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Imam MW, Luqman S. Unveiling the mechanism of essential oil action against skin pathogens: from ancient wisdom to modern science. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:347. [PMID: 38985339 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Essential oils are among the most well-known phyto-compounds, and since ancient times, they have been utilized in medicine. Over 100 essential oils have been identified and utilized as therapies for various skin infections and related ailments. While numerous commercial medicines are available in different dosage forms to treat skin diseases, the persisting issues include their side effects, toxicity, and low efficacy. As a result, researchers are seeking novel classes of compounds as substitutes for synthetic drugs, aiming for minimal side effects, no toxicity, and high efficacy. Essential oils have shown promising antimicrobial activity against skin-associated pathogens. This review presents essential knowledge and scientific information regarding essential oil's antimicrobial capabilities against microorganisms that cause skin infections. Essential oils mechanisms against different pathogens have also been explored. Many essential oils exhibit promising activity against various microbes, which has been qualitatively assessed using the agar disc diffusion experiment, followed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration for quantitative evaluation. It has been observed that Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans have been extensively researched in the context of skin-related infections and their antimicrobial activity, including established modes of action. In contrast, other skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogens, Propionibacterium acnes, and Malassezia furfur have received less attention or neglected. This review report provides an updated understanding of the mechanisms of action of various essential oils with antimicrobial properties. This review explores the anti-infectious activity and mode of action of essential against distinct skin pathogens. Such knowledge can be valuable in treating skin infections and related ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Waquar Imam
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suaib Luqman
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Peng G, Lin Y, Zou Q, Peng H, Lei A, Zou X, Xu Z, Sun H, Ning X, Huang M. Malassezia restricta as an unexpected cause of infectious osteomyelitis diagnosed by metagenomic sequencing: a case report and literature review. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:643. [PMID: 38926679 PMCID: PMC11210095 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malassezia restricta, a lipophilic and lipodependent yeast belonging to the basidiomycetes group, is an opportunistic fungal pathogen associated with various skin diseases, including seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff. Typically, Malassezia infection in neonates manifests as fungemia or hematogenous dissemination to the bone or lungs. However, vertebral osteomyelitis caused by these fungi is rarely reported owing to non-specific clinical presentations and laboratory/imaging findings. The Pathogen Metagenomics Sequencing (PMseq) technique enables direct high-throughput sequencing of infected specimens, facilitating the rapid and accurate detection of all microorganisms in clinical samples through comprehensive reports. CASE PRESENTATION A 52-year-old male was admitted to our hospital on July 20, 2022 with a 3-month history of ambulatory difficulties and localized low back pain. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination of the spinal column revealed irregular bone destruction affecting the L2, L3, and L5 vertebral bodies. Additionally, low T1 and high T2 intensity lesions were observed at the intervertebral discs between L3 and L5. The presumptive diagnosis of tuberculous spondylitis was made based on the imaging findings, despite negative results in all mycobacterium tests. However, the patient exhibited no improvement after receiving regular anti-tuberculosis treatment for 3 months. Subsequent MRI revealed an expansive abnormal signal within the vertebral body, leading to progressive bone destruction. The absence of spinal tuberculosis or other infective microorganisms was confirmed through culture from blood and pathological tissue from the L4 vertebral body. Subsequently, PMseq was performed on the specimens, revealing M. restricta as the predominant pathogen with the highest relative abundance value. The pathological examination revealed the presence of fungal mycelium in the L4 vertebral body, with positive findings on periodic Schiff-methenamine and periodic acid-Schiff staining. The anti-tuberculosis treatment was discontinued, and an antifungal combination of fluconazole and voriconazole was administered. All symptoms were resolved after 7 consecutive months of treatment, and the patient was able to ambulate autonomously. Vertebral lesions were reduced on MRI during the 13-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS M. restricta is not a commonly recognized pathogen associated with infectious vertebral osteomyelitis. However, PMseq can aid in diagnosis, timely treatment, and decision making for some non-specific infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxuan Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongcheng Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Anyi Lei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Xu Zou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China
- Guihang Guiyang Hospital, Guiyang, 550006, Guizhou, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Xu Ning
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Mingzhi Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China.
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Tang CF, Pudney PDA, Lane ME. Investigation of piroctone olamine delivery to the skin from single, binary and ternary solvent systems. Int J Cosmet Sci 2024; 46:357-367. [PMID: 38083900 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disruption of the protective stratum corneum barrier increases the skin's vulnerability to microorganisms and facilitates conditions such as dandruff. Dandruff is a disorder of the scalp that causes increased scaling of the SC and is associated with Malassezia fungus. Consequently, many anti-dandruff commercial products use anti-fungal active ingredients such as piroctone olamine also known as Octopirox (OPX). OPX is an active ingredient used in a number of topical preparations for the management of dandruff. The characterization of the physicochemical properties of OPX was previously reported. The aim of the present work was to investigate a range of solvent systems for their effects on OPX interaction with human skin. METHODS The solvents used in this study were propylene glycol (PG), diethylene glycol monoethyl ether or Transcutol® (TC), PG monolaurate (PGML), isopropyl myristate (IPM), caprylic/capric triglyceride or Labrafac™ Lipophile WL 1349 (LAB), PG caprylate or Capryol® 90 (CAP), isostearyl isostearate (ISIS) and Plurol® Oleique CC 497 (PIOI). The single solvent systems evaluated were PG, TC, PGML, IPM, ISIS and CAP. For the binary solvent systems, PG and TC were examined. Ternary solvent systems consisted of: PG, TC and LAB; PG, PGML and LAB; and PG, TC and IPM. The concentration of OPX used was 1% (w/v). Heat-separated human epidermis was used for 24 h permeation experiments performed under finite dose conditions; mass balance studies were also conducted. RESULTS For the six single solvents examined no permeation was evident. Skin permeation of OPX was observed for binary and ternary solvent systems. The highest permeation for all PG:TC binary solvent system ratios tested was from the PG:TC (75:25) system. For the ternary solvent systems investigated, highest cumulative permeation of OPX was observed for PG:PGML:LAB (60:30:10). Considering all systems, PG:TC (75:25) delivered the greatest amount of OPX through the skin. Although OPX is deposited in the skin following the application of neat solvents, higher skin retention values were generally observed for binary and ternary systems. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the permeation behaviour of OPX for a range of single, binary and ternary solvent systems.
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Hu P, Henry J, Tiesman JP, Parlov M, Bacon R, Charbonneau D, Venkataraman A, Locker KCS, Krigbaum H, Schwartz J. Scalp microbiome composition changes and pathway evaluations due to effective treatment with Piroctone Olamine shampoo. Int J Cosmet Sci 2024; 46:333-347. [PMID: 38196163 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the scalp microbial composition, function, and connection to dandruff severity using a metagenomics approach and to understand the impact of a Piroctone Olamine containing anti-dandruff shampoo on the scalp microbiome. METHODS Shotgun metagenomics was used to characterize the composition of the scalp microbiomes from 94 subjects with and without clinically defined dandruff. Furthermore, the microbiome of the scalps of 100 dandruff sufferers before and after 3 weeks of treatment with either control or anti-dandruff shampoo containing 0.5% Piroctone Olamine (PO) was characterized and compared to identify microorganisms associated with the dandruff condition and the associated pathways and processes that may contribute to PO's effect on scalp microbiome. RESULTS A higher relative abundance of Malassezia restricta and Staphylococcus capitis and a lower abundance of Cutibacterium acnes were associated with the dandruff scalps relative to the no-dandruff scalps. A 3-week PO shampoo treatment reduced the relative abundance of Malassezia species and Staphylococcus capitis and increased the relative abundance of Cutibacterium acnes. This change to the scalp microbiome composition is consistent with a return to a healthy no-dandruff microbiome and improved clinical signs and symptoms as measured by adherent scalp flaking score (ASFS) compared with the control shampoo. Functional genomics analysis showed that the PO shampoo treatment reduced oxidative stress-associated genes and decreased the abundance of protease, urease, and lipase genes. These changes correlated positively to improvements in dandruff severity. PO treatment favourably shifted scalp microbiomes in dandruff subjects toward the no-dandruff state. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that part of the aetiology of dandruff can be attributed to dysbiosis of the scalp microbiome. PO treatment can restore a healthier microbiome, reducing oxidative stress and promoting better scalp health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - Jim Henry
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Rob Bacon
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio, USA
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Hashem MM, Attia D, Hashem YA, Hendy MS, AbdelBasset S, Adel F, Salama MM. Rosemary and neem: an insight into their combined anti-dandruff and anti-hair loss efficacy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7780. [PMID: 38565924 PMCID: PMC10987638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57838-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Dandruff, a common scalp disorder characterized by flaking dead skin, is often treated with conventional topical products. However, limitations exist due to potential side effects and high costs. Therefore, searching for natural, cost-effective solutions for dandruff and hair loss is crucial. Rosemary herb and neem tree, both cultivated in Egypt, possess well-documented anti-inflammatory properties derived from their rich phenolic phytoconstituents. This study formulated a standardized combined extract of rosemary and neem (RN-E 2:1) into hair gel and leave-in tonic formats. This extract demonstrated superior efficacy against Malassezia furfur (a causative agent of dandruff) and Trichophyton rubrum (associated with scalp disorders) compared to the conventional antifungal agent, ketoconazole. The combined extract (RN-E 2:1) also exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity. Additionally, the suppression of iNOS expression is considered concentration-dependent. Quality control verified formulation stability, and ex-vivo studies confirmed effective ingredient penetration into the epidermis, the primary site of fungal presence. Remarkably, both formulations outperformed the standard treatment, minoxidil in hair growth trials. These findings highlight the potential of natural extracts for scalp and hair health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Hashem
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Dalia Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Suez Desert Road, El Sherouk City, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Yomna A Hashem
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Suez Desert Road, El Sherouk City, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Moataz S Hendy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The British University in Egypt, Suez Desert Road, El Sherouk City, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
- Health Research Centre of Excellence, Drug Research and Development, The British University in Egypt, Suez Desert Road, El Sherouk City, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Safa AbdelBasset
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Suez Desert Road, El Sherouk City, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Farah Adel
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Suez Desert Road, El Sherouk City, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Maha M Salama
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Suez Desert Road, El Sherouk City, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
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6
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Fajuyigbe D, Sewraj P, Connétable S, Molamodi K, Clavaud C, Dufour O, Matthews N, Dlova NC. Weekly hair washing: The recommended solution for women with afro-textured hair to alleviate dandruff and scalp discomfort. J Dermatol 2024; 51:518-525. [PMID: 38217001 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.17102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Dandruff and scalp discomfort are common concerns for women and men in Africa. Moreover, women with afro-textured hair are prone to scalp discomfort owing to irregular hair washing, frequent use of oil-based products on their scalp, and harsh chemical treatments. Current literature does not, however, provide data on the pathophysiological mechanisms of these conditions in this population. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms behind scalp discomfort and dandruff in women of African descent before and after hair washing. We conducted the in Durban, South Africa, over a 3-week period with 60 women of African descent aged 20-40 years. The respondents were equally divided into a "dandruff" and a "no dandruff" group, based on clinical grading of adherent dandruff by a dermatologist. Malassezia spp. and bacterial loads were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Evaluations of scalp condition and sample collection were performed at five time points during the 3 weeks. Data on discomfort symptoms were collected via a self-assessment questionnaire. We observed that the dandruff severity peaked at the end of the first week after hair washing and plateaued from thereon in both groups. Dandruff was associated with higher Malassezia and bacterial load counts and there was a direct correlation between the Malassezia spp. load and dandruff score. Via self-assessment questionnaire responses submitted by participants, we observed that itching was the most pronounced scalp discomfort, compared with the sensation of tingling and burning at baseline, while an improvement of the scalp symptoms of dandruff and itch was observed in both groups after one hair wash. The study also showed that higher colonization with Malassezia spp. and bacteria is associated with dandruff independently of the time point, confirming a scalp microbiome contribution to the dandruff pathophysiology in the study population. The benefits of washing were, however, not sustained after 1 week and we thus recommend weekly hair washing for long-term management of dandruff and scalp itchiness in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poonam Sewraj
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Olivia Dufour
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, Aulnay-sous-bois, France
| | | | - Ncoza Cordelia Dlova
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Chang CH, Chovatiya R. More yeast, more problems?: reevaluating the role of Malassezia in seborrheic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:100. [PMID: 38472524 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-02830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is an inflammatory skin disorder and eczema subtype increasingly recognized to be associated with significant physical, psychosocial, and financial burden. The full spectrum of SD, including dandruff localized to the scalp, is estimated to affect half of the world's population. Despite such high prevalence, the exact etiopathogenesis of SD remains unclear. Historically, many researchers have theorized a central, causative role of Malassezia spp. based on prior studies including the proliferation of Malassezia yeast on lesional skin of some SD patients and empiric clinical response to antifungal therapy. However, upon closer examination, many of these findings have not been reproducible nor consistent. Emerging data from novel, targeted anti-inflammatory therapeutics, as well as evidence from genome-wide association studies and murine models, should prompt a reevaluation of the popular yeast-centered hypothesis. Here, through focused review of the literature, including laboratory studies, clinical trials, and expert consensus, we examine and synthesize the data arguing for and against a primary role for Malassezia in SD. We propose an expansion of SD pathogenesis and suggest reframing our view of SD to be based primarily on dysregulation of the host immune system and skin epidermal barrier, like other eczemas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy H Chang
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raj Chovatiya
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, USA.
- Center for Medical Dermatology and Immunology Research, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Zhang XE, Zheng P, Ye SZ, Ma X, Liu E, Pang YB, He QY, Zhang YX, Li WQ, Zeng JH, Guo J. Microbiome: Role in Inflammatory Skin Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:1057-1082. [PMID: 38375021 PMCID: PMC10876011 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s441100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
As the body's largest organ, the skin harbors a highly diverse microbiota, playing a crucial role in resisting foreign pathogens, nurturing the immune system, and metabolizing natural products. The dysregulation of human skin microbiota is implicated in immune dysregulation and inflammatory responses. This review delineates the microbial alterations and immune dysregulation features in common Inflammatory Skin Diseases (ISDs) such as psoriasis, rosacea, atopic dermatitis(AD), seborrheic dermatitis(SD), diaper dermatitis(DD), and Malassezia folliculitis(MF).The skin microbiota, a complex and evolving community, undergoes changes in composition and function that can compromise the skin microbial barrier. These alterations induce water loss and abnormal lipid metabolism, contributing to the onset of ISDs. Additionally, microorganisms release toxins, like Staphylococcus aureus secreted α toxins and proteases, which may dissolve the stratum corneum, impairing skin barrier function and allowing entry into the bloodstream. Microbes entering the bloodstream activate molecular signals, leading to immune disorders and subsequent skin inflammatory responses. For instance, Malassezia stimulates dendritic cells(DCs) to release IL-12 and IL-23, differentiating into a Th17 cell population and producing proinflammatory mediators such as IL-17, IL-22, TNF-α, and IFN-α.This review offers new insights into the role of the human skin microbiota in ISDs, paving the way for future skin microbiome-specific targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Er Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610075, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pai Zheng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610075, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Zhen Ye
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610075, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People’s Republic of China
| | - E Liu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610075, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao-Bin Pang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610075, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Ying He
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610075, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xiao Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610075, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Quan Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610075, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Hao Zeng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610072, People’s Republic of China
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Lim DZJ, Lim FC, Tey HL. Clinical efficacy of a gentle anti-dandruff itch-relieving shampoo formulation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2023; 45:769-774. [PMID: 37539788 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Dandruff is a common scalp condition affecting almost half of the world's population. Despite its high prevalence, the exact pathophysiology is not well established and is understood to be multifactorial, with factors such as fungal colonization, sebaceous gland activity and individual factors being implicated. There is a need for an effective and safe shampoo that can target the above factors. Hence, we have developed a shampoo formulation with properties of oil control, moisturizing, non-irritative, anti-fungal, anti-microbial and itch-relieving. In this interventional, open-label study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of this shampoo in reducing the clinical signs of dandruff and pruritus in patients with pre-existing mild-to-moderate dandruff over a course of 21-day treatment duration through self-assessment and objective clinical evaluations. After continued use of the shampoo, there was a significant decrease in the adherent and loose scalp flaking scores. Mean pruritus scores also decreased significantly across the 21-day time points. There were also no adverse events or skin intolerances reported. This study showed that our shampoo formulation has led to a significant reduction in both adherent and loose scalp flaking and pruritus when used in individuals suffering from mild to moderate dandruff. As such, it is an ideal shampoo, which can be used to effectively control dandruff.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hong Liang Tey
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Fithian E, Thivalapill N, Kosner J, Necheles J, Bilaver L. Natural Topical Treatment Contributes to a Reduction of Dry Scalp Symptoms in Children. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:2757-2762. [PMID: 37814676 PMCID: PMC10560480 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s424077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Dry scalp conditions affect a significant portion of the population, including children. Emerging evidence indicates the potential for improvement of atopic symptoms through altering the skin microbiome. Therefore, a topical treatment consisting of probiotic extracts, honey, turmeric, and vitamin B12 was manufactured to improve dry scalp symptomology through sustained balance of the microbiome. Purpose This interventional clinical study aims to determine the safety and efficacy of the topical treatment in reducing dry scalp symptomology in children 1-17 years old with dry scalp symptoms. Methods Participants applied the topical dry scalp treatment 2-3 times per week for two weeks. Safety and efficacy of the topical treatment was determined through physician assessment using the validated Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) scale and the Total Severity Scale (TSS) during pre- and post-treatment clinic visits as well as parent reports at baseline, 1-week midpoint, and 2-week exit. Results Use of the topical treatment was associated with reduced symptoms of itchiness, dryness, irritation, and flakiness in children. The average IGA score was 3.0 at baseline and 2.0 after treatment, corresponding to a score difference of 1.0 (p < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.7, 1.2). The TSS score difference was 1.9 (p < 0.001, 95% CI: 1.4, 2.4). The total parent-reported scalp severity score decreased from 16.6 (95% CI: 14.8, 18.4) to 12.4 (p < 0.001, 95% CI: 11.0, 13.7) at 2-week exit. Discussion Study results mirror those reported in a study conducted in adults and point to the safety and efficacy of this natural topical treatment in reducing dry scalp symptomology in children. Based on our data, the combination of probiotic extracts and other anti-inflammatory ingredients appears to improve overall scalp health and appearance, though further studies will need to be conducted to further elucidate the link between clinical improvement and a balanced scalp microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirene Fithian
- Center for Food Allergy and Asthma Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Neil Thivalapill
- Center for Food Allergy and Asthma Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John Kosner
- Center for Food Allergy and Asthma Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Lucy Bilaver
- Center for Food Allergy and Asthma Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Carrington AE, Maloh J, Nong Y, Agbai ON, Bodemer AA, Sivamani RK. The Gut and Skin Microbiome in Alopecia: Associations and Interventions. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2023; 16:59-64. [PMID: 37915336 PMCID: PMC10617895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective This review examines the current literature on the gut-skin connection in alopecia and summarizes interventions that impact hair growth by modulation of the gut or skin microbiome. Methods PubMed searches were done to assess studies of the gut and skin microbiome and forms of alopecia including, alopecia areata (AA), androgenic alopecia (AGA), alopecia universalis (AU), central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) and lichen planopilaris (LPP). Filters were applied for human and animal studies. Articles not translated to English and studies assessing supplemental therapies on alopecia were excluded. Results There is evidence that scalp, hair follicle, and gut microbiome alterations are associated with various types of alopecia. There is potential in the use of interventions targeting microbiome dysbiosis, including fecal transplants and probiotics. Limitations This field of study still requires more high-quality research and studies with larger participant populations. Conclusion Dysbiosis on the scalp, within the hair follicle and the gut seem to have a role in the pathophysiology of various forms of alopecia. There is evidence that interventions targeting dysbiosis may have potential in the treatment and management of hair loss. Further studies are needed to establish a direct connection and to clarify specific effects of these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis E Carrington
- Dr. Carrington is with the Department of Dermatology at George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences in Washington, DC
| | - Jessica Maloh
- Dr. Nong and Drs. Maloh and Sivamani are with Integrative Skin Science and Research in Sacramento, California
| | - Yvonne Nong
- Dr. Nong and Drs. Maloh and Sivamani are with Integrative Skin Science and Research in Sacramento, California
- Dr. Nong and Drs. Agbai and Sivamani are with the Department of Dermatology at the University of California-Davis in Sacramento, California
- Additionally, Dr. Nong is with SUNY Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York
| | - Oma N Agbai
- Dr. Nong and Drs. Agbai and Sivamani are with the Department of Dermatology at the University of California-Davis in Sacramento, California
| | - Apple A Bodemer
- Dr. Bodemer is with the Department of Dermatology at University of Wisconsin's School of Medicine and Public Health in Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Raja K Sivamani
- Dr. Nong and Drs. Maloh and Sivamani are with Integrative Skin Science and Research in Sacramento, California
- Dr. Nong and Drs. Agbai and Sivamani are with the Department of Dermatology at the University of California-Davis in Sacramento, California
- Additionally, Dr. Sivamani is with the College of Medicine at California Northstate University in Sacramento, California and Pacific Skin Institute in Sacramento, California
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Townsend N, Hazan A, Dell'Acqua G. New Topicals to Support a Healthy Scalp While Preserving the Microbiome: A Report of Clinical and in Vitro Studies. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2023; 16:S4-S11. [PMID: 38495927 PMCID: PMC10939504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Townsend
- Ms. Townsend is the Formulation and Product Innovation Manager at Nutraceutical Wellness, LLC, in New York, New York
| | - Adina Hazan
- Dr. Hazan is the Director of Scientific and Medical Communications at Nutraceutical Wellness, Inc, in New York, New York
| | - Giorgio Dell'Acqua
- Dr. Dell'Acqua is the Chief Science Officer at Nutraceutical Wellness, LLC, in New York, New York
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13
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Wang Y, Li J, Wu J, Gu S, Hu H, Cai R, Wang M, Zou Y. Effects of a Postbiotic Saccharomyces and Lactobacillus Ferment Complex on the Scalp Microbiome of Chinese Women with Sensitive Scalp Syndrome. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:2623-2635. [PMID: 37767337 PMCID: PMC10520257 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s415787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Sensitive scalp is one of the most frequent complaints related to sensitive skin syndrome, characterized by unpleasant sensory reactions in the absence of visible signs of inflammation. In this study, the effects of topical application of postbiotic Himalaya-derived Saccharomyces and Lactobacillus ferment complex (SLFC) on the bacterial and fungal scalp microbiome at the taxonomic level and alleviation of sensitive skin syndrome were investigated. Methods Firstly, healthy female participants (aged 30-45) were classified into a healthy scalp group and a sensitive scalp group based on the questionnaire. Thereafter, topical application of SLFC on sensitive scalp as well as scalp microbiome was evaluated, with the difference in the distribution of microbial taxa between healthy and sensitive scalp communities was assessed using 16S rRNA and ITS1 sequencing analysis. In addition, the effect of SLFC on scalp microbiome at the species level for Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Malassezia restricta was evaluated by the qPCR assessment. Results After treatment with SLFC for 28 days, the abundance of Staphylococcus, Lawsonella, and Fusarium in the sensitive scalp group was highly significantly increased (p < 0.001), while the abundance of Cutibacterium and Malassezia was highly significantly decreased (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the self-assessment questionnaire indicated a syndrome alleviation effect of 100% after 28 days with a twice-daily application of the SLFC. Discussion The obtained results would help to better understand the microbial community of the sensitive scalp and provide useful information on utilization of SLFC for maintaining a healthy scalp and modulating the scalp microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Institute of Shanghai Oriental Beauty Valley, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- R&D Center, JALA (Group) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianming Wu
- R&D Center, JALA (Group) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shihong Gu
- R&D Center, JALA (Group) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huishu Hu
- R&D Center, JALA (Group) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongjuan Cai
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Zou
- R&D Center, JALA (Group) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Duarte M, Carvalho MJ, de Carvalho NM, Azevedo-Silva J, Mendes A, Ribeiro IP, Fernandes JC, Oliveira ALS, Oliveira C, Pintado M, Amaro A, Madureira AR. Skincare potential of a sustainable postbiotic extract produced through sugarcane straw fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biofactors 2023; 49:1038-1060. [PMID: 37317790 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Postbiotics are defined as a "preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host." They can be produced by fermentation, using culture media with glucose (carbon source), and lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus, and/or yeast, mainly Saccharomyces cerevisiae as fermentative microorganisms. Postbiotics comprise different metabolites, and have important biological properties (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, etc.), thus their cosmetic application should be considered. During this work, the postbiotics production was carried out by fermentation with sugarcane straw, as a source of carbon and phenolic compounds, and as a sustainable process to obtain bioactive extracts. For the production of postbiotics, a saccharification process was carried out with cellulase at 55°C for 24 h. Fermentation was performed sequentially after saccharification at 30°C, for 72 h, using S. cerevisiae. The cells-free extract was characterized regarding its composition, antioxidant activity, and skincare potential. Its use was safe at concentrations below ~20 mg mL-1 (extract's dry weight in deionized water) for keratinocytes and ~ 7.5 mg mL-1 for fibroblasts. It showed antioxidant activity, with ABTS IC50 of 1.88 mg mL-1 , and inhibited elastase and tyrosinase activities by 83.4% and 42.4%, respectively, at the maximum concentration tested (20 mg mL-1 ). In addition, it promoted the production of cytokeratin 14, and demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity at a concentration of 10 mg mL-1 . In the skin microbiota of human volunteers, the extract inhibited Cutibacterium acnes and the Malassezia genus. Shortly, postbiotics were successfully produced using sugarcane straw, and showed bioactive properties that potentiate their use in cosmetic/skincare products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Duarte
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Carvalho
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nelson Mota de Carvalho
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Azevedo-Silva
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adélia Mendes
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Pinto Ribeiro
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
- Amyris Bio Products Portugal, Unipessoal Lda, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Fernandes
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana L S Oliveira
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Oliveira
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Pintado
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Amaro
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Madureira
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
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Landemaine L, Da Costa G, Fissier E, Francis C, Morand S, Verbeke J, Michel ML, Briandet R, Sokol H, Gueniche A, Bernard D, Chatel JM, Aguilar L, Langella P, Clavaud C, Richard ML. Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from atopic or healthy skin have opposite effect on skin cells: potential implication of the AHR pathway modulation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1098160. [PMID: 37304256 PMCID: PMC10250813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1098160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Staphylococcus epidermidis is a commensal bacterium ubiquitously present on human skin. This species is considered as a key member of the healthy skin microbiota, involved in the defense against pathogens, modulating the immune system, and involved in wound repair. Simultaneously, S. epidermidis is the second cause of nosocomial infections and an overgrowth of S. epidermidis has been described in skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis. Diverse isolates of S. epidermidis co-exist on the skin. Elucidating the genetic and phenotypic specificities of these species in skin health and disease is key to better understand their role in various skin conditions. Additionally, the exact mechanisms by which commensals interact with host cells is partially understood. We hypothesized that S. epidermidis isolates identified from different skin origins could play distinct roles on skin differentiation and that these effects could be mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. Methods For this purpose, a library of 12 strains originated from healthy skin (non-hyperseborrheic (NH) and hyperseborrheic (H) skin types) and disease skin (atopic (AD) skin type) was characterized at the genomic and phenotypic levels. Results and discussion Here we showed that strains from atopic lesional skin alter the epidermis structure of a 3D reconstructed skin model whereas strains from NH healthy skin do not. All strains from NH healthy skin induced AhR/OVOL1 path and produced high quantities of indole metabolites in co-culture with NHEK; especially indole-3-aldehyde (IAld) and indole-3-lactic acid (ILA); while AD strains did not induce AhR/OVOL1 path but its inhibitor STAT6 and produced the lowest levels of indoles as compared to the other strains. As a consequence, strains from AD skin altered the differentiation markers FLG and DSG1. The results presented here, on a library of 12 strains, showed that S. epidermidis originated from NH healthy skin and atopic skin have opposite effects on the epidermal cohesion and structure and that these differences could be linked to their capacity to produce metabolites, which in turn could activate AHR pathway. Our results on a specific library of strains provide new insights into how S. epidermidis may interact with the skin to promote health or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Landemaine
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Gregory Da Costa
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Elsa Fissier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Carine Francis
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | | | | | - Marie-Laure Michel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Romain Briandet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS-938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Marc Chatel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Luc Aguilar
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Cecile Clavaud
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Mathias L. Richard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
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Tsai WH, Fang YT, Huang TY, Chiang YJ, Lin CG, Chang WW. Heat-killed Lacticaseibacillus paracasei GMNL-653 ameliorates human scalp health by regulating scalp microbiome. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:121. [PMID: 37120517 PMCID: PMC10148562 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The equilibrium of the scalp microbiome is important for maintaining healthy scalp conditions, including sebum secretion, dandruff, and hair growth. Many different strategies to improve scalp health have been reported; however, the effect of postbiotics, such as heat-killed probiotics, on scalp health remains unclear. We examined the beneficial effects of heat-killed probiotics consisting of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, GMNL-653, on scalp health. RESULTS Heat-killed GMNL-653 could co-aggregate with scalp commensal fungi, Malassezia furfur, in vitro, and the GMNL-653-derived lipoteichoic acid inhibited the biofilm formation of M. furfur on Hs68 fibroblast cells. The mRNA of hair follicle growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), vascular endothelial growth factor, IGF-1, and keratinocyte growth factor was up-regulated in skin-related human cell lines Hs68 and HaCaT after treatment with heat-killed GMNL-653. For clinical observations, we recruited 22 volunteer participants to use the shampoo containing the heat-killed GMNL-653 for 5 months and subsequently measured their scalp conditions, including sebum secretion, dandruff formation, and hair growth. We applied polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the scalp microbiota of M. restricta, M. globosa, Cutibacterium acnes, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. A decrease in dandruff and oil secretion and an increase in hair growth in the human scalp were observed after the use of heat-killed GMNL-653-containing shampoo. The increased abundance of M. globosa and the decreased abundance of M. restricta and C. acnes were also observed. We further found that accumulated L. paracasei abundance was positively correlated with M. globosa abundance and negatively correlated with C. acnes abundance. S. epidermidis and C. acnes abundance was negatively correlated with M. globosa abundance and positively correlated with M. restricta. Meanwhile, M. globosa and M. restricta abundances were negatively associated with each other. C. acnes and S. epidermidis abundances were statistically positively correlated with sebum secretion and dandruff, respectively, in our shampoo clinical trial. CONCLUSION Our study provides a new strategy for human scalp health care using the heat-killed probiotics GMNL-653-containing shampoo. The mechanism may be correlated with the microbiota shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hua Tsai
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Fang
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsuei-Yin Huang
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Chiang
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Gong Lin
- Bachelor Program in Cosmeceutical and Biotech Industry, Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Rd, Taichung City, 402306, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Jung WH. Alteration in skin mycobiome due to atopic dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:011309. [PMID: 38505818 PMCID: PMC10903429 DOI: 10.1063/5.0136543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
A microbiome consists of viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and other microeukaryotes. It influences host immune systems and contributes to the development of various diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, asthma, and skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis. The skin is the largest organ in the human body and has various microorganisms on its surface. Several studies on skin microbiomes have illustrated the effects of their composition, metabolites, and interactions with host cells on diseases. However, most studies have focused on the bacterial microbiome rather than the fungal microbiome, namely, mycobiome, although emerging evidence indicates that fungi also play a critical role in skin microbiomes through interactions with the host cells. I briefly summarize the current progress in the analysis of mycobiomes on human skin. I focused on alteration of the skin mycobiome caused by atopic and seborrheic dermatitis, with an emphasis on the Malassezia genus, which are the most dominant fungi residing here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Hee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, South Korea
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JOURDAIN R, MOGA A, MAGIATIS P, FONTANIÉ M, VELEGRAKI A, PAPADIMOU C, RAHOUL V, GUÉNICHE A, CHOPRA T, GAITANIS G. Malassezia restricta-mediated Lipoperoxidation: A Novel Trigger in Dandruff. Acta Derm Venereol 2023; 103:adv00868. [PMID: 36789756 PMCID: PMC9944333 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v103.4808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dandruff is a common scalp disorder with multiple microbial and host-related factors contributing to its aetiology, including alterations in scalp sebum. Despite existing evidence that the yeast Malassezia restricta plays a key role in the onset of dandruff, the interplay of these factors is poorly understood. Recently, squalene monohydroperoxide and malondialdehyde were established as biomarkers of dandruff-afflicted scalp, highlighting the role of sebum lipoperoxidation in the triggering and maintenance of dandruff, although its mechanism of action is unknown. The current study provides evidence that M. restricta mediates sebum peroxidation, leading to production of squalene monohydroperoxide and malondialdehyde. Furthermore, in vitro data show that these lipoperoxidation products act on epidermal cells and alter the skin barrier. These results support the role of Malassezia restricta-induced lipoperoxides as triggers of dandruff, which suggests that blocking their production could be a novel anti-dandruff treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Prokopios MAGIATIS
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Athens
| | | | | | - Chrysanthi PAPADIMOU
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Athens
| | | | | | | | - George GAITANIS
- University of Ioannina, Department of Dermatology, Ioannina, Greece,DELC Clinic, Biel, Switzerland
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Hyseni E, Glavas Dodov M. Probiotics in dermatological and cosmetic products – application and efficiency. MAKEDONSKO FARMACEVTSKI BILTEN 2023. [DOI: 10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2022.68.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The term “probiotics” has first been used in 1907 by Elie Metchnikoff. Since then, probiotics have been part of research not only in regards of digestive health, but also inflammatory diseases. Lately, there has been an increased interest of probiotic’s effects in skincare. The management of atopic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, photo aging, skin cancer, intimate care, oral care, wound healing is getting harder each passing day, due to increased antibiotic resistance and other side effects of conventional therapy. Therefore, new ingredients have been investigated and probiotics have been proved to be effective in treating various skin conditions.
This review aims to evaluate the scientific evidence on topical and oral probiotics, and to evaluate the efficacy of cosmetic and dermatological products containing probiotics. Many studies have shown that skin and gut microbiome alterations have an important role in skin health. Although this is a new topic in dermatology and cosmetology, there have been some promising results in lots of research studies that the use of probiotics in cosmetic products may help improve the patient’s outcome. While oral probiotics have been shown to promote gut health, which influences the host immune system and helps treat different skin diseases, the mechanism of action of topical probiotics is not yet fully understood. Although the number of commercial probiotic cosmetic products released in the market is increasing and most of the studies have not shown any serious side effect of probiotics, further studies, in larger and heterogeneous groups are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edita Hyseni
- Center of Pharmaceutical nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, N. Macedonia
| | - Marija Glavas Dodov
- Center of Pharmaceutical nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, N. Macedonia
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Coenye T, Spittaels KJ, Achermann Y. The role of biofilm formation in the pathogenesis and antimicrobial susceptibility of Cutibacterium acnes. Biofilm 2022; 4:100063. [PMID: 34950868 PMCID: PMC8671523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2021.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutibacterium acnes (previously known as Propionibacterium acnes) is frequently found on lipid-rich parts of the human skin. While C. acnes is most known for its role in the development and progression of the skin disease acne, it is also involved in many other types of infections, often involving implanted medical devices. C. acnes readily forms biofilms in vitro and there is growing evidence that biofilm formation by this Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic micro-organism plays an important role in vivo and is also involved in treatment failure. In this brief review we present an overview on what is known about C. acnes biofilms (including their role in pathogenesis and reduced susceptibility to antibiotics), discuss model systems that can be used to study these biofilms in vitro and in vivo and give an overview of interspecies interactions occurring in polymicrobial communities containing C. acnes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Karl-Jan Spittaels
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Yvonne Achermann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Dityen K, Soonthornchai W, Kueanjinda P, Kullapanich C, Tunsakul N, Somboonna N, Wongpiyabovorn J. Analysis of cutaneous bacterial microbiota of Thai patients with seborrheic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1949-1955. [PMID: 36076320 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that occurs in body areas that contain profuse sebaceous glands. Skin microbiota are diverse across ethnic groups and its dysbiosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of SD. Here, we reported the contribution of cutaneous bacterial microbiota to SD in the Thai population. Healthy individuals and patients with scalp SD were recruited into the study. Normal skin, scalp skin lesion (SL) and non-lesion sites (SNL) samples were collected using a tape stripping method and next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA for microbiome analysis. Although bacterial diversity in all sample groups was not statistically different, a population of bacteria commonly found on skin of scalp showed signs of dysbiosis. Apart from the reduction of Corynebacterium spp., SD-specific microbiota was dominated by Firmicutes at taxa level and Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Micrococcus spp. at genus level. The dysbiosis of the skin microbiota in SD was specifically described as an alteration of bacteria populations commonly found on scalp skin, implying that managing and controlling the cutaneous bacterial microbiome can alleviate and prevent SD and pave the way for the development of new SD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanthaporn Dityen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wipasiri Soonthornchai
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,School of Science, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Patipark Kueanjinda
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chitrasak Kullapanich
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Microbiome Research Unit for Probiotics in Food and Cosmetics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naruemon Tunsakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Microbiome Research Unit for Probiotics in Food and Cosmetics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naraporn Somboonna
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Microbiome Research Unit for Probiotics in Food and Cosmetics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jongkonnee Wongpiyabovorn
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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22
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Sánchez-Pellicer P, Navarro-Moratalla L, Núñez-Delegido E, Agüera-Santos J, Navarro-López V. How Our Microbiome Influences the Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101860. [PMID: 36292745 PMCID: PMC9601531 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata is a multifactorial autoimmune-based disease with a complex pathogenesis. As in all autoimmune diseases, genetic predisposition is key. The collapse of the immune privilege of the hair follicle leading to scalp loss is a major pathogenic event in alopecia areata. The microbiota considered a bacterial ecosystem located in a specific area of the human body could somehow influence the pathogenesis of alopecia areata, as it occurs in other autoimmune diseases. Moreover, the Next Generation Sequencing of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene and the metagenomic methodology have provided an excellent characterization of the microbiota. The aim of this narrative review is to examine the published literature on the cutaneous and intestinal microbiota in alopecia areata to be able to establish a pathogenic link. In this review, we summarize the influence of the microbiota on the development of alopecia areata. We first introduce the general pathogenic mechanisms that cause alopecia areata to understand the influence that the microbiota may exert and then we summarize the studies that have been carried out on what type of gut and skin microbiota is found in patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Sánchez-Pellicer
- MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Navarro-Moratalla
- MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Eva Núñez-Delegido
- MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Agüera-Santos
- MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Navarro-López
- MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Vinalopó-Fisabio, Carrer Tonico Sansano Mora 14, 03293 Elche, Spain
- Correspondence:
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23
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Acne Vulgaris, Atopic Dermatitis and Rosacea: The Role of the Skin Microbiota-A Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102523. [PMID: 36289784 PMCID: PMC9599554 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin harbors a huge number of different microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses, and it acts as a protective shield to prevent the invasion of pathogens and to maintain the health of the commensal microbiota. Several studies, in fact, have shown the importance of the skin microbiota for healthy skin. However, this balance can be altered by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, leading to the development of skin disease, such as acne vulgaris (AV), atopic dermatitis (AD) and rosacea(RS). Although these diseases are widespread and affect both adolescents and adults, the scientific correlation between these disorders and the skin microbiota and physiological parameters (TEWL, hydration and lipid composition) is still unclear. This review aims to investigate the current literature regarding the correlation between the skin microbiota and its imbalance underlying microbiological aspects, how the skin microbiota changes over the course of the disease and the current possible treatments. The following reported studies show a general imbalance of the bacterial flora. For this reason, more in-depth studies are necessary to explore the different subspecies and strains involved in all three diseases.
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24
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Pinto D, Calabrese FM, De Angelis M, Celano G, Giuliani G, Rinaldi F. Lichen Planopilaris: The first biopsy layer microbiota inspection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269933. [PMID: 35849580 PMCID: PMC9292073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichen Planopilaris (LPP) is a lymphatic disease affecting the scalp that is characterized by a chronic and destructive inflammation process, named as ‘cicatricial alopecia’ in which the hair follicles are targeted and may involve predominantly lymphocytes or neutrophils. Scalp and biopsy layers have never been used to investigate microbial community composition and its relative taxa abundances in LPP. We sought to examine the significant taxa of this chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease, together with inspect the existing connections with metabolic pathways featuring this microbial community. We used a multilevel analysis based on 16S rRNA marker sequencing in order to detect OTU abundances in pathologic/healthy samples, real time PCR for measuring the levels of IL-23 interleukin expression and urinary metabolomics to find out volatile organic metabolites (VOMs). By using a linear regression model, we described peculiar taxa that significantly differentiated LPP and healthy samples. We inspected taxa abundances and interleukin mRNA levels and the Microbacteriaceae family resulted negatively correlated with the IL-23 expression. Moreover, starting from 16S taxa abundances, we predicted the metabolic pathways featuring this microbial community. By inspecting microbial composition, sample richness, metabolomics profiles and the relative metabolic pathways in a cohort of LPP and healthy samples we deepened the contribution of significant taxa that are connected to inflammation maintenance and microbiota plasticity in LPP pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pinto
- Human Advanced Microbiome Project-HMAP, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (DP); (FMC)
| | - Francesco Maria Calabrese
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, “Aldo Moro” University, Bari, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail: (DP); (FMC)
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, “Aldo Moro” University, Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Celano
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, “Aldo Moro” University, Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Rinaldi
- Human Advanced Microbiome Project-HMAP, Milan, Italy
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25
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Li X, Yang F, Yan H, Shi Y, Chang X, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Zhang M. Microbiota profiling on itchy scalp with undetermined origin. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:446. [PMID: 35778621 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Scalp pruritus is a common skin problem that remains therapeutic challenge. The relationships between the dysbiosis of microbiota and skin diseases have caught attention recently. However, there are few reports about microbiota on itchy scalp. This study investigated scalp microbial characteristics of subjects with mild scalp pruritus of undetermined origin and preliminarily screened physiological factors and bacteria potentially related to pruritus. The pruritus severity of 17 qualified females was evaluated by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Microbiota collection was done at both itchy (n = 20) and non-itchy sites (n = 27) at occiput and crown of the same subject and Illumina sequencing was performed at the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of 16S rRNA. The corresponding sebum content, hydration, pH, trans-epidermal water loss, erythema index and porphyrin numbers were also measured by skin tester. We identified 3044 amplicon sequence variants from 821 genera. The itchy and non-itchy sites had different microbiota structures (p = 0.045, by multivariate analysis of variance), while there were large inter- and intra-individual variations. Both sites had Staphylococcus, Cutibacterium and Lawsonella as predominant genera, which were not significantly related to pruritus. The use of three genera Lactobacillus, Morganella and Pseudomonas, could well distinguish non-itchy from itchy groups, whereas different composition patterns existed inside each group. Our investigation indicated that though the bacterial community structure on itchy scalp was individual specific, there was difference between itchy and non-itchy sites. The study provides new insights into microbiota profiling on itchy scalp, which will help microbiota-targeted therapeutic experiment or products design for scalp pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Haosong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Henkel (China) Investment Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiaowei Chang
- Henkel (China) Investment Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Henkel (China) Investment Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Menghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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26
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Wang L, Yu T, Zhu Y, Luo Y, Dong F, Lin X, Zhao W, He Z, Hu S, Dong Z. Amplicon-based sequencing and co-occurence network analysis reveals notable differences of microbial community structure in healthy and dandruff scalps. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:312. [PMID: 35439925 PMCID: PMC9017024 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dandruff is a chronic, recurring, and common scalp problem that is caused by several etiopathogeneses with complex mechanisms. Management of this condition is typically achieved via antifungal therapies. However, the precise roles played by microbiota in the development of the condition have not been elucidated. Despite their omnipresence on human scalp little is known about the co-occurrence/co-exclusion network of cutaneous microbiota. Results We characterized the scalp and hair surface bacterial and fungal communities of 95 dandruff-afflicted and healthy individuals residing in China. The degree distributions of co-occurrence/co-exclusion network in fungi-bacteria and bacteria-bacteria were higher in the healthy group (P < 0.0001), whereas the betweenness values are higher in the dandruff group (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, the co-occurrence/co-exclusion network among fungi-fungi and fungi-bacteria showed that compared to the healthy group, the dandruff group had more positive links (P < 0.0001). In addition, we observed that Malassezia slooffiae, Malassezia japonica and Malassezia furfur, were more abundant in the dandruff group than in the healthy group. These microbiota were co-exclusion by either multiple bacterial genera or Malassezia sp. in healthy group. The lactic acid bacteria on the scalp and hair surface, especially the genera Lactobacillus and Lactococcus, exhibit a negative correlation with multiple bacterial genera on the scalp and hair surface. Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus lactis isolated on the healthy human scalp can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis in vitro. Conclusions We showed that microbial networks on scalp and hair surface with dandruff were less integrated than their healthy counterparts, with lower node degree and more positive and stronger links which were deemed to be unstable and may be more susceptible to environmental fluctuations. Lactobacillus bacteria have extensive interactions with other bacteria or fungi in the scalp and hair surface micro-ecological network and can be used as targets for improving scalp health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08534-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Rd., Yuelu District, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Tao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yingfeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xuemei Lin
- Lafang China Co.. Ltd., LAF Building, Wanji Industrial Park, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Wenzhong Zhao
- Lafang China Co.. Ltd., LAF Building, Wanji Industrial Park, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Zilong He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Interdisciplinary Innovation Institute of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University , No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Songnian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhiyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, 100049, Beijing, China.
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27
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Characterization of Distinct Microbiota Associated with Scalp Dermatitis in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061735. [PMID: 35330061 PMCID: PMC8949928 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have focused on the role of skin microbiota in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). Among the various clinical phenotypes of AD, scalp dermatitis is a commonly observed clinical feature of AD. However, little is known about the pathogenesis of scalp dermatitis in AD. Hence, the aim of this study was to identify the distinct microbiota associated with scalp dermatitis in patients with AD. Using scalp swab samples from 10 patients with AD and 10 healthy controls, this study characterized the scalp microbiota in patients with AD via V3–V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene sequencing for bacterial identification, and ITS2 gene sequencing for fungal identification. Among bacterial genera, Staphylococcus was the most abundant in AD than in healthy controls, whereas Cutibacterium was the most abundant species in the healthy controls. The most predominant scalp fungal microbiota was Malassezia both in AD and healthy controls, while a higher diversity of non-Malassezia fungi was observed in AD than in healthy controls. The study findings indicate the dysbiosis of scalp microbiota in AD and highlight the potential biomarker role of specific microbiota in AD on the scalp dermatitis.
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28
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Monir RL, Schoch JJ. Clinical Relevance of the Microbiome in Pediatric Skin Disease: A Review. Dermatol Clin 2022; 40:117-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Li J, Feng Y, Liu C, Yang Z, de Hoog S, Qu Y, Chen B, Li D, Xiong H, Shi D. Presence of Malassezia Hyphae Is Correlated with Pathogenesis of Seborrheic Dermatitis. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0116921. [PMID: 35019692 PMCID: PMC8754105 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01169-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a common, chronic, and relapsing skin disease. The roles of Malassezia spp. in the pathogenesis of SD are still not clear due to the lack of direct evidence for the existence of hyphae within affected skin tissues. We set out to elucidate if Malassezia mycelium contributes to the onset and development of SD and if Malassezia mycelium is correlated with the clinical severity of SD patients. We detected Malassezia hyphae in patients with SD using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and calcofluor white (CFW) staining. Fluorescent microscopy was performed for the analysis of fungal cell wall and morphological characteristics of Malassezia under CFW staining. Culture growth in modified Dixon agar was used for DNA extraction and sequencing, and Malassezia species were confirmed by a sequencing data BLAST search against the NCBI database. We demonstrated that Malassezia hyphae were positively correlated with the clinical severity of SD patients (P = 3.1738 × 10-11). All the patients responded well to antifungal treatment. There is no significant difference for species dominance across the variant groups. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of how Malassezia spp. affect SD need to be further explored. The results show that Malassezia spp. in the hyphal stage are restricted to SD patients compared with healthy controls, suggesting that the presence of Malassezia hyphae contributes to the pathogenesis of SD. The results highlight the importance of the antifungal therapy for the future treatment of SD patients. IMPORTANCE Our results support the proposal that the hyphal form of Malassezia could be one of the pathogenic factors that contribute to SD, which has been previously less well studied. This clinical observation paves the way for further investigations of the molecular mechanisms of Malassezia hyphal pathogenicity in SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yahui Feng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiya Yang
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Centre/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Yuying Qu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Biao Chen
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Huabao Xiong
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Basic Medical School, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
- Department of Dermatology, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
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30
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Rinaldi F, Marotta L, Mascolo A, Amoruso A, Pane M, Giuliani G, Pinto D. Facial Acne: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study on the Clinical Efficacy of a Symbiotic Dietary Supplement. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2022; 12:577-589. [PMID: 35061237 PMCID: PMC8850513 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Treatments other than topical and systemic antibiotics are needed to restore the dysbiosis correlated with acne onset and evolution. In this view, probiotics and botanical extracts could represent a valid adjunctive therapeutic approach. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of a dietary supplement containing probiotics (Bifidobacterium breve BR03 DSM 16604, Lacticaseibacillus casei LC03 DSM 27537, and Ligilactobacillus salivarius LS03 DSM 22776) and botanical extract (lupeol from Solanum melongena L. and Echinacea extract) in subjects with mild to moderate acne over an 8-week study period. Methods Monocentric, randomized, double-blind, four-arm, placebo-controlled clinical study involving 114 subjects. Results A significant (p < 0.05) effect on the number of superficial inflammatory lesions was reported over the study period in the subjects taking the study agent (group II) (−56.67%), the botanical extracts (group III) (−40.00%), and the probiotics (group IV) (−38.89%) versus placebo (−10.00%). A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in mean desquamation score, sebum secretion rate, and porphyrin mean count versus baseline was also reported, and the effect was most evident for group II. The analysis of log relative abundance after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment compared with baseline showed a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in Cutibacterium acnes and S. aureus, along with a contextually and significant (p < 0.05) increase in Staphylococcus epidermidis, especially in group II. No significant changes were reported for group I. Conclusion The results from this study suggest that the administration of the dietary supplement under study was effective, safe, and well tolerated in subjects with mild to moderate acne and could represent a promising optional complement for the treatment of inflammatory acne as well as for control of acne-prone skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Rinaldi
- Research and Development Department, Giuliani S.p.A., Palagi, 2, 20129, Milan, MI, Italy.
| | - Laura Marotta
- Research and Development Department, Giuliani S.p.A., Palagi, 2, 20129, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Antonio Mascolo
- Research and Development Department, Giuliani S.p.A., Palagi, 2, 20129, Milan, MI, Italy
| | | | - Marco Pane
- Probiotical Research S.r.l., Novara, Italy
| | - Giammaria Giuliani
- Research and Development Department, Giuliani S.p.A., Palagi, 2, 20129, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Daniela Pinto
- Research and Development Department, Giuliani S.p.A., Palagi, 2, 20129, Milan, MI, Italy
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31
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Ahrodia T, Das S, Bakshi S, Das B. Structure, functions, and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 191:53-82. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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De Luca V, Angeli A, Mazzone V, Adelfio C, Carginale V, Scaloni A, Carta F, Selleri S, Supuran CT, Capasso C. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterisation of the recombinant β-carbonic anhydrase (MpaCA) from the warm-blooded vertebrate pathogen malassezia pachydermatis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 37:62-68. [PMID: 34894958 PMCID: PMC8667878 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1994559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Warm-blooded animals may have Malassezia pachydermatis on healthy skin, but changes in the skin microenvironment or host defences induce this opportunistic commensal to become pathogenic. Malassezia infections in humans and animals are commonly treated with azole antifungals. Fungistatic treatments, together with their long-term use, contribute to the selection and the establishment of drug-resistant fungi. To counteract this rising problem, researchers must find new antifungal drugs and enhance drug resistance management strategies. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, adenylyl cyclase, and bicarbonate have been found to promote fungal virulence, adhesion, hydrolase synthesis, and host cell death. The CO2/HCO3-/pH-sensing in fungi is triggered by HCO3- produced by metalloenzymes carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1). It has been demonstrated that the growth of M. globosa can be inhibited in vivo by primary sulphonamides, which are the typical CA inhibitors. Here, we report the cloning, purification, and characterisation of the β-CA (MpaCA) from the pathogenic fungus M. pachydermatis, which is homologous to the enzyme encoded in the genome of M. globosa and M. restricta, that are responsible for dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis. Fungal CAs could be thus considered a new pharmacological target for combating fungal infections and drug resistance developed by most fungi to the already used drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana De Luca
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Napoli, Italy.,Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Valeria Mazzone
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia Adelfio
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Silvia Selleri
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Wang HC, Wang CS, Hsieh SC, Hung YT, Chen HH. Evaluation of a new-formula shampoo containing 6% glycyrrhetinic acid complex for scalp seborrheic dermatitis: A pilot study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:3423-3430. [PMID: 34792270 PMCID: PMC9542316 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Scalp seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis associated with sebum imbalance and proliferation of Malassezia species. Various antifungal shampoos are commonly used for scalp SD. Aims Glycyrrhetinic acid is known to have antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐allergic effects. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a new‐formula shampoo that contains glycyrrhetinic acid for the treatment of scalp SD. Patients/Methods Thirty‐four patients were enrolled and treated with the 6% glycyrrhetinic acid complex shampoo. Efficacy was assessed clinically with Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and Adherent Scalp Flaking Score (ASFS) by the same dermatologist at baseline, week 2, and week 5. Among the 24 subjects with the most significant clinical improvement, four common microorganisms from scalp samples were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) at baseline, and week 5. Results The DLQI and ASFS at week 2 and week 5 improved significantly relative to baseline. The bacteria profiles showed a significant increase of Cutibacterium acnes and a decrease of Staphylococcus epidermidis at week 5. The fungi profiles showed significant decreases of both Malassezia restricta and Malassezia globosa. The ratio of C. acne to S. epidermidis increased significantly from 0.93 at baseline to 1.55 at week 5. The ratio of M. restricta to M. globosa decreased from 5.02 at baseline to 1.00 at week 5. Conclusions The effectiveness of this new regimen was objectively demonstrated at the clinical and microbiological levels. This new formula may alleviate the bacterial and fungal dysbiosis in scalp SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chi Wang
- Department of Cosmetic Applications and Management, Cardinal Tien Junior College of Healthcare and Management, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Shyan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Hsieh
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Hung
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Mishra K, Bukavina L, Ghannoum M. Symbiosis and Dysbiosis of the Human Mycobiome. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:636131. [PMID: 34630340 PMCID: PMC8493257 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.636131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of microbiological species has gained increased visibility and traction in the medical domain with major revelations about the role of bacteria on symbiosis and dysbiosis. A large reason for these revelations can be attributed to advances in deep-sequencing technologies. However, the research on the role of fungi has lagged. With the continued utilization of sequencing technologies in conjunction with traditional culture assays, we have the opportunity to shed light on the complex interplay between the bacteriome and the mycobiome as they relate to human health. In this review, we aim to offer a comprehensive overview of the human mycobiome in healthy and diseased states in a systematic way. The authors hope that the reader will utilize this review as a scaffolding to formulate their understanding of the mycobiome and pursue further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtishri Mishra
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Urology Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Laura Bukavina
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Urology Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Center for Medical Mycology, and Integrated Microbiome Core, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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35
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Features of the Skin Microbiota in Common Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090962. [PMID: 34575111 PMCID: PMC8468136 DOI: 10.3390/life11090962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many relatively common chronic inflammatory skin diseases manifest on the face (seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea, acne, perioral/periorificial dermatitis, periocular dermatitis, etc.), thereby significantly impairing patient appearance and quality of life. Given the yet unexplained pathogenesis and numerous factors involved, these diseases often present therapeutic challenges. The term “microbiome” comprises the totality of microorganisms (microbiota), their genomes, and environmental factors in a particular environment. Changes in human skin microbiota composition and/or functionality are believed to trigger immune dysregulation, and consequently an inflammatory response, thereby playing a potentially significant role in the clinical manifestations and treatment of these diseases. Although cultivation methods have traditionally been used in studies of bacterial microbiome species, a large number of bacterial strains cannot be grown in the laboratory. Since standard culture-dependent methods detect fewer than 1% of all bacterial species, a metagenomic approach could be used to detect bacteria that cannot be cultivated. The skin microbiome exhibits spatial distribution associated with the microenvironment (sebaceous, moist, and dry areas). However, although disturbance of the skin microbiome can lead to a number of pathological conditions and diseases, it is still not clear whether skin diseases result from change in the microbiome or cause such a change. Thus far, the skin microbiome has been studied in atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, and rosacea. Studies on the possible association between changes in the microbiome and their association with skin diseases have improved the understanding of disease development, diagnostics, and therapeutics. The identification of the bacterial markers associated with particular inflammatory skin diseases would significantly accelerate the diagnostics and reduce treatment costs. Microbiota research and determination could facilitate the identification of potential causes of skin diseases that cannot be detected by simpler methods, thereby contributing to the design and development of more effective therapies.
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Pistone D, Meroni G, Panelli S, D’Auria E, Acunzo M, Pasala AR, Zuccotti GV, Bandi C, Drago L. A Journey on the Skin Microbiome: Pitfalls and Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9846. [PMID: 34576010 PMCID: PMC8469928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human skin microbiota is essential for maintaining homeostasis and ensuring barrier functions. Over the years, the characterization of its composition and taxonomic diversity has reached outstanding goals, with more than 10 million bacterial genes collected and cataloged. Nevertheless, the study of the skin microbiota presents specific challenges that need to be addressed in study design. Benchmarking procedures and reproducible and robust analysis workflows for increasing comparability among studies are required. For various reasons and because of specific technical problems, these issues have been investigated in gut microbiota studies, but they have been largely overlooked for skin microbiota. After a short description of the skin microbiota, the review tackles methodological aspects and their pitfalls, covering NGS approaches and high throughput culture-based techniques. Recent insights into the "core" and "transient" types of skin microbiota and how the manipulation of these communities can prevent or combat skin diseases are also covered. Finally, this review includes an overview of the main dermatological diseases, the changes in the microbiota composition associated with them, and the recommended skin sampling procedures. The last section focuses on topical and oral probiotics to improve and maintain skin health, considering their possible applications for skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Pistone
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Invernizzi”, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (A.R.P.); (G.V.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Meroni
- Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences-One Health Unit, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Simona Panelli
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Invernizzi”, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (A.R.P.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Enza D’Auria
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Vittore Buzzi, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.); (M.A.)
| | - Miriam Acunzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Vittore Buzzi, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.); (M.A.)
| | - Ajay Ratan Pasala
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Invernizzi”, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (A.R.P.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Invernizzi”, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (A.R.P.); (G.V.Z.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Vittore Buzzi, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.); (M.A.)
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Invernizzi”, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Drago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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Limbu SL, Purba TS, Harries M, Wikramanayake TC, Miteva M, Bhogal RK, O'Neill CA, Paus R. A folliculocentric perspective of dandruff pathogenesis: Could a troublesome condition be caused by changes to a natural secretory mechanism? Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100005. [PMID: 34486144 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dandruff is a common scalp condition, which frequently causes psychological distress in those affected. Dandruff is considered to be caused by an interplay of several factors. However, the pathogenesis of dandruff remains under-investigated, especially with respect to the contribution of the hair follicle. As the hair follicle exhibits unique immune-modulatory properties, including the creation of an immunoinhibitory, immune-privileged milieu, we propose a novel hypothesis taking into account the role of the hair follicle. We hypothesize that the changes and imbalance of yeast and bacterial species, along with increasing proinflammatory sebum by-products, leads to the activation of immune response and inflammation. Hair follicle keratinocytes may then detect these changes in scalp microbiota resulting in the recruitment of leukocytes to the inflammation site. These changes in the scalp skin immune-microenvironment may impact hair follicle immune privilege status, which opens new avenues into exploring the role of the hair follicle in dandruff pathogenesis. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/mEZEznCYtNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Limbu
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Talveen S Purba
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Harries
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK.,Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Tongyu C Wikramanayake
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mariya Miteva
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ranjit K Bhogal
- Unilever R&D Colworth, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Catherine A O'Neill
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK.,Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
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Host factors that shape the bacterial community structure on scalp hair shaft. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17711. [PMID: 34489514 PMCID: PMC8421437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96767-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we performed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing analysis of scalp hair shaft from 109 volunteers, who were surveyed using a questionnaire about daily scalp hair care, and employed multiple statistical analyses to elucidate the factors that contribute to the formation of bacterial community structures on scalp hair shaft. Scalp hair microbiota were found to be specific for each individual. Their microbiota were clearly divided into two clusters. Genus level richness of Pseudomonas (Ps) and Cutibacterium (Cu) contributed to the clusters. The clusters around Pseudomonas and Cutibacterium were named Ps-type and Cu-type, respectively. The host gender influenced the bacterial cell numbers of the major genera that included Cutibacterium, Lawsonella, Moraxella, and Staphylococcus on scalp hair shaft. In addition to host intrinsic factors, extrinsic factors such as hair styling and colouring affected the bacterial cell numbers of the major genera. These factors and chemical treatments, such as bleaching and perming, also affected the Ps-type to Cu-type ratios. These results suggest that bacterial community structures on scalp hair shaft are influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
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Tao R, Li R, Wang R. Skin microbiome alterations in seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff: A systematic review. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1546-1553. [PMID: 34415635 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) and dandruff (DF) are common chronic inflammatory skin diseases characterized by recurrent greasy scales, sometimes with erythema and itchiness. Although the exact pathophysiology of the disease is still unclear, current theories highlight the role of microbes on the skin surface in the pathogenesis of SD. Here, we conducted a systematic review to investigate the skin microbiome alterations in patients with SD/DF. We searched Medline/PubMed, Embase and Web of Science for research studies published in English between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2020. A total of 12 studies with 706 SD/DF samples and 379 healthy samples were included in this study. The scalp and face were predominated by the fungi of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota and the bacteria of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. In general, the included studies demonstrated an increased Malassezia restricta/Malassezia globosa ratio and a reduction in the Cutibaterium/Staphylococcus ratio in the setting of SD/DF. Staphylococcus was associated with epidermal barrier damage, including elevated levels of trans-epidermal water loss and pH, while Cutibacterium had a positive correlation with water content. Malassezia was also found to be related to an increased itching score and disease severity. Further studies focusing on the interactions between various microbes and the host and microbes can help us to better understand the pathogenesis of SD/DF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruojun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Massiot P, Clavaud C, Thomas M, Ott A, Guéniche A, Panhard S, Muller B, Michelin C, Kerob D, Bouloc A, Reygagne P. Continuous clinical improvement of mild-to-moderate seborrheic dermatitis and rebalancing of the scalp microbiome using a selenium disulfide-based shampoo after an initial treatment with ketoconazole. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:2215-2225. [PMID: 34416081 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Scalp seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic, relapsing, and inflammatory scalp disease. Studies indicate a global bacterial and fungal microbiota shift of scalp SD, as compared to healthy scalp. Ketoconazole and selenium disulfide (SeS2 ) improve clinical signs and symptoms in both scalp dandruff and SD. AIM The main objective of this study was to investigate the changes in the scalp microbiota diversity and counts in subjects with scalp SD during a two-phase treatment period. MATERIAL AND METHODS The scalp microbiota and clinical efficacy were investigated in 68 subjects with mild-to-moderate scalp SD after an initial one-month treatment with 2% ketoconazole, and after a 2-month maintenance phase, either with a 1% SeS2 -based shampoo or its vehicle. RESULTS Thirty one subjects in the active and 37 subjects in the vehicle group participated. Ketoconazole provided an improvement of clinical symptoms (adherent (-1.75 p < 0.05), non-adherent (-1.5, p < 0.05)) flakes and erythema (scores 1.67-0.93, p < 0.001), in an increased fungal diversity and in a significant (p < 0.005) decrease of Malassezia spp. SeS2 provided an additional clinical improvement (-0.8; p = 0.0002 and -0.7; p = 0.0081 for adherent and non-adherent flakes, respectively, at Day 84) compared to the vehicle associated with a low Malassezia spp. count and an additional significant (p < 0.001) decrease of the Staphylococcus spp. level. CONCLUSION Selenium disulfide provides an additional benefit on the scalp microbiota and in clinical symptoms of SD and dandruff after treatment with ketoconazole. The results confirm the role of Staphylococcus spp. in scalp SD and open possible perspectives for preventing relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie Thomas
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Alban Ott
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne Bouloc
- Vichy Laboratoires, Levallois-Perret, France
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Jain S, Arora P, Nainwal LM. Essential oils as Potential Source of Anti-dandruff Agents: A Review. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 25:1411-1426. [PMID: 34254910 DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210712094148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dandruff is a frequently occurring scalp problem that causes significant discomfort to approximately 50% population at some stage of life, especially post-puberty and pre-adult age. OBJECTIVE This review aims to summarize the recent findings regarding the anti-fungal properties of herbal essential oils against pathogens involved in dandruff prognosis. METHODS A literature search of studies published between 2000 and 2020 was conducted over databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science direct. Literature was explored using the guidelines given in Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). RESULTS Dandruff, characterized by clinical symptoms of dryness, pruritis, scaly, and flaky scalp, is considered a pri-mary manifestation of seborrheic dermatitis. Amongst various etiological and pathophysiological factors, a significant role of yeasts, primarily species of Malassezia, Candida, has been strongly correlated with dandruff. At the same time, incidences of M. furfur, M. restricta, and M. globosa are high compared to others. Due to relapse of symptoms with the withdrawal of conventional anti-dandruff products. Essential oils of herbal origin, such as tea tree oil, lime oil, rose-mary oil, have gained global importance in dermatology. These oils are rich in secondary aromatic metabolites, espe-cially terpenes and phenolic components that impart substantial antimicrobial properties and resisting biofilm production. CONCLUSION Based on the available information, we can conclude that essential oils have tremendous potential to be developed as anti-dandruff products; however, further studies are warranted to establish their efficacy in dandruff cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagun Jain
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sci-ences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Arora
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sci-ences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Lalit Mohan Nainwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, HIMT College of Pharmacy, Harlal Institute of Management and Technol-ogy, Greater Noida, U.P, India
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Park M, Park S, Jung WH. Skin Commensal Fungus Malassezia and Its Lipases. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:637-644. [PMID: 33526754 PMCID: PMC9705927 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2012.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia is the most abundant genus in the fungal microflora found on human skin, and it is associated with various skin diseases. Among the 18 different species of Malassezia that have been identified to date, M. restricta and M. globosa are the most predominant fungal species found on human skin. Several studies have suggested a possible link between Malassezia and skin disorders. However, our knowledge on the physiology and pathogenesis of Malassezia in human body is still limited. Malassezia is unable to synthesize fatty acids; hence, it uptakes external fatty acids as a nutrient source for survival, a characteristic compensated by the secretion of lipases and degradation of sebum to produce and uptake external fatty acids. Although it has been reported that the activity of secreted lipases may contribute to pathogenesis of Malassezia, majority of the data were indirect evidences; therefore, enzymes' role in the pathogenesis of Malassezia infections is still largely unknown. This review focuses on the recent advances on Malassezia in the context of an emerging interest for lipases and summarizes the existing knowledge on Malassezia, diseases associated with the fungus, and the role of the reported lipases in its physiology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Park
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Park
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-31-670-3068 Fax: +82-31-675-1381 E-mail:
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Longitudinal study of the scalp microbiome suggests coconut oil to enrich healthy scalp commensals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7220. [PMID: 33790324 PMCID: PMC8012655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dandruff is a recurrent chronic scalp disorder, affecting majority of the population worldwide. Recently a metagenomic study of the Indian scalp microbiome described an imperative role of bacterial commensals in providing essential vitamins and amino acids to the scalp. Coconut oil and its formulations are commonly applied on the scalp in several parts of the world to maintain scalp health. Thus, in this study we examined the effect of topical application of coconut oil on the scalp microbiome (bacterial and fungal) at the taxonomic and functional levels and their correlation with scalp physiological parameters. A 16-weeks-long time-course study was performed including 12-weeks of treatment and 4-weeks of relapse phase on a cohort of 140 (70 healthy and 70 dandruff) Indian women, resulting in ~ 900 metagenomic samples. After the treatment phase, an increase in the abundance of Cutibacterium acnes and Malassezia globosa in dandruff scalp was observed, which were negatively correlated to dandruff parameters. At the functional level, an enrichment of healthy scalp-related bacterial pathways, such as biotin metabolism and decrease in the fungal pathogenesis pathways was observed. The study provides novel insights on the effect of coconut oil in maintaining a healthy scalp and in modulating the scalp microbiome.
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Meloni M, Balzaretti S, Collard N, Desaint S, Laperdrix C. Reproducing the scalp microbiota community: co-colonization of a 3D reconstructed human epidermis with C. acnes and M. restricta. Int J Cosmet Sci 2021; 43:235-245. [PMID: 33469935 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A 3D reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model colonized with specific microbial strains was developed to model the complex interactions between strains of the human scalp hair. METHODS Reconstructed human epidermis was colonized with Cutibacterium acnes and Malassezia restricta for 72 h. The epidermal model was characterized in terms of morphology, using immune-labelling targeting biomarkers for barrier structure, proliferation, differentiation and anti-microbial defence. The barrier function was assessed by transepithelial electrical eesistance (TEER) measurements. In order to study the microorganisms on the epidermal model, viable counts and phenotype ultrastructure analysis were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS The RHE colonized with C. acnes did not lead to severe modifications of the physiological barrier integrity and viability, though it shows aggregates. M. restricta formed large aggregates by a close interaction with the RHE, thus causing both a strong decrease in barrier function and structure degradation and an increased human beta defensin 2 (HBD2) expression. The co-colonized model resulted in barrier depletion, but the overall damage was less severe, respecting the single colonization with M. restricta. The developed 'scalp model' allowed to identify morphological modifications leading to uncontrolled epidermal renewal. CONCLUSION This study shows a pre-clinical model that recapitulates the interactions that can occur between site-specific microbial strains and keratinocytes in dandruff condition. The model can be applied to assess ingredients and products' mechanism of action.
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Constantinou A, Kanti V, Polak-Witka K, Blume-Peytavi U, Spyrou GM, Vogt A. The Potential Relevance of the Microbiome to Hair Physiology and Regeneration: The Emerging Role of Metagenomics. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030236. [PMID: 33652789 PMCID: PMC7996884 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin and hair follicles are recognized sites of microbial colonization. These microbiota help regulate host immune mechanisms via an interplay between microbes and immune cells, influencing homeostasis and inflammation. Bacteria affect immune responses by controlling the local inflammatory milieu, the breakdown of which can result in chronic inflammatory disorders. Follicular microbiome shifts described in some inflammatory cutaneous diseases suggest a link between their development or perpetuation and dysbiosis. Though the hair follicle infundibulum is an area of intense immunological interactions, bulb and bulge regions represent immune-privileged niches. Immune privilege maintenance seems essential for hair growth and regeneration, as collapse and inflammation characterize inflammatory hair disorders like alopecia areata and primary cicatricial alopecia. Current research largely focuses on immunological aberrations. However, studies suggest that external stimuli and interactions across the follicular epithelium can have profound effects on the local immune system, homeostasis, and cycling. Herein, we review hair follicle bacterial colonization, its possible effects on the underlying tissue, and links to the pathogenesis of alopecia, beyond the pure investigation of specific species abundance. As skin microbiology enters the metagenomics era, multi-dimensional approaches will enable a new level of investigations on the effects of microorganisms and metabolism on host tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andria Constantinou
- Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin and Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.C.); (V.K.); (K.P.-W.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Varvara Kanti
- Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin and Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.C.); (V.K.); (K.P.-W.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Katarzyna Polak-Witka
- Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin and Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.C.); (V.K.); (K.P.-W.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Ulrike Blume-Peytavi
- Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin and Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.C.); (V.K.); (K.P.-W.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - George M. Spyrou
- Bioinformatics ERA Chair, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 6 Iroon Avenue, 2371 Ayios Dometios, Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Annika Vogt
- Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin and Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.C.); (V.K.); (K.P.-W.); (U.B.-P.)
- Correspondence:
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De Pessemier B, Grine L, Debaere M, Maes A, Paetzold B, Callewaert C. Gut-Skin Axis: Current Knowledge of the Interrelationship between Microbial Dysbiosis and Skin Conditions. Microorganisms 2021; 9:353. [PMID: 33670115 PMCID: PMC7916842 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiome plays an important role in a wide variety of skin disorders. Not only is the skin microbiome altered, but also surprisingly many skin diseases are accompanied by an altered gut microbiome. The microbiome is a key regulator for the immune system, as it aims to maintain homeostasis by communicating with tissues and organs in a bidirectional manner. Hence, dysbiosis in the skin and/or gut microbiome is associated with an altered immune response, promoting the development of skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne vulgaris, dandruff, and even skin cancer. Here, we focus on the associations between the microbiome, diet, metabolites, and immune responses in skin pathologies. This review describes an exhaustive list of common skin conditions with associated dysbiosis in the skin microbiome as well as the current body of evidence on gut microbiome dysbiosis, dietary links, and their interplay with skin conditions. An enhanced understanding of the local skin and gut microbiome including the underlying mechanisms is necessary to shed light on the microbial involvement in human skin diseases and to develop new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta De Pessemier
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.D.P.); (M.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Lynda Grine
- Department of Head & Skin, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Melanie Debaere
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.D.P.); (M.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Aglaya Maes
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.D.P.); (M.D.); (A.M.)
| | | | - Chris Callewaert
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.D.P.); (M.D.); (A.M.)
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Park M, Lee JS, Jung WH, Lee YW. pH-Dependent Expression, Stability, and Activity of Malassezia restricta MrLip5 Lipase. Ann Dermatol 2020; 32:473-480. [PMID: 33911790 PMCID: PMC7875232 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2020.32.6.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The lipophilic yeasts Malassezia spp. are normally resident on the surface of the human body, and often associated with various skin diseases. Of the 18 known Malassezia spp., Malassezia restricta is the most predominantly identified Malassezia sp. found on the human skin. Malassezia possesses a large number of genes encoding lipases to degrade human sebum triglycerides into fatty acids, which are required not only for their growth, but also trigger skin diseases. Previously, we have shown that MrLIP5 (MRET_0930), one of the 12 lipase genes in the genome of M. restricta, and is the most frequently expressed lipase gene in the scalp of patients with dandruff. Objective In this study, we aimed to analyze the activity, stability, and expression of MrLip5, with particular focus on pH. Methods We heterologously expressed MrLip5 in Escherichia coli, and purified and analyzed its activity and expression under different pH conditions. Results We found that MrLip5 was most active and stable and highly expressed under alkaline conditions, which is similar to that of the diseased skin surface. Conclusion Our results suggest that the activity and expression of MrLip5 are pH-dependent, and that this lipase may play an essential role at the M. restricta-host interface during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Park
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Ji Su Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Won Hee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Yang Won Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Kim M, Park T, Yun JI, Lim HW, Han NR, Lee ST. Investigation of Age-Related Changes in the Skin Microbiota of Korean Women. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101581. [PMID: 33066632 PMCID: PMC7602415 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota of human skin is influenced by host and environmental factors. To determine if chronological age influences the composition of the skin microbiota on the forehead and hands, 73 Korean women were sorted into one of three age groups: (1) 10-29 years (n = 24), (2) 30-49 years (n = 21), and (3) 50-79 years (n = 28). From the 73 women, 146 skin samples (two skin sites per person) were collected. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was then conducted to analyze the skin microbiota. The overall microbial distribution varied on the forehead but was similar on the hands across the three age groups. In addition, the composition of the skin microbiota differed between the forehead and hands. Commensal microbiota, such as Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Cutibacterium, and Corynebacterium, which contribute to maintaining skin health via dominant occupation, were affected by increasing age on forehead and hand skin. Alpha diversity indices increased significantly with age on forehead skin. This study indicates that older people may be more susceptible to pathogenic invasions due to an imbalanced skin microbiota resulting from age-related changes. The results of our study may help develop new strategies to rebalance skin microbiota shifted during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseok Kim
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Tansol Park
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | | | - Hye Won Lim
- Shebah Biotech Inc., Chuncheon 24398, Korea;
| | - Na Rae Han
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Seung Tae Lee
- KustoGen Inc., Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- Department of Applied Animal Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-8638
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Watanabe K, Yamada A, Nishi Y, Tashiro Y, Sakai K. Relationship between the bacterial community structures on human hair and scalp. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:2585-2596. [PMID: 32993459 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1809989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated and compared characteristics of the bacterial community structures on hair (scalp hair) and scalp in 18 individuals. Significant differences were found between the sites, in terms of cell density, alpha and beta diversity, and relative abundance of the phyla, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, whereas no difference was found in relative abundance of the phylum Actinobacteria. Bacteria of the genus Cutibacterium showed similar relative abundance at both sites, whereas those of genus Pseudomonas were highly abundant on hair, and those of genus Staphylococcus were significantly lesser in abundance on hair than on scalp. Statistical correlations between the sites were high for the individual relative abundance of five major operational taxonomic units (OTUs). This suggests that the bacterial community structure on hair is composed of hair-specific genus, Pseudomonas, and skin-derived genera, Cutibacterium and Staphylococcus, and is distinguishable from other human skin microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Watanabe
- Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Microbiology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Azusa Yamada
- Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Microbiology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuri Nishi
- Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Microbiology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Tashiro
- Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Microbiology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan.,Laboratory of Microbial Environmental Protection, Tropical Microbiology Unit, Center for International Education and Research of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakai
- Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Microbiology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan.,Laboratory of Microbial Environmental Protection, Tropical Microbiology Unit, Center for International Education and Research of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
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A Novel Virus Alters Gene Expression and Vacuolar Morphology in Malassezia Cells and Induces a TLR3-Mediated Inflammatory Immune Response. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01521-20. [PMID: 32873759 PMCID: PMC7468201 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01521-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia is the most dominant fungal genus on the human skin surface and is associated with various skin diseases including dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. Among Malassezia species, Malassezia restricta is the most widely observed species on the human skin. In the current study, we identified a novel dsRNA virus, named MrV40, in M. restricta and characterized the sequence and structure of the viral genome along with an independent satellite dsRNA viral segment. Moreover, expression of genes involved in ribosomal synthesis and programmed cell death was altered, indicating that virus infection affected the physiology of the fungal host cells. Our data also showed that the viral nucleic acid from MrV40 induces a TLR3-mediated inflammatory immune response in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, indicating that a viral element likely contributes to the pathogenicity of Malassezia. This is the first study to identify and characterize a novel mycovirus in Malassezia. Most fungal viruses have been identified in plant pathogens, whereas the presence of viral particles in human-pathogenic fungi is less well studied. In the present study, we observed extrachromosomal double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) segments in various clinical isolates of Malassezia species. Malassezia is the most dominant fungal genus on the human skin surface, and species in this group are considered etiological factors of various skin diseases including dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis. We identified novel dsRNA segments, and our sequencing results revealed that the virus, named MrV40, belongs to the Totiviridae family and contains an additional satellite dsRNA segment encoding a novel protein. The transcriptome of virus-infected Malassezia restricta cells was compared to that of virus-cured cells, and the results showed that transcripts involved in ribosomal biosynthesis were downregulated and those involved in energy production and programmed cell death were upregulated. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy revealed significantly larger vacuoles in virus-infected M. restricta cells, indicating that MrV40 infection dramatically altered M. restricta physiology. Our analysis also revealed that viral nucleic acid from MrV40 induced a TLR3 (Toll-like receptor 3)-mediated inflammatory immune response in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, suggesting that a viral element contributes to the pathogenicity of Malassezia.
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