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Mahadev Bhat S, Sieck GC. Heterogeneous distribution of mitochondria and succinate dehydrogenase activity in human airway smooth muscle cells. FASEB Bioadv 2024; 6:159-176. [PMID: 38846375 PMCID: PMC11150758 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2024-00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is a key mitochondrial enzyme involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, where it facilitates the oxidation of succinate to fumarate, and is coupled to the reduction of ubiquinone in the electron transport chain as Complex II. Previously, we developed a confocal-based quantitative histochemical technique to determine the maximum velocity of the SDH reaction (SDHmax) in single cells and observed that SDHmax corresponds with mitochondrial volume density. In addition, mitochondrial volume and motility varied within different compartments of human airway smooth muscle (hASM) cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that the SDH activity varies relative to the intracellular mitochondrial volume within hASM cells. Using 3D confocal imaging of labeled mitochondria and a concentric shell method for analysis, we quantified mitochondrial volume density, mitochondrial complexity index, and SDHmax relative to the distance from the nuclear membrane. The mitochondria within individual hASM cells were more filamentous in the immediate perinuclear region and were more fragmented in the distal parts of the cell. Within each shell, SDHmax also corresponded to mitochondrial volume density, where both peaked in the perinuclear region and decreased in more distal parts of the cell. Additionally, when normalized to mitochondrial volume, SDHmax was lower in the perinuclear region when compared to the distal parts of the cell. In summary, our results demonstrate that SDHmax measures differences in SDH activity within different cellular compartments. Importantly, our data indicate that mitochondria within individual cells are morphologically heterogeneous, and their distribution varies substantially within different cellular compartments, with distinct functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Mahadev Bhat
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Gary C. Sieck
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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2
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Beimers W, Braun M, Schwinefus K, Pearson K, Wilbanks B, Maher LJ. A suppressor of dioxygenase inhibition in a yeast model of SDH deficiency. Endocr Relat Cancer 2022; 29:345-358. [PMID: 35315791 PMCID: PMC9175558 DOI: 10.1530/erc-21-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A fascinating class of familial paraganglioma (PGL) neuroendocrine tumors is driven by the loss of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) resulting in succinate accumulation as an oncometabolite and other metabolic derangements. Here, we exploit a Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast model of SDH loss where accumulating succinate, and possibly reactive oxygen species, poison a dioxygenase enzyme required for sulfur scavenging. Using this model, we performed a chemical suppression screen for compounds that relieve dioxygenase inhibition. After testing 1280 pharmaceutically active compounds, we identified meclofenoxate HCl and its hydrolysis product, dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), as suppressors of dioxygenase intoxication in SDH-loss yeast cells. We show that DMAE acts to alter metabolism so as to normalize the succinate:2-ketoglutarate ratio, improving dioxygenase function. This study raises the possibility that oncometabolite effects might be therapeutically suppressed by drugs that rewire metabolism to reduce the flux of carbon into pathological metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Beimers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Megan Braun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kaleb Schwinefus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Keenan Pearson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brandon Wilbanks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Louis James Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to L J Maher:
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3
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Nölting S, Bechmann N, Taieb D, Beuschlein F, Fassnacht M, Kroiss M, Eisenhofer G, Grossman A, Pacak K. Personalized Management of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:199-239. [PMID: 34147030 PMCID: PMC8905338 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas are characterized by a unique molecular landscape that allows their assignment to clusters based on underlying genetic alterations. With around 30% to 35% of Caucasian patients (a lower percentage in the Chinese population) showing germline mutations in susceptibility genes, pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas have the highest rate of heritability among all tumors. A further 35% to 40% of Caucasian patients (a higher percentage in the Chinese population) are affected by somatic driver mutations. Thus, around 70% of all patients with pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma can be assigned to 1 of 3 main molecular clusters with different phenotypes and clinical behavior. Krebs cycle/VHL/EPAS1-related cluster 1 tumors tend to a noradrenergic biochemical phenotype and require very close follow-up due to the risk of metastasis and recurrence. In contrast, kinase signaling-related cluster 2 tumors are characterized by an adrenergic phenotype and episodic symptoms, with generally a less aggressive course. The clinical correlates of patients with Wnt signaling-related cluster 3 tumors are currently poorly described, but aggressive behavior seems likely. In this review, we explore and explain why cluster-specific (personalized) management of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma is essential to ascertain clinical behavior and prognosis, guide individual diagnostic procedures (biochemical interpretation, choice of the most sensitive imaging modalities), and provide personalized management and follow-up. Although cluster-specific therapy of inoperable/metastatic disease has not yet entered routine clinical practice, we suggest that informed personalized genetic-driven treatment should be implemented as a logical next step. This review amalgamates published guidelines and expert views within each cluster for a coherent individualized patient management plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Nölting
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Bechmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - David Taieb
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, La Timone University Hospital, CERIMED, Aix-Marseille University, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ashley Grossman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6HG, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.,ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20847, USA
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4
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Bliziotis NG, Kluijtmans LAJ, Soto S, Tinnevelt GH, Langton K, Robledo M, Pamporaki C, Engelke UFH, Erlic Z, Engel J, Deutschbein T, Nölting S, Prejbisz A, Richter S, Prehn C, Adamski J, Januszewicz A, Reincke M, Fassnacht M, Eisenhofer G, Beuschlein F, Kroiss M, Wevers RA, Jansen JJ, Deinum J, Timmers HJLM. Pre- versus post-operative untargeted plasma nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy metabolomics of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Endocrine 2022; 75:254-265. [PMID: 34536194 PMCID: PMC8763816 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas (PPGL) result in chronic catecholamine excess and serious health complications. A recent study obtained a metabolic signature in plasma from PPGL patients; however, its targeted nature may have generated an incomplete picture and a broader approach could provide additional insights. We aimed to characterize the plasma metabolome of PPGL patients before and after surgery, using an untargeted approach, and to broaden the scope of the investigated metabolic impact of these tumors. DESIGN A cohort of 36 PPGL patients was investigated. Blood plasma samples were collected before and after surgical tumor removal, in association with clinical and tumor characteristics. METHODS Plasma samples were analyzed using untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy metabolomics. The data were evaluated using a combination of uni- and multi-variate statistical methods. RESULTS Before surgery, patients with a nonadrenergic tumor could be distinguished from those with an adrenergic tumor based on their metabolic profiles. Tyrosine levels were significantly higher in patients with high compared to those with low BMI. Comparing subgroups of pre-operative samples with their post-operative counterparts, we found a metabolic signature that included ketone bodies, glucose, organic acids, methanol, dimethyl sulfone and amino acids. Three signals with unclear identities were found to be affected. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the pathways of glucose and ketone body homeostasis are affected in PPGL patients. BMI-related metabolite levels were also found to be altered, potentially linking muscle atrophy to PPGL. At baseline, patient metabolomes could be discriminated based on their catecholamine phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Bliziotis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Leo A J Kluijtmans
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Soto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerjen H Tinnevelt
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Katharina Langton
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mercedes Robledo
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christina Pamporaki
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Udo F H Engelke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Zoran Erlic
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jasper Engel
- Biometris, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Deutschbein
- Schwerpunkt Endokrinologie/Diabetologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Zürich, Germany
- Medicover Oldenburg MVZ, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Nölting
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Susan Richter
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Labormedizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Schwerpunkt Endokrinologie/Diabetologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Zürich, Germany
- Core Unit Clinical Mass Spectrometry, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Labormedizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Schwerpunkt Endokrinologie/Diabetologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Zürich, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Munich, Germany
- Core Unit Clinical Mass Spectrometry, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ron A Wevers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J Jansen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Deinum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Henri J L M Timmers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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5
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Takács-Vellai K, Farkas Z, Ősz F, Stewart GW. Model systems in SDHx-related pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:1177-1201. [PMID: 34957538 PMCID: PMC8825606 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and paraganglioma (PGL) (together PPGL) are tumors with poor outcomes that arise from neuroendocrine cells in the adrenal gland, and sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia outside the adrenal gland, respectively. Many follow germline mutations in genes coding for subunits of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), a tetrameric enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle that both converts succinate to fumarate and participates in electron transport. Germline SDH subunit B (SDHB) mutations have a high metastatic potential. Herein, we review the spectrum of model organisms that have contributed hugely to our understanding of SDH dysfunction. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), succinate accumulation inhibits alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase enzymes leading to DNA demethylation. In the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, mutated SDH creates developmental abnormalities, metabolic rewiring, an energy deficit and oxygen hypersensitivity (the latter is also found in Drosophila melanogaster). In the zebrafish Danio rerio, sdhb mutants display a shorter lifespan with defective energy metabolism. Recently, SDHB-deficient pheochromocytoma has been cultivated in xenografts and has generated cell lines, which can be traced back to a heterozygous SDHB-deficient rat. We propose that a combination of such models can be efficiently and effectively used in both pathophysiological studies and drug-screening projects in order to find novel strategies in PPGL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zsolt Farkas
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fanni Ősz
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gordon W Stewart
- Division of Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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6
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Dahlin JL, Auld DS, Rothenaigner I, Haney S, Sexton JZ, Nissink JWM, Walsh J, Lee JA, Strelow JM, Willard FS, Ferrins L, Baell JB, Walters MA, Hua BK, Hadian K, Wagner BK. Nuisance compounds in cellular assays. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:356-370. [PMID: 33592188 PMCID: PMC7979533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Compounds that exhibit assay interference or undesirable mechanisms of bioactivity ("nuisance compounds") are routinely encountered in cellular assays, including phenotypic and high-content screening assays. Much is known regarding compound-dependent assay interferences in cell-free assays. However, despite the essential role of cellular assays in chemical biology and drug discovery, there is considerably less known about nuisance compounds in more complex cell-based assays. In our view, a major obstacle to realizing the full potential of chemical biology will not just be difficult-to-drug targets or even the sheer number of targets, but rather nuisance compounds, due to their ability to waste significant resources and erode scientific trust. In this review, we summarize our collective academic, government, and industry experiences regarding cellular nuisance compounds. We describe assay design strategies to mitigate the impact of nuisance compounds and suggest best practices to efficiently address these compounds in complex biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme L Dahlin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Douglas S Auld
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ina Rothenaigner
- Assay Development and Screening Platform, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Steve Haney
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Sexton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Michigan Medicine at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Jarrod Walsh
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | | | | | | | - Lori Ferrins
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael A Walters
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Bruce K Hua
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Kamyar Hadian
- Assay Development and Screening Platform, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bridget K Wagner
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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7
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Bailly C. Medicinal applications and molecular targets of dequalinium chloride. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114467. [PMID: 33577890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For more than 60 years dequalinium chloride (DQ) has been used as anti-infective drug, mainly to treat local infections. It is a standard drug to treat bacterial vaginosis and an active ingredient of sore-throat lozenges. As a lipophilic bis-quaternary ammonium molecule, the drug displays membrane effects and selectively targets mitochondria to deplete DNA and to block energy production in cells. But beyond its mitochondriotropic property, DQ can interfere with the correct functioning of diverse proteins. A dozen of DQ protein targets have been identified and their implication in the antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic and anticancer properties of the drug is discussed here. The anticancer effects of DQ combine a mitochondrial action, a selective inhibition of kinases (PKC-α/β, Cdc7/Dbf4), and a modulation of Ca2+-activated K+ channels. At the bacterial level, DQ interacts with different multidrug transporters (QacR, AcrB, EmrE) and with the transcriptional regulator RamR. Other proteins implicated in the antiviral (MPER domain of gp41 HIV-1) and antiparasitic (chitinase A from Vibrio harveyi) activities have been identified. DQ also targets α -synuclein oligomers to restrict protofibrils formation implicated in some neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, DQ is a typical bolaamphiphile molecule, well suited to form liposomes and nanoparticules useful for drug entrapment and delivery (DQAsomes and others). Altogether, the review highlights the many pharmacological properties and therapeutic benefits of this old 'multi-talented' drug, which may be exploited further. Its multiple sites of actions in cells should be kept in mind when using DQ in experimental research.
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8
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Modeling succinate dehydrogenase loss disorders in C. elegans through effects on hypoxia-inducible factor. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227033. [PMID: 31887185 PMCID: PMC6936837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders arise from defects in nuclear genes encoding enzymes of oxidative metabolism. Mutations of metabolic enzymes in somatic tissues can cause cancers due to oncometabolite accumulation. Paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma are examples, whose etiology and therapy are complicated by the absence of representative cell lines or animal models. These tumors can be driven by loss of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. We exploit the relationship between succinate accumulation, hypoxic signaling, egg-laying behavior, and morphology in C. elegans to create genetic and pharmacological models of succinate dehydrogenase loss disorders. With optimization, these models may enable future high-throughput screening efforts.
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9
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Scott BM, Wybenga-Groot LE, McGlade CJ, Heon E, Peisajovich SG, Chang BSW. Screening of Chemical Libraries Using a Yeast Model of Retinal Disease. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 24:969-977. [PMID: 31556794 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219875934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a degenerative retinal disease, often caused by mutations in the G-protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin. The majority of pathogenic rhodopsin mutations cause rhodopsin to misfold, including P23H, disrupting its crucial ability to respond to light. Previous screens to discover pharmacological chaperones of rhodopsin have primarily been based on rescuing rhodopsin trafficking and localization to the plasma membrane. Here, we present methods utilizing a yeast-based assay to screen for compounds that rescue the ability of rhodopsin to activate an associated downstream G-protein signaling cascade. We engineered a yeast strain in which human rhodopsin variants were genomically integrated, and were able to demonstrate functional coupling to the yeast mating pathway, leading to fluorescent protein expression. We confirmed that a known pharmacological chaperone, 9-cis retinal, could partially rescue light-dependent activation of a disease-associated rhodopsin mutation (P23H) expressed in yeast. These novel yeast strains were used to perform a phenotypic screen of 4280 compounds from the LOPAC1280 library and a peptidomimetic library, to discover novel pharmacological chaperones of rhodopsin. The fluorescence-based assay was robust in a 96-well format, with a Z' factor of 0.65 and a signal-to-background ratio of above 14. One compound was selected for additional analysis, but it did not appear to rescue rhodopsin function in yeast. The methods presented here are amenable to future screens of small-molecule libraries, as they are robust and cost-effective. We also discuss how these methods could be further modified or adapted to perform screens of more compounds in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Scott
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - C Jane McGlade
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elise Heon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio G Peisajovich
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Belinda S W Chang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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10
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Zimmermann A, Hofer S, Pendl T, Kainz K, Madeo F, Carmona-Gutierrez D. Yeast as a tool to identify anti-aging compounds. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 18:4919731. [PMID: 29905792 PMCID: PMC6001894 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for interventions against aging and age-related diseases, biological screening platforms are indispensable tools to identify anti-aging compounds among large substance libraries. The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has emerged as a powerful chemical and genetic screening platform, as it combines a rapid workflow with experimental amenability and the availability of a wide range of genetic mutant libraries. Given the amount of conserved genes and aging mechanisms between yeast and human, testing candidate anti-aging substances in yeast gene-deletion or overexpression collections, or de novo derived mutants, has proven highly successful in finding potential molecular targets. Yeast-based studies, for example, have led to the discovery of the polyphenol resveratrol and the natural polyamine spermidine as potential anti-aging agents. Here, we present strategies for pharmacological anti-aging screens in yeast, discuss common pitfalls and summarize studies that have used yeast for drug discovery and target identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Sebastian Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Tobias Pendl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Katharina Kainz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
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11
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The role of metabolic enzymes in mesenchymal tumors and tumor syndromes: genetics, pathology, and molecular mechanisms. J Transl Med 2018; 98:414-426. [PMID: 29339836 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-017-0003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of mutations in genes encoding the metabolic enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and fumarate hydratase (FH) has expanded our understanding not only of altered metabolic pathways but also epigenetic dysregulation in cancer. IDH1/2 mutations occur in enchondromas and chondrosarcomas in patients with the non-hereditary enchondromatosis syndromes Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome and in sporadic tumors. IDH1/2 mutations result in excess production of the oncometabolite (D)-2-hydroxyglutarate. In contrast, SDH and FH act as tumor suppressors and genomic inactivation results in succinate and fumarate accumulation, respectively. SDH deficiency may result from germline SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, or SDHD mutations and is found in autosomal-dominant familial paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma and Carney-Stratakis syndrome, describing the combination of paraganglioma and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). In contrast, patients with the non-hereditary Carney triad, including paraganglioma, GIST, and pulmonary chondroma, usually lack germline SDH mutations and instead show epigenetic SDH complex inactivation through SDHC promoter methylation. Inactivating FH germline mutations are found in patients with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) syndrome comprising benign cutaneous/uterine leiomyomas and renal cell carcinoma. Mutant IDH, SDH, and FH share common inhibition of α-ketoglutarate-dependent oxygenases such as the TET family of 5-methylcytosine hydroxylases preventing DNA demethylation, and Jumonji domain histone demethylases increasing histone methylation, which together inhibit cell differentiation. Ongoing studies aim to better characterize these complex alterations in cancer, the different clinical phenotypes, and variable penetrance of inherited and sporadic cancer predisposition syndromes. A better understanding of the roles of metabolic enzymes in cancer may foster the development of therapies that specifically target functional alterations in tumor cells in the future. Here, the physiologic functions of these metabolic enzymes, the mutational spectrum, and associated functional alterations will be discussed, with a focus on mesenchymal tumor predisposition syndromes.
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Smestad J, Hamidi O, Wang L, Holte MN, Khazal FA, Erber L, Chen Y, Maher LJ. Characterization and metabolic synthetic lethal testing in a new model of SDH-loss familial pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Oncotarget 2017; 9:6109-6127. [PMID: 29464059 PMCID: PMC5814199 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-loss pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) are tumors driven by metabolic derangement. SDH loss leads to accumulation of intracellular succinate, which competitively inhibits dioxygenase enzymes, causing activation of pseudohypoxic signaling and hypermethylation of histones and DNA. The mechanisms by which these alterations lead to tumorigenesis are unclear, however. In an effort to fundamentally understand how SDH loss reprograms cell biology, we developed an immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line with conditional disruption of Sdhc and characterize the kinetics of Sdhc gene rearrangement, SDHC protein loss, succinate accumulation, and the resultant hypoproliferative phenotype. We further perform global transcriptomic, epigenomic, and proteomic characterization of changes resulting from SDHC loss, identifying specific perturbations at each biological level. We compare the observed patterns of epigenomic derangement to another previously-described immortalized mouse chromaffin cell model of SDHB loss, and compare both models to human SDH-loss tumors. Finally, we perform analysis of SDHC synthetic lethality with lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and pyruvate carboxylase (PCX), which are important for regeneration of NAD+ and aspartate biosynthesis, respectively. Our data show that SDH-loss cells are selectively vulnerable to LDH genetic knock-down or chemical inhibition, suggesting that LDH inhibition may be an effective therapeutic strategy for SDH-loss PPGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Smestad
- Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Oksana Hamidi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Molly Nelson Holte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Fatimah Al Khazal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Luke Erber
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - L James Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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13
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Sorokina KN, Taran OP, Medvedeva TB, Samoylova YV, Piligaev AV, Parmon VN. Cellulose Biorefinery Based on a Combined Catalytic and Biotechnological Approach for Production of 5-HMF and Ethanol. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:562-574. [PMID: 27995758 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a combination of catalytic and biotechnological processes was proposed for the first time for application in a cellulose biorefinery for the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and bioethanol. Hydrolytic dehydration of the mechanically activated microcrystalline cellulose over a carbon-based mesoporous Sibunt-4 catalyst resulted in moderate yields of glucose and 5-HMF (21.1-25.1 and 6.6-9.4 %). 5-HMF was extracted from the resulting mixture with isobutanol and subjected to ethanol fermentation. A number of yeast strains were isolated that also revealed high thermotolerance (up to 50 °C) and resistance to inhibitors found in the hydrolysates. The strains Kluyveromyces marxianus C1 and Ogataea polymorpha CBS4732 were capable of producing ethanol from processed catalytic hydrolysates of cellulose at 42 °C, with yields of 72.0±5.7 and 75.2±4.3 % from the maximum theoretical yield of ethanol, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia N Sorokina
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis (BIC), 630090, Novosibirsk, Lavrentieva ave. 5, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University (NSU), 630090, Novosibirsk, Pirogova str. 2, Russian Federation
| | - Oxana P Taran
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis (BIC), 630090, Novosibirsk, Lavrentieva ave. 5, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State Technical University (NSTU), 630037, Novosibirsk, Prosp. Karla Marksa, 20, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana B Medvedeva
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis (BIC), 630090, Novosibirsk, Lavrentieva ave. 5, Russian Federation
| | - Yuliya V Samoylova
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis (BIC), 630090, Novosibirsk, Lavrentieva ave. 5, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandr V Piligaev
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis (BIC), 630090, Novosibirsk, Lavrentieva ave. 5, Russian Federation
| | - Valentin N Parmon
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis (BIC), 630090, Novosibirsk, Lavrentieva ave. 5, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University (NSU), 630090, Novosibirsk, Pirogova str. 2, Russian Federation
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14
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Her YF, Nelson-Holte M, Maher LJ. Oxygen concentration controls epigenetic effects in models of familial paraganglioma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127471. [PMID: 25985299 PMCID: PMC4436181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial paraganglioma (PGL) is a rare neuroendocrine cancer associated with defects in the genes encoding the subunits of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme. For unknown reasons, a higher prevalence of PGL has been reported for humans living at higher altitude, with increased disease aggressiveness and morbidity. In this study, we evaluate the effects of oxygen on epigenetic changes due to succinate accumulation in three SDH loss cell culture models. We test the hypothesis that the mechanism of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)-dependent dioxygenase enzymes explains the inhibitory synergy of hypoxia and succinate accumulation. We confirm that SDH loss leads to profound succinate accumulation. We further show that hypoxia and succinate accumulation synergistically inhibit α-KG-dependent dioxygenases leading to increased stabilization of transcription factor HIF1α, HIF2α, and hypermethylation of histones and DNA. Increasing oxygen suppresses succinate inhibition of α-KG-dependent dioxygenases. This result provides a possible explanation for the association between hypoxia and PGL, and suggests hyperoxia as a potential novel therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeng F. Her
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States of America
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School and the Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States of America
| | - Molly Nelson-Holte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States of America
| | - Louis James Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dahlin JL, Nissink JWM, Strasser JM, Francis S, Higgins L, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Walters MA. PAINS in the assay: chemical mechanisms of assay interference and promiscuous enzymatic inhibition observed during a sulfhydryl-scavenging HTS. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2091-113. [PMID: 25634295 PMCID: PMC4360378 DOI: 10.1021/jm5019093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significant resources in early drug discovery are spent unknowingly pursuing artifacts and promiscuous bioactive compounds, while understanding the chemical basis for these adverse behaviors often goes unexplored in pursuit of lead compounds. Nearly all the hits from our recent sulfhydryl-scavenging high-throughput screen (HTS) targeting the histone acetyltransferase Rtt109 were such compounds. Herein, we characterize the chemical basis for assay interference and promiscuous enzymatic inhibition for several prominent chemotypes identified by this HTS, including some pan-assay interference compounds (PAINS). Protein mass spectrometry and ALARM NMR confirmed these compounds react covalently with cysteines on multiple proteins. Unfortunately, compounds containing these chemotypes have been published as screening actives in reputable journals and even touted as chemical probes or preclinical candidates. Our detailed characterization and identification of such thiol-reactive chemotypes should accelerate triage of nuisance compounds, guide screening library design, and prevent follow-up on undesirable chemical matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme L Dahlin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
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Dahlin JL, Walters MA. The essential roles of chemistry in high-throughput screening triage. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:1265-90. [PMID: 25163000 PMCID: PMC4465542 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that academic high-throughput screening (HTS) and virtual HTS triage suffers from a lack of scientists trained in the art and science of early drug discovery chemistry. Many recent publications report the discovery of compounds by screening that are most likely artifacts or promiscuous bioactive compounds, and these results are not placed into the context of previous studies. For HTS to be most successful, it is our contention that there must exist an early partnership between biologists and medicinal chemists. Their combined skill sets are necessary to design robust assays and efficient workflows that will weed out assay artifacts, false positives, promiscuous bioactive compounds and intractable screening hits, efforts that ultimately give projects a better chance at identifying truly useful chemical matter. Expertise in medicinal chemistry, cheminformatics and purification sciences (analytical chemistry) can enhance the post-HTS triage process by quickly removing these problematic chemotypes from consideration, while simultaneously prioritizing the more promising chemical matter for follow-up testing. It is only when biologists and chemists collaborate effectively that HTS can manifest its full promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme L Dahlin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael A Walters
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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