary from those in developed countries. Noroviruses are considered to be the most common cause of acute diarrhoea in both children and adults in industrialized countries. On the other hand, there is a lack of comprehensive epidemiological evidence from developing countries that norovirus is a major cause of diarrhoea. In these regions, asymptomatic norovirus infections are very common, and similar detection rates have been observed in patients with diarrhoea and asymptomatic persons. This review summarizes the current knowledge of norovirus infection in developing countries and seeks to position infections with noroviruses among those of other enteropathogens in terms of disease burden in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Ayukepi Ayukekbong
- Section for Clinical Research, Redeem Biomedical System, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Olufunmilayo G Oyero
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Evidence for human norovirus infection of dogs in the United kingdom. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:1873-83. [PMID: 25832298 PMCID: PMC4432062 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02778-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a major cause of viral gastroenteritis, with an estimated 3 million cases per year in the United Kingdom. HuNoVs have recently been isolated from pet dogs in Europe (M. Summa, C.-H. von Bonsdorff, and L. Maunula, J Clin Virol 53:244–247, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2011.12.014), raising concerns about potential zoonotic infections. With 31% of United Kingdom households owning a dog, this could prove to be an important transmission route. To examine this risk, canine tissues were studied for their ability to bind to HuNoV in vitro. In addition, canine stool samples were analyzed for the presence of viral nucleic acid, and canine serum samples were tested for the presence of anti-HuNoV antibodies. The results showed that seven different genotypes of HuNoV virus-like particles (VLPs) can bind to canine gastrointestinal tissue, suggesting that infection is at least theoretically possible. Although HuNoV RNA was not identified in stool samples from 248 dogs, serological evidence of previous exposure to HuNoV was obtained in 43/325 canine serum samples. Remarkably, canine seroprevalence for different HuNoV genotypes mirrored the seroprevalence in the human population. Though entry and replication within cells have not been demonstrated, the canine serological data indicate that dogs produce an immune response to HuNoV, implying productive infection. In conclusion, this study reveals zoonotic implications for HuNoV, and to elucidate the significance of this finding, further epidemiological and molecular investigations will be essential.
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Liu X, Liu P, Wang J, Moe C, Hu S, Cheng L, Gu W, Wang X. Seroepidemiology of Norovirus GII.3 and GII.4 Infections in Children with Diarrhea in Xi'an, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:500-5. [PMID: 25789571 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the seroepidemiology of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against Norovirus (NoV) GII.3 and GII.4 genotypes among children younger than 5 years with acute diarrhea in Xi'an, China. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 362 serum samples were collected from diarrheal children in the Department of Digestive Diseases of Xi'an Children's Hospital between March 2009 and October 2012. Recombinant capsid proteins of NoV genotypes GII.3 and GII.4 were expressed using the baculovirus expression system. The viruslike particles (VLPs) were examined by electron microscopy and Western blot, and VLPs were used as antigens for serological IgG tests using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence for GII.4 (86.2%) was significantly higher (p<0.01) than for GII.3 (67.9%). The seroprevalence remained in a high and stable level (70.9% for GII.3 and 88.7% for GII.4) in children under 1 year of age, then dropped in the age group 12-17 months (49.3% for GII.3 and 68.1% for GII.4), and finally increased to 77.8% for GII.3 and 96.8% for GII.4 in the group >18 months. The seroprevalence in the age group 12-17 months showed more statistically significant differences than the other age groups for both GII.3 and GII.4 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, seroprevalence of NoV GII.3 and GII.4 was high in young children in Xi'an, China, and the anti-GII.4-positive rates were statistically higher than GII.3 across all the age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Liu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Pengbo Liu
- 2 Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jiao Wang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Christine Moe
- 2 Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Senke Hu
- 3 Lab Center of Public Health Department, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li Cheng
- 4 Department of Nursing, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei Gu
- 5 College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- 6 Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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