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Pervizaj-Oruqaj L, Ferrero MR, Matt U, Herold S. The guardians of pulmonary harmony: alveolar macrophages orchestrating the symphony of lung inflammation and tissue homeostasis. Eur Respir Rev 2024; 33:230263. [PMID: 38811033 PMCID: PMC11134199 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0263-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in single-cell sequencing, advancements in cellular and tissue imaging techniques, innovations in cell lineage tracing, and insights into the epigenome collectively illuminate the enigmatic landscape of alveolar macrophages in the lung under homeostasis and disease conditions. Our current knowledge reveals the cellular and functional diversity of alveolar macrophages within the respiratory system, emphasising their remarkable adaptability. By synthesising insights from classical cell and developmental biology studies, we provide a comprehensive perspective on alveolar macrophage functional plasticity. This includes an examination of their ontology-related features, their role in maintaining tissue homeostasis under steady-state conditions and the distinct contribution of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in promoting tissue regeneration and restoring respiratory system homeostasis in response to injuries. Elucidating the signalling pathways within inflammatory conditions, the impact of various triggers on tissue-resident alveolar macrophages (TR-AMs), as well as the recruitment and polarisation of macrophages originating from the bone marrow, presents an opportunity to propose innovative therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating the equilibrium between phenotypes to induce programmes associated with a pro-regenerative or homeostasis phenotype of BMDMs or TR-AMs. This, in turn, can lead to the amelioration of disease outcomes and the attenuation of detrimental inflammation. This review comprehensively addresses the pivotal role of macrophages in the orchestration of inflammation and resolution phases after lung injury, as well as ageing-related shifts and the influence of clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential mutations on alveolar macrophages, exploring altered signalling pathways and transcriptional profiles, with implications for respiratory homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Learta Pervizaj-Oruqaj
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Maximiliano Ruben Ferrero
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ulrich Matt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
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2
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Sestan M, Kifer N, Arsov T, Cook M, Ellyard J, Vinuesa CG, Jelusic M. The Role of Genetic Risk Factors in Pathogenesis of Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:5981-6002. [PMID: 37504294 PMCID: PMC10378459 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) is complex and not fully understood. It involves three key factors: genetic risk factors, epigenetic mechanisms, and environmental triggers. Genetic factors play a significant role in the development of the disease, particularly in younger individuals. While cSLE has traditionally been considered a polygenic disease, it is now recognized that in rare cases, a single gene mutation can lead to the disease. Although these cases are uncommon, they provide valuable insights into the disease mechanism, enhance our understanding of pathogenesis and immune tolerance, and facilitate the development of targeted treatment strategies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of both monogenic and polygenic SLE, emphasizing the implications of specific genes in disease pathogenesis. By conducting a thorough analysis of the genetic factors involved in SLE, we can improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the disease. Furthermore, this knowledge may contribute to the identification of effective biomarkers and the selection of appropriate therapies for individuals with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Sestan
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nastasia Kifer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Todor Arsov
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Goce Delchev, 2000 Shtip, North Macedonia
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Matthew Cook
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Julia Ellyard
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Marija Jelusic
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Conley HE, Sheats MK. Targeting Neutrophil β 2-Integrins: A Review of Relevant Resources, Tools, and Methods. Biomolecules 2023; 13:892. [PMID: 37371473 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are important innate immune cells that respond during inflammation and infection. These migratory cells utilize β2-integrin cell surface receptors to move out of the vasculature into inflamed tissues and to perform various anti-inflammatory responses. Although critical for fighting off infection, neutrophil responses can also become dysregulated and contribute to disease pathophysiology. In order to limit neutrophil-mediated damage, investigators have focused on β2-integrins as potential therapeutic targets, but so far these strategies have failed in clinical trials. As the field continues to move forward, a better understanding of β2-integrin function and signaling will aid the design of future therapeutics. Here, we provide a detailed review of resources, tools, experimental methods, and in vivo models that have been and will continue to be utilized to investigate the vitally important cell surface receptors, neutrophil β2-integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleigh E Conley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - M Katie Sheats
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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4
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Olson LB, Hunter NI, Rempel RE, Sullenger BA. Targeting DAMPs with nucleic acid scavengers to treat lupus. Transl Res 2022; 245:30-40. [PMID: 35245691 PMCID: PMC9167234 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic and often progressive autoimmune disorder marked clinically by a variable constellation of symptoms including fatigue, rash, joint pains, and kidney damage. The lungs, heart, gastrointestinal system, and brain can also be impacted, and individuals with lupus are at higher risk for atherosclerosis, thrombosis, thyroid disease, and other disorders associated with chronic inflammation . Autoimmune diseases are marked by erroneous immune responses in which the target of the immune response is a "self"-antigen, or autoantigen, driven by the development of antigen-specific B or T cells that have overcome the normal systems of self-tolerance built into the development of B and T cells. SLE is specifically characterized by the production of autoantibodies against nucleic acids and their binding proteins, including anti-double stranded DNA, anti-Smith (an RNA binding protein), and many others . These antibodies bind their nuclear-derived antigens to form immune complexes that cause injury and scarring through direct deposition in tissues and activation of innate immune cells . In over 50% of SLE patients, immune complex aggregation in the kidneys drives intrarenal inflammation and injury and leads to lupus nephritis, a progressive destruction of the glomeruli that is one of the most common causes of lupus-related death . To counter this pathology increasing attention has turned to developing approaches to reduce the development and continued generation of such autoantibodies. In particular, the molecular and cellular events that lead to long term, continuous activation of such autoimmune responses have become the focus of new therapeutic strategies to limit renal and other pathologies in lupus patients. The focus of this review is to consider how the innate immune system is involved in the development and progression of lupus nephritis and how a novel approach to inhibit innate immune activation by neutralizing the activators of this response, called Damage Associated Molecular Patterns, may represent a promising approach to treat this and other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyra B Olson
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nicole I Hunter
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rachel E Rempel
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bruce A Sullenger
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
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5
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Villanueva V, Li X, Jimenez V, Faridi HM, Gupta V. CD11b agonists offer a novel approach for treating lupus nephritis. Transl Res 2022; 245:41-54. [PMID: 35288363 PMCID: PMC9167730 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) develops in more than a third of all systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and is the strongest predictor of morbidity and mortality. Increased circulating levels of type I interferon (IFN I) and anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) and anti-RNA binding protein (anti-RNP) antibodies lead to increased glomerular injury via leukocyte activation and glomerular infiltration. Uncontrolled Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in leukocytes results in increased production of IFN I and anti-dsDNA antibodies. ITGAM gene codes for integrin CD11b, the α-chain of integrin heterodimer CD11b/CD18, that is highly expressed in leukocytes and modulates TLR-dependent pro-inflammatory signaling. Three nonsynonymous SNPs in the ITGAM gene strongly correlate with increased risk for SLE and LN and with IFN I levels. Here we review the literature on the role of CD11b on leukocytes in LN. We also incorporate conclusions from several recent studies that show that these ITGAM SNPs result in a CD11b protein that is less able to suppress TLR-dependent pro-inflammatory pathways in leukocytes, that activation of CD11b via novel small molecule agonists suppresses TLR-dependent pathways, including reductions in circulating levels of IFN I and anti-dsDNA antibodies, and that CD11b activation reduces LN in model systems. Recent data strongly suggest that integrin CD11b is an exciting new therapeutic target in SLE and LN and that allosteric activation of CD11b is a novel therapeutic paradigm for effectively treating such autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Villanueva
- Drug Discovery Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Drug Discovery Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Viviana Jimenez
- Drug Discovery Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hafeez M Faridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Drug Discovery Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
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韦 莉, 陈 光, 孙 潮, 张 涛, 管 俊, 金 齐. [Immune Modulatory Effect of Outer Membrane Vesicles Derived from Salmonella on Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2021; 52:948-953. [PMID: 34841760 PMCID: PMC10408817 DOI: 10.12182/20210860201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from Salmonella typhimurium (ST) on the ultrastructural features and immune function of dendritic cells (DC). METHODS Mice bone marrow cells were collected aseptically, and myeloid DC were generated by the combined induction and amplification with recombinant mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and recombinant mouse interleukin-4 (rm IL-4). Cell morphology was observed under inverted phase contrast microscope and the phenotype was identified with flow cytometry. ST-OMVs were isolated through ultracentrifugation. The survival rate of DC was assessed with CCK-8 assay, and the stimulus concentration of OMVs was henceforth determined. The ultrastructural characteristics of DC loaded with OMVs were observed with transmission electron microscopy. The cytokine secretion, surface molecule expression and phagocytic capacity of DC were examined with flow cytometry. RESULTS The DC induced and amplified in vitro displayed typical DC phenotype in morphological analysis and the purity of DC exceeded 85%. Transmission electron microscopy showed that there were large numbers of protrusions on the cell surface. After stimulation with ST-OMVs, it was observed that the dendritic structures on the surface of DC were reduced and a large number of phagolysosomes were found in the cytoplasm. In addition, increased numbers of mitochondria, swelling and typical apoptosis were observed. After treatment with ST-OMVs at 5 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL, the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) of DC increased significantly ( P<0.05). Furthermore, the immature DC could differentiate into mature DCs after stimulation with ST-OMVs, which were characterized by a decrease in phagocytic capacity ( P<0.05) and an upregulation of phenotypic markers ( P<0.05). CONCLUSION ST-OMVs can stimulate DC to produce TNF-α and IL-1β and promote DC maturation and antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- 莉 韦
- 蚌埠医学院 病原生物学教研室 (蚌埠 233030)Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
- 感染与免疫安徽省重点实验室 (蚌埠 233030)Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - 光璋 陈
- 蚌埠医学院 病原生物学教研室 (蚌埠 233030)Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - 潮 孙
- 蚌埠医学院 病原生物学教研室 (蚌埠 233030)Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - 涛 张
- 蚌埠医学院 病原生物学教研室 (蚌埠 233030)Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
- 感染与免疫安徽省重点实验室 (蚌埠 233030)Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - 俊昌 管
- 蚌埠医学院 病原生物学教研室 (蚌埠 233030)Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
- 感染与免疫安徽省重点实验室 (蚌埠 233030)Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - 齐力 金
- 蚌埠医学院 病原生物学教研室 (蚌埠 233030)Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
- 感染与免疫安徽省重点实验室 (蚌埠 233030)Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
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7
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Skopelja-Gardner S, Colonna L, Hermanson P, Sun X, Tanaka L, Tai J, Nguyen Y, Snyder JM, Alpers CE, Hudkins KL, Salant DJ, Peng Y, Elkon KB. Complement Deficiencies Result in Surrogate Pathways of Complement Activation in Novel Polygenic Lupus-like Models of Kidney Injury. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:2627-2640. [PMID: 32238460 PMCID: PMC7365257 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in lupus patients, but the mechanisms of kidney damage remain unclear. In this study, we introduce, to our knowledge, novel models of LN designed to resemble the polygenic nature of human lupus by embodying three key genetic alterations: the Sle1 interval leading to anti-chromatin autoantibodies; Mfge8-/- , leading to defective clearance of apoptotic cells; and either C1q-/- or C3-/- , leading to low complement levels. We report that proliferative glomerulonephritis arose only in the presence of all three abnormalities (i.e., in Sle1.Mfge8 -/- C1q -/- and Sle1.Mfge8 -/- C3 -/- triple-mutant [TM] strains [C1q -/-TM and C3-/- TM, respectively]), with structural kidney changes resembling those in LN patients. Unexpectedly, both TM strains had significant increases in autoantibody titers, Ag spread, and IgG deposition in the kidneys. Despite the early complement component deficiencies, we observed assembly of the pathogenic terminal complement membrane attack complex in both TM strains. In C1q-/- TM mice, colocalization of MASP-2 and C3 in both the glomeruli and tubules indicated that the lectin pathway likely contributed to complement activation and tissue injury in this strain. Interestingly, enhanced thrombin activation in C3-/- TM mice and reduction of kidney injury following attenuation of thrombin generation by argatroban in a serum-transfer nephrotoxic model identified thrombin as a surrogate pathway for complement activation in C3-deficient mice. These novel mouse models of human lupus inform the requirements for nephritis and provide targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucrezia Colonna
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Payton Hermanson
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Xizhang Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Lena Tanaka
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Joyce Tai
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Yenly Nguyen
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jessica M Snyder
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Charles E Alpers
- Department of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Kelly L Hudkins
- Department of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - David J Salant
- Division of Nephrology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - YuFeng Peng
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109;
| | - Keith B Elkon
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109;
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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Somerville L, Cardani A, Braciale TJ. Alveolar Macrophages in Influenza A Infection Guarding the Castle with Sleeping Dragons. Infect Dis Ther 2020; 1. [PMID: 33681871 DOI: 10.31038/idt.2020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Somerville
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Amber Cardani
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Thomas J Braciale
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America.,Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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9
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Ibrutinib-based therapy impaired neutrophils microbicidal activity in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia during the early phases of treatment. Leuk Res 2019; 87:106233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2019.106233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Mice expressing the variant rs1143679 allele of ITGAM (CD11b) show impaired DC-mediated T cell proliferation. Mamm Genome 2019; 30:245-259. [PMID: 31673770 PMCID: PMC6842653 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-019-09819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and functional genomic analyses have implicated several ITGAM (CD11b) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the development of SLE and other disorders. ITGAM encodes the αM chain of the β2 integrin Mac-1, a receptor that plays important roles in myeloid cell functions. The ITGAM SNP rs1143679, which results in an arginine to histidine change at amino acid position 77 of the CD11b protein, has been shown to reduce binding to several ligands and to alter Mac-1-mediated cellular response in vitro. Importantly, however, the potential contribution of this SNP variant to the initiation and/or progression of immune and inflammatory processes in vivo remains unexplored. Herein, we describe for the first time the generation and characterization of a mouse line expressing the 77His variant of CD11b. Surprisingly, we found that 77His did not significantly affect Mac-1-mediated leukocyte migration and activation as assessed using thioglycollate-induced peritonitis and LPS/TNF-α-induced dermal inflammation models. In contrast, expression of this variant did alter T cell immunity, as evidenced by significantly reduced proliferation of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific transgenic T cells in 77His mice immunized with OVA. Reduced antigen-specific T cell proliferation was also observed when either 77His splenic dendritic cells (DCs) or bone marrow-derived DCs were used as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Although more work is necessary to determine how this alteration might influence the development of SLE or other diseases, these in vivo findings suggest that the 77His variant of CD11b can compromise the ability of DCs to induce antigen-driven T cell proliferation.
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11
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Sh3bp2 Gain-Of-Function Mutation Ameliorates Lupus Phenotypes in B6.MRL- Faslpr Mice. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050402. [PMID: 31052273 PMCID: PMC6562867 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SH3 domain-binding protein 2 (SH3BP2) is an adaptor protein that is predominantly expressed in immune cells, and it regulates intracellular signaling. We had previously reported that a gain-of-function mutation in SH3BP2 exacerbates inflammation and bone loss in murine arthritis models. Here, we explored the involvement of SH3BP2 in a lupus model. Sh3bp2 gain-of-function (P416R knock-in; Sh3bp2KI/+) mice and lupus-prone B6.MRL-Faslpr mice were crossed to yield double-mutant (Sh3bp2KI/+Faslpr/lpr) mice. We monitored survival rates and proteinuria up to 48 weeks of age and assessed renal damage and serum anti-double-stranded DNA antibody levels. Additionally, we analyzed B and T cell subsets in lymphoid tissues by flow cytometry and determined the expression of apoptosis-related molecules in lymph nodes. Sh3bp2 gain-of-function mutation alleviated the poor survival rate, proteinuria, and glomerulosclerosis and significantly reduced serum anti-dsDNA antibody levels in Sh3bp2KI/+Faslpr/lpr mice. Additionally, B220+CD4−CD8− T cell population in lymph nodes was decreased in Sh3bp2KI/+Faslpr/lpr mice, which is possibly associated with the observed increase in cleaved caspase-3 and tumor necrosis factor levels. Sh3bp2 gain-of-function mutation ameliorated clinical and immunological phenotypes in lupus-prone mice. Our findings offer better insight into the unique immunopathological roles of SH3BP2 in autoimmune diseases.
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Lo PC, Maeda A, Kodama T, Takakura C, Yoneyama T, Sakai R, Noguchi Y, Matsuura R, Eguchi H, Matsunami K, Okuyama H, Miyagawa S. The novel immunosuppressant prenylated quinolinecarboxylic acid-18 (PQA-18) suppresses macrophage differentiation and cytotoxicity in xenotransplantation. Immunobiology 2019; 224:575-584. [PMID: 30967296 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity plays a major role in xenograft rejection. However, the majority of immunosuppressants focus on inhibiting acquired immunity and not innate immunity. Therefore, a novel immunosuppressant suitable for use in conjunction with xenografts continues to be needed. It has been reported that prenylated quinolinecarboxylic acid-18 (PQA-18), a p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) inhibitor, exerts an immunosuppressive function on T cells. Hence, the possibility exists that PQA-18 might be used in conjunction with xenografts, which prompted us to investigate the efficacy of PQA-18 on macrophages compared with Tofacitinib, a janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor. Initial experiments confirmed that PQA-18 is non-toxic to swine endothelial cells (SECs) and human monocytes. Both PQA-18 and Tofacitinib suppressed macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity in both the differentiation and effector phases. Both PQA-18 and tofacitinib suppressed the expression of HLA-ABC by macrophages. However, contrary to Tofacitinib, PQA-18 also significantly suppressed the expression of CD11b, HLA-DR and CD40 on macrophages. PQA-18 significantly suppressed CCR7 expression on day 3 and on day 6, but Tofacitinib-induced suppression only on day 6. In a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay, PQA-18 was found to suppress Interleukin-2 (IL-2)-stimulated T cell proliferation to a lesser extent than Tofacitinib. However, PQA-18 suppressed xenogeneic-induced T cell proliferation more strongly than Tofacitinib on day 3 and the suppression was similar on day 7. In conclusion, PQA-18 has the potential to function as an immunosuppressant for xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chi Lo
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Akira Maeda
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan.
| | - Tasuku Kodama
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Chihiro Takakura
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Tomohisa Yoneyama
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Rieko Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Yuki Noguchi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Rei Matsuura
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Hiroshi Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | | | - Hiroomi Okuyama
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Shuji Miyagawa
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
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13
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Ma Y, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY. Significance of Complement System in Ischemic Stroke: A Comprehensive Review. Aging Dis 2019; 10:429-462. [PMID: 31011487 PMCID: PMC6457046 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an essential part of innate immunity, typically conferring protection via eliminating pathogens and accumulating debris. However, the defensive function of the complement system can exacerbate immune, inflammatory, and degenerative responses in various pathological conditions. Cumulative evidence indicates that the complement system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury, as the depletion of certain complement components or the inhibition of complement activation could reduce ischemic brain injury. Although multiple candidates modulating or inhibiting complement activation show massive potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke, the clinical availability of complement inhibitors remains limited. The complement system is also involved in neural plasticity and neurogenesis during cerebral ischemia. Thus, unexpected side effects could be induced if the systemic complement system is inhibited. In this review, we highlighted the recent concepts and discoveries of the roles of different kinds of complement components, such as C3a, C5a, and their receptors, in both normal brain physiology and the pathophysiology of brain ischemia. In addition, we comprehensively reviewed the current development of complement-targeted therapy for ischemic stroke and discussed the challenges of bringing these therapies into the clinic. The design of future experiments was also discussed to better characterize the role of complement in both tissue injury and recovery after cerebral ischemia. More studies are needed to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of how complement components exert their functions in different stages of ischemic stroke to optimize the intervention of targeting the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqun Liu
- 3Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- 2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Khan SQ, Khan I, Gupta V. CD11b Activity Modulates Pathogenesis of Lupus Nephritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:52. [PMID: 29600248 PMCID: PMC5862812 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with unclear etiology and limited treatment options. Immune cell infiltration into the kidneys, a hallmark of LN, triggers tissue damage and proteinuria. CD11b, the α-chain of integrin receptor CD11b/CD18 (also known as αMβ2, Mac-1, and CR3), is highly expressed on the surface of innate immune cells, including macrophages and neutrophils. Genetic variants in the human ITGAM gene, which encodes for CD11b, are strongly associated with susceptibility to SLE, LN, and other complications of SLE. CD11b modulates several key biological functions in innate immune cells, including cell adhesion, migration, and phagocytosis. CD11b also modulates other signaling pathways in these cells, such as the Toll-like receptor signaling pathways, that mediate generation of type I interferons, a key proinflammatory cytokine and circulating biomarker in SLE and LN patients. However, how variants in ITGAM gene contribute to disease pathogenesis has not been completely established. Here, we provide an overview of CD11b modulated mechanisms and the functional consequences of the genetic variants that can drive disease pathogenesis. We also present recent insights from studies after pharmacological activation of CD11b. These studies offer novel mechanisms for development of therapeutics for LN, SLE and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Q Khan
- Drug Discovery Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical School, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Imran Khan
- Drug Discovery Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical School, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Drug Discovery Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical School, Chicago, IL, United States
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15
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Zjablovskaja P, Danek P, Kardosova M, Alberich-Jorda M. Proliferation and Differentiation of Murine Myeloid Precursor 32D/G-CSF-R Cells. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29553501 DOI: 10.3791/57033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell biology has important implications for regenerative medicine and the treatment of hematological pathologies. Despite the most relevant data that can be acquired using in vivo models or primary cultures, the low abundance of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells considerably restricts the pool of suitable techniques for their investigation. Therefore, the use of cell lines allows sufficient production of biological material for the performance of screenings or assays that require large cell numbers. Here we present a detailed description, readout, and interpretation of proliferation and differentiation assays which are used for the investigation of processes involved in myelopoiesis and neutrophilic differentiation. These experiments employ the 32D/G-CSF-R cytokine dependent murine myeloid cell line, which possesses the ability to proliferate in the presence of IL-3 and differentiate in G-CSF. We provide optimized protocols for handling 32D/G-CSF-R cells and discuss major pitfalls and drawbacks that might compromise the described assays and expected results. Additionally, this article contains protocols for lentiviral and retroviral production, titration, and transduction of 32D/G-CSF-R cells. We demonstrate that genetic manipulation of these cells can be employed to successfully perform functional and molecular studies, which can complement results obtained with primary hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells or in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Zjablovskaja
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR; Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University
| | - Petr Danek
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR
| | | | - Meritxell Alberich-Jorda
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR; Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University;
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16
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Zhang Q, Lee WB, Kang JS, Kim LK, Kim YJ. Integrin CD11b negatively regulates Mincle-induced signaling via the Lyn-SIRPα-SHP1 complex. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:e439. [PMID: 29400702 PMCID: PMC5992981 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During mycobacteria infection, anti-inflammatory responses allow the host to avoid tissue damage caused by overactivation of the immune system; however, little is known about the negative modulators that specifically control mycobacteria-induced immune responses. Here we demonstrate that integrin CD11b is a critical negative regulator of mycobacteria cord factor-induced macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) signaling. CD11b deficiency resulted in hyperinflammation following mycobacterial infection. Activation of Mincle by mycobacterial components turns on not only the Syk signaling pathway but also CD11b signaling and induces formation of a Mincle–CD11b signaling complex. The activated CD11b recruits Lyn, SIRPα and SHP1, which dephosphorylate Syk to inhibit Mincle-mediated inflammation. Furthermore, the Lyn activator MLR1023 effectively suppressed Mincle signaling, indicating the possibility of Lyn-mediated control of inflammatory responses. These results describe a new role for CD11b in fine-tuning the immune response against mycobacterium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanri Zhang
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook-Bin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Lark Kyun Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute and BK21 PLUS Project to Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Li C, Tong F, Ma Y, Qian K, Zhang J, Chen X. Association of the CD11b rs1143679 polymorphism with systemic lupus erythematosus in the Han Chinese population. J Int Med Res 2017; 46:1008-1014. [PMID: 29207897 PMCID: PMC5972232 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517719210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the association of the CD11b single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1143679 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Han Chinese patients, and to clarify this association with SLE clinical manifestations. Methods PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism and direct sequencing of CD11b rs1143679 were conducted in 584 patients with SLE and 628 healthy controls in this case–control study to compare genotype and allele frequency distributions. Correlations between CD11b genotypes and clinical manifestations were also determined. Results The frequency of the CD11b rs1143679 GA genotype was 1.89% in Han Chinese patients with SLE, which was much lower than that of European and American populations, but close to the frequency observed in individuals from Hong Kong and Thailand. The CD11b rs1143679 GA genotype was also shown to confer susceptibility to SLE (odds ratio = 4.00, 95% confidence interval = 1.11–14.41). CD11b rs1143679 was found to be significantly associated with nephritis, but not with age of disease onset, arthritis, hematological involvement, or neural lesions. Conclusion CD11b rs1143679 appears to be associated with risk for SLE in the Han Chinese population, and may play an important role in the development of lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- 1 Department of Rheumatology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Yi Ma
- 1 Department of Rheumatology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Qian
- 1 Department of Rheumatology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junyu Zhang
- 1 Department of Rheumatology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingguo Chen
- 1 Department of Rheumatology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Non-identical twins: Different faces of CR3 and CR4 in myeloid and lymphoid cells of mice and men. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 85:110-121. [PMID: 29174917 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are cell membrane receptors that are involved in essential physiological and serious pathological processes. Their main role is to ensure a closely regulated link between the extracellular matrix and the intracellular cytoskeletal network enabling cells to react to environmental stimuli. Complement receptor type 3 (CR3, αMβ2, CD11b/CD18) and type 4 (CR4, αXβ2, CD11c/CD18) are members of the β2-integrin family expressed on most white blood cells. Both receptors bind multiple ligands like iC3b, ICAM, fibrinogen or LPS. β2-integrins are accepted to play important roles in cellular adhesion, migration, phagocytosis, ECM rearrangement and inflammation. Several pathological conditions are linked to the impaired functions of these receptors. CR3 and CR4 are generally thought to mediate overlapping functions in monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, therefore the potential distinctive role of these receptors has not been investigated so far in satisfactory details. Lately it has become clear that a functional segregation has evolved between the two receptors regarding phagocytosis, cellular adhesion and podosome formation. In addition to their tasks on myeloid cells, the expression and function of CR3 and CR4 on lymphocytes have also gained interest recently. The picture is further complicated by the fact that while these β2-integrins are expressed by immune cells both in mice and humans, there are significant differences in their expression level, functions and the pathological consequences of genetic defects. Here we aim to summarize our current knowledge on CR3 and CR4 and highlight the functional differences between these receptors, involving their expression in myeloid and lymphoid cells of both men and mice.
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19
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Wallace J, Lutgen V, Avasarala S, St Croix B, Winn RA, Al-Harthi L. Wnt7a induces a unique phenotype of monocyte-derived macrophages with lower phagocytic capacity and differential expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Immunology 2017; 153:203-213. [PMID: 28872671 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The variation of macrophage functions suggests the involvement of multiple signalling pathways in fine tuning their differentiation. Macrophages that originate from monocytes in the blood migrate to tissue in response to homeostatic or 'danger' signals and undergo substantial morphological and functional modifications to meet the needs of the dominant signals in the microenvironment. Wnts are secreted glycoproteins that play a significant role in organ and cell differentiation, yet their impact on monocyte differentiation is not clear. In this study, we assessed the role of Wnt1 and Wnt7a on the differentiation of monocytes and the subsequent phenotype and function of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). We show that Wnt7a decreased the expression of CD14, CD11b, CD163 and CD206, whereas Wnt1 had no effect. The Wnt7a effect on CD11b was also observed in the brain and spleen of Wnt7a-/- adult brain mouse tissue and in embryonic Wnt7a-/- tissue. Wnt7a reduced the phagocytic capacity of M-MDMs, decreased interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-12 secretion and increased IL-6 secretion. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that Wnt7a generates an MDM phenotype with both pro-inflammatory and alternative MDM cytokine profiles and reduced phagocytic capacity. As such, Wnt7a can have a significant impact on macrophage responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennillee Wallace
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victoria Lutgen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sreedevi Avasarala
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brad St Croix
- Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Winn
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Our understanding on genetic basis of SLE has been advanced through genome-wide association studies. We review recent progress in lupus genetics with a focus on SLE-associated loci that have been functionally characterized, and discuss the potential for clinical translation of genetics data. RECENT FINDINGS Over 100 loci have been confirmed to show robust association with SLE and many share with other immune-mediated diseases. Although causative variants captured at these established loci are limited, they guide biological studies of gene targets for functional characterization which highlight the importance of aberrant recognition of self-nucleic acid, type I interferon overproduction, and defective immune cell signaling underlying the pathogenesis of SLE. Increasing examples illustrate a predictive value of genetic findings in susceptibility/prognosis prediction, clinical classification, and pharmacological implication. Genetic findings provide a foundation for better understanding of disease pathogenic mechanisms and opportunities for target selection in lupus drug development.
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21
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Reddy V, Klein C, Isenberg DA, Glennie MJ, Cambridge G, Cragg MS, Leandro MJ. Obinutuzumab induces superior B-cell cytotoxicity to rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patient samples. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:1227-1237. [PMID: 28407142 PMCID: PMC5808665 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective A proportion of RA and SLE patients treated with standard doses of rituximab (RTX) display inefficient B cell deletion and poor clinical responses that can be augmented by delivering higher doses, indicating that standard-dose RTX is a sub-optimal therapy in these patients. This study aimed to investigate whether better responses could be achieved with mechanistically different anti-CD20 mAbs. Methods We compared RTX with obinutuzumab (OBZ), a new-generation, glycoengineered type II anti-CD20 mAb, in a series of in vitro assays measuring B cell cytotoxicity in RA and SLE patient samples. Results We found that OBZ was at least 2-fold more efficient than RTX at inducing B-cell cytotoxicity in in vitro whole blood assays. Dissecting this difference, we found that RTX elicited more potent complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity than OBZ. In contrast, OBZ was more effective at evoking Fc gamma receptor-mediated effector mechanisms, including activation of NK cells and neutrophils, probably due to stronger interaction with Fc gamma receptors and the ability of OBZ to remain at the cell surface following CD20 engagement, whereas RTX became internalized. OBZ was also more efficient at inducing direct cell death. This was true for all CD19 + B cells as a whole and in naïve (IgD + CD27 - ) and switched (IgD - CD27 + ) memory B cells specifically, a higher frequency of which is associated with poor clinical response after RTX. Conclusion Taken together, these data provide a mechanistic basis for resistance to rituximab-induced B-cell depletion, and for considering obinutuzumab as an alternative B-cell depleting agent in RA and SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat Reddy
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK2Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland3Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Christian Klein
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK2Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland3Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David A Isenberg
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK2Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland3Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK2Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland3Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Geraldine Cambridge
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK2Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland3Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK2Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland3Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Maria J Leandro
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK2Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland3Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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22
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Lood C, Arve S, Ledbetter J, Elkon KB. TLR7/8 activation in neutrophils impairs immune complex phagocytosis through shedding of FcgRIIA. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2103-2119. [PMID: 28606989 PMCID: PMC5502427 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lood et al. find that neutrophil TLR7/8 activation shifts neutrophils from phagocytosis of immune complexes to NETosis. Reduced phagocytosis of immune complexes is associated with partial proteolytic cleavage of FcgRIIA. Cleaved FcgRIIA is found in SLE neutrophils ex vivo. Neutrophils play a crucial role in host defense. However, neutrophil activation is also linked to autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), where nucleic acid–containing immune complexes (IC) drive inflammation. The role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in processing of SLE ICs and downstream inflammatory neutrophil effector functions is not known. We observed that TLR7/8 activation leads to a furin-dependent proteolytic cleavage of the N-terminal part of FcgRIIA, shifting neutrophils away from phagocytosis of ICs toward the programmed form of necrosis, NETosis. TLR7/8-activated neutrophils promoted cleavage of FcgRIIA on plasmacytoid dendritic cells and monocytes, resulting in impaired overall clearance of ICs and increased complement C5a generation. Importantly, ex vivo derived activated neutrophils from SLE patients demonstrated a similar cleavage of FcgRIIA that was correlated with markers of disease activity, as well as complement activation. Therapeutic approaches aimed at blocking TLR7/8 activation would be predicted to increase phagocytosis of circulating ICs, while disarming their inflammatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Sabine Arve
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jeffrey Ledbetter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Keith B Elkon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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23
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Kröger W, Mapiye D, Entfellner JBD, Tiffin N. A meta-analysis of public microarray data identifies gene regulatory pathways deregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from individuals with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus compared to those without. BMC Med Genomics 2016; 9:66. [PMID: 27846842 PMCID: PMC5111272 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-016-0227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complex, multi-systemic, autoimmune disease for which the underlying aetiological mechanisms are poorly understood. The genetic and molecular processes underlying lupus have been extensively investigated using a variety of -omics approaches, including genome-wide association studies, candidate gene studies and microarray experiments of differential gene expression in lupus samples compared to controls. METHODS This study analyses a combination of existing microarray data sets to identify differentially regulated genetic pathways that are dysregulated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from SLE patients compared to unaffected controls. Two statistical approaches, quantile discretisation and scaling, are used to combine publicly available expression microarray datasets and perform a meta-analysis of differentially expressed genes. RESULTS Differentially expressed genes implicated in interferon signaling were identified by the meta-analysis, in agreement with the findings of the individual studies that generated the datasets used. In contrast to the individual studies, however, the meta-analysis and subsequent pathway analysis additionally highlighted TLR signaling, oxidative phosphorylation and diapedesis and adhesion regulatory networks as being differentially regulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SLE patients compared to controls. CONCLUSION Our analysis demonstrates that it is possible to derive additional information from publicly available expression data using meta-analysis techniques, which is particularly relevant to research into rare diseases where sample numbers can be limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Kröger
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute/Medical Research Council of South Africa Bioinformatics Capacity Development Unit, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Darlington Mapiye
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute/Medical Research Council of South Africa Bioinformatics Capacity Development Unit, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jean-Baka Domelevo Entfellner
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute/Medical Research Council of South Africa Bioinformatics Capacity Development Unit, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicki Tiffin
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute/Medical Research Council of South Africa Bioinformatics Capacity Development Unit, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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24
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Caracterização de marcadores inflamatórios associados a pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico em tratamento. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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25
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Abstract
Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) is a β2 integrin classically regarded as a pro-inflammatory molecule because of its ability to promote phagocyte cytotoxic functions and enhance the function of several effector molecules such as FcγR, uPAR, and CD14. Nevertheless, recent reports have revealed that Mac-1 also plays significant immunoregulatory roles, and genetic variants in ITGAM, the gene that encodes CD11b, confer risk for the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This has renewed interest in the physiological roles of this integrin and raised new questions on how its seemingly opposing biological functions may be regulated. Here, we provide an overview of the CD18 integrins and how their activation may be regulated as this may shed light on how the opposing roles of Mac-1 may be elicited. We then discuss studies that exemplify Mac-1's pro-inflammatory versus regulatory roles particularly in the context of IgG immune complex-mediated inflammation. This includes a detailed examination of molecular mechanisms that could explain the risk-conferring effect of rs1143679, a single nucleotide non-synonymous Mac-1 polymorphism associated with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Rosetti
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tanya N Mayadas
- Department of Pathology, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Sándor N, Lukácsi S, Ungai-Salánki R, Orgován N, Szabó B, Horváth R, Erdei A, Bajtay Z. CD11c/CD18 Dominates Adhesion of Human Monocytes, Macrophages and Dendritic Cells over CD11b/CD18. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163120. [PMID: 27658051 PMCID: PMC5033469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement receptors CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) belong to the family of beta2 integrins and are expressed mainly by myeloid cell types in humans. Previously, we proved that CR3 rather than CR4 plays a key role in phagocytosis. Here we analysed how CD11b and CD11c participate in cell adhesion to fibrinogen, a common ligand of CR3 and CR4, employing human monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) highly expressing CD11b as well as CD11c. We determined the exact numbers of CD11b and CD11c on these cell types by a bead-based technique, and found that the ratio of CD11b/CD11c is 1.2 for MDDCs, 1.7 for MDMs and 7.1 for monocytes, suggesting that the function of CD11c is preponderant in MDDCs and less pronounced in monocytes. Applying state-of-the-art biophysical techniques, we proved that cellular adherence to fibrinogen is dominated by CD11c. Furthermore, we found that blocking CD11b significantly enhances the attachment of MDDCs and MDMs to fibrinogen, demonstrating a competition between CD11b and CD11c for this ligand. On the basis of the cell surface receptor numbers and the measured adhesion strength we set up a model, which explains the different behavior of the three cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Sándor
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Lukácsi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rita Ungai-Salánki
- Department of Biological Physics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Orgován
- Nanobiosensorics “Lendület” Group, Institute of Technical Physics and Material Sciences, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Szabó
- Department of Biological Physics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Horváth
- Nanobiosensorics “Lendület” Group, Institute of Technical Physics and Material Sciences, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Erdei
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Bajtay
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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Schaper F, de Leeuw K, Horst G, Bootsma H, Limburg PC, Heeringa P, Bijl M, Westra J. High mobility group box 1 skews macrophage polarization and negatively influences phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 55:2260-2270. [PMID: 27632996 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Decreased phagocytosis of apoptotic cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SLE. This can lead to secondary necrosis and release of nuclear proteins, such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). We hypothesized that increased HMGB1 levels, as present in SLE, skew macrophage differentiation towards M1-like phenotypes and thereby diminish uptake of apoptotic cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HMGB1 on macrophage polarization and on phagocytic capacity of differentiated macrophages. METHODS SLE patients with quiescent disease (SLEDAI ⩽4) and healthy controls (HCs) were included. Monocytes and differentiated M1 and M2 macrophages were assessed for expression of M1 and M2 markers and for phagocytic capacity. HMGB1 was added during differentiation and during phagocytosis. RESULTS Expression of CD86 (M1) was not different, whereas CD163 (M2) was significantly lower on SLE monocytes. After differentiation, no differences regarding surface receptor expression and phagocytic capacity were observed between M1 and M2 macrophages from SLE patients and HCs. Addition of HMGB1 during M2 differentiation resulted in high IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression and reduced phagocytic capacity of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, adding HMGB1 to apoptotic Jurkat cells diminished phagocytosis of these cells. CONCLUSION Circulating monocytes from SLE patients display an M1-like phenotype compared with HCs, but in vitro differentiation abolishes this difference. HMGB1 skews differentiation of M2-like macrophages towards an M1-like phenotype and, subsequently, reduces phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. These data imply that the phenotype of monocytes or macrophages is determined by their environment, such as the presence of cytokines and HMGB1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerda Horst
- Departments of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology
| | | | | | - Peter Heeringa
- Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen
| | - Marc Bijl
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Martini Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Roberts AL, Fürnrohr BG, Vyse TJ, Rhodes B. The complement receptor 3 (CD11b/CD18) agonist Leukadherin-1 suppresses human innate inflammatory signalling. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:361-71. [PMID: 27118513 PMCID: PMC4991522 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement receptor 3 (CR3, CD11b/CD18) is a multi‐functional receptor expressed predominantly on myeloid and natural killer (NK) cells. The R77H variant of CD11b, encoded by the ITGAM rs1143679 polymorphism, is associated robustly with development of the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and impairs CR3 function, including its regulatory role on monocyte immune signalling. The role of CR3 in NK cell function is unknown. Leukadherin‐1 is a specific small‐molecule CR3 agonist that has shown therapeutic promise in animal models of vascular injury and inflammation. We show that Leukadherin‐1 pretreatment reduces secretion of interferon (IFN)‐γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1β by monokine‐stimulated NK cells. It was associated with a reduction in phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription (pSTAT)‐5 following interleukin (IL)‐12 + IL‐15 stimulation (P < 0·02) and increased IL‐10 secretion following IL‐12 + IL‐18 stimulation (P < 0·001). Leukadherin‐1 pretreatment also reduces secretion of IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF by Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐2 and TLR‐7/8‐stimulated monocytes (P < 0·01 for all). The R77H variant did not affect NK cell response to Leukadherin‐1 using ex‐vivo cells from homozygous donors; nor did the variant influence CR3 expression by these cell types, in contrast to a recent report. These data extend our understanding of CR3 biology by demonstrating that activation potently modifies innate immune inflammatory signalling, including a previously undocumented role in NK cell function. We discuss the potential relevance of this to the pathogenesis of SLE. Leukadherin‐1 appears to mediate its anti‐inflammatory effect irrespective of the SLE‐risk genotype of CR3, providing further evidence to support its evaluation of Leukadherin‐1 as a potential therapeutic for autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Roberts
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Division of Infection, Immunity and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, London, UK
| | - B G Fürnrohr
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Division of Infection, Immunity and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, London, UK.,Division of Biological Chemistry, Innrain 80/IV, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T J Vyse
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Division of Infection, Immunity and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, London, UK
| | - B Rhodes
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Division of Infection, Immunity and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Jensen MR, Bajic G, Zhang X, Laustsen AK, Koldsø H, Skeby KK, Schiøtt B, Andersen GR, Vorup-Jensen T. Structural Basis for Simvastatin Competitive Antagonism of Complement Receptor 3. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16963-76. [PMID: 27339893 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.732222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an important part of the innate immune response to infection but may also cause severe complications during inflammation. Small molecule antagonists to complement receptor 3 (CR3) have been widely sought, but a structural basis for their mode of action is not available. We report here on the structure of the human CR3 ligand-binding I domain in complex with simvastatin. Simvastatin targets the metal ion-dependent adhesion site of the open, ligand-binding conformation of the CR3 I domain by direct contact with the chelated Mg(2+) ion. Simvastatin antagonizes I domain binding to the complement fragments iC3b and C3d but not to intercellular adhesion molecule-1. By virtue of the I domain's wide distribution in binding kinetics to ligands, it was possible to identify ligand binding kinetics as discriminator for simvastatin antagonism. In static cellular experiments, 15-25 μm simvastatin reduced adhesion by K562 cells expressing recombinant CR3 and by primary human monocytes, with an endogenous expression of this receptor. Application of force to adhering monocytes potentiated the effects of simvastatin where only a 50-100 nm concentration of the drug reduced the adhesion by 20-40% compared with untreated cells. The ability of simvastatin to target CR3 in its ligand binding-activated conformation is a novel mechanism to explain the known anti-inflammatory effects of this compound, in particular because this CR3 conformation is found in pro-inflammatory environments. Our report points to new designs of CR3 antagonists and opens new perspectives and identifies druggable receptors from characterization of the ligand binding kinetics in the presence of antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Goran Bajic
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, and the Lundbeck Foundation Nanomedicine Center for Individualized Management of Tissue Damage and Regeneration (LUNA), and
| | | | | | - Heidi Koldsø
- Chemistry, the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), the Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN)
| | - Katrine Kirkeby Skeby
- Chemistry, the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), the Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN)
| | - Birgit Schiøtt
- Chemistry, the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), the Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN)
| | - Gregers R Andersen
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, and the Lundbeck Foundation Nanomedicine Center for Individualized Management of Tissue Damage and Regeneration (LUNA), and
| | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- From the Departments of Biomedicine, the Lundbeck Foundation Nanomedicine Center for Individualized Management of Tissue Damage and Regeneration (LUNA), and the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), the MEMBRANES Research Center, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Characterization of inflammatory markers associated with systemic lupus erythematosus patients undergoing treatment. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2016; 56:497-503. [PMID: 27914596 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbre.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the inflammatory profiles of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving standard treatment compared to healthy controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS Peripheral venous blood was collected from systemic lupus erythematosus patients (n=14) and controls (n=18) at enrollment. Blood samples were used for quantification, by flow cytometry, of CD11b (integrin) and Chemokine receptor CXCR2 expression surface antigen in neutrophils and lymphocytes, while cytokines were assayed in serum samples. Purified neutrophils were assayed by their ability to phagocytize human plasma-opsonized zymosan. RESULTS Patients had a median (interquartile range) disease activity index of 1.0 (0-2.0) characteristic of patients in remission. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 serum concentrations were significantly higher in the patient group compared to controls and the phagocytic index of circulating neutrophils was significantly reduced in patients compared to controls. The levels of interleukin-2, interleukin-5, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha did not significantly differ between patients and controls. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the integrin expression levels were reduced in lymphocytes (but not in neutrophils) obtained from systemic lupus erythematosus patients, while surface expression of the chemokine receptor 2 was similar in both neutrophils and lymphocytes. CONCLUSION Systemic lupus erythematosus patients receiving standard treatment presented with elevated systemic levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, reduced neutrophil phagocytic capacity, and reduced lymphocyte expression of integrin even when symptoms were in remission. These alterations to innate immune components may put these individuals at a greater risk for acquiring infections.
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Natrajan MS, de la Fuente AG, Crawford AH, Linehan E, Nuñez V, Johnson KR, Wu T, Fitzgerald DC, Ricote M, Bielekova B, Franklin RJM. Retinoid X receptor activation reverses age-related deficiencies in myelin debris phagocytosis and remyelination. Brain 2015; 138:3581-97. [PMID: 26463675 PMCID: PMC4668920 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of central nervous system remyelination declines with age. This is in part due to an age-associated decline in the phagocytic removal of myelin debris, which contains inhibitors of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation. In this study, we show that expression of genes involved in the retinoid X receptor pathway are decreased with ageing in both myelin-phagocytosing human monocytes and mouse macrophages using a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches. Disruption of retinoid X receptor function in young macrophages, using the antagonist HX531, mimics ageing by reducing myelin debris uptake. Macrophage-specific RXRα (Rxra) knockout mice revealed that loss of function in young mice caused delayed myelin debris uptake and slowed remyelination after experimentally-induced demyelination. Alternatively, retinoid X receptor agonists partially restored myelin debris phagocytosis in aged macrophages. The agonist bexarotene, when used in concentrations achievable in human subjects, caused a reversion of the gene expression profile in multiple sclerosis patient monocytes to a more youthful profile and enhanced myelin debris phagocytosis by patient cells. These results reveal the retinoid X receptor pathway as a positive regulator of myelin debris clearance and a key player in the age-related decline in remyelination that may be targeted by available or newly-developed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muktha S Natrajan
- 1 Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK 2 Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alerie G de la Fuente
- 1 Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Abbe H Crawford
- 1 Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Eimear Linehan
- 3 Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Vanessa Nuñez
- 4 Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kory R Johnson
- 2 Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tianxia Wu
- 2 Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Mercedes Ricote
- 4 Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bibiana Bielekova
- 2 Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- 1 Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
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Cavaliere FM, Prezzo A, Conti V, Bilotta C, Pulvirenti F, Iacobini M, Quinti I. Intravenous immunoglobulin replacement induces an in vivo reduction of inflammatory monocytes and retains the monocyte ability to respond to bacterial stimulation in patients with common variable immunodeficiencies. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:596-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Relle M, Weinmann-Menke J, Scorletti E, Cavagna L, Schwarting A. Genetics and novel aspects of therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:1005-18. [PMID: 26164648 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune hepatitis and inflammatory bowel disease, have complex pathogeneses and the factors which cause these disorders are not well understood. But all have in common that they arise from a dysfunction of the immune system, interpreting self components as foreign antigens. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is one of these complex inflammatory disorders that mainly affects women and can lead to inflammation and severe damage of virtually any tissue and organ. Recently, the application of advanced techniques of genome-wide scanning revealed more genetic information about SLE than previously possible. These case-control or family-based studies have provided evidence that SLE susceptibility is based (with a few exceptions) on an individual accumulation of various risk alleles triggered by environmental factors and also help to explain the discrepancies in SLE susceptibility between different populations or ethnicities. Moreover, during the past years new therapies (autologous stem cell transplantation, B cell depletion) and improved conventional treatment options (corticosteroids, traditional and new immune-suppressants like mycophenolate mofetile) changed the perspective in SLE therapeutic approaches. Thus, this article reviews genetic aspects of this autoimmune disease, summarizes clinical aspects of SLE and provides a general overview of conventional and new therapeutic approaches in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Relle
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Weinmann-Menke
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Scorletti
- Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Lombardy, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cavagna
- Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Lombardy, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andreas Schwarting
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Acura Centre of Rheumatology Rhineland-Palatinate, Bad Kreuznach, Germany.
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Maggadottir SM, Li J, Glessner JT, Li YR, Wei Z, Chang X, Mentch FD, Thomas KA, Kim CE, Zhao Y, Hou C, Wang F, Jørgensen SF, Perez EE, Sullivan KE, Orange JS, Karlsen TH, Chapel H, Cunningham-Rundles C, Hakonarson H. Rare variants at 16p11.2 are associated with common variable immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1569-77. [PMID: 25678086 PMCID: PMC4461447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is characterized clinically by inadequate quantity and quality of serum immunoglobulins with increased susceptibility to infections, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Only a few genes have been uncovered, and the genetic background of CVID remains elusive to date for the majority of patients. OBJECTIVE We sought to seek novel associations of genes and genetic variants with CVID. METHODS We performed association analyses in a discovery cohort of 164 patients with CVID and 19,542 healthy control subjects genotyped on the Immuno BeadChip from Illumina platform; replication of findings was examined in an independent cohort of 135 patients with CVID and 2,066 healthy control subjects, followed by meta-analysis. RESULTS We identified 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the 16p11.2 locus associated with CVID at a genome-wide significant level in the discovery cohort. The most significant SNP, rs929867 (P = 6.21 × 10(-9)), is in the gene fused-in-sarcoma (FUS), with 4 other SNPs mapping to integrin CD11b (ITGAM). Results were confirmed in our replication cohort. Conditional association analysis suggests a single association signal at the 16p11.2 locus. A strong trend of association was also seen for 38 SNPs (P < 5 × 10(-5)) in the MHC region, supporting that this is a genuine CVID locus. Interestingly, we found that 80% of patients with the rare ITGAM variants have reduced switched memory B-cell counts. CONCLUSION We report a novel association of CVID with rare variants at the FUS/ITGAM (CD11b) locus on 16p11.2. The association signal is enriched for promoter/enhancer markers in the ITGAM gene. ITGAM encodes the integrin CD11b, a part of complement receptor 3, a novel candidate gene implicated here for the first time in the pathogenesis of CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Melkorka Maggadottir
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Jin Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Joseph T Glessner
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Yun Rose Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Zhi Wei
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ
| | - Xiao Chang
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Frank D Mentch
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Kelly A Thomas
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Cecilia E Kim
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Yan Zhao
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Cuiping Hou
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Fengxiang Wang
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Silje F Jørgensen
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elena E Perez
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, Fla
| | - Kathleen E Sullivan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Tom H Karlsen
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helen Chapel
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford and Oxford Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genome-wide association studies have identified more than 50 robust loci associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility, and follow-up studies help reveal candidate causative genetic variants and their biological relevance contributing to the development of SLE. Epigenetic modulation is emerging as an important mechanism for understanding how the implicated genes interact with environmental factors. We review recent progress toward identifying causative variants of SLE-associated loci and epigenetic impact on lupus, especially genetic-epigenetic interactions that modulate expression levels of SLE susceptibility genes. RECENT FINDINGS A few SLE-risk loci have been refined to localize likely causative variants responsible for the observed genome-wide association study signals. Few of such variants disrupt coding sequences resulting in gain or loss of function for the encoded protein, whereas most fall in noncoding regions with potential to regulate gene expression through alterations in transcriptional activity, splicing, mRNA stability and epigenetic modifications. Multiple key pathways related to the SLE pathogenesis have been indicated by the identified genetic risk factors, including type I interferon signaling pathway that can also be regulated by epigenetic changes occurred in SLE. SUMMARY These findings provide novel insights into the disease pathogenesis and promise better diagnostic accuracy and new therapeutic targets for patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Deng
- Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disorder that has a broad spectrum of effects on the majority of organs, including the kidneys. Approximately 40-70% of patients with SLE will develop lupus nephritis. Renal assault during SLE is initiated by genes that breach immune tolerance and promote autoantibody production. These genes might act in concert with other genetic factors that augment innate immune signalling and IFN-I production, which in turn can generate an influx of effector leucocytes, inflammatory mediators and autoantibodies into end organs, such as the kidneys. The presence of cognate antigens in the glomerular matrix, together with intrinsic molecular abnormalities in resident renal cells, might further accentuate disease progression. This Review discusses the genetic insights and molecular mechanisms for key pathogenic contributors in SLE and lupus nephritis. We have categorized the genes identified in human studies of SLE into one of four pathogenic events that lead to lupus nephritis. We selected these categories on the basis of the cell types in which these genes are expressed, and the emerging paradigms of SLE pathogenesis arising from murine models. Deciphering the molecular basis of SLE and/or lupus nephritis in each patient will help physicians to tailor specific therapies.
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Fu X, Xu Y, Wu C, Moy VT, Zhang XF. Anchorage-dependent binding of integrin I-domain to adhesion ligands. J Mol Recognit 2015; 28:385-92. [PMID: 25707989 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic interactions between leukocyte integrin receptors and ligands in the vascular endothelium, extracellular matrix, or invading pathogens result in leukocyte adhesion, extravasation, and phagocytosis. This work examined the mechanical strength of the connection between iC3b, a complement component that stimulates phagocytosis, and the ligand-binding domain, the I-domain, of integrin αMβ2. Single-molecule force measurements of αM I-domain-iC3b complexes were conducted by atomic force microscope. Strikingly, depending on loading rates, immobilization of the I-domain via its C-terminus resulted in a 1.3-fold to 1.5-fold increase in unbinding force compared with I-domains immobilized via the N-terminus. The force spectra (unbinding force versus loading rate) of the I-domain-iC3b complexes revealed that the enhanced mechanical strength is due to a 2.4-fold increase in the lifetime of the I-domain-iC3b bond. Given the structural and functional similarity of all integrin I-domains, our result supports the existing allosteric regulatory model by which the ligand binding strength of integrin can be increased rapidly when a force is allowed to stretch the C-terminus of the I-domain. This type of mechanism may account for the rapid ligand affinity adjustment during leukocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Swe PM, Reynolds SL, Fischer K. Parasitic scabies mites and associated bacteria joining forces against host complement defence. Parasite Immunol 2015; 36:585-93. [PMID: 25081184 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scabies is a ubiquitous and contagious skin disease caused by the parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei Epidemiological studies have identified scabies as a causative agent for secondary skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. This is an important notion, as such bacterial infections can lead to serious downstream life-threatening complications. As the complement system is the first line of host defence that confronts invading pathogens, both the mite and bacteria produce a large array of molecules that inhibit the complement cascades. It is hypothesised that scabies mite complement inhibitors may play an important role in providing a favourable micro-environment for the establishment of secondary bacterial infections. This review aims to bring together the current literature on complement inhibition by scabies mites and bacteria associated with scabies and to discuss the proposed molecular link between scabies and bacterial co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Swe
- Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Dai C, Deng Y, Quinlan A, Gaskin F, Tsao BP, Fu SM. Genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus: immune responses and end organ resistance to damage. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 31:87-96. [PMID: 25458999 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic systemic autoimmune disorder. Considerable progress has been made to delineate the genetic control of this complex disorder. In this review, selected aspects of human and mouse genetics related to SLE are reviewed with emphasis on genes that contribute to both innate and adaptive immunity and to genes that contribute directly to susceptibility to end organ damage. It is concluded that the interactions among these two major pathways will provide further insight into the pathogenesis of SLE. An interactive model of the two major pathways is proposed without emphasis on the importance of breaking tolerance to autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Dai
- Division of Rheumatology, Center of Inflammation, Immunity and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Yun Deng
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Aaron Quinlan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Felicia Gaskin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Betty P Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Shu Man Fu
- Division of Rheumatology, Center of Inflammation, Immunity and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States.
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40
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Wang X, Pesakhov S, Harrison JS, Kafka M, Danilenko M, Studzinski GP. The MAPK ERK5, but not ERK1/2, inhibits the progression of monocytic phenotype to the functioning macrophage. Exp Cell Res 2014; 330:199-211. [PMID: 25447310 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular signaling pathways present targets for pharmacological agents with potential for treatment of neoplastic diseases, with some disease remissions already recorded. However, cellular compensatory mechanisms usually negate the initial success. For instance, attempts to interrupt aberrant signaling downstream of the frequently mutated ras by inhibiting ERK1/2 has shown only limited usefulness for cancer therapy. Here, we examined how ERK5, that overlaps the functions of ERK1/2 in cell proliferation and survival, functions in a manner distinct from ERK1/2 in human AML cells induced to differentiate by 1,25D-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D). Using inhibitors of ERK1/2 and of MEK5/ERK5 at concentrations specific for each kinase in HL60 and U937 cells, we observed that selective inhibition of the kinase activity of ERK5, but not of ERK1/2, in the presence of 1,25D resulted in macrophage-like cell morphology and enhancement of phagocytic activity. Importantly, this was associated with increased expression of the macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR), but was not seen when M-CSFR expression was knocked down. Interestingly, inhibition of ERK1/2 led to activation of ERK5 in these cells. Our results support the hypothesis that ERK5 negatively regulates the expression of M-CSFR, and thus has a restraining function on macrophage differentiation. The addition of pharmacological inhibitors of ERK5 may influence trials of differentiation therapy of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Wang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers, NJ Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Stella Pesakhov
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jonathan S Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Michael Kafka
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael Danilenko
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - George P Studzinski
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers, NJ Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Neutrophils sense microbe size and selectively release neutrophil extracellular traps in response to large pathogens. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:1017-25. [PMID: 25217981 PMCID: PMC4236687 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are critical for antifungal defense, but the mechanisms that clear hyphae and other pathogens that are too large to be phagocytosed remain unknown. We show that neutrophils sense microbial size and selectively release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to large pathogens, such as Candida albicans hyphae and extracellular Mycobacterium bovis aggregates, but not small yeast and single bacteria. NETs are fundamental in countering large pathogens in vivo. Phagocytosis via dectin-1, acts as a sensor for microbial size preventing NETosis by downregulating neutrophil elastase (NE) translocation to the nucleus. Dectin-1 deficiency leads to aberrant NETosis and NET-mediated tissue damage during infection. Size-tailored neutrophil responses clear large microbes and minimize pathology when microbes are small enough to be phagocytosed.
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Chance, genetics, and the heterogeneity of disease and pathogenesis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:495-517. [PMID: 25102991 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a remarkably complex and heterogeneous systemic autoimmune disease. Disease complexity within individuals and heterogeneity among individuals, even genetically identical individuals, is driven by stochastic execution of a complex inherited program. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have progressively improved understanding of which genes are most critical to the potential for SLE and provided illuminating insight about the immune mechanisms that are engaged in SLE. What initiates expression of the genetic program to cause SLE within an individual and how that program is initiated remains poorly understood. If we extrapolate from all of the different experimental mouse models for SLE, we can begin to appreciate why SLE is so heterogeneous and consequently why prediction of disease outcome is so difficult. In this review, we critically evaluate extrinsic versus intrinsic cellular functions in the clearance and elimination of cellular debris and how dysfunction in that system may promote autoimmunity to nuclear antigens. We also examine several mouse models genetically prone to SLE either because of natural inheritance or inheritance of induced mutations to illustrate how different immune mechanisms may initiate autoimmunity and affect disease pathogenesis. Finally, we describe the heterogeneity of disease manifestations in SLE and discuss the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis with emphasis on glomerulonephritis. Particular attention is given to discussion of how anti-DNA autoantibody initiates experimental lupus nephritis (LN) in mice.
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Sorrentino R. Reprint of "genetics of autoimmunity: an update". Immunol Lett 2014; 161:196-9. [PMID: 25023136 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has produced tremendous insights into the genetics of immune-mediated diseases allowing to identify hundreds of associated variants, some of which disease-specific and some others shared by groups of diseases. However, each variant usually accounts for a small genetic risk and all together they explain a relatively small portion of heritability for each disease. In addition, many of the associated variants map in regions of still undisclosed functions. This opens up to a new era of studies in search of the "missing heritability" which might partially be explained by gene-gene interactions and/or additive effects impacting on biochemical pathways relevant for the disease pathogenesis. The introduction of the immunochip analysis that allows to analyze thousands of patients for variations more strictly correlated with the immune/inflammatory functions is now allowing to single out relevant pathways shared by different diseases. Finally, great expectations are brought about from the studies on the effects that epigenetic modifications can have on the tuning of the expression of single allele/s in myeloid cells as well as in target tissues. Some of these topics have been discussed at the 15th International Congress of Immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Sorrentino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin" and Istituto Pasteur-Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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Integrin CD11b negatively regulates BCR signalling to maintain autoreactive B cell tolerance. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2813. [PMID: 24264377 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A variant of the integrin-α-M (CD11b) gene has been linked to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. However, how this genotype results in the lupus phenotype is not fully understood. Here we show that autoreactive B cells lacking CD11b exhibit a hyperproliferative response to B cell receptor (BCR) crosslinking and enhanced survival. In vivo engagement of BCR in CD11b-deficient mice leads to increased autoAb production and kidney Ig deposition. In addition, CD11b-deficient autoreactive B cells have decreased tyrosine phosphorylation including Lyn and CD22 with decreased phosphatase SHP-1 recruitment but increased calcium influx. Results obtained using B cells transfected with the wild type or rs1143679 lupus-associated variant of CD11b suggest that this mutation completely abrogates the regulatory effect of CD11b on BCR signalling. This is through disruption of CD22-CD11b direct binding. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role of CD11b in maintaining autoreactive B cell tolerance.
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Meng LZ, Feng K, Wang LY, Cheong KL, Nie H, Zhao J, Li SP. Activation of mouse macrophages and dendritic cells induced by polysaccharides from a novel Cordyceps sinensis fungus UM01. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Characterization of the impairment of the uptake of apoptotic polymorphonuclear cells by monocyte subpopulations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2014; 23:1358-69. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203314541316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Efficient removal of apoptotic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) is an important step in the resolution of inflammation, which protects tissues from the noxious contents of dying cells. While the impairment of apoptotic PMNs removal has been demonstrated for macrophages in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), recent studies show that monocytes are also capable of such phagocytosis, although their involvement in SLE is not clear. Therefore, we characterized phagocytosis of apoptotic PMNs by monocytes in 22 patients with SLE and 22 healthy controls. Using flow cytometry we demonstrate that in SLE peripheral blood monocytes show impaired phagocytosis of autologous apoptotic PMNs, while they efficiently engulf apoptotic PMNs isolated from healthy subjects. Monocytes CD14highCD16+ and CD14dimCD16+ more efficiently interacted with apoptotic neutrophils than CD16– cells both in SLE and healthy subjects. Monocytes in SLE showed modestly decreased expression of CD35 and CD91 and increased expression of T Cell Ig- and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 (TIM-3); however, these differences were evident mainly in selected subsets of monocytes (CD16+) while defects in phagocytosis were observed in all monocyte subsets. Apoptotic cell-dependent induction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was blunted in SLE while the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α was unchanged.
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Resequencing the susceptibility gene, ITGAM, identifies two functionally deleterious rare variants in systemic lupus erythematosus cases. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R114. [PMID: 24886912 PMCID: PMC4060450 DOI: 10.1186/ar4566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The majority of the genetic variance of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains unexplained by the common disease-common variant hypothesis. Rare variants, which are not detectable by genome-wide association studies because of their low frequencies, are predicted to explain part of this ”missing heritability.” However, recent studies identifying rare variants within known disease-susceptibility loci have failed to show genetic associations because of their extremely low frequencies, leading to the questioning of the contribution of rare variants to disease susceptibility. A common (minor allele frequency = 17.4% in cases) nonsynonymous coding variant rs1143679 (R77H) in ITGAM (CD11b), which forms half of the heterodimeric integrin receptor, complement receptor 3 (CR3), is robustly associated with SLE and has been shown to impair CR3-mediated phagocytosis. Methods We resequenced ITGAM in 73 SLE cases and identified two previously unidentified, case-specific nonsynonymous variants, F941V and G1145S. Both variants were genotyped in 2,107 and 949 additional SLE cases, respectively, to estimate their frequencies in a disease population. An in vitro model was used to assess the impact of F941V and G1145S, together with two nonsynonymous ITGAM polymorphisms, A858V (rs1143683) and M441T (rs11861251), on CR3-mediated phagocytosis. A paired two-tailed t test was used to compare the phagocytic capabilities of each variant with that of wild-type CR3. Results Both rare variants, F941V and G1145S, significantly impair CR3-mediated phagocytosis in an in vitro model (61% reduction, P = 0.006; 26% reduction, P = 0.0232). However, neither of the common variants, M441T and A858V, had an effect on phagocytosis. Neither rare variant was observed again in the genotyping of additional SLE cases, suggesting that there frequencies are extremely low. Conclusions Our results add further evidence to the functional importance of ITGAM in SLE pathogenesis through impaired phagocytosis. Additionally, this study provides a new example of the identification of rare variants in common-allele-associated loci, which, because of their extremely low frequencies, are not statistically associated. However, the demonstration of their functional effects adds support to their contribution to disease risk, and questions the current notion of dismissing the contribution of very rare variants on purely statistical analyses.
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Leffler J, Bengtsson AA, Blom AM. The complement system in systemic lupus erythematosus: an update. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 73:1601-6. [PMID: 24845390 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The complement system plays a major role in the autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the role of complement in SLE is complex since it may both prevent and exacerbate the disease. In this review, we explore the latest findings in complement-focused research in SLE. C1q deficiency is the strongest genetic risk factor for SLE, although such deficiency is very rare. Various recently discovered genetic associations include mutations in the complement receptors 2 and 3 as well as complement inhibitors, the latter related to earlier onset of nephritis. Further, autoantibodies are a distinct feature of SLE that are produced as the result of an adaptive immune response and how complement can affect that response is also being reviewed. SLE generates numerous disease manifestations involving contributions from complement such as glomerulonephritis and the increased risk of thrombosis. Furthermore, since most of the complement system is present in plasma, complement is very accessible and may be suitable as biomarker for diagnosis or monitoring of disease activity. This review highlights the many roles of complement for SLE pathogenesis and how research has progressed during recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Leffler
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Anders A Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna M Blom
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Fagerholm SC, MacPherson M, James MJ, Sevier-Guy C, Lau CS. The CD11b-integrin (ITGAM) and systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2014; 22:657-63. [PMID: 23753600 DOI: 10.1177/0961203313491851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Variations at the ITGAM gene, which encodes for the CD11b chain of the Mac-1 (alphaMbeta2; CD11b/CD18; complement receptor-3) integrin, is one of the strongest genetic risk factors for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). More specifically, a genetic variant (rs1143679) which results in an arginine to histidine substitution at position 77 in the extracellular portion of the integrin is associated with disease. It has recently been shown that this amino acid substitution results in a dysfunctional integrin, which is deficient in mediating cell adhesion to integrin ligands, phagocytosis and in addition cannot restrict inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. In this review, we discuss immunological functions of the Mac-1 integrin and how defects in the genetic variant of Mac-1 may relate to SLE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Fagerholm
- Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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The variant of CD11b, rs1143679 within ITGAM, is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and clinical manifestations in Brazilian patients. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:119-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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