1
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Li X, Wasson AP, Zwart AB, Whan A, Ryan PR, Forrest K, Hayden M, Chin S, Richards R, Delhaize E. Physical Mapping of QTLs for Root Traits in a Population of Recombinant Inbred Lines of Hexaploid Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10492. [PMID: 37445670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Root architecture is key in determining how effective plants are at intercepting and absorbing nutrients and water. Previously, the wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars Spica and Maringa were shown to have contrasting root morphologies. These cultivars were crossed to generate an F6:1 population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) which was genotyped using a 90 K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) chip. A total of 227 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were grown in soil for 21 days in replicated trials under controlled conditions. At harvest, the plants were scored for seven root traits and two shoot traits. An average of 7.5 quantitative trait loci (QTL) were associated with each trait and, for each of these, physical locations of the flanking markers were identified using the Chinese Spring reference genome. We also compiled a list of genes from wheat and other monocotyledons that have previously been associated with root growth and morphology to determine their physical locations on the Chinese Spring reference genome. This allowed us to determine whether the QTL discovered in our study encompassed genes previously associated with root morphology in wheat or other monocotyledons. Furthermore, it allowed us to establish if the QTL were co-located with the QTL identified from previously published studies. The parental lines together with the genetic markers generated here will enable specific root traits to be introgressed into elite wheat lines. Moreover, the comprehensive list of genes associated with root development, and their physical locations, will be a useful resource for researchers investigating the genetics of root morphology in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Anton P Wasson
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Alex Whan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Peter R Ryan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Kerrie Forrest
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Matthew Hayden
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Sabrina Chin
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel Delhaize
- Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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2
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Wang J, Li X, Chen X, Tang W, Yu Z, Xu T, Tian H, Ding Z. Dual regulations of cell cycle regulator DPa by auxin in Arabidopsis root distal stem cell maintenance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218503120. [PMID: 37126711 PMCID: PMC10175748 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218503120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin plays a key role to maintain root stem cell identity which is essential for root development. However, the molecular mechanism by which auxin regulates root distal stem cell (DSC) identity is not well understood. In this study, we revealed that the cell cycle factor DPa is a vital regulator in the maintenance of root DSC identity through multiple auxin signaling cascades. On the one hand, auxin positively regulates the transcription of DPa via AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 7 and ARF19. On the other hand, auxin enhances the protein stability of DPa through MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3 (MPK3)/MPK6-mediated phosphorylation. Consistently, mutation of the identified three threonine residues (Thr10, Thr25, and Thr227) of DPa to nonphosphorylated form alanine (DPa3A) highly decreased the phosphorylation level of DPa, which decreased its protein stability and affected the maintenance of root DSC identity. Taken together, this study provides insight into the molecular mechanism of how auxin regulates root distal stem cell identity through the dual regulations of DPa at both transcriptional and posttranslational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wenxin Tang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zipeng Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Tongda Xu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huiyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
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3
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Kim SH, Bahk S, An J, Hussain S, Nguyen NT, Do HL, Kim JY, Hong JC, Chung WS. A Gain-of-Function Mutant of IAA15 Inhibits Lateral Root Development by Transcriptional Repression of LBD Genes in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1239. [PMID: 32903377 PMCID: PMC7434933 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root development is known to be regulated by Aux/IAA-ARF modules in Arabidopsis thaliana. As components, several Aux/IAAs have participated in these Aux/IAA-ARF modules. In this study, to identify the biological function of IAA15 in plant developments, transgenic plant overexpressing the gain-of-function mutant of IAA15 (IAA15P75S OX) under the control of dexamethasone (DEX) inducible promoter, in which IAA15 protein was mutated by changing Pro-75 residue to Ser at the degron motif in conserved domain II, was constructed. As a result, we found that IAA15P75S OX plants show a decreased number of lateral roots. Coincidently, IAA15 promoter-GUS reporter analysis revealed that IAA15 transcripts were highly detected in all stages of developing lateral root tissues. It was also verified that the IAA15P75S protein is strongly stabilized against proteasome-mediated protein degradation by inhibiting its poly-ubiquitination, resulting in the transcriptional repression of auxin-responsive genes. In particular, transcript levels of LBD16 and LBD29, which are positive regulators of lateral root formation, dramatically repressed in IAA15P75S OX plants. Furthermore, it was elucidated that IAA15 interacts with ARF7 and ARF19 and binds to the promoters of LBD16 and LBD29, strongly suggesting that IAA15 represses lateral root formation through the transcriptional suppression of LBD16 and LBD29 by inhibiting ARF7 and ARF19 activity. Taken together, this study suggests that IAA15 also plays a key negative role in lateral root formation as a component of Aux/IAA-ARF modules.
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4
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Liao S, Wang L, Li J, Ruan YL. Cell Wall Invertase Is Essential for Ovule Development through Sugar Signaling Rather Than Provision of Carbon Nutrients. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:1126-1144. [PMID: 32332089 PMCID: PMC7333721 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ovule formation is essential for realizing crop yield because it determines seed number. The underlying molecular mechanism, however, remains elusive. Here, we show that cell wall invertase (CWIN) functions as a positive regulator of ovule initiation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In situ hybridization revealed that CWIN2 and CWIN4 were expressed at the placenta region where ovule primordia initiated. Specific silencing of CWIN2 and CWIN4 using targeted artificial microRNA driven by an ovule-specific SEEDSTICK promoter (pSTK) resulted in a substantial reduction of CWIN transcript and activity, which blocked ovule initiation and aggravated ovule abortion. There was no induction of carbon (C) starvation genes in the transgenic lines, and supplementing newly forming floral buds with extra C failed to recover the ovule phenotype. This indicates that suppression of CWIN did not lead to C starvation. A group of hexose transporters was downregulated in the transgenic plants. Among them, two representative ones were spatially coexpressed with CWIN2 and CWIN4, suggesting a coupling between CWIN and hexose transporters for ovule initiation. RNA-sequencing analysis identified differentially expressed genes encoding putative extracellular receptor-like kinases, MADS-box transcription factors, including STK, and early auxin response genes in response to CWIN-silencing. Our data demonstrate the essential role of CWIN in ovule initiation, which is most likely to occur through sugar signaling instead of C nutrient contribution. We propose that CWIN-mediated sugar signaling may be perceived by, and transmitted through, hexose transporters or receptor-like kinases to regulate ovule formation by modulating downstream auxin signaling and MADS-box transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjin Liao
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences and Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences and Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Jun Li
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences and Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences and Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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Matthes MS, Best NB, Robil JM, Malcomber S, Gallavotti A, McSteen P. Auxin EvoDevo: Conservation and Diversification of Genes Regulating Auxin Biosynthesis, Transport, and Signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:298-320. [PMID: 30590136 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin has been shown to be of pivotal importance in growth and development of land plants. The underlying molecular players involved in auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling are quite well understood in Arabidopsis. However, functional characterizations of auxin-related genes in economically important crops, specifically maize and rice, are still limited. In this article, we comprehensively review recent functional studies on auxin-related genes in both maize and rice, compared with what is known in Arabidopsis, and highlight conservation and diversification of their functions. Our analysis is illustrated by phylogenetic analysis and publicly available gene expression data for each gene family, which will aid in the identification of auxin-related genes for future research. Current challenges and future directions for auxin research in maize and rice are discussed. Developments in gene editing techniques provide powerful tools for overcoming the issue of redundancy in these gene families and will undoubtedly advance auxin research in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Sylvia Matthes
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, 301 Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Norman Bradley Best
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, 301 Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Janlo M Robil
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, 301 Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Simon Malcomber
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Andrea Gallavotti
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Paula McSteen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, 301 Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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6
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Belteton SA, Sawchuk MG, Donohoe BS, Scarpella E, Szymanski DB. Reassessing the Roles of PIN Proteins and Anticlinal Microtubules during Pavement Cell Morphogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:432-449. [PMID: 29192026 PMCID: PMC5761804 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The leaf epidermis is a biomechanical shell that influences the size and shape of the organ. Its morphogenesis is a multiscale process in which nanometer-scale cytoskeletal protein complexes, individual cells, and groups of cells pattern growth and define macroscopic leaf traits. Interdigitated growth of neighboring cells is an evolutionarily conserved developmental strategy. Understanding how signaling pathways and cytoskeletal proteins pattern cell walls during this form of tissue morphogenesis is an important research challenge. The cellular and molecular control of a lobed cell morphology is currently thought to involve PIN-FORMED (PIN)-type plasma membrane efflux carriers that generate subcellular auxin gradients. Auxin gradients were proposed to function across cell boundaries to encode stable offset patterns of cortical microtubules and actin filaments between adjacent cells. Many models suggest that long-lived microtubules along the anticlinal cell wall generate local cell wall heterogeneities that restrict local growth and specify the timing and location of lobe formation. Here, we used Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) reverse genetics and multivariate long-term time-lapse imaging to test current cell shape control models. We found that neither PIN proteins nor long-lived microtubules along the anticlinal wall predict the patterns of lobe formation. In fields of lobing cells, anticlinal microtubules are not correlated with cell shape and are unstable at the time scales of cell expansion. Our analyses indicate that anticlinal microtubules have multiple functions in pavement cells and that lobe initiation is likely controlled by complex interactions among cell geometry, cell wall stress patterns, and transient microtubule networks that span the anticlinal and periclinal walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Belteton
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Megan G Sawchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Bryon S Donohoe
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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7
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Xu T, Liu X, Wang R, Dong X, Guan X, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Shi Z, Qi M, Li T. SlARF2a plays a negative role in mediating axillary shoot formation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33728. [PMID: 27645097 PMCID: PMC5028752 DOI: 10.1038/srep33728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SlARF2a is expressed in most plant organs, including roots, leaves, flowers and fruits. A detailed expression study revealed that SlARF2a is mainly expressed in the leaf nodes and cross-sections of the nodes indicated that SlARF2a expression is restricted to vascular organs. Decapitation or the application of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) can initially promote axillary shoots, during which SlARF2a expression is significantly reduced. Down-regulation of SlARF2a expression results in an increased frequency of dicotyledons and significantly increased lateral organ development. Stem anatomy studies have revealed significantly altered cambia and phloem in tomato plants expressing down-regulated levels of ARF2a, which is associated with obvious alterations in auxin distribution. Further analysis has revealed that altered auxin transport may occur via altered pin expression. To identify the interactions of AUX/IAA and TPL with ARF2a, four axillary shoot development repressors that are down-regulated during axillary shoot development, IAA3, IAA9, SlTPL1 and SlTPL6, were tested for their direct interactions with ARF2a. Although none of these repressors are directly involved in ARF2a activity, similar expression patterns of IAA3, IAA9 and ARF2a implied they might work tightly in axillary shoot formation and other developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiufen Dong
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Guan
- Zunyi Normal University, No. 830 Shanghai Road, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihang Shi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfang Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, People's Republic of China
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8
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Wang WS, Zhu J, Zhang KX, Lü YT, Xu HH. A mutation of casein kinase 2 α4 subunit affects multiple developmental processes in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1071-1080. [PMID: 26883224 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis CK2 α4 subunit regulates the primary root and hypocotyl elongation, lateral root formation, cotyledon expansion, rosette leaf initiation and growth, flowering, and anthocyanin biosynthesis. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a conserved tetrameric kinase composed of two α and two β subunits. The inhibition of CK2 activity usually results in severe developmental deficiency. Four genes (CKA1-CKA4) encode CK2 α subunit in Arabidopsis. Single mutations of CKA1, CKA2, and CKA3 do not affect the normal growth of Arabidopsis, while the cka1 cka2 cka3 triple mutants are defective in cotyledon and hypocotyl growth, lateral root development, and flowering. The inhibition of CKA4 expression in cka1 cka2 cka3 background further reduces the number of lateral roots and delays the flowering time. Here, we report the characterization of a novel knockout mutant of CKA4, which exhibits various developmental defects including reduced primary root and hypocotyl elongation, increased lateral root density, delayed cotyledon expansion, retarded rosette leaf initiation and growth, and late flowering. The examination of the cellular basis for abnormal root development of this mutant revealed reduced root meristem cells with enhanced RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED (RBR) expression that promotes cell differentiation in root meristem. Moreover, this cka4-2 mutant accumulates higher anthocyanin in the aerial part and shows an increased expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, suggesting a novel role of CK2 in modulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. In addition, the complementation test using primary root elongation assay as a sample confirms that the changed phenotypes of this cka4-2 mutant are due to the lack of CKA4. Taken together, this study reveals an essential role of CK2 α4 subunit in multiple developmental processes in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Kun-Xiao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Ying-Tang Lü
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Heng-Hao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
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9
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Li J, Xu HH, Liu WC, Zhang XW, Lu YT. Ethylene Inhibits Root Elongation during Alkaline Stress through AUXIN1 and Associated Changes in Auxin Accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:1777-91. [PMID: 26109425 PMCID: PMC4528753 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Soil alkalinity causes major reductions in yield and quality of crops worldwide. The plant root is the first organ sensing soil alkalinity, which results in shorter primary roots. However, the mechanism underlying alkaline stress-mediated inhibition of root elongation remains to be further elucidated. Here, we report that alkaline conditions inhibit primary root elongation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings by reducing cell division potential in the meristem zones and that ethylene signaling affects this process. The ethylene perception antagonist silver (Ag(+)) alleviated the inhibition of root elongation by alkaline stress. Moreover, the ethylene signaling mutants ethylene response1-3 (etr1-3), ethylene insensitive2 (ein2), and ein3-1 showed less reduction in root length under alkaline conditions, indicating a reduced sensitivity to alkalinity. Ethylene biosynthesis also was found to play a role in alkaline stress-mediated root inhibition; the ethylene overproducer1-1 mutant, which overproduces ethylene because of increased stability of 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID SYNTHASE5, was hypersensitive to alkaline stress. In addition, the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor cobalt (Co(2+)) suppressed alkaline stress-mediated inhibition of root elongation. We further found that alkaline stress caused an increase in auxin levels by promoting expression of auxin biosynthesis-related genes, but the increase in auxin levels was reduced in the roots of the etr1-3 and ein3-1 mutants and in Ag(+)/Co(2+)-treated wild-type plants. Additional genetic and physiological data showed that AUXIN1 (AUX1) was involved in alkaline stress-mediated inhibition of root elongation. Taken together, our results reveal that ethylene modulates alkaline stress-mediated inhibition of root growth by increasing auxin accumulation by stimulating the expression of AUX1 and auxin biosynthesis-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
| | - Heng-Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
| | - Wen-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
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10
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Xu T, Wang Y, Liu X, Gao S, Qi M, Li T. Solanum lycopersicum IAA15 functions in the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide mechanism of action by mediating abscisic acid signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3977-3990. [PMID: 25948703 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), an important plant growth regulator, is the herbicide most commonly used worldwide to control weeds. However, broad-leaf fruits and vegetables are extremely sensitive to herbicides, which can cause damage and result in lost crops when applied in a manner inconsistent with the directions. Despite detailed knowledge of the mechanism of 2,4-D, the regulation of auxin signalling is still unclear. For example, although the major mediators of auxin signalling, including auxin/indole acetic acid (AUX/IAA) proteins and auxin response factors (ARFs), are known to mediate auxinic herbicides, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, the effects of 2,4-D on AUX/IAA gene expression in tomato were investigated, and the two most notably up-regulated genes, SlIAA15 and SlIAA29, were selected for further study. Western blotting revealed the substantial accumulation of both SlIAA15 and SlIAA29, and the expression levels of the corresponding genes were increased following abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene treatment. Overexpressing SlIAA15, but not SlIAA29, induced a 2,4-D herbicide damage phenotype. The 35S::SlIAA15 line exhibited a strong reduction in leaf stomatal density and altered expression of some R2R3 MYB genes that are putatively involved in the regulation of stomatal differentiation. Further study revealed that root elongation in 35S::SlIAA15 was sensitive to ABA treatment, and was most probably due to the altered expression of an ABA signal transduction gene. In addition, the altered auxin sensitivities of SlIAA15 transformants were also explored. These results suggested that SlIAA15 plays an important role in determining the effects of the herbicide 2,4-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Gao
- Liaoning Cash Crop Institute, Liaoyang 111304, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfang Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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Liu W, Li RJ, Han TT, Cai W, Fu ZW, Lu YT. Salt stress reduces root meristem size by nitric oxide-mediated modulation of auxin accumulation and signaling in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 25818700 PMCID: PMC4424038 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of the plant root system is highly plastic, which allows the plant to adapt to various environmental stresses. Salt stress inhibits root elongation by reducing the size of the root meristem. However, the mechanism underlying this process remains unclear. In this study, we explored whether and how auxin and nitric oxide (NO) are involved in salt-mediated inhibition of root meristem growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) using physiological, pharmacological, and genetic approaches. We found that salt stress significantly reduced root meristem size by down-regulating the expression of PINFORMED (PIN) genes, thereby reducing auxin levels. In addition, salt stress promoted AUXIN RESISTANT3 (AXR3)/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID17 (IAA17) stabilization, which repressed auxin signaling during this process. Furthermore, salt stress stimulated NO accumulation, whereas blocking NO production with the inhibitor N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine-methylester compromised the salt-mediated reduction of root meristem size, PIN down-regulation, and stabilization of AXR3/IAA17, indicating that NO is involved in salt-mediated inhibition of root meristem growth. Taken together, these findings suggest that salt stress inhibits root meristem growth by repressing PIN expression (thereby reducing auxin levels) and stabilizing IAA17 (thereby repressing auxin signaling) via increasing NO levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Rong-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tong-Tong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Liu W, Li RJ, Han TT, Cai W, Fu ZW, Lu YT. Salt stress reduces root meristem size by nitric oxide-mediated modulation of auxin accumulation and signaling in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:343-56. [PMID: 25818700 PMCID: PMC4424022 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of the plant root system is highly plastic, which allows the plant to adapt to various environmental stresses. Salt stress inhibits root elongation by reducing the size of the root meristem. However, the mechanism underlying this process remains unclear. In this study, we explored whether and how auxin and nitric oxide (NO) are involved in salt-mediated inhibition of root meristem growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) using physiological, pharmacological, and genetic approaches. We found that salt stress significantly reduced root meristem size by down-regulating the expression of PINFORMED (PIN) genes, thereby reducing auxin levels. In addition, salt stress promoted AUXIN RESISTANT3 (AXR3)/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID17 (IAA17) stabilization, which repressed auxin signaling during this process. Furthermore, salt stress stimulated NO accumulation, whereas blocking NO production with the inhibitor N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine-methylester compromised the salt-mediated reduction of root meristem size, PIN down-regulation, and stabilization of AXR3/IAA17, indicating that NO is involved in salt-mediated inhibition of root meristem growth. Taken together, these findings suggest that salt stress inhibits root meristem growth by repressing PIN expression (thereby reducing auxin levels) and stabilizing IAA17 (thereby repressing auxin signaling) via increasing NO levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Rong-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tong-Tong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Zhu J, Zhang KX, Wang WS, Gong W, Liu WC, Chen HG, Xu HH, Lu YT. Low temperature inhibits root growth by reducing auxin accumulation via ARR1/12. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:727-36. [PMID: 25552473 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants exhibit reduced root growth when exposed to low temperature; however, how low temperature modulates root growth remains to be understood. Our study demonstrated that low temperature reduces both meristem size and cell number, repressing the division potential of meristematic cells by reducing auxin accumulation, possibly through the repressed expression of PIN1/3/7 and auxin biosynthesis-related genes, although the experiments with exogenous auxin application also suggest the involvement of other factor(s). In addition, we verified that ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 1 (ARR1) and ARR12 are involved in low temperature-mediated inhibition of root growth by showing that the roots of arr1-3 arr12-1 seedlings were less sensitive than wild-type roots to low temperature, in terms of changes in root length and meristem cell number. Furthermore, low temperature reduced the levels of PIN1/3 transcripts and the auxin level to a lesser extent in arr1-3 arr12-1 roots than in wild-type roots, suggesting that cytokinin signaling is involved in the low-temperature-mediated reduction of auxin accumulation. Taken together, our data suggest that low temperature inhibits root growth by reducing auxin accumulation via ARR1/12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kun-Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wen-Shu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wen Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong-Guo Chen
- College of Chemistry and Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, Hubei Province, China
| | - Heng-Hao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Wang WS, Zhu J, Lu YT. Overexpression of AtbHLH112 suppresses lateral root emergence in Arabidopsis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2014; 41:342-352. [PMID: 32480995 DOI: 10.1071/fp13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The basic/helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors are ubiquitous transcriptional regulators that control many different developmental and physiological processes in the eukaryotic kingdom. In this study, the function of AtbHLH112, an uncharacterised member of the bHLH family in Arabidopsis was investigated. Overexpression of AtbHLH112 suppressed lateral root (LR) development in Arabidopsis seedlings. Examination under the microscope revealed that abnormal lateral root primordia (LRP) with flat-head and more than four cell layers retained in the endodermal layer account for over 45% of the total number of LRP and LRs. This suggests that LRP emergence was prevented before LRP penetrated the cortical layer in the transgenic lines. Decreased auxin level within the LRP and parental root cells surrounding the LRP, as well as downregulated expression of cell-wall-remodelling (CWR) genes in the roots may contribute to the suppression of LR emergence in AtbHLH112-overexpressing lines. This finding was further supported by the observation that exogenous application of auxin recovered LR development and upregulated the expression of CWR genes in AtbHLH112-overexpressing lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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