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Sasaki S, Mori T, Enomoto H, Nakamura S, Yokota H, Yamashita H, Goto-Inoue N. Assessing Molecular Localization of Symbiont Microalgae in Coral Branches Through Mass Spectrometry Imaging. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:223-229. [PMID: 38345665 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Reef-building corals are a fundamental pillar of coral reef ecosystems in tropical and subtropical shallow environments. Corals harbor symbiotic dinoflagellates belonging to the family Symbiodiniaceae, commonly known as zooxanthellae. Extensive research has been conducted on this symbiotic relationship, yet the fundamental information about the distribution and localization of Symbiodiniaceae cells in corals is still limited. This information is crucial to understanding the mechanism underlying the metabolite exchange between corals and their algal symbionts, as well as the metabolic flow within holobionts. To examine the distribution of Symbiodiniaceae cells within corals, in this study, we used fluorescence imaging and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MS-Imaging) on branches of the Acropora tenuis coral. We successfully prepared frozen sections of the coral for molecular imaging without fixing or decalcifying the coral branches. By combining the results of MS-Imaging with that of the fluorescence imaging, we determined that the algal Symbiodiniaceae symbionts were not only localized in the tentacle and surface region of the coral branches but also inhabited the in inner parts. Therefore, the molecular imaging technique used in this study could be valuable to further investigate the molecular dynamics between corals and their symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudai Sasaki
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, , Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Mori
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, , Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Enomoto
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya-Shi, Tochigi, 320-8551, Japan
| | - Sakiko Nakamura
- Image Processing Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Japan
| | - Hideo Yokota
- Image Processing Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamashita
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 148 Fukai-Ohta, Ishigaki, Okinawa, 907-0451, Japan
| | - Naoko Goto-Inoue
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, , Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
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Matthews JL, Ueland M, Bartels N, Lawson CA, Lockwood TE, Wu Y, Camp EF. Multi-Chemical Omics Analysis of the Symbiodiniaceae Durusdinium trenchii under Heat Stress. Microorganisms 2024; 12:317. [PMID: 38399721 PMCID: PMC10893086 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The urgency of responding to climate change for corals necessitates the exploration of innovative methods to swiftly enhance our understanding of crucial processes. In this study, we employ an integrated chemical omics approach, combining elementomics, metabolomics, and volatilomics methodologies to unravel the biochemical pathways associated with the thermal response of the coral symbiont, Symbiodiniaceae Durusdinium trenchii. We outline the complimentary sampling approaches and discuss the standardised data corrections used to allow data integration and comparability. Our findings highlight the efficacy of individual methods in discerning differences in the biochemical response of D. trenchii under both control and stress-inducing temperatures. However, a deeper insight emerges when these methods are integrated, offering a more comprehensive understanding, particularly regarding oxidative stress pathways. Employing correlation network analysis enhanced the interpretation of volatile data, shedding light on the potential metabolic origins of volatiles with undescribed functions and presenting promising candidates for further exploration. Elementomics proves to be less straightforward to integrate, likely due to no net change in elements but rather elements being repurposed across compounds. The independent and integrated data from this study informs future omic profiling studies and recommends candidates for targeted research beyond Symbiodiniaceae biology. This study highlights the pivotal role of omic integration in advancing our knowledge, addressing critical gaps, and guiding future research directions in the context of climate change and coral reef preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Matthews
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Maiken Ueland
- Centre for Forensic Sciences, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Natasha Bartels
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Caitlin A. Lawson
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Thomas E. Lockwood
- Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Yida Wu
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Emma F. Camp
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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3
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Brodrick E, Jékely G. Photobehaviours guided by simple photoreceptor systems. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:1817-1835. [PMID: 37650997 PMCID: PMC10770211 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-023-01818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Light provides a widely abundant energy source and valuable sensory cue in nature. Most animals exposed to light have photoreceptor cells and in addition to eyes, there are many extraocular strategies for light sensing. Here, we review how these simpler forms of detecting light can mediate rapid behavioural responses in animals. Examples of these behaviours include photophobic (light avoidance) or scotophobic (shadow) responses, photokinesis, phototaxis and wavelength discrimination. We review the cells and response mechanisms in these forms of elementary light detection, focusing on aquatic invertebrates with some protist and terrestrial examples to illustrate the general principles. Light cues can be used very efficiently by these simple photosensitive systems to effectively guide animal behaviours without investment in complex and energetically expensive visual structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Brodrick
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Sikorskaya TV. Coral Lipidome: Molecular Species of Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Betaine Lipids, and Sphingophosphonolipids. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:335. [PMID: 37367660 DOI: 10.3390/md21060335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are the most biodiversity-rich ecosystems in the world's oceans. Coral establishes complex interactions with various microorganisms that constitute an important part of the coral holobiont. The best-known coral endosymbionts are Symbiodiniaceae dinoflagellates. Each member of the coral microbiome contributes to its total lipidome, which integrates many molecular species. The present study summarizes available information on the molecular species of the plasma membrane lipids of the coral host and its dinoflagellates (phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), ceramideaminoethylphosphonate, and diacylglyceryl-3-O-carboxyhydroxymethylcholine), and the thylakoid membrane lipids of dinoflagellates (phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and glycolipids). Alkyl chains of PC and PE molecular species differ between tropical and cold-water coral species, and features of their acyl chains depend on the coral's taxonomic position. PS and PI structural features are associated with the presence of an exoskeleton in the corals. The dinoflagellate thermosensitivity affects the profiles of PG and glycolipid molecular species, which can be modified by the coral host. Coral microbiome members, such as bacteria and fungi, can also be the source of the alkyl and acyl chains of coral membrane lipids. The lipidomics approach, providing broader and more detailed information about coral lipid composition, opens up new opportunities in the study of biochemistry and ecology of corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Sikorskaya
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Palchevskogo 17, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
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Coral Holobionts Possess Distinct Lipid Profiles That May Be Shaped by Symbiodiniaceae Taxonomy. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080485. [PMID: 36005488 PMCID: PMC9410212 DOI: 10.3390/md20080485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic relationships are very important for corals. Abiotic stressors cause the acclimatization of cell membranes in symbionts, which possess different membrane acclimatization strategies. Membrane stability is determined by a unique lipid composition and, thus, the profile of thylakoid lipids can depend on coral symbiont species. We have analyzed and compared thylakoid lipidomes (mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDG and DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols (SQDG), and phosphatidylglycerols (PG)) of crude extracts from symbiotic reef-building coral Acropora sp., the hydrocoral Millepora platyphylla, and the octocoral Sinularia flexibilis. S. flexibilis crude extracts were characterized by a very high SQDG/PG ratio, a DGDG/MGDG ratio < 1, a lower degree of galactolipid unsaturation, a higher content of SQDG with polyunsaturated fatty acids, and a thinner thylakoid membrane which may be explained by the presence of thermosensitive dinoflagellates Cladocopium C3. In contrast, crude extracts of M. platyphylla and Acropora sp. exhibited the lipidome features of thermotolerant Symbiodiniaceae. M. platyphylla and Acropora sp. colonies contained Cladocopium C3u and Cladocopium C71/C71a symbionts, respectively, and their lipidome profiles showed features that indicate thermotolerance. We suggest that an association with symbionts that exhibit the thermotolerant thylakoid lipidome features, combined with a high Symbiodiniaceae diversity, may facilitate further acclimatization/adaptation of M. platyphylla and Acropora sp. holobionts in the South China Sea.
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Lau NS, Ting SY, Sam KK, M J, Wong SC, Wu X, Waiho K, Fazhan H, Shu-Chien AC. Comparative Analyses of Scylla olivacea Gut Microbiota Composition and Function Suggest the Capacity for Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02046-0. [PMID: 35618944 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies in aquatic organisms have linked lipid metabolism with intestinal bacterial structure, the possibility of the gut microbiota participating in the biosynthesis of beneficial long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) remains vague. We profiled the gut microbiota of the mud crab Scylla olivacea fed with either a LC-PUFA rich (FO) or a LC-PUFA-poor but C18-PUFA substrate-rich (LOCO) diet. Additionally, a diet with a similar profile as LOCO but with the inclusion of an antibiotic, oxolinic acid (LOCOAB), was also used to further demarcate the possibility of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in gut microbiota. Compared to diet FO treatment, crabs fed diet LOCO contained a higher proportion of Proteobacteria, notably two known taxonomy groups with PUFA biosynthesis capacity, Vibrio and Shewanella. Annotation of metagenomic datasets also revealed enrichment in the KEGG pathway of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and polyketide synthase-like system sequences with this diet. Intriguingly, diet LOCOAB impeded the presence of Vibrio and Shewanella and with it, the function of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. However, there was an increase in the function of short-chain fatty acid production, accompanied by a shift towards the abundance of phyla Bacteroidota and Spirochaetota. Collectively, these results exemplified bacterial communities and their corresponding PUFA biosynthesis pathways in the microbiota of an aquatic crustacean species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyok-Sean Lau
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Seng Yeat Ting
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ka-Kei Sam
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Janaranjani M
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Swe Cheng Wong
- Centre For Marine & Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Xugan Wu
- Centre for Research On Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Khor Waiho
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICOE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Hanafiah Fazhan
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICOE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia.
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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7
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Current Progress in Lipidomics of Marine Invertebrates. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19120660. [PMID: 34940659 PMCID: PMC8708635 DOI: 10.3390/md19120660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine invertebrates are a paraphyletic group that comprises more than 90% of all marine animal species. Lipids form the structural basis of cell membranes, are utilized as an energy reserve by all marine invertebrates, and are, therefore, considered important indicators of their ecology and biochemistry. The nutritional value of commercial invertebrates directly depends on their lipid composition. The lipid classes and fatty acids of marine invertebrates have been studied in detail, but data on their lipidomes (the profiles of all lipid molecules) remain very limited. To date, lipidomes or their parts are known only for a few species of mollusks, coral polyps, ascidians, jellyfish, sea anemones, sponges, sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, crabs, copepods, shrimp, and squid. This paper reviews various features of the lipid molecular species of these animals. The results of the application of the lipidomic approach in ecology, embryology, physiology, lipid biosynthesis, and in studies on the nutritional value of marine invertebrates are also discussed. The possible applications of lipidomics in the study of marine invertebrates are considered.
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8
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Lipidomic profiling reveals biosynthetic relationships between phospholipids and diacylglycerol ethers in the deep-sea soft coral Paragorgia arborea. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21285. [PMID: 34711899 PMCID: PMC8553863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00876-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cold-water gorgonian coral Paragorgia arborea is considered as a foundation species of deep-sea ecosystems in the northern Atlantic and Pacific oceans. To advance lipidomic studies of deep-sea corals, molecular species compositions of diacylglycerol ethers (DAGE), which are specific storage lipids of corals, and structural glycerophospholipids (GPL) including ethanolamine, choline, inositol and serine GPL (PE, PC, PI, and PS, respectively) were analyzed in P. arborea by HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry. In DAGE molecules, alkyl groups (16:0, 14:0, and 18:1), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and monounsaturated FA are mainly substituted the glycerol moiety at position sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3, respectively. The ether form (1-O-alkyl-2-acyl) predominates in PE and PC, while PI is comprised of the 1,2-diacyl form. Both ether and diacyl forms were observed in PS. At position sn-2, C20 PUFA are mainly attached to PC, but C24 PUFA, soft coral chemotaxonomic markers, concentrate in PS, PI, and PE. A comparison of non-polar parts of molecules has shown that DAGE, ether PE, and ether PC can originate from one set of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerols. Ether PE may be converted to ether PS by the base-exchange reaction. A diacylglycerol unit generated from phosphatidic acid can be a precursor for diacyl PS, PC, and PI. Thus, a lipidomic approach has confirmed the difference in biosynthetic origins between ether and diacyl lipids of deep-sea gorgonians.
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Higuchi T, Tanaka K, Shirai K, Yuyama I, Mezaki T, Takahata N, Sano Y. Sulfur assimilation in corals with aposymbiotic and symbiotic zooxanthellae. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:98-103. [PMID: 33196142 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although sulfate ions are the main form of sulfur in the ocean, there is limited knowledge on their use by living organisms. Stable isotope labelling and NanoSIMS analysis were used in this study to clarify how sulfate, in seawater, is assimilated by corals and zooxanthellae at the cellular level. Aposymbiotic and symbiotic coral juveniles from the genus Acropora were incubated for 2 days in filtered seawater with 34 S-labelled sulfate. Further, the labelled corals were incubated for additional 2 days in natural seawater. Mapping of sulfur isotopes (34 S/32 S) showed that the 'hotspots' were enriched in 34 S on a sub-micro level and were heterogeneously distributed in the coral soft tissues. Specifically, 34 S hotspots were found in both the symbiotic zooxanthellae and coral host tissues. In aposymbiotic corals, 34 S was detected in the tissues, indicating that the host corals directly assimilated the sulfate ions without any aid from the zooxanthellae. Even after 2 days in normal seawater, the 34 S label was clearly seen in both symbiotic and aposymbiotic corals, indicating that the assimilated sulfur was retained for at least 2 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomihiko Higuchi
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
| | - Kotaro Shirai
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
| | - Ikuko Yuyama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
| | - Takuma Mezaki
- Kuroshio Biological Research Foundation, Nishidomari, Otsuki, Kochi, 788-0333, Japan
| | - Naoto Takahata
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
| | - Yuji Sano
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
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Sikorskaya TV, Efimova KV, Imbs AB. Lipidomes of phylogenetically different symbiotic dinoflagellates of corals. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 181:112579. [PMID: 33166751 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The structural base of all membranes of symbiotic dinoflagellates (SD) is composed of glycolipids and betaine lipids, whereas triacylglycerols (TG) constitute an energy reserve and are involved in biosynthesis of glycolipids. Since data on the SD lipidome and the host's influence on symbionts' lipidome are scanty, we analyzed and compared the lipidomes of SD isolated from the zoantharian Palythoa tuberculosa and the alcyonarian Sinularia heterospiculata. A sequencing of nuclear gene regions showed that both cnidarians hosted the dinoflagellates Cladocopium sp. (subclades C1 and C3), but the zoantharian also contained the dinoflagellates Durusdinium trenchii (clade D). The presence of the thermotolerant D. trenchii resulted in a higher unsaturation of mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDG and DGDG), but a lower unsaturation of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG). The same features were earlier described for same SD from a reef-building coral. Hence, the profile of glycolipid molecules, which form SD thylakoid membranes, seems to be species-specific and does not depend on the host's taxonomic position. In contrast, the betaine lipid molecular species profile of diacylglyceryl-3-O-carboxyhydroxymethylcholine (DGCC), which forms SD cell membranes, can be influenced by the host. The profiles of the TG molecular species from freshly isolated SD have been determined for the first time. These molecular species can be divided on the basis of the acyl group in sn-2 position. The TG with 16:0 acyl group in sn-2 position may enrich total TG of a cnidarian colony and originate from SD cytoplasm. In contrast, TG 18:3/18:4/18:3 may be biosynthetically related with DGDG and concentrated in SD plastoglobules. Our data may be useful for further investigations of natural and technogenic variations in microalgal lipids and symbiont-host interactions in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Sikorskaya
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation.
| | - Kseniya V Efimova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation; Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of Aquatic Organisms, Far Eastern Federal University, 690091, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey B Imbs
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
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11
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van de Water JAJM, Coppari M, Enrichetti F, Ferrier-Pagès C, Bo M. Local Conditions Influence the Prokaryotic Communities Associated With the Mesophotic Black Coral Antipathella subpinnata. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:537813. [PMID: 33123099 PMCID: PMC7573217 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.537813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Black corals are important habitat-forming species in the mesophotic and deep-sea zones of the world’s oceans because of their arborescent colony structure and tendency to form animal forests. Although we have started unraveling the ecology of mesophotic black corals, the importance of the associated microbes to their health has remained unexplored. Here, we provide in-depth assessments of black coral-microbe symbioses by investigating the spatial and temporal stability of these associations, and make comparisons with a sympatric octocoral with similar colony structure. To this end, we collected samples of Antipathella subpinnata colonies from three mesophotic shoals situated along the Ligurian Coast of the Mediterranean Sea (Bordighera, Portofino, Savona) in the spring of 2017. At the Portofino shoal, samples of A. subpinnata and the gorgonian Eunicella cavolini were collected in November 2016 and May 2017. Bacterial communities were profiled using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The bacterial community of E. cavolini was consistently dominated by Endozoicomonas. Contrastingly, the black coral microbiome was more diverse, and was primarily composed of numerous Bacteroidetes, Alpha- and Gammaproteobacterial taxa, putatively involved in all steps of the nitrogen and sulfur cycles. Compositional differences in the A. subpinnata microbiome existed between all locations and both time points, and no phylotypes were consistently associated with A. subpinnata. This highlights that local conditions may influence the bacterial community structure and potentially nutrient cycling within the A. subpinnata holobiont. But it also suggests that this coral holobiont possesses a high degree of microbiome flexibility, which may be a mechanism to acclimate to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Coppari
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Enrichetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Marzia Bo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Rome, Italy
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12
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Sikorskaya TV, Imbs AB. Coral Lipidomes and Their Changes during Coral Bleaching. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020050234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Rey F, Melo T, Cartaxana P, Calado R, Domingues P, Cruz S, Domingues MRM. Coping with Starvation: Contrasting Lipidomic Dynamics in the Cells of Two Sacoglossan Sea Slugs Incorporating Stolen Plastids from the Same Macroalga. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:43-56. [PMID: 32294176 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several species of sacoglossan sea slugs are able to sequester chloroplasts from algae and incorporate them into their cells. However, the ability to maintain functional "stolen" plastids (kleptoplasts) can vary significantly within the Sacoglossa, giving species different capacities to withstand periods of food shortage. The present study provides an insight on the comparative shifts experienced by the lipidome of two sacoglossan sea slug species, Elysia viridis (long-term retention of functional chloroplasts) and Placida dendritica (retention of non-functional chloroplasts). A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approach was employed to screen the lipidome of specimens from both species feeding on the macroalga Codium tomentosum and after 1-week of starvation. The lipidome of E. viridis was generally unaffected by the absence of food, while that of P. dendritica varied significantly. The retention of functional chloroplasts by E. viridis cells allows this species to endure periods of food shortage, while in P. dendritica a significant reduction in the amount of main lipids was the consequence of the consumption of its own mass to endure starvation. The large proportion of ether phospholipids (plasmalogens) in both sea slug species suggests that these compounds may play a key role in chloroplast incorporation in sea slug cells and/or be involved in the reduction of the oxidative stress resulting from the presence of kleptoplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felisa Rey
- CESAM, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.,Mass Spectrometry Centre & QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Tânia Melo
- CESAM, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.,Mass Spectrometry Centre & QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Paulo Cartaxana
- ECOMARE, CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Calado
- ECOMARE, CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre & QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Sónia Cruz
- ECOMARE, CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - M Rosário M Domingues
- CESAM, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.,Mass Spectrometry Centre & QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
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14
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Imbs AB, Dang LPT, Nguyen KB. Comparative lipidomic analysis of phospholipids of hydrocorals and corals from tropical and cold-water regions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215759. [PMID: 31034482 PMCID: PMC6488065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To expand our knowledge of lipid and fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis in marine cnidarians, polar lipidomes of hydrocorals were studied for the first time and then compared with those of soft corals from tropical and boreal regions. The structure and content of FAs and molecular species of ethanolamine, choline, serine, and inositol glycerophospholipids (PE, PC, PS, and PI, respectively), and ceramide aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP) in tropical hydrocorals (Millepora platyphylla, M. dichotoma) and the cold-water hydrocoral Allopora steinegeri were determined by chromatography and mass spectrometry. All soft corals and cold-water hydrocorals are characterized by a considerable amount of C20 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) elongated into C22 PUFAs. In the Millepora species, the high level of 22:5n-6 and 22:6n-3 against the background of the extremely low level of C20 PUFAs may be explained by a high activity of rare Δ4 desaturase. In contrast to hydrocorals, soft corals are able to elongate and further desaturate C22 PUFAs into C24 PUFAs. Allopora and soft corals use C20 PUFAs mainly for the synthesis of PE and PC. The molecular species of PS of soft corals concentrate C24 PUFAs, while in Allopora and Millepora the PS molecules are mainly based on 22:4n-6 and 22:5n-6 acyl groups, respectively. Short acyl groups (C14) dominate the CAEP molecules of Allopora. In all the animals compared, most molecular species of PE and PC are ether lipids, but diacyl molecular species dominate PI. Hydrocorals and tropical soft corals contain diacyl and ether PS molecules, respectively, whereas cold-water soft corals contain a mixture of these PS forms. The high similarity of the alkyl/acyl compositions indicates a possible biosynthetic relationship between PS and PI in hydrocorals. The data obtained in our study will provide a resource to further investigate the lipid metabolism in marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey B. Imbs
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
- * E-mail:
| | - Ly P. T. Dang
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kien B. Nguyen
- Soils and Fertilizers Research Institute, Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
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15
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Tracing of lipid markers of soft corals in a polar lipidome of the nudibranch mollusk Tritonia tetraquetra from the Sea of Okhotsk. Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Surm JM, Toledo TM, Prentis PJ, Pavasovic A. Insights into the phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary histories of Fad and Elovl gene families in Actiniaria. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5323-5335. [PMID: 29938056 PMCID: PMC6010785 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs, ≥ C20) is reliant on the action of desaturase and elongase enzymes, which are encoded by the fatty acyl desaturase (Fad) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (Elovl) gene families, respectively. In Metazoa, research investigating the distribution and evolution of these gene families has been restricted largely to Bilateria. Here, we provide insights into the phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary histories of the Fad and Elovl gene families in Cnidaria, the sister phylum to Bilateria. Four model cnidarian genomes and six actiniarian transcriptomes were interrogated. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of a candidate cnidarian species, Actinia tenebrosa, was performed to determine the baseline profile of this species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed lineage-specific gene duplication in actiniarians for both the Fad and Elovl gene families. Two distinct cnidarian Fad clades clustered with functionally characterized Δ5 and Δ6 proteins from fungal and plant species, respectively. Alternatively, only a single cnidarian Elovl clade clustered with functionally characterized Elovl proteins (Elovl4), while two additional clades were identified, one actiniarian-specific (Novel ElovlA) and the another cnidarian-specific (Novel ElovlB). In actiniarians, selection analyses revealed pervasive purifying selection acting on both gene families. However, codons in the Elovl gene family show patterns of nucleotide variation consistent with the action of episodic diversifying selection following gene duplication events. Significantly, these codons may encode amino acid residues that are functionally important for Elovl proteins to target and elongate different precursor fatty acids. In A. tenebrosa, the fatty acid analysis revealed an absence of LC-PUFAs > C20 molecules and implies that the Elovl enzymes are not actively contributing to the elongation of these LC-PUFAs. Overall, this study has revealed that actiniarians possess Fad and Elovl genes required for the biosynthesis of some LC-PUFAs, and that these genes appear to be distinct from bilaterians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim M. Surm
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of HealthQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of TechnologyKelvin GroveAustralia
| | - Tarik M. Toledo
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of HealthQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of TechnologyKelvin GroveAustralia
| | - Peter J. Prentis
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological SciencesScience and Engineering FacultyQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
- Institute for Future EnvironmentsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Ana Pavasovic
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of HealthQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
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17
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Řezanka T, Vítová M, Lukavský J, Sigler K. Lipidomic Study of Precursors of Endocannabinoids in Freshwater Bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica. Lipids 2018; 53:413-427. [PMID: 29709080 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica was collected from a sand pit (South Bohemia). The total lipids after extraction from lyophilized bryozoans were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution negative tandem electrospray mass spectrometry. A total of 19 lipid classes were identified, including N-acyl-substituted phospholipids, that is, N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine and N-acylphosphatidylserine in their plasmenyl forms. Based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of 3-pyridylcarbonyl (picolinyl) esters, a very unusual fatty acid was identified, namely 24:7n-3 (all-cis-3,6,9,12,15,18,21-tetracosaheptaenoic acid). The presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids in individual classes is very specific: arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids being predominantly bound as amides in N-acyl phospholipids, that is, diacyl-N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPtdEtn), plasmenyl-N-acylphosphatidyl ethanolamines (PlsNAPtdEtn), diacyl-N-acylphosphatidylserines (NAPtdSer), and plasmenyl-N-acylphosphatidylserines (PlsNAPtdSer). While 24:6n-3 was identified in the sn-2 position of several phospholipids, 24:7n-3 was identified in only two plasmalogens, that is, PlsNAPtdEtn and PlsNAPtdSer. Thanks to the tandem mass spectrometry, we managed to identify the position of all acyl groups in both diacyl- and also in alkenyl-acyl-(plasmenyl) molecular species of N-acylphospholipids. The identification of the molecular species of N-acyl-substituted phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine, including their plasmalogen forms, in the freshwater bryozoan P. magnifica has enabled the identification of endogenous cannabinoid precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Řezanka
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milada Vítová
- Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Opatovický mlýn, 379 81, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Lukavský
- Department of Plant Ecology, Biorefinery Centre of Competence, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Dukelská 135, 379 82, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Sigler
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
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18
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Kitchen SA, Poole AZ, Weis VM. Sphingolipid Metabolism of a Sea Anemone Is Altered by the Presence of Dinoflagellate Symbionts. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2017; 233:242-254. [PMID: 29553817 DOI: 10.1086/695846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In host-microbe interactions, signaling lipids function in interpartner communication during both the establishment and maintenance of associations. Previous evidence suggests that sphingolipids play a role in the mutualistic cnidarian-Symbiodinium symbiosis. Exogenously applied sphingolipids have been shown to alter this partnership, though endogenous host regulation of sphingolipids by the sphingosine rheostat under different symbiotic conditions has not been characterized. The rheostat regulates levels of pro-survival sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and pro-apoptotic sphingosine (Sph) through catalytic activities of sphingosine kinase (SPHK) and S1P phosphatase (SGPP). The role of the rheostat in recognition and establishment of cnidarian-Symbiodinium symbiosis was investigated in the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida by measuring gene expression, protein levels, and sphingolipid metabolites in symbiotic, aposymbiotic, and newly recolonized anemones. Comparison of two host populations showed that symbiotic animals from one population had lower SGPP gene expression and Sph lipid concentrations compared to aposymbiotic animals, while the other population had higher S1P concentrations than their aposymbiotic counterparts. In both populations, the host rheostat trended toward host cell survival in the presence of symbionts. Furthermore, upregulation of both rheostat enzymes on the first day of host recolonization by symbionts suggests a role for the rheostat in host-symbiont recognition during symbiosis onset. Collectively, these data suggest a regulatory role of sphingolipid signaling in cnidarian-Symbiodinium symbiosis and symbiont uptake.
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Key Words
- Ct, cycle threshold
- GMP, Gisele Muller-Parker population
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MAMP, microbe-associated molecular pattern
- NSL, no symbionts + light treatment group
- S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate
- SD, symbionts + dark treatment group
- SGPP, sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase
- SL, symbionts + light treatment group
- SPHK, sphingosine kinase
- Sph, sphingosine
- VWA, Weis Lab population A
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- rt, room temperature
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19
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Rey F, Costa ED, Campos AM, Cartaxana P, Maciel E, Domingues P, Domingues MRM, Calado R, Cruz S. Kleptoplasty does not promote major shifts in the lipidome of macroalgal chloroplasts sequestered by the sacoglossan sea slug Elysia viridis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11502. [PMID: 28904377 PMCID: PMC5597624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12008-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sacoglossan sea slugs, also known as crawling leaves due to their photosynthetic activity, are highly selective feeders that incorporate chloroplasts from specific macroalgae. These “stolen” plastids - kleptoplasts - are kept functional inside animal cells and likely provide an alternative source of energy to their host. The mechanisms supporting the retention and functionality of kleptoplasts remain unknown. A lipidomic mass spectrometry-based analysis was performed to study kleptoplasty of the sacoglossan sea slug Elysia viridis fed with Codium tomentosum. Total lipid extract of both organisms was fractionated. The fraction rich in glycolipids, exclusive lipids from chloroplasts, and the fraction rich in betaine lipids, characteristic of algae, were analysed using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-LC-MS). This approach allowed the identification of 81 molecular species, namely galactolipids (8 in both organisms), sulfolipids (17 in C. tomentosum and 13 in E. viridis) and betaine lipids (51 in C. tomentosum and 41 in E. viridis). These lipid classes presented similar lipidomic profiles in C. tomentosum and E. viridis, indicating that the necessary mechanisms to perform photosynthesis are preserved during the process of endosymbiosis. The present study shows that there are no major shifts in the lipidome of C. tomentosum chloroplasts sequestered by E. viridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felisa Rey
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Elisabete da Costa
- Centro de Espetrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana M Campos
- Centro de Espetrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paulo Cartaxana
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Maciel
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,Centro de Espetrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Centro de Espetrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário M Domingues
- Centro de Espetrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Calado
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Cruz
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM & ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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20
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Raina JB, Clode PL, Cheong S, Bougoure J, Kilburn MR, Reeder A, Forêt S, Stat M, Beltran V, Thomas-Hall P, Tapiolas D, Motti CM, Gong B, Pernice M, Marjo CE, Seymour JR, Willis BL, Bourne DG. Subcellular tracking reveals the location of dimethylsulfoniopropionate in microalgae and visualises its uptake by marine bacteria. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28371617 PMCID: PMC5380433 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton-bacteria interactions drive the surface ocean sulfur cycle and local climatic processes through the production and exchange of a key compound: dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). Despite their large-scale implications, these interactions remain unquantified at the cellular-scale. Here we use secondary-ion mass spectrometry to provide the first visualization of DMSP at sub-cellular levels, tracking the fate of a stable sulfur isotope (34S) from its incorporation by microalgae as inorganic sulfate to its biosynthesis and exudation as DMSP, and finally its uptake and degradation by bacteria. Our results identify for the first time the storage locations of DMSP in microalgae, with high enrichments present in vacuoles, cytoplasm and chloroplasts. In addition, we quantify DMSP incorporation at the single-cell level, with DMSP-degrading bacteria containing seven times more 34S than the control strain. This study provides an unprecedented methodology to label, retain, and image small diffusible molecules, which can be transposable to other symbiotic systems. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23008.001 Sulfur is an essential element for many organisms and environmental processes. Every year, organisms including microalgae produce more than one billion tons of a sulfur-containing compound called DMSP. Some of this DMSP is released into seawater, where it acts as a key nutrient for microscopic organisms and as a foraging cue to attract fish. DMSP is also the precursor of a gas that helps to form clouds. Despite DMSP’s potential large-scale effects, it is still not clear what role it plays in the organisms that produce it, or how it is transferred from the microalgae that produce it to the bacteria that use it. It is thought that DMSP could potentially protect the cells from sudden changes in the amount of salt in the seawater (salinity) or from other damage, such as oxidative stress – a build-up of harmful chemicals inside cells. In a controlled setting using artificial seawater, Raina et al. used high-resolution imaging and chemical analysis to track the journey of DMSP from microalgae to recipient bacteria. The results show that similar to land plants, algae store DMSP in the compartments that regulate cell pressure and photosynthesis. The presence of DMSP in these locations also supports its proposed role in protecting cells from changes in salinity or oxidative damage. A future step will be to identify the genes involved in producing DMSP in microalgae. This knowledge could be used to create mutants that are either incapable of producing this molecule or that overproduce it. In combination with the high-resolution imaging techniques described here, this will allow researchers to fully understand the role that DMSP plays in these organisms. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23008.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Raina
- AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia.,Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Peta L Clode
- The Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Soshan Cheong
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Jeremy Bougoure
- The Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Matt R Kilburn
- The Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Anthony Reeder
- The Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Sylvain Forêt
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Michael Stat
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Victor Beltran
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
| | | | - Dianne Tapiolas
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
| | - Cherie M Motti
- AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
| | - Bill Gong
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Mathieu Pernice
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher E Marjo
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bette L Willis
- AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - David G Bourne
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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21
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Kitchen SA, Weis VM. The sphingosine rheostat is involved in the cnidarian heat stress response but not necessarily in bleaching. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:1709-1720. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.153858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids play important roles in mitigating cellular heat and oxidative stress by altering membrane fluidity, receptor clustering and gene expression. Accumulation of signaling sphingolipids that comprise the sphingosine rheostat, pro-apoptotic sphingosine (Sph) and pro-survival sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), is key to determining cell fate. Reef-building corals and other symbiotic cnidarians living in shallow tropical waters can experience elevated seawater temperature and high UV irradiance, two stressors that are increasing in frequency and severity with climate change. In symbiotic cnidarians, these stressors disrupt the photosynthetic machinery of the endosymbiont and ultimately result in the collapse of the partnership (dysbiosis), known as cnidarian bleaching. In a previous study, exogenously applied sphingolipids altered heat-induced bleaching in the symbiotic anemone Aiptasia pallida, but endogenous regulation of these lipids is unknown. Here, we characterized the role of the rheostat in the cnidarian heat stress response (HSR) and in dysbiosis. Gene expression of rheostat enzymes sphingosine kinase (AP-SPHK) and S1P phosphatase (AP-SGPP), and concentrations of sphingolipids were quantified from anemones incubated at elevated temperatures. We observed a biphasic HSR in A. pallida. At early exposure, rheostat gene expression and lipid levels were suppressed while gene expression of a heat stress biomarker increased and 40% of symbionts were lost. After longer incubations at the highest temperature, AP-SGPP and then Sph levels both increased. These results indicate that the sphingosine rheostat in A. pallida does not participate in initiation of dysbiosis, but instead functions in the chronic response to prolonged heat stress that promotes host survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A. Kitchen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Virginia M. Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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22
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Abstract
Sulfur-containing compounds are important components of all organisms, but few studies have explored sulfate utilization in corals. Our previous study found that the expression of a sulfur transporter (SLC26A11) was upregulated in the presence of Symbiodinium cells in juveniles of the reef-building coral Acropora tenuis. In this study, we performed autoradiography using 35S-labeled sulfate ions (35SO4 2−) to examine the localization and amount of incorporated radioactive sulfate in the coral tissues and symbiotic algae. Incorporated 35SO4 2− was detected in symbiotic algal cells, nematocysts, ectodermal cells and calicoblast cells. The combined results of 35S autoradiography and Alcian Blue staining showed that incorporated 35S accumulated as sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the ectodermal cell layer. We also compared the relative incorporation of 35SO4 2− into coral tissues and endosymbiotic algae, and their chemical fractions in dark versus light (photosynthetic) conditions. The amount of sulfur compounds, such as GAGs and lipids, generated from 35SO4 2− was higher under photosynthetic conditions. Together with the upregulation of sulfate transporters by symbiosis, our results suggest that photosynthesis of algal endosymbionts contributes to the synthesis and utilization of sulfur compounds in corals. Summary:35S-labeled sulfate incorporated into various cells of coral demonstrates that photosynthesis of endosymbiotic algae contributes to the synthesis and utilization of sulfur compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Yuyama
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tomihiko Higuchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takei
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
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Oakley CA, Ameismeier MF, Peng L, Weis VM, Grossman AR, Davy SK. Symbiosis induces widespread changes in the proteome of the model cnidarianAiptasia. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1009-23. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clinton A. Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - Michael F. Ameismeier
- Gene Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Munich; Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Lifeng Peng
- School of Biological Sciences; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - Virginia M. Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology; The Carnegie Institution; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Simon K. Davy
- School of Biological Sciences; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington 6012 New Zealand
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24
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Revel J, Massi L, Mehiri M, Boutoute M, Mayzaud P, Capron L, Sabourault C. Differential distribution of lipids in epidermis, gastrodermis and hosted Symbiodinium in the sea anemone Anemonia viridis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 191:140-151. [PMID: 26478191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis mainly relies on nutrient recycling, thus providing both partners with a competitive advantage in nutrient-poor waters. Essential processes related to lipid metabolism can be influenced by various factors, including hyperthermal stress. This can affect the lipid content and distribution in both partners, while contributing to symbiosis disruption and bleaching. In order to gain further insight into the role and distribution of lipids in the cnidarian metabolism, we investigated the lipid composition of the sea anemone Anemonia viridis and its photosynthetic dinoflagellate endosymbionts (Symbiodinium). We compared the lipid content and fatty acid profiles of the host cellular layers, non-symbiotic epidermal and symbiont-containing gastrodermal cells, and those of Symbiodinium, in a mass spectrometry-based assessment. Lipids were more concentrated in Symbiodinium cells, and the lipid class distribution was dominated by polar lipids in all tissues. The fatty acid distribution between host cell layers and Symbiodinium cells suggested potential lipid transfers between the partners. The lipid composition and distribution was modified during short-term hyperthermal stress, mainly in Symbiodinium cells and gastrodermis. Exposure to elevated temperature rapidly caused a decrease in polar lipid C18 unsaturated fatty acids and a strong and rapid decrease in the abundance of polar lipid fatty acids relative to sterols. These lipid indicators could therefore be used as sensitive biomarkers to assess the physiology of symbiotic cnidarians, especially the effect of thermal stress at the onset of cnidarian bleaching. Overall, the findings of this study provide some insight on key lipids that may regulate maintenance of the symbiotic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Revel
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR7138, Equipe Symbiose Marine, F-06000 Nice, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR7138, F-75005 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Lionel Massi
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, F-06000 Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Mehiri
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, F-06000 Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc Boutoute
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Laboratoire Océanologique de Villefranche sur Mer, UMR 7093, F-06320 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Mayzaud
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Laboratoire Océanologique de Villefranche sur Mer, UMR 7093, F-06320 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Laure Capron
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, F-06000 Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Sabourault
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR7138, Equipe Symbiose Marine, F-06000 Nice, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR7138, F-75005 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France.
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25
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Chen HK, Song SN, Wang LH, Mayfield AB, Chen YJ, Chen WNU, Chen CS. A Compartmental Comparison of Major Lipid Species in a Coral-Symbiodinium Endosymbiosis: Evidence that the Coral Host Regulates Lipogenesis of Its Cytosolic Lipid Bodies. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26218797 PMCID: PMC4517871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid body (LB) formation in the host coral gastrodermal cell cytoplasm is a hallmark of the coral-Symbiodinium endosymbiosis, and such lipid-based entities are not found in endosymbiont-free cnidarian cells. Therefore, the elucidation of lipogenesis regulation in LBs and how it is related to the lipid metabolism of the host and endosymbiont could provide direct insight to understand the symbiosis mechanism. Herein, the lipid composition of host cells of the stony coral Euphyllia glabrescens, as well as that of their cytoplasmic LBs and in hospite Symbiodinium populations, was examined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and six major lipid species were identified: wax esters, sterol esters, triacylglycerols, cholesterols, free fatty acids, and phospholipids. Their concentrations differed significantly between host coral cells, LBs, and Symbiodinium, suggesting compartmental regulation. WE were only present in the host coral and were particularly highly concentrated in LBs. Amongst the four species of WE, the monoene R = C18:1/R = C16 was found to be LB-specific and was not present in the host gastrodermal cell cytoplasm. Furthermore, the acyl pool profiles of the individual LB lipid species were more similar, but not equal to, those of the host gastrodermal cells in which they were located, indicating partially autonomous lipid metabolism in these LBs. Nevertheless, given the overall similarity in the host gastrodermal cell and LB lipid profiles, these data suggest that a significant portion of the LB lipids may be of host coral origin. Finally, lipid profiles of the in hospite Symbiodinium populations were significantly distinct from those of the cultured Symbiodinium, potentially suggesting a host regulation effect that may be fundamental to lipid metabolism in endosymbiotic associations involving clade C Symbiodinium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Kai Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ni Song
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong-Hwa University, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsueh Wang
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong-Hwa University, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
| | - Anderson B. Mayfield
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
- Living Oceans Foundation, Landover, MD, 20785, United States of America
| | - Yi-Jyun Chen
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Nan U. Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 805, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CSC); (WNC)
| | - Chii-Shiarng Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong-Hwa University, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CSC); (WNC)
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26
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Kopp C, Wisztorski M, Revel J, Mehiri M, Dani V, Capron L, Carette D, Fournier I, Massi L, Mouajjah D, Pagnotta S, Priouzeau F, Salzet M, Meibom A, Sabourault C. MALDI-MS and NanoSIMS imaging techniques to study cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses. ZOOLOGY 2014; 118:125-31. [PMID: 25447219 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cnidarian-dinoflagellate photosynthetic symbioses are fundamental to biologically diverse and productive coral reef ecosystems. The hallmark of this symbiotic relationship is the ability of dinoflagellate symbionts to supply their cnidarian host with a wide range of nutrients. Many aspects of this association nevertheless remain poorly characterized, including the exact identity of the transferred metabolic compounds, the mechanisms that control their exchange across the host-symbiont interface, and the precise subcellular fate of the translocated materials in cnidarian tissues. This lack of knowledge is mainly attributed to difficulties in investigating such metabolic interactions both in situ, i.e. on intact symbiotic associations, and at high spatial resolution. To address these issues, we illustrate the application of two in situ and high spatial resolution molecular and ion imaging techniques-matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) and the nano-scale secondary-ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) ion microprobe. These imaging techniques provide important new opportunities for the detailed investigation of many aspects of cnidarian-dinoflagellate associations, including the dynamics of cellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kopp
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - M Wisztorski
- PRISM, University of Lille 1, EA 4550 - FRE3637 CNRS, Bat SN3, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - J Revel
- UMR7138 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France; UMR7138 Sorbonne University Paris 6, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M Mehiri
- UMR7272 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - V Dani
- UMR7138 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France; UMR7138 Sorbonne University Paris 6, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - L Capron
- UMR7272 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - D Carette
- CCMA, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - I Fournier
- PRISM, University of Lille 1, EA 4550 - FRE3637 CNRS, Bat SN3, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - L Massi
- UMR7272 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - D Mouajjah
- PRISM, University of Lille 1, EA 4550 - FRE3637 CNRS, Bat SN3, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - S Pagnotta
- CCMA, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - F Priouzeau
- UMR7138 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France; UMR7138 Sorbonne University Paris 6, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M Salzet
- PRISM, University of Lille 1, EA 4550 - FRE3637 CNRS, Bat SN3, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - A Meibom
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for Advanced Surface Analysis, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Sabourault
- UMR7138 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France; UMR7138 Sorbonne University Paris 6, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
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27
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Lipid accumulation during the establishment of kleptoplasty in Elysia chlorotica. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97477. [PMID: 24828251 PMCID: PMC4020867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of kleptoplasty (retention of "stolen plastids") in the digestive tissue of the sacoglossan Elysia chlorotica Gould was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Cellular processes occurring during the initial exposure to plastids were observed in laboratory raised animals ranging from 1-14 days post metamorphosis (dpm). These observations revealed an abundance of lipid droplets (LDs) correlating to plastid abundance. Starvation of animals resulted in LD and plastid decay in animals <5 dpm that had not yet achieved permanent kleptoplasty. Animals allowed to feed on algal prey (Vaucheria litorea C. Agardh) for 7 d or greater retained stable plastids resistant to cellular breakdown. Lipid analysis of algal and animal samples supports that these accumulating LDs may be of plastid origin, as the often algal-derived 20∶5 eicosapentaenoic acid was found in high abundance in the animal tissue. Subsequent culturing of animals in dark conditions revealed a reduced ability to establish permanent kleptoplasty in the absence of photosynthetic processes, coupled with increased mortality. Together, these data support an important role of photosynthetic lipid production in establishing and stabilizing this unique animal kleptoplasty.
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28
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Wang LH, Lee HH, Fang LS, Mayfield AB, Chen CS. Fatty acid and phospholipid syntheses are prerequisites for the cell cycle of Symbiodinium and their endosymbiosis within sea anemones. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72486. [PMID: 24009685 PMCID: PMC3756969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a source of metabolic energy, as well as essential components of cellular membranes. Although they have been shown to be key players in the regulation of cell proliferation in various eukaryotes, including microalgae, their role in the cell cycle of cnidarian-dinoflagellate (genus Symbiodinium) endosymbioses remains to be elucidated. The present study examined the effects of a lipid synthesis inhibitor, cerulenin, on the cell cycle of both cultured Symbiodinium (clade B) and those engaged in an endosymbiotic association with the sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella. In the former, cerulenin exposure was found to inhibit free fatty acid (FFA) synthesis, as it does in other organisms. Additionally, while it also significantly inhibited the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), it did not affect the production of sterol ester (SE) or phosphatidylcholine (PC). Interestingly, cerulenin also significantly retarded cell division by arresting the cell cycles at the G0/G1 phase. Cerulenin-treated Symbiodinium were found to be taken up by anemone hosts at a significantly depressed quantity in comparison with control Symbiodinium. Furthermore, the uptake of cerulenin-treated Symbiodinium in host tentacles occurred much more slowly than in untreated controls. These results indicate that FFA and PE may play critical roles in the recognition, proliferation, and ultimately the success of endosymbiosis with anemones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hsueh Wang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsieh-He Lee
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Shing Fang
- Department of Sport, Health and Leisure Studies, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Anderson B. Mayfield
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Living Oceans Foundation, Landover, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chii-Shiarng Chen
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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29
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Hanada K. Co-evolution of sphingomyelin and the ceramide transport protein CERT. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:704-19. [PMID: 23845852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Life creates many varieties of lipids. The choline-containing sphingophospholipid sphingomyelin (SM) exists ubiquitously or widely in vertebrates and lower animals, but is absent or rare in bacteria, fungi, protists, and plants. In the biosynthesis of SM, ceramide, which is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, is transported to the Golgi region by the ceramide transport protein CERT, probably in a non-vesicular manner, and is then converted to SM by SM synthase, which catalyzes the reaction of phosphocholine transfer from phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) to ceramide. Recent advances in genomics and lipidomics indicate that the phylogenetic occurrence of CERT and its orthologs is nearly parallel to that of SM. Based on the chemistry of lipids together with evolutionary aspects of SM and CERT, several concepts are here proposed. SM may serve as a chemically inert and robust, but non-covalently interactive lipid class at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The functional domains and peptidic motifs of CERT are separated by exon units, suggesting an exon-shuffling mechanism for the generation of an ancestral CERT gene. CERT may have co-evolved with SM to bypass a competing metabolic reaction at the bifurcated point in the anabolism of ceramide. Human CERT is identical to the splicing variant of human Goodpasture antigen-binding protein (GPBP) annotated as an extracellular non-canonical serine/threonine protein kinase. The relationship between CERT and GPBP has also been discussed from an evolutionary aspect. Moreover, using an analogy of "compatible (or osmoprotective) solutes" that can accumulate to very high concentrations in the cytosol without denaturing proteins, choline phospholipids such as PtdCho and SM may act as compatible phospholipids in biomembranes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled New Frontiers in Sphingolipid Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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