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Chemical Variability of Peel and Leaf Essential Oils in the Citrus Subgenus Papeda (Swingle) and Few Relatives. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061117. [PMID: 34073135 PMCID: PMC8227882 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The Papeda Citrus subgenus includes several species belonging to two genetically distinct groups, containing mostly little-exploited wild forms of citrus. However, little is known about the potentially large and novel aromatic diversity contained in these wild citruses. In this study, we characterized and compared the essential oils obtained from peels and leaves from representatives of both Papeda groups, and three related hybrids. Using a combination of GC, GC-MS, and 13C-NMR spectrometry, we identified a total of 60 compounds in peel oils (PO), and 76 compounds in leaf oils (LO). Limonene was the major component in almost all citrus PO, except for C. micrantha and C. hystrix, where β-pinene dominated (around 35%). LO composition was more variable, with different major compounds among almost all samples, except for two citrus pairs: C. micrantha/C. hystrix and two accessions of C. ichangensis. In hybrid relatives, the profiles were largely consistent with their Citrus/Papeda parental lineage. This high chemical diversity, not only among the sections of the subgenus Papeda, but also between species and even at the intraspecific level, suggests that Papeda may be an important source of aroma diversity for future experimental crosses with field crop species.
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Identification of a Proanthocyanidin from Litchi Chinensis Sonn. Root with Anti-Tyrosinase and Antioxidant Activity. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091347. [PMID: 32967274 PMCID: PMC7565872 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This work follows an ethnobotanical study that took place in the island of Mayotte (France), which pointed out the potential properties of Litchi chinensis Sonn. roots when used to enhance skin health and appearance. Through in vitro testing of a crude methanolic extract, high anti-tyrosinase (skin whitening effect) and antioxidant activities (skin soothing effect) could be measured. HPLC successive bio-guided fractionation steps allowed the purification of one of the compounds responsible for the biological activities. The isolated compound was characterized by UV, IR, MS and 2D-NMR, revealing, for the first time in Litchi chinensis Sonn. roots, an A-type proanthocyanidin and thus revealing a consensus among the traditional use shown by the ethnobotanical study, in vitro biological activities and chemical characterization.
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Ahmed D, Curk F, Evrard JC, Froelicher Y, Ollitrault P. Preferential Disomic Segregation and C. micrantha/C. medica Interspecific Recombination in Tetraploid 'Giant Key' Lime; Outlook for Triploid Lime Breeding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:939. [PMID: 32670332 PMCID: PMC7330052 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The triploid 'Tahiti' lime (C. x latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka) naturally originated from a merger between a haploid ovule of lemon (C. x limon (L.) Burm) and a diploid pollen from a 'Mexican' lime (C. x aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swing). The very limited natural inter-varietal diversity and gametic sterility of C. latifolia requires a phylogenomic based reconstruction breeding strategy to insure its diversification. We developed a strategy based on interploid hybridization between diploid lemon and the doubled diploid 'Giant Key' lime. This lime is a doubled diploid of 'Mexican' lime, itself a natural interspecific F1 hybrid between C. medica L. and C. micrantha Wester. For an optimized breeding program, we analyzed the meiotic behavior of the allotetraploid lime, the genetic structure of its diploid gametes, the interspecific recombination between C. medica and C. micrantha, and constructed its genetic map. A population of 272 triploid hybrids was generated using 'Giant Key' lime as pollinator. One hundred fifty-eight SNPs diagnostic of C. micrantha, regularly distributed throughout the citrus genome were successfully developed and applied. The genetic structure of the diploid gametes was examined based on C. micrantha doses along the genome. The diploid gametes transmitted in average 91.17% of the parental interspecific C. medica/C. micrantha heterozygosity. Three chromosomes (2, 8, and 9) showed disomic segregation with high preferential pairing values, while the remaining chromosomes showed an intermediate inheritance with a preferential disomic trend. A total of 131 SNPs were assigned to nine linkage groups to construct the genetic map. It spanned 272.8 cM with a low average recombination rate (0.99 cM Mb-1) and high synteny and colinearity with the reference clementine genome. Our results confirmed that an efficient reconstruction breeding strategy for 'Tahiti' lime is possible, based on interploid hybridization using a doubled diploid of C. aurantiifolia. The tetraploid parent should be selected for favorable agronomic traits and its genetic value should be efficiently inherited by the progeny thanks to transmission of the high level of parental heterozygosity. However, it would require developing numerous progeny to overcome the linkage drag caused by the limited interspecific recombination associated with the predominant disomic inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalel Ahmed
- UMR AGAP, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, San Giuliano, France
| | - Franck Curk
- UMR AGAP, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Moing A, Allwood JW, Aharoni A, Baker J, Beale MH, Ben-Dor S, Biais B, Brigante F, Burger Y, Deborde C, Erban A, Faigenboim A, Gur A, Goodacre R, Hansen TH, Jacob D, Katzir N, Kopka J, Lewinsohn E, Maucourt M, Meir S, Miller S, Mumm R, Oren E, Paris HS, Rogachev I, Rolin D, Saar U, Schjoerring JK, Tadmor Y, Tzuri G, de Vos RC, Ward JL, Yeselson E, Hall RD, Schaffer AA. Comparative Metabolomics and Molecular Phylogenetics of Melon ( Cucumis melo, Cucurbitaceae) Biodiversity. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10030121. [PMID: 32213984 PMCID: PMC7143154 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10030121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The broad variability of Cucumis melo (melon, Cucurbitaceae) presents a challenge to conventional classification and organization within the species. To shed further light on the infraspecific relationships within C. melo, we compared genotypic and metabolomic similarities among 44 accessions representative of most of the cultivar-groups. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) provided over 20,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Metabolomics data of the mature fruit flesh and rind provided over 80,000 metabolomic and elemental features via an orchestra of six complementary metabolomic platforms. These technologies probed polar, semi-polar, and non-polar metabolite fractions as well as a set of mineral elements and included both flavor- and taste-relevant volatile and non-volatile metabolites. Together these results enabled an estimate of "metabolomic/elemental distance" and its correlation with the genetic GBS distance of melon accessions. This study indicates that extensive and non-targeted metabolomics/elemental characterization produced classifications that strongly, but not completely, reflect the current and extensive genetic classification. Certain melon Groups, such as Inodorous, clustered in parallel with the genetic classifications while other genome to metabolome/element associations proved less clear. We suggest that the combined genomic, metabolic, and element data reflect the extensive sexual compatibility among melon accessions and the breeding history that has, for example, targeted metabolic quality traits, such as taste and flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Moing
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Fruit Biology and Pathology, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility MetaboHUB, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine - Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.M.); (B.B.); (C.D.); (D.J.); (M.M.); (D.R.)
| | - J. William Allwood
- The James Hutton Institute, Environmental & Biochemical Sciences, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA Scotland, UK;
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (A.A.); (S.M.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - John Baker
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK; (J.B.); (M.H.B.); (S.M.); (J.L.W.)
| | - Michael H. Beale
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK; (J.B.); (M.H.B.); (S.M.); (J.L.W.)
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (A.A.); (S.M.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Benoît Biais
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Fruit Biology and Pathology, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility MetaboHUB, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine - Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.M.); (B.B.); (C.D.); (D.J.); (M.M.); (D.R.)
| | - Federico Brigante
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany; (F.B.); (A.E.); (J.K.)
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dto. Química Orgánica, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
- CONICET, ICYTAC (Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Alimentos Córdoba), Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Yosef Burger
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization—Volcani Center, Rishon LeZiyyon 7515101, Israel; (Y.B.); (A.F.); (E.Y.)
| | - Catherine Deborde
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Fruit Biology and Pathology, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility MetaboHUB, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine - Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.M.); (B.B.); (C.D.); (D.J.); (M.M.); (D.R.)
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany; (F.B.); (A.E.); (J.K.)
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization—Volcani Center, Rishon LeZiyyon 7515101, Israel; (Y.B.); (A.F.); (E.Y.)
| | - Amit Gur
- Newe Ya‘ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P. O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 3009500, Israel; (A.G.); (N.K.); (E.L.); (E.O.); (H.S.P.); (U.S.); (Y.T.); (G.T.)
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK;
| | - Thomas H. Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences & Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (T.H.H.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Daniel Jacob
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Fruit Biology and Pathology, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility MetaboHUB, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine - Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.M.); (B.B.); (C.D.); (D.J.); (M.M.); (D.R.)
| | - Nurit Katzir
- Newe Ya‘ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P. O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 3009500, Israel; (A.G.); (N.K.); (E.L.); (E.O.); (H.S.P.); (U.S.); (Y.T.); (G.T.)
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany; (F.B.); (A.E.); (J.K.)
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- Newe Ya‘ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P. O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 3009500, Israel; (A.G.); (N.K.); (E.L.); (E.O.); (H.S.P.); (U.S.); (Y.T.); (G.T.)
| | - Mickael Maucourt
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Fruit Biology and Pathology, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility MetaboHUB, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine - Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.M.); (B.B.); (C.D.); (D.J.); (M.M.); (D.R.)
| | - Sagit Meir
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (A.A.); (S.M.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Sonia Miller
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK; (J.B.); (M.H.B.); (S.M.); (J.L.W.)
| | - Roland Mumm
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Post Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, Netherlands; (R.M.); (R.D.H.)
| | - Elad Oren
- Newe Ya‘ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P. O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 3009500, Israel; (A.G.); (N.K.); (E.L.); (E.O.); (H.S.P.); (U.S.); (Y.T.); (G.T.)
| | - Harry S. Paris
- Newe Ya‘ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P. O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 3009500, Israel; (A.G.); (N.K.); (E.L.); (E.O.); (H.S.P.); (U.S.); (Y.T.); (G.T.)
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (A.A.); (S.M.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Dominique Rolin
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Fruit Biology and Pathology, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility MetaboHUB, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine - Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.M.); (B.B.); (C.D.); (D.J.); (M.M.); (D.R.)
| | - Uzi Saar
- Newe Ya‘ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P. O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 3009500, Israel; (A.G.); (N.K.); (E.L.); (E.O.); (H.S.P.); (U.S.); (Y.T.); (G.T.)
| | - Jan K. Schjoerring
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences & Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (T.H.H.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Yaakov Tadmor
- Newe Ya‘ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P. O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 3009500, Israel; (A.G.); (N.K.); (E.L.); (E.O.); (H.S.P.); (U.S.); (Y.T.); (G.T.)
| | - Galil Tzuri
- Newe Ya‘ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P. O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 3009500, Israel; (A.G.); (N.K.); (E.L.); (E.O.); (H.S.P.); (U.S.); (Y.T.); (G.T.)
| | - Ric C.H. de Vos
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Post Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, Netherlands; (R.M.); (R.D.H.)
| | - Jane L. Ward
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK; (J.B.); (M.H.B.); (S.M.); (J.L.W.)
| | - Elena Yeselson
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization—Volcani Center, Rishon LeZiyyon 7515101, Israel; (Y.B.); (A.F.); (E.Y.)
| | - Robert D. Hall
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Post Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, Netherlands; (R.M.); (R.D.H.)
- Department of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Post Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Arthur A. Schaffer
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization—Volcani Center, Rishon LeZiyyon 7515101, Israel; (Y.B.); (A.F.); (E.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: + 972(3)9683646
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Zhang H, Chen M, Wen H, Wang Z, Chen J, Fang L, Zhang H, Xie Z, Jiang D, Cheng Y, Xu J. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses provide insight into the volatile compounds of citrus leaves and flowers. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:7. [PMID: 31906915 PMCID: PMC6945444 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports have mainly focused on the volatiles in citrus fruits, and there have been few reports about the volatiles in citrus leaves and flowers. However, citrus leaves and flowers are also rich in volatile compounds with unique aromas. Here, to investigate the volatiles in citrus leaves and flowers, volatile profiling was performed on leaves from 62 germplasms and flowers from 25 germplasms. RESULTS In total, 196 and 82 volatile compounds were identified from leaves of 62 citrus germplasms and flowers of 25 citrus germplasms, respectively. The dominant volatile terpenoids were more diverse in citrus leaves than in peels. A total of 34 volatile terpenoids were commonly detected in the leaves of at least 20 germplasms, among which 31 were overaccumulated in the leaves of wild or semiwild germplasms. This result was consistent with the high expression levels of five genes and one key gene of the mevalonate and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) biosynthetic pathways, respectively, as well as the low expression levels of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase of the MEP pathway, relative to the levels in cultivars. Fully open flowers showed increased levels of four terpene alcohols and a decrease in sabinene content compared with balloon-stage flowers, especially in sweet orange. A monoterpene synthase gene was identified and functionally characterized as a sabinene synthase in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results suggest that 31 important terpenoids are abundant in wild or semiwild citrus germplasms, possibly because of a negative effect of domestication on the volatiles in citrus leaves. The sweet smell of fully open flowers may be attributed to increased levels of four terpene alcohols. In addition, a sabinene synthase gene was identified by combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Citrus Research Institute of Southwest University, National Citrus Germplasm Repository, Chongqing, 400712 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
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Volatile Compounds in Fruit Peels as Novel Biomarkers for the Identification of Four Citrus Species. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244550. [PMID: 31842378 PMCID: PMC6943597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aroma quality of citrus fruit is determined by volatile compounds, which bring about different notes to allow discrimination among different citrus species. However, the volatiles with various aromatic traits specific to different citrus species have not been identified. In this study, volatile profiles in the fruit peels of four citrus species collected from our previous studies were subjected to various analyses to mine volatile biomarkers. Principal component analysis results indicated that different citrus species could almost completely be separated. Thirty volatiles were identified as potential biomarkers in discriminating loose-skin mandarin, sweet orange, pomelo, and lemon, while 17 were identified as effective biomarkers in discriminating clementine mandarins from the other loose-skin mandarins and sweet oranges. Finally, 30 citrus germplasms were used to verify the classification based on β-elemene, valencene, nootkatone, and limettin as biomarkers. The accuracy values were 90.0%, 96.7%, 96.7%, and 100%, respectively. This research may provide a novel and effective alternative approach to identifying citrus genetic resources.
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Suppressive Interaction Approach for Masking Stale Note of Instant Ripened Pu-Erh Tea Products. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244473. [PMID: 31817626 PMCID: PMC6943613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The unpleasant stale note is a negative factor hindering the consumption of instant ripened Pu-erh tea products. This study focused on investigating volatile chemicals in instant ripened Pu-erh tea that could mask the stale note via sensory evaluation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) analyses. GC-MS and GC-O analyses showed that linalool, linalool oxides, trans-β-ionone, benzeneacetaldehyde, and methoxybenzenes were the major aroma contributors to the simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) extract of instant ripened Pu-erh tea. Sensory evaluation showed that the SDE extract had a strong stale note, which was due to methoxybenzenes. By investigating suppressive interaction among flavour components, the stale note from methoxybenzenes was shown to have reciprocal masking interactions with sweet, floral, and green notes. Moreover, the validation experiment showed that the addition of 40 μg/mL of trans-β-ionone in the instant ripened Pu-erh tea completely masked the stale note and improved the overall aromatic acceptance. These results elucidate the volatile chemicals that could mask the stale note of instant ripened Pu-erh tea products, which might help to develop high quality products made from instant ripened Pu-erh tea.
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Liu C, He M, Wang Z, Xu J. Integrative Analysis of Terpenoid Profiles and Hormones from Fruits of Red-Flesh Citrus Mutants and Their Wild Types. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193456. [PMID: 31547628 PMCID: PMC6804237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In citrus color mutants, the levels of carotenoid constituents and other secondary metabolites are different in their corresponding wild types. Terpenoids are closely related to coloration, bitterness, and flavor. In this study, terpenoid profiles and hormones in citrus fruits of two red-flesh mutants—Red Anliu orange and Red-flesh Guanxi pummelo—and their corresponding wild types were investigated using GC/MS, HPLC, and LC-MS/MS. Results showed that Red Anliu orange (high in carotenoids) and Anliu orange (low in carotenoids) accumulated low levels of limonoid aglycones but high levels of monoterpenoids; conversely, Red-flesh Guanxi pummelo (high in carotenoids) and Guanxi pummelo (deficient in carotenoids) accumulated high levels of limonoid aglycones but low levels of monoterpenoids. However, isopentenyl diphosphate was present at similar levels. A correlation analysis indicated that jasmonic and salicylic acids might play important roles in regulating terpenoid biosynthesis. Additionally, the similarities of carotenoid and volatile profiles between each mutant and its corresponding wild type were greater than those between the two mutants or the two wild types. The flux balance of terpenoid metabolism in citrus fruit tends toward stability among various citrus genera that have different terpenoid profiles. Bud mutations could influence metabolite profiles of citrus fruit to a limited extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihua Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Min He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Li LJ, Hong P, Chen F, Sun H, Yang YF, Yu X, Huang GL, Wu LM, Ni H. Characterization of the Aldehydes and Their Transformations Induced by UV Irradiation and Air Exposure of White Guanxi Honey Pummelo (Citrus Grandis (L.) Osbeck) Essential Oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5000-10. [PMID: 27226192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes are key aroma contributors of citrus essential oils. White Guanxi honey pummelo essential oil (WPEO) was investigated in its aldehyde constituents and their transformations induced by UV irradiation and air exposure by GC-MS, GC-O, and sensory evaluation. Nine aldehydes, i.e., octanal, nonanal, citronellal, decanal, trans-citral, cis-citral, perilla aldehyde, dodecanal, and dodecenal, were detected in WPEO. After treatment, the content of citronellal increased, but the concentrations of other aldehydes decreased. The aliphatic aldehydes were transformed to organic acids. Citral was transformed to neric acid, geranic acid, and cyclocitral. Aldehyde transformation caused a remarkable decrease in the minty, herbaceous, and lemon notes of WPEO. In fresh WPEO, β-myrcene, d-limonene, octanal, decanal, cis-citral, trans-citral, and dodecenal had the highest odor dilution folds. After the treatment, the dilution folds of decanal, cis-citral, trans-citral, and dodecenal decreased dramatically. This result provides information for the production and storage of aldehyde-containing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jun Li
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering , Xiamen 361021, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Peng Hong
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen 361021, China
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yuan Fan Yang
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering , Xiamen 361021, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Gao Ling Huang
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering , Xiamen 361021, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Li Ming Wu
- Institute of Apicultural Reaseach, CAAS, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering , Xiamen 361021, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen 361021, China
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10
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Tan S, Zhao X, Yang Y, Ke Z, Zhou Z. Chemical Profiling Using Uplc Q-Tof/Ms and Antioxidant Activities ofFortunellaFruits. J Food Sci 2016; 81:C1646-53. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Si Tan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture; Southwest Univ; Chongqing 400716 China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions; Ministry of Education; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Xijuan Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture; Southwest Univ; Chongqing 400716 China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions; Ministry of Education; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture; Southwest Univ; Chongqing 400716 China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions; Ministry of Education; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Zunli Ke
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture; Southwest Univ; Chongqing 400716 China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions; Ministry of Education; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Zhiqin Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture; Southwest Univ; Chongqing 400716 China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions; Ministry of Education; Chongqing 400715 China
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11
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Sutour S, Luro F, Bradesi P, Casanova J, Tomi F. Chemical Composition of the Fruit Oils of Five Fortunella Species Grown in the Same Pedoclimatic Conditions in Corsica (France). Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit oil from five species of kumquat ( Fortunella japonica, F. margarita, F. crassifolia, F. obovata, and F. hindsii) grown in the same pedoclimatic conditions have been analyzed by a combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The compositions of the five fruit oils were strongly dominated by limonene (84.2–96.3%). Other components present with appreciable contents were myrcene (1.3–12.9%) and germacrene D (0.3–2.4%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Sutour
- Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France
| | | | - Pascale Bradesi
- Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France
| | - Joseph Casanova
- Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France
| | - Félix Tomi
- Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France
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12
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Karami A, Rowshan V. Temporal Analysis of Volatile Oil Compounds from Winter Season Flowering ‘Eureka’ Lemon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/22297928.2015.1039581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Sun H, Ni H, Yang Y, Wu L, Cai HN, Xiao AF, Chen F. Investigation of sunlight-induced deterioration of aroma of pummelo (Citrus maxima) essential oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11818-30. [PMID: 25438994 DOI: 10.1021/jf504294g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Deterioration of aromas of pummelo essential oil (EO) induced by sunlight was compared to those induced by heat and oxygen exposure using the techniques of sensory evaluation and GC-MS analysis. The sunlight-exposed EO was found to possess an oily off-flavor odor, which was significantly different from its counterparts induced by oxygen and heat. The strong oily note of the sunlight-exposed EO was attributed to the existence of linalool oxides and limonene oxides, as well as the lack of neral and geranial, for which UV sunlight was revealed to be the critical contributor causing the chemical reactions for the aroma changes. The results demonstrated that UV sunlight could significantly affect the aroma of the pummelo EO, providing valuable information that will benefit the production and storage of EO-based aromatic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- College of Bioengineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, People's Republic of China
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Beck JJ, Smith L, Baig N. An overview of plant volatile metabolomics, sample treatment and reporting considerations with emphasis on mechanical damage and biological control of weeds. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2014; 25:331-41. [PMID: 24347157 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The technology for the collection and analysis of plant-emitted volatiles for understanding chemical cues of plant-plant, plant-insect or plant-microbe interactions has increased over the years. Consequently, the in situ collection, analysis and identification of volatiles are considered integral to elucidation of complex plant communications. Due to the complexity and range of emissions the conditions for consistent emission of volatiles are difficult to standardise. OBJECTIVE To discuss: evaluation of emitted volatile metabolites as a means of screening potential target- and non-target weeds/plants for insect biological control agents; plant volatile metabolomics to analyse resultant data; importance of considering volatiles from damaged plants; and use of a database for reporting experimental conditions and results. METHOD Recent literature relating to plant volatiles and plant volatile metabolomics are summarised to provide a basic understanding of how metabolomics can be applied to the study of plant volatiles. RESULTS An overview of plant secondary metabolites, plant volatile metabolomics, analysis of plant volatile metabolomics data and the subsequent input into a database, the roles of plant volatiles, volatile emission as a function of treatment, and the application of plant volatile metabolomics to biological control of invasive weeds. CONCLUSION It is recommended that in addition to a non-damaged treatment, plants be damaged prior to collecting volatiles to provide the greatest diversity of odours. For the model system provided, optimal volatile emission occurred when the leaf was punctured with a needle. Results stored in a database should include basic environmental conditions or treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Beck
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
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15
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Sun H, Ni H, Yang Y, Chen F, Cai H, Xiao A. Sensory evaluation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the volatile extracts of pummelo (Citrus maxima) peel. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- College of Food Science and Bioengineering; Jimei University; Fujian Province 361021 China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food Science and Bioengineering; Jimei University; Fujian Province 361021 China
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - Yuanfan Yang
- College of Food Science and Bioengineering; Jimei University; Fujian Province 361021 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology; Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021 China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Food Science and Bioengineering; Jimei University; Fujian Province 361021 China
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - Huinong Cai
- College of Food Science and Bioengineering; Jimei University; Fujian Province 361021 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology; Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021 China
| | - Anfeng Xiao
- College of Food Science and Bioengineering; Jimei University; Fujian Province 361021 China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City; Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021 China
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16
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Azam M, Song M, Fan F, Zhang B, Xu Y, Xu C, Chen K. Comparative analysis of flower volatiles from nine citrus at three blooming stages. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22346-67. [PMID: 24232454 PMCID: PMC3856067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatiles from flowers at three blooming stages of nine citrus cultivars were analyzed by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME)-GC-MS. Up to 110 volatiles were detected, with 42 tentatively identified from citrus flowers for the first time. Highest amounts of volatiles were present in fully opened flowers of most citrus, except for pomelos. All cultivars were characterized by a high percentage of either oxygenated monoterpenes or monoterpene hydrocarbons, and the presence of a high percentage of nitrogen containing compounds was also observed. Flower volatiles varied qualitatively and quantitatively among citrus types during blooming. Limonene was the most abundant flower volatile only in citrons; α-citral and β-citral ranked 2nd and 3rd only for Bergamot, and unopened flowers of Ponkan had a higher amount of linalool and β-pinene while much lower amount of γ-terpinene and p-cymene than Satsuma. Taking the average of all cultivars, linalool and limonene were the top two volatiles for all blooming stages; β-pinene ranked 3rd in unopened flowers, while indole ranked 3rd for half opened and fully opened flower volatiles. As flowers bloomed, methyl anthranilate increased while 2-hexenal and p-cymene decreased. In some cases, a volatile could be high in both unopened and fully opened flowers but low in half opened ones. Through multivariate analysis, the nine citrus cultivars were clustered into three groups, consistent with the three true citrus types. Furthermore, an influence of blooming stages on clustering was observed, especially with hybrids Satsuma and Huyou. Altogether, it was suggested that flower volatiles can be suitable markers for revealing the genetic relationships between citrus cultivars but the same blooming stage needs to be strictly controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azam
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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