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Li Q, Wang G, Yuan Z, Kang R, Li Y, Bahabayi A, Xiong Z, Zhang Z, Liu C. Circulating CD8 + LGALS9 + T Cell Population Exhibiting Low Cytotoxic Characteristics are Decreased in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Immunol Res 2024:10.1007/s12026-024-09522-4. [PMID: 39046608 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-024-09522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
LGALS9, also known as Galectin-9 and a member of the β-galactosidase family, plays a crucial role in immune regulation. However, its expression and function in CD8 T cells, as well as its association with cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), remain unclear. This study aims to investigate LGALS9 expression patterns in human circulating CD8 T lymphocytes and elucidate its clinical significance in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Blood samples from 56 healthy controls and 50 new-onset SLE patients were collected. Flow cytometry was utilized to analyze LGALS9 expression in circulating CD8 T lymphocytes via intracellular staining. Compared to LGALS9 + CD8 + T cells, LGALS9-CD8 + T cells showed increased secretion of Granzyme B (GZMB) and Perforin, along with elevated expression levels of GPR56, CX3CR1, KLRD1, KLRF1, PD1, and CD29. A higher proportion of Tn (naive T cells) and TCM (central memory T cells) showed LGALS9 positivity, compared to TEM (effector memory T cells) and TEMRA (terminally differentiated effector memory T cells re-expressing CD45RA). Clinically, the downregulation of LGALS9 expression was significant in SLE patients. LGALS9 + CD8 + T cells exhibited an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.6916, while CX3CR1 + in LGALS9 + CD8 + T cells had an AUC of 0.6478, and KLRF1 + had an AUC of 0.6419, for distinguishing SLE from healthy individuals. In conclusion, CD8 + LGALS9 + T cells display characteristics of low cytotoxicity, and their reduction is evident in SLE patients, potentially implicating them in SLE pathogenesis and providing diagnostic assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guochong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zihang Yuan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ayibaota Bahabayi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqi Xiong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
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2
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Pan M, Zhao H, Jin R, Leung PSC, Shuai Z. Targeting immune checkpoints in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies associated vasculitis: the potential therapeutic targets in the future. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1156212. [PMID: 37090741 PMCID: PMC10115969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV) is a necrotizing vasculitis mainly involving small blood vessels. It is demonstrated that T cells are important in the pathogenesis of AAV, including regulatory T cells (Treg) and helper T cells (Th), especially Th2, Th17, and follicular Th cells (Tfh). In addition, the exhaustion of T cells predicted the favorable prognosis of AAV. The immune checkpoints (ICs) consist of a group of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules expressed on the surface of T cells, which maintains a balance between the activation and exhaustion of T cells. CD28, inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS), OX40, CD40L, glucocorticoid induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR), and CD137 are the common co-stimulatory molecules, while the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule 4 (CTLA-4), T cell immunoglobulin (Ig) and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3), B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), T-cell Ig and ITIM domain (TIGIT), CD200, and lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) belong to co-inhibitory molecules. If this balance was disrupted and the activation of T cells was increased, autoimmune diseases (AIDs) might be induced. Even in the treatment of malignant tumors, activation of T cells by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may result in AIDs known as rheumatic immune-related adverse events (Rh-irAEs), suggesting the importance of ICs in AIDs. In this review, we summarized the features of AAV induced by immunotherapy using ICIs in patients with malignant tumors, and then reviewed the biological characteristics of different ICs. Our aim was to explore potential targets in ICs for future treatment of AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Pan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruimin Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Patrick S. C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Zongwen Shuai, ; Patrick S. C. Leung,
| | - Zongwen Shuai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Zongwen Shuai, ; Patrick S. C. Leung,
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Krautter F, Hussain MT, Zhi Z, Lezama DR, Manning JE, Brown E, Marigliano N, Raucci F, Recio C, Chimen M, Maione F, Tiwari A, McGettrick HM, Cooper D, Fisher EA, Iqbal AJ. Galectin-9: A novel promoter of atherosclerosis progression. Atherosclerosis 2022; 363:57-68. [PMID: 36459823 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Atherosclerosis is widely accepted to be an inflammatory disease driven by lipid accumulation and leukocyte recruitment. More recently, galectins, a family of β-galactoside binding proteins, have been shown to play a role in leukocyte recruitment among other immunomodulatory functions. Galectin (Gal) -9, a tandem repeat type galectin expressed by the endothelium in inflammatory environments, has been proposed to promote leukocyte recruitment. However, the role of Gal-9 in the context of monocyte recruitment remains elusive. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we characterise the immunomodulatory role of Gal-9 in context of atherosclerosis. We show that ApoE-/-Gal-9-/- mice have a significantly reduced aortic plaque burden compared to their ApoE-/- littermate controls after 12 weeks of high fat diet. RNA sequencing data from two independent studies reveal Lgals9 expression in leukocyte clusters isolated from murine atherosclerotic plaques. Additionally, soluble Gal-9 protein induces monocyte activation and a pro-inflammatory phenotype in macrophages. Furthermore, we show that immobilised recombinant Gal-9 acts as capture and adhesion molecule for CD14+ monocytes in a β2-integrin and glycan dependent manner, while adhesion of monocytes to stimulated endothelium is reduced when Gal-9 is knocked down. Gal-9 also facilitates enhanced recruitment of leukocytes from peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients compared to healthy young and aged controls. We further characterise the endothelium as source of circulating Gal-9, which is increased in plasma of PAD patients compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight a pathological role for Gal-9 as promoter of monocyte recruitment and atherosclerotic plaque progression, making it a novel target in the prevention of plaque formation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Krautter
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed T Hussain
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhaogong Zhi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle R Lezama
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Julia E Manning
- Institute of Inflammation and Aging, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, And the Cardiovascular Research Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Noemi Marigliano
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Raucci
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlota Recio
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Farmacología Molecular y Translacional - BIOPharm, Las Palmas de G.C, Spain
| | - Myriam Chimen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Maione
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alok Tiwari
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Institute of Inflammation and Aging, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dianne Cooper
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, And the Cardiovascular Research Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Mehta P, Singh P, Aggarwal A. Serum and urinary galectin-9 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10. Lupus 2022; 31:482-487. [PMID: 35245170 DOI: 10.1177/09612033221082907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by a type I interferon (IFN) signature, and traditional methods for its measurement like gene expression analysis are cumbersome for routine use. Thus, we aimed to study galectin-9 as a biomarker and compared it with a validated marker, C-X-C motifchemokine ligand 10(CXCL-10). METHODS Ninety-seven patients with SLE (26 years; 89 females) were included and stratified based on renal involvement and activity into - active (SLEDAI > 4) renal (35), active non-renal (32) and inactive renal subgroups (30) along with 20 healthy controls (HC, 25 years; 15 females). The median disease duration was 24 months (6-48), and SLEDAI 2K was 9 (2-15). Serum and urine galectin-9 and CXCL-10 levels were measured by ELISA. Urine levels were normalized with spot urine creatinine values. Follow-up serum and urine galectin-9 levels were measured for those in the active renal group at 6 months. RESULTS Patients with SLE had higher serum galectin-9 (5.6 vs 1.7 μg/mL, p = .0001) but not urine galectin-9 (0.52 vs 0.32 μg, p = .7) levels as compared to HC. Serum galectin-9 but not urine galectin-9 was higher in patients with active as compared to inactive lupus (12.9 - active renal, 16.7 - active non-renal vs 3.57 μg/mL, p = .04 and .005). Serum CXCL-10 (0.16 vs 0.05, p = .01) and urine CXCL-10 (0 vs 0, p = .01) were both significantly higher in the SLE group as compared with HC. Serum but not urine CXCL-10 was higher in the active as compared to inactive lupus (0.2 - active renal, 0.3 - active non-renal vs 0.08 μg/mL, p = .9 and .02). Serum galectin-9 showed a modest correlation with CXCL-10 0.4 (0.2-0.6), whereas none was found between their urine levels.Serum galectin-9 and CXCL-10 showed a moderate positive correlation with SLEDAI 2K. Serum galectin-9 showed a greater AUC than CXCL-10 (0.77 vs 0.67) in differentiating active from inactive SLE, and both tested together had the best AUC of 0.82. However, urinary levels had no association with SLEDAI 2K or renal SLEDAI. In a subset of patients with active renal disease, serum galectin-9 but not urine levels declined significantly after 6 months. CONCLUSION Serum galectin-9 is a good marker of lupus activity; however, it does not differentiate between active renal and active non-renal disease. It performs slightly better than CXCL-10. Urinary galectin-9 does not reflect renal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankti Mehta
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Pratibha Singh
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Amita Aggarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Onishi K, Fu HY, Sofue T, Tobiume A, Moritoki M, Saiga H, Ohmura-Hoshino M, Hoshino K, Minamino T. Galectin-9 deficiency exacerbates lipopolysaccharide-induced hypothermia and kidney injury. Clin Exp Nephrol 2021; 26:226-233. [PMID: 34698914 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-021-02152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a multifunctional lectin that moderates inflammation and organ damage. In this study, we tested whether Gal-9 has a protective role in the pathogenesis of endotoxemic acute kidney injury. METHODS We examined the levels of Gal-9 in control mice after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. We developed Gal-9 knockout (KO) mice that lack Gal-9 systemically and evaluated the role of Gal-9 in LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines, vascular permeability, and renal injury. RESULTS Gal-9 levels were increased in the plasma, kidney, and spleen within 4 h after LPS administration to wild-type mice. Gal-9 deficiency did not affect the LPS-induced increase in plasma tumor necrosis factor-α levels at 1 h or vascular permeability at 6 h. Lower urine volume and reduced creatinine clearance were observed in Gal-9-KO mice compared with wild-type mice after LPS administration. Gal-9-KO mice had limited improvement in urine volume after fluid resuscitation compared with wild-type mice. LPS reduced the body temperature 12 h after its administration. Hypothermia had disappeared in wild-type mice by 24 h, whereas it was sustained until 24 h in Gal-9-KO mice. Importantly, maintaining body temperature in Gal-9-KO mice improved the response of urine flow to fluid resuscitation. CONCLUSION Deficiency in Gal-9 worsened LPS-induced hypothermia and kidney injury in mice. The accelerated hypothermia induced by Gal-9 deficiency contributed to the blunted response to fluid resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Onishi
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kita-Gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Hai Ying Fu
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kita-Gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sofue
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kita-Gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tobiume
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kita-Gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Masahiro Moritoki
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kita-Gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saiga
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kita-Gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Mari Ohmura-Hoshino
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kita-Gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, School of Nursing and Medical Care, Yokkaichi Nursing and Medical Care University, 1200 Kayo-cho, Yokkaichi, Mie, 512-8045, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Hoshino
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kita-Gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Minamino
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kita-Gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
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Unraveling How Tumor-Derived Galectins Contribute to Anti-Cancer Immunity Failure. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184529. [PMID: 34572756 PMCID: PMC8469970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review compiles our current knowledge of one of the main pathways activated by tumors to escape immune attack. Indeed, it integrates the current understanding of how tumor-derived circulating galectins affect the elicitation of effective anti-tumor immunity. It focuses on several relevant topics: which are the main galectins produced by tumors, how soluble galectins circulate throughout biological liquids (taking a body-settled gradient concentration into account), the conditions required for the galectins’ functions to be accomplished at the tumor and tumor-distant sites, and how the physicochemical properties of the microenvironment in each tissue determine their functions. These are no mere semantic definitions as they define which functions can be performed in said tissues instead. Finally, we discuss the promising future of galectins as targets in cancer immunotherapy and some outstanding questions in the field. Abstract Current data indicates that anti-tumor T cell-mediated immunity correlates with a better prognosis in cancer patients. However, it has widely been demonstrated that tumor cells negatively manage immune attack by activating several immune-suppressive mechanisms. It is, therefore, essential to fully understand how lymphocytes are activated in a tumor microenvironment and, above all, how to prevent these cells from becoming dysfunctional. Tumors produce galectins-1, -3, -7, -8, and -9 as one of the major molecular mechanisms to evade immune control of tumor development. These galectins impact different steps in the establishment of the anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we carry out a critical dissection on the mechanisms through which tumor-derived galectins can influence the production and the functionality of anti-tumor T lymphocytes. This knowledge may help us design more effective immunotherapies to treat human cancers.
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Smith LK, Fawaz K, Treanor B. Galectin-9 regulates the threshold of B cell activation and autoimmunity. eLife 2021; 10:64557. [PMID: 34369876 PMCID: PMC8352593 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance, the mature B cell compartment contains cells reactive for self-antigen. How these cells are poised not to respond and the mechanisms that restrain B cell responses to low-affinity endogenous antigens are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate a critical role for the glycan-binding protein galectin-9 in setting the threshold of B cell activation and that loss of this regulatory network is sufficient to drive spontaneous autoimmunity. We further demonstrate a critical role for galectin-9 in restraining not only conventional B-2 B cells, but also innate-like B-1a cells. We show that galectin-9-deficient mice have an expanded population of B-1a cells and increased titers of B-1a-derived autoantibodies. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that galectin-9 regulates BCR and distinct TLR responses in B-1a cells, but not B-1b cells, by regulating the interaction between BCR and TLRs with the regulatory molecules CD5 and CD180, respectively. In the absence of galectin-9, B-1a cells are more readily activated and secrete increased titers of autoantibodies that facilitate autoantigen delivery to the spleen, driving autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kareem Fawaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bebhinn Treanor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Enocsson H, Wetterö J, Eloranta ML, Gullstrand B, Svanberg C, Larsson M, Bengtsson AA, Rönnblom L, Sjöwall C. Comparison of Surrogate Markers of the Type I Interferon Response and Their Ability to Mirror Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688753. [PMID: 34276678 PMCID: PMC8278235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Type I interferons (IFNs) are central and reflective of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, IFN-α levels are notoriously difficult to measure and the type I IFN gene signature (IGS) is not yet available in clinical routine. This study evaluates galectin-9 and an array of chemokines/cytokines in their potential as surrogate markers of type I IFN and/or SLE disease activity. Methods Healthy controls and well-characterized Swedish SLE patients from two cross-sectional cohorts (n=181; n=59) were included, and a subgroup (n=21) was longitudinally followed. Chemokine/cytokine responses in immune complex triggered IFN-α activity was studied in healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Levels of chemokines/cytokines and galectin-9 were measured by immunoassays. Gene expression was quantified by qPCR. Results The IGS was significantly (p<0.01) correlated with galectin-9 (rho=0.54) and CXCL10 (rho=0.37) levels whereas serum IFN-α correlated with galectin-9 (rho=0.36), CXCL10 (rho=0.39), CCL19 (rho=0.26) and CCL2 (rho=0.19). The strongest correlation was observed between galectin-9 and TNF (rho=0.56). IFN-α and disease activity (SLEDAI-2K) were correlated (rho=0.20) at cross-sectional analysis, but no significant associations were found between SLEDAI-2K and galectin-9 or chemokines. Several inflammatory mediators increased at disease exacerbation although CCL19, CXCL11, CXCL10, IL-10 and IL-1 receptor antagonist were most pronounced. Immune complex-stimulation of PBMC increased the production of CCL2, CXCL8 and TNF. Conclusion Galectin-9 and CXCL10 were associated with type I IFN in SLE but correlated stronger with TNF. None of the investigated biomarkers showed a convincing association with disease activity, although CXCL10 and CCL19 performed best in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Enocsson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jonas Wetterö
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maija-Leena Eloranta
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Gullstrand
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Rheumatology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svanberg
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Larsson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anders A Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Rheumatology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sjöwall
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Xu WD, Huang Q, Huang AF. Emerging role of galectin family in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102847. [PMID: 33971347 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galectin family is a group of glycan-binding proteins. Members in this family are expressed in different tissues, immune or non-immune cells. These molecules are important regulators in innate and adaptive immune response, performing significantly in a broad range of cellular and pathophysiological functions, such as cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and invasion. Findings have shown that expression of galectins is abnormal in many inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, sjögren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis. Galectins also function as intracellular and extracellular disease regulators mainly through the binding of their carbohydrate recognition domain to glycoconjugates. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of the role that different galectin family members play in immune cells, contributing to the complex inflammatory diseases. Hopefully collection of the information will provide a preliminary theoretical basis for the exploration of new targets for treatment of the disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - An-Fang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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Nunoue T, Yamaguchi S, Teshigawara S, Katayama A, Nakatsuka A, Eguchi J, Niki T, Wada J. Lgals9 deficiency ameliorates obesity by modulating redox state of PRDX2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5991. [PMID: 33727589 PMCID: PMC7966757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The adipose tissue is regarded as an endocrine organ and secretes bioactive adipokines modulating chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in obesity. Gal-9 is secreted out upon cell injuries, interacts with T-cell immunoglobulin-3 (Tim-3) and induces apoptosis in activated Th1 cells. Gal-9 also binds to protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), maintains PDI on surface of T cells, and increases free thiols in the disulfide/thiol cycles. To explore the molecular mechanism of obesity, we investigated Gal-9−/− and Gal-9wt/wt C57BL/6J mice fed with high fat-high sucrose (HFHS) chow. Gal-9−/− mice were resistant to diet-induced obesity associated with reduction of epididymal and mesenteric fat tissues and improved glucose tolerance compared with Gal-9wt/wt mice. However, the number of M1, M2 macrophages, and M1/M2 ratio in epididymal fat were unaltered. Under HFHS chow, Gal-9−/− mice receiving Gal-9−/− or Gal-9wt/wt bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) demonstrated significantly lower body weight compared with Gal-9wt/wt mice receiving Gal-9−/− BMCs. We identified the binding between Gal-9 and peroxiredoxin-2 (PRDX2) in sugar chain-independent manner by nanoLC-MS/MS, immunoprecipitation, and pull-down assay. In 3T3L1 adipocytes, Gal-9 knockdown shifts PRDX2 monomer (reduced form) dominant from PRDX2 dimer (oxidized form) under oxidative stress with H2O2. The inhibition of Gal-9 in adipocytes may be a new therapeutic approach targeting the oxidative stress and subsequent glucose intolerance in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Nunoue
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Sanae Teshigawara
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Akihiro Katayama
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakatsuka
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Jun Eguchi
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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11
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Su YJ, Wang PW, Weng SW. The Role of Mitochondria in Immune-Cell-Mediated Tissue Regeneration and Ageing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2668. [PMID: 33800867 PMCID: PMC7961648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During tissue injury events, the innate immune system responds immediately to alarms sent from the injured cells, and the adaptive immune system subsequently joins in the inflammatory reaction. The control mechanism of each immune reaction relies on the orchestration of different types of T cells and the activators, antigen-presenting cells, co-stimulatory molecules, and cytokines. Mitochondria are an intracellular signaling organelle and energy plant, which supply the energy requirement of the immune system and maintain the system activation with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Extracellular mitochondria can elicit regenerative effects or serve as an activator of the immune cells to eliminate the damaged cells. Recent clarification of the cytosolic escape of mitochondrial DNA triggering innate immunity underscores the pivotal role of mitochondria in inflammation-related diseases. Human mesenchymal stem cells could transfer mitochondria through nanotubular structures to defective mitochondrial DNA cells. In recent years, mitochondrial therapy has shown promise in treating heart ischemic events, Parkinson's disease, and fulminating hepatitis. Taken together, these results emphasize the emerging role of mitochondria in immune-cell-mediated tissue regeneration and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jih Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123, Dapi Road, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (Y.-J.S.); (P.-W.W.)
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123, Dapi Road, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (Y.-J.S.); (P.-W.W.)
| | - Shao-Wen Weng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123, Dapi Road, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (Y.-J.S.); (P.-W.W.)
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12
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Chakraborty A, Staudinger C, King SL, Erickson FC, Lau LS, Bernasconi A, Luscinskas FW, Perlyn C, Dimitroff CJ. Galectin-9 bridges human B cells to vascular endothelium while programming regulatory pathways. J Autoimmun 2020; 117:102575. [PMID: 33285511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Humoral immunity is reliant on efficient recruitment of circulating naïve B cells from blood into peripheral lymph nodes (LN) and timely transition of naive B cells to high affinity antibody (Ab)-producing cells. Current understanding of factor(s) coordinating B cell adhesion, activation and differentiation within LN, however, is incomplete. Prior studies on naïve B cells reveal remarkably strong binding to putative immunoregulator, galectin (Gal)-9, that attenuates BCR activation and signaling, implicating Gal-9 as a negative regulator in B cell biology. Here, we investigated Gal-9 localization in human tonsils and LNs and unearthed conspicuously high expression of Gal-9 on high endothelial and post-capillary venules. Adhesion analyses showed that Gal-9 can bridge human circulating and naïve B cells to vascular endothelial cells (EC), while decelerating transendothelial migration. Moreover, Gal-9 interactions with naïve B cells induced global transcription of gene families related to regulation of cell signaling and membrane/cytoskeletal dynamics. Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule F7 (SLAMF7) was among key immunoregulators elevated by Gal-9-binding, while SLAMF7's cytosolic adapter EAT-2, which is required for cell activation, was eliminated. Gal-9 also activated phosphorylation of pro-survival factor, ERK. Together, these data suggest that Gal-9 promotes B cell - EC interactions while delivering anergic signals to control B cell reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmi Chakraborty
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Caleb Staudinger
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Sandra L King
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Frances Clemente Erickson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Lee Seng Lau
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Angela Bernasconi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Francis W Luscinskas
- Department of Pathology, Vascular Research Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Chad Perlyn
- Department of Surgery, Nicholas Children's Hospital, Division of Plastic Surgery, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Charles J Dimitroff
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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13
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Asano T, Matsuoka N, Fujita Y, Matsumoto H, Temmoku J, Yashiro-Furuya M, Sato S, Suzuki E, Kobayashi H, Watanabe H, Migita K. Serum Levels of T Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin-Domain Containing Molecule 3 in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113563. [PMID: 33167436 PMCID: PMC7694535 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3) is implicated in the development of various autoimmune diseases. We aimed to investigate the levels of soluble TIM-3 (sTIM-3) and their associations between clinical parameters in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: Serum samples were collected from 65 patients with SLE and 35 age-matched healthy controls (HCs). The SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) and the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) damage index (SDI) were used to assess SLE disease activity and SLE-related organ damage. British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG)-2004 index was also used to assess SLE disease activity. Soluble TIM-3 (sTIM-3) in sera from patients with SLE and HCs were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results were compared with the clinical parameters of SLE including SLE disease activity. Results: Serum sTIM-3 levels in patients with SLE (median 2123 pg/mL (interquartile range (IQR), 229–7235)) were significantly higher than those in HCs (1363 pg/mL; IQR, 1097–1673; p = 0.0015). Serum levels of sTIM-3 were correlated with disease activity of SLE using the SLEDAI-2K score (p < 0.001, r = 0.53). The serum sTIM-3 levels in SLE patients with active renal disease (BILAG renal index A-B) were significantly higher than those without the active renal disease (BILAG renal index C–E). However, no significant difference was observed in serum sTIM-3 levels between SLE patients with and without active involvement in other organs (BILAG index). Serum sTIM-3 levels were significantly elevated in SLE patients with organ damage (2710 pg/mL; IQR, 256–7235) compared to those without organ damage (1532 pg/mL; IQR, 228–5274), as assessed by the SDI (p = 0.0102). Conclusions: Circulating sTIM-3 levels are elevated in SLE patients, and serum sTIM-3 levels are associated with SLE disease activity and SLE-related organ damage. The data indicate a possible link between the TIM-3/Gal-9 pathway and SLE clinical phenotypes, and further investigation of the TIM-3 pathway in SLE pathophysiology is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kiyoshi Migita
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-24-547-1171; Fax: +81-24-547-1172
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14
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Lu KL, Wu MY, Wang CH, Wang CW, Hung SI, Chung WH, Chen CB. The Role of Immune Checkpoint Receptors in Regulating Immune Reactivity in Lupus. Cells 2019; 8:E1213. [PMID: 31597242 PMCID: PMC6829486 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint receptors with co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signals are important modulators for the immune system. However, unrestricted co-stimulation and/or inadequate co-inhibition may cause breakdown of self-tolerance, leading to autoimmunity. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex multi-organ disease with skewed and dysregulated immune responses interacting with genetics and the environment. The close connections between co-signaling pathways and SLE have gradually been established in past research. Also, the recent success of immune checkpoint blockade in cancer therapy illustrates the importance of the co-inhibitory receptors in cancer immunotherapy. Moreover, immune checkpoint blockade could result in substantial immune-related adverse events that mimic autoimmune diseases, including lupus. Together, immune checkpoint regulators represent viable immunotherapeutic targets for the treatment of both autoimmunity and cancer. Therefore, it appears reasonable to treat SLE by restoring the out-of-order co-signaling axis or by manipulating collateral pathways to control the pathogenic immune responses. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the relationships between SLE and the co-signaling pathways of T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and neutrophils, and highlight their potential clinical implications. Current clinical trials targeting the specific co-signaling axes involved in SLE help to advance such knowledge, but further in-depth exploration is still warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Lin Lu
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (M.-Y.W.); , (C.-W.W.); (S.-I.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ying Wu
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (M.-Y.W.); , (C.-W.W.); (S.-I.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hui Wang
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (M.-Y.W.); , (C.-W.W.); (S.-I.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
| | - Chuang-Wei Wang
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (M.-Y.W.); , (C.-W.W.); (S.-I.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Iu Hung
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (M.-Y.W.); , (C.-W.W.); (S.-I.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (M.-Y.W.); , (C.-W.W.); (S.-I.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen 361000, China
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Bing Chen
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (M.-Y.W.); , (C.-W.W.); (S.-I.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen 361000, China
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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15
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Fernandez‐Santamaría R, Palomares F, Salas M, Doña I, Bogas G, Ariza A, Rodriguez‐Nogales A, Plaza‐Seron MC, Mayorga C, Torres MJ, Fernández TD. Expression of the Tim3-galectin-9 axis is altered in drug-induced maculopapular exanthema. Allergy 2019; 74:1769-1779. [PMID: 31034608 DOI: 10.1111/all.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-induced maculopapular exanthemas (MPEs) are mediated by Th1 CD4+ T cells. One of the mechanisms of control of Th1 cells in homeostasis is the interaction between the checkpoint inhibitor Tim3 and its physiological ligand galectin-9 (Gal9). Disorders affecting this axis may be responsible for various autoimmune and immunological diseases. The aim of this study was to determinate the influence of the Tim3-Gal9 axis on the development of MPE induced by drugs. METHODS Frequencies of different cell subsets and the expression of Tim3 and Gal9 were measured in peripheral blood by flow cytometry and in skin biopsies by immunohistochemistry. Gal9 expression was assessed by RT-qPCR; its release was measured by multiplex assay. The effects of blocking or enhancing the Tim3-Gal9 axis on monocyte-derived dendritic cell (moDC) maturation and T-cell proliferation were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS The expression of Tim3 was significantly reduced in peripheral blood Th1 cells and in the skin of MPE patients vs controls. Gal9 expression and release were significantly reduced in patient peripheral blood and moDCs, respectively. The addition of exogenous Gal9 significantly reduced Tim3+ Th1 proliferation, although Treg proliferation increased. CONCLUSION This study showed the involvement of the Tim3-Gal9 axis in MPE. The reduced expression of Tim3 in Th1 cells together with the impaired expression of Gal9 in PBMCs and DCs appears to have a role in the development of the disease. The potential of Gal9 to suppress Th1 and enhance Treg proliferation makes it a promising tool for treating these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisca Palomares
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
| | - Maria Salas
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
- Allergy Unit Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Inmaculada Doña
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
- Allergy Unit Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Gador Bogas
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
- Allergy Unit Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Adriana Ariza
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
| | - Alba Rodriguez‐Nogales
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
| | - Maria C. Plaza‐Seron
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
| | - Cristobalina Mayorga
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
- Allergy Unit Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Maria J. Torres
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
- Allergy Unit Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
- Nanostructures for Diagnosing and Treatment of Allergic Diseases Laboratory Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND Málaga Spain
| | - Tahia D. Fernández
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
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16
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Li ZH, Wang LL, Liu H, Muyayalo KP, Huang XB, Mor G, Liao AH. Galectin-9 Alleviates LPS-Induced Preeclampsia-Like Impairment in Rats via Switching Decidual Macrophage Polarization to M2 Subtype. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3142. [PMID: 30687334 PMCID: PMC6335255 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of decidual macrophages (DMs) is considered a critical event in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia (PE). T cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (Tim-3) is an important negative regulatory molecule that induces immune tolerance by interacting with its ligand Galectin-9 (Gal-9) and thus modulating function of various immune cells, including macrophages. However, the regulatory effects of Tim-3/Gal-9 signaling on DMs polarization and its role in PE remain unclear. In this study, we established a PE-like rat model by administering 1.0 μg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to normal pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats via the tail vein at embryonic day 5 (E5). Apart from the pre-eclamptic manifestations, increased M1 subtype and decreased M2 subtype were observed at the maternal-fetal interface, as well as increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and reduced anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β and IL-10). Moreover, the expression of Tim-3 in DMs and that of Gal-9 at the maternal-fetal interface were reduced. After administration of recombinant Galectin-9 (rGal-9) protein, we found that liver and renal injuries and maternofetal placental functional deficiency, including inadequate trophoblast cells invasion, impaired spiral artery remodeling and fetal capillary development, were reversed. In addition, the polarization of DMs was inclined to M2 subtype, which was similar to the polarization of DMs in the control rats but contrary to the PE-like rats. Interestingly, at E9, the expression of Tim-3 in DMs and that of Gal-9 at the maternal-fetal interface were significantly increased in the rGal-9 protein intervention group. Taken together, our findings show that administration of rGal-9 protein can alleviate the PE-like rat manifestations induced by LPS. This finding may be related to the activation of the Tim-3/Gal-9 signaling pathway, which promotes DMs polarization dominantly shifting to M2 subtype. Moreover, upregulation of Tim-3 in DMs and Gal-9 at the maternal-fetal interface at E9 suggests that Tim-3/Gal-9 pathway may play some important roles in early pregnancy and even embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hui Li
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Ling Wang
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kahinho P Muyayalo
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Huang
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gil Mor
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Reproductive Immunology Unit, Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ai-Hua Liao
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wada
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sonia Zeggar
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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18
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Xu WD, Su LC, Huang AF. Galectin 9: Friend or Foe of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? Comment on the Article by Zeggar et al. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 71:832. [PMID: 30592391 DOI: 10.1002/art.40823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin-Chong Su
- Affiliated Minda Hospital of Hubei Institute for Nationalities, Enshi, China
| | - An-Fang Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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19
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Giovannone N, Smith LK, Treanor B, Dimitroff CJ. Galectin-Glycan Interactions as Regulators of B Cell Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2839. [PMID: 30564237 PMCID: PMC6288978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface glycans and their glycan-binding partners (lectins) have generally been recognized as adhesive assemblies with neighbor cells or matrix scaffolds in organs and the blood stream. However, our understanding of the roles for glycan-lectin interactions in immunity has expanded substantially to include regulation of nearly every stage of an immune response, from pathogen sensing to immune contraction. In this Mini-Review, we discuss the role of the ß-galactoside-binding lectins known as galectins specifically in the regulation of B-lymphocyte (B cell) development, activation, and differentiation. In particular, we highlight several recent studies revealing new roles for galectin (Gal)-9 in the modulation of B cell receptor-mediated signaling and activation in mouse and man. The roles for cell surface glycosylation, especially I-branching of N-glycans synthesized by the glycosyltransferase GCNT2, in the regulation of Gal-9 binding activity are also detailed. Finally, we consider how dysregulation of these factors may contribute to aberrant immune activation and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Giovannone
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Logan K. Smith
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bebhinn Treanor
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Charles J. Dimitroff
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Meyer SJ, Linder AT, Brandl C, Nitschke L. B Cell Siglecs-News on Signaling and Its Interplay With Ligand Binding. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2820. [PMID: 30559744 PMCID: PMC6286995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD22 and Siglec-G are members of the Siglec family. Both are inhibitory co-receptors on the surface of B cells and inhibit B-cell receptor induced signaling, characterized by inhibition of the calcium mobilization and cellular activation. CD22 functions predominantly as an inhibitor on conventional B cells, while Siglec-G is an important inhibitor on the B1a-cell subset. These two B-cell Siglecs do not only inhibit initial signaling, but also have an important function in preventing autoimmunity, as double deficient mice develop a lupus-like phenotype with age. Siglecs are characterized by their conserved ability to bind terminal sialic acid of glycans on the cell surface, which is important to regulate the inhibitory role of Siglecs. While CD22 binds α2,6-linked sialic acids, Siglec-G can bind both α2,6-linked and α2,3-linked sialic acids. Interestingly, ligand binding is differentially regulating the ability of CD22 and Siglec-G to control B-cell activation. Within the last years, quite a few studies focused on the different functions of B-cell Siglecs and the interplay of ligand binding and signal inhibition. This review summarizes the role of CD22 and Siglec-G in regulating B-cell receptor signaling, membrane distribution with the importance of ligand binding, preventing autoimmunity and the role of CD22 beyond the naïve B-cell stage. Additionally, this review article features the long time discussed interaction between CD45 and CD22 with highlighting recent data, as well as the interplay between CD22 and Galectin-9 and its influence on B-cell receptor signaling. Moreover, therapeutical approaches targeting human CD22 will be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Meyer
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra T Linder
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carolin Brandl
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Dias AM, Pereira MS, Padrão NA, Alves I, Marcos-Pinto R, Lago P, Pinho SS. Glycans as critical regulators of gut immunity in homeostasis and disease. Cell Immunol 2018; 333:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Giovannone N, Liang J, Antonopoulos A, Geddes Sweeney J, King SL, Pochebit SM, Bhattacharyya N, Lee GS, Dell A, Widlund HR, Haslam SM, Dimitroff CJ. Galectin-9 suppresses B cell receptor signaling and is regulated by I-branching of N-glycans. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3287. [PMID: 30120234 PMCID: PMC6098069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes are coated with a layer of heterogeneous carbohydrates (glycans) that modulate immune function, in part by governing specific interactions with glycan-binding proteins (lectins). Although nearly all membrane proteins bear glycans, the identity and function of most of these sugars on leukocytes remain unexplored. Here, we characterize the N-glycan repertoire (N-glycome) of human tonsillar B cells. We observe that naive and memory B cells express an N-glycan repertoire conferring strong binding to the immunoregulatory lectin galectin-9 (Gal-9). Germinal center B cells, by contrast, show sharply diminished binding to Gal-9 due to upregulation of I-branched N-glycans, catalyzed by the β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase GCNT2. Functionally, we find that Gal-9 is autologously produced by naive B cells, binds CD45, suppresses calcium signaling via a Lyn-CD22-SHP-1 dependent mechanism, and blunts B cell activation. Thus, our findings suggest Gal-9 intrinsically regulates B cell activation and may differentially modulate BCR signaling at steady state and within germinal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Giovannone
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - J Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - A Antonopoulos
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J Geddes Sweeney
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - S L King
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - S M Pochebit
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - N Bhattacharyya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - G S Lee
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - A Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - H R Widlund
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - S M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - C J Dimitroff
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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23
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Panda AK, Das BK. Perplexing Role of Galectin 9 in Experimental Lupus Models: Comment on the Article by Zeggar et al. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:1530-1531. [PMID: 29781131 DOI: 10.1002/art.40564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Panda
- Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Bidyut K Das
- S. C. B. Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India
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Zeggar S, Watanabe KS, Teshigawara S, Hiramatsu S, Katsuyama T, Katsuyama E, Watanabe H, Matsumoto Y, Kawabata T, Sada KE, Niki T, Hirashima M, Wada J. Role of Lgals9 Deficiency in Attenuating Nephritis and Arthritis in BALB/c Mice in a Pristane-Induced Lupus Model. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:1089-1101. [PMID: 29481735 DOI: 10.1002/art.40467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease associated with multiple organ involvement, the development of lupus nephritis determines prognosis, and arthritis impairs quality of life. Galectin 9 (Gal-9, Lgals9) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin that has been used for clinical application in autoimmune diseases, since recombinant Gal-9, as a ligand for T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3), induces apoptosis of activated CD4+TIM-3+ Th1 cells. This study was undertaken to investigate whether deficiency of Lgals9 has beneficial or deleterious effects on lupus in a murine model. METHODS Gal-9+/+ and Gal-9-/- female BALB/c mice were injected with pristane, and the severity of arthritis, proteinuria, and levels of autoantibody production were assessed at several time points immediately following injection. At 7 months after pristane injection, renal pathologic features, the severity of joint inflammation, and formation of lipogranulomas were evaluated. Subsets of inflammatory cells in the spleen and peritoneal lavage were characterized, and expression levels of cytokines from peritoneal macrophages were analyzed. RESULTS Lgals9 deficiency protected against the development of immune complex glomerulonephritis, arthritis, and peritoneal lipogranuloma formation in BALB/c mice in this murine model of pristane-induced lupus. The populations of T cell subsets and B cells in the spleen and peritoneum were not altered by Lgals9 deficiency in pristane-injected BALB/c mice. Furthermore, Lgals9 deficiency protected against pristane-induced lupus without altering the Toll-like receptor 7-type I interferon pathway. CONCLUSION Gal-9 is required for the induction and development of lupus nephritis and arthritis in this murine model of SLE. The results of the current investigation provide a potential new strategy in which antagonism of Gal-9 may be beneficial for the treatment of nephritis and arthritis in patients with SLE through targeting of activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Zeggar
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Katsue S Watanabe
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sanae Teshigawara
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sumie Hiramatsu
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Katsuyama
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eri Katsuyama
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Haruki Watanabe
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Matsumoto
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kawabata
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ken-Ei Sada
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | - Jun Wada
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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25
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Panda SK, Facchinetti V, Voynova E, Hanabuchi S, Karnell JL, Hanna RN, Kolbeck R, Sanjuan MA, Ettinger R, Liu YJ. Galectin-9 inhibits TLR7-mediated autoimmunity in murine lupus models. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1873-1887. [PMID: 29611821 DOI: 10.1172/jci97333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled secretion of type I IFN, as the result of endosomal TLR (i.e., TLR7 and TLR9) signaling in plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), and abnormal production of autoantibodies by B cells are critical for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis. The importance of galectin-9 (Gal-9) in regulating various autoimmune diseases, including lupus, has been demonstrated. However, the precise mechanism by which Gal-9 mediates this effect remains unclear. Here, using spontaneous murine models of lupus (i.e., BXSB/MpJ and NZB/W F1 mice), we demonstrate that administration of Gal-9 results in reduced TLR7-mediated autoimmune manifestations. While investigating the mechanism underlying this phenomenon, we observed that Gal-9 inhibits the phenotypic maturation of pDCs and B cells and abrogates their ability to mount cytokine responses to TLR7/TLR9 ligands. Importantly, immunocomplex-mediated (IC-mediated) and neutrophil extracellular trap-mediated (NET-mediated) pDC activation was inhibited by Gal-9. Additionally, the mTOR/p70S6K pathway, which is recruited by both pDCs and B cells for TLR-mediated IFN secretion and autoantibody generation, respectively, was attenuated. Gal-9 was found to exert its inhibitory effect on both the cells by interacting with CD44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Panda
- MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.,Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Shino Hanabuchi
- MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.,Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong-Jun Liu
- MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.,Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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26
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Toscano MA, Martínez Allo VC, Cutine AM, Rabinovich GA, Mariño KV. Untangling Galectin-Driven Regulatory Circuits in Autoimmune Inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:348-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Liang CC, Li CS, Weng IC, Chen HY, Lu HH, Huang CC, Liu FT. Galectin-9 Is Critical for Mucosal Adaptive Immunity through the T Helper 17-IgA Axis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1225-1235. [PMID: 29458010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of the intestinal mucosal immunity significantly increases the risk of acute and chronic diseases. IgA plays a major role in humoral mucosal immunity to provide protection against pathogens and toxins in the gut. Here, we investigated the role of endogenous galectin-9, a tandem repeat-type β-galactoside-binding protein, in intestinal mucosal immunity. By mucosal immunization of Lgals9-/- and littermate control mice, it was found that lack of galectin-9 impaired mucosal antigen-specific IgA response in the gut. Moreover, Lgals9-/- mice were more susceptible to developing watery diarrhea and more prone to death in response to high-dose cholera toxin. The results indicate the importance of galectin-9 in modulating intestinal adaptive immunity. Furthermore, bone marrow chimera mice were established, and galectin-9 in hematopoietic cells was found to be critical for adaptive IgA response. In addition, immunized Lgals9-/- mice exhibited lower expression of Il17 and fewer T helper 17 (Th17) cells in the lamina propria, implying that the Th17-IgA axis is involved in this mechanism. Taken together, these findings suggest that galectin-9 plays a role in mucosal adaptive immunity through the Th17-IgA axis. By manipulating the expression or activity of galectin-9, intestinal mucosal immune response can be altered and may benefit the development of mucosal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chia Liang
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shan Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chun Weng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Han Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Ching Huang
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California.
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28
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Hirashima M, Niki T, Masaki T. Galectin-9 Changes Its Function to Maintain Homeostasis. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1741.1sj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
- GalPharma Co., Ltd
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
- GalPharma Co., Ltd
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
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29
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Hirashima M, Niki T, Masaki T. Galectin-9 Changes Its Function to Maintain Homeostasis. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1741.1se] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
- GalPharma Co., Ltd
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
- GalPharma Co., Ltd
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
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30
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Clayton KL, Ostrowski MM. Editorial: Countering immune regulation: sTim-ulating SLE disease pathogenesis. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:1286-1288. [PMID: 29191867 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ce0717-279rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kiera L Clayton
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Mario M Ostrowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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31
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The role of T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 and its ligand galectin-9 in antitumor immunity and cancer immunotherapy. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1058-1064. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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32
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Translational Implication of Galectin-9 in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Viral Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102108. [PMID: 28991189 PMCID: PMC5666790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between galectin-9 and its receptor, Tim-3, triggers a series of signaling events that regulate immune responses. The expression of galectin-9 has been shown to be increased in a variety of target cells of many different viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), influenza virus, dengue virus (DENV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This enhanced expression of galectin-9 following viral infection promotes significant changes in the behaviors of the virus-infected cells, and the resulting events tightly correlate with the immunopathogenesis of the viral disease. Because the human immune response to different viral infections can vary, and the lack of appropriate treatment can have potentially fatal consequences, understanding the implications of galectin-9 is crucial for developing better methods for monitoring and treating viral infections. This review seeks to address how we can apply the current understanding of galectin-9 function to better understand the pathogenesis of viral infection and better treat viral diseases.
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33
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Translating the ‘Sugar Code’ into Immune and Vascular Signaling Programs. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:255-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Galectins is a family of non-classically secreted, beta-galactoside-binding proteins that has recently received considerable attention in the spatio-temporal regulation of surface 'signal lattice' organization, membrane dynamics, cell-adhesion and disease therapeutics. Galectin-9 is a unique member of this family, with two non-homologous carbohydrate recognition domains joined by a linker peptide sequence of variable lengths, generating isoforms with distinct properties and functions in both physiological and pathological settings, such as during development, immune reaction, neoplastic transformations and metastasis. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge on the structure, receptors, cellular targets, trafficking pathways and functional properties of galectin-9 and discuss how galectin-9-mediated signalling cascades can be exploited in cancers and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian John
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Division of Disease Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
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35
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Saccon F, Gatto M, Ghirardello A, Iaccarino L, Punzi L, Doria A. Role of galectin-3 in autoimmune and non-autoimmune nephropathies. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 16:34-47. [PMID: 27666815 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are evolutionary conserved β-galactoside binding proteins with a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) of approximately 130 amino acids. In mammals, 15 members of the galectin family have been identified and classified into three subtypes according to CRD organization: prototype, tandem repeat-type and chimera-type galectins. Galectin-3 (gal-3) is the only chimera type galectin in vertebrates containing one CRD linked to an unusual long N-terminal domain which displays non-lectin dependent activities. Although recent studies revealed unique, pleiotropic and context-dependent functions of gal-3 in both extracellular and intracellular space, gal-3 specific pathways and its ligands have not been clearly defined yet. In the kidney gal-3 is involved in later stages of nephrogenesis as well as in renal cell cancer. However, gal-3 has recently been associated with lupus glomerulonephritis, with Familial Mediterranean Fever-induced proteinuria and renal amyloidosis. Gal-3 has been studied in experimental acute kidney damage and in the subsequent regeneration phase as well as in several models of chronic kidney disease, including nephropathies induced by aging, ischemia, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, unilateral ureteral obstruction and chronic allograft injury. Because of the pivotal role of gal-3 in the modulation of immune system, wound repair, fibrosis and tumorigenesis, it is not surprising that gal-3 can be an intriguing prognostic biomarker as well as a promising therapeutic target in a great variety of diseases, including chronic kidney disease, chronic heart failure and cardio-renal syndrome. This review summarizes the functions of gal-3 in kidney pathophysiology focusing on the reported role of gal-3 in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Saccon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Mariele Gatto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Ghirardello
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Iaccarino
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Punzi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Doria
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy.
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36
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Gonçalves Silva I, Rüegg L, Gibbs BF, Bardelli M, Fruehwirth A, Varani L, Berger SM, Fasler-Kan E, Sumbayev VV. The immune receptor Tim-3 acts as a trafficker in a Tim-3/galectin-9 autocrine loop in human myeloid leukemia cells. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1195535. [PMID: 27622049 PMCID: PMC5006895 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1195535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune receptor Tim-3 is often highly expressed in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells where it acts as a growth factor and inflammatory receptor. Recently, it has been demonstrated that Tim-3 forms an autocrine loop with its natural ligand galectin-9 in human AML cells. However, the pathophysiological functions of Tim-3 in human AML cells remain unclear. Here, we report for the first time that Tim-3 is required for galectin-9 secretion in human AML cells. However, this effect is cell-type specific and was found so far to be applicable only to myeloid (and not, for example, lymphoid) leukemia cells. We concluded that AML cells might use Tim-3 as a trafficker for the secretion of galectin-9 which can then be possibly used to impair the anticancer activities of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Rüegg
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent , Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard F Gibbs
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent , Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Bardelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita' della Svizzera italiana (USI) , Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Fruehwirth
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita' della Svizzera italiana (USI) , Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita' della Svizzera italiana (USI) , Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Steffen M Berger
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Department of Clinical Research, Children's Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern , Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elizaveta Fasler-Kan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Department of Clinical Research, Children's Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vadim V Sumbayev
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent , Canterbury, United Kingdom
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Serum Galectin-9 Levels Are Associated with Coronary Artery Disease in Chinese Individuals. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:457167. [PMID: 26663989 PMCID: PMC4667018 DOI: 10.1155/2015/457167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Recently, several studies suggest that galectin-9 (Gal-9) might play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, the exact role of Gal-9 in atherosclerosis remains to be elucidated. Methods. Serum Gal-9, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interferon- (IFN-) γ, interleukin- (IL-) 4, IL-17, and transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β1 were measured. The effect of Gal-9 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was investigated in patients with normal coronary artery (NCA). Results. The lowest level of Gal-9 was found in the ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) group, followed by the non-ST-segment elevation ACS (NSTEACS), the NCA, and the stable angina pectoris (SAP) groups, respectively. Additionally, Gal-9 was found to be independently associated with hs-CRP, lipoprotein(a), and creatinine. Notably, Gal-9 was also noted to be an independent predictor of the Gensini score. Moreover, Gal-9 suppressed T-helper 17 (Th17) and expanded regulatory T cells (Tregs), resulting in decreased IL-17 production and increased secretion of TGF-β1. Conclusions. Serum Gal-9 is associated with not only coronary artery disease (CAD), but also the severity of coronary arteries stenosis. Gal-9 can expand Tregs and suppress Th17 development in activated PBMC, implying that Gal-9 has the potential to dampen the development of atherosclerosis and may be a new therapy for CAD.
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Feto-maternal immune regulation by TIM-3/galectin-9 pathway and PD-1 molecule in mice at day 14.5 of pregnancy. Placenta 2015; 36:1153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Re-wiring regulatory cell networks in immunity by galectin-glycan interactions. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3407-18. [PMID: 26352298 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Programs that control immune cell homeostasis are orchestrated through the coordinated action of a number of regulatory cell populations, including regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, alternatively-activated macrophages and tolerogenic dendritic cells. These regulatory cell populations can prevent harmful inflammation following completion of protective responses and thwart the development of autoimmune pathology. However, they also have a detrimental role in cancer by favoring escape from immune surveillance. One of the hallmarks of regulatory cells is their remarkable plasticity as they can be positively or negatively modulated by a plethora of cytokines, growth factors and co-stimulatory signals that tailor their differentiation, stability and survival. Here we focus on the emerging roles of galectins, a family of highly conserved glycan-binding proteins in regulating the fate and function of regulatory immune cell populations, both of lymphoid and myeloid origins. Given the broad distribution of circulating and tissue-specific galectins, understanding the relevance of lectin-glycan interactions in shaping regulatory cell compartments will contribute to the design of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating their function in a broad range of immunological disorders.
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Le Mercier I, Lines JL, Noelle RJ. Beyond CTLA-4 and PD-1, the Generation Z of Negative Checkpoint Regulators. Front Immunol 2015; 6:418. [PMID: 26347741 PMCID: PMC4544156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two years, clinical trials with blocking antibodies to the negative checkpoint regulators CTLA-4 and PD-1 have rekindled the hope for cancer immunotherapy. Multiple negative checkpoint regulators protect the host against autoimmune reactions but also restrict the ability of T cells to effectively attack tumors. Releasing these brakes has emerged as an exciting strategy for cancer treatment. Conversely, these pathways can be manipulated to achieve durable tolerance for treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplantation. In the future, treatment may involve combination therapy to target multiple cell types and stages of the adaptive immune responses. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the recently discovered negative checkpoint regulators, future targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Le Mercier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA
| | - J Louise Lines
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA
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Li Y, Huang X, Guan Y, Shi Y, Zhang H, He M. DNA methylation is associated with expression level changes of galectin gene in mantle wound healing process of pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:912-918. [PMID: 26093206 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Galectin is one important member of pattern recognition proteins that plays a pivotal role in regulating innate immune response of invertebrates. In this study, we cloned the promoter sequence of a tandem-repeat galectin from the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (P. fucata). The quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that galectin mRNA expression in mantle tissues were firstly up-regulated from time points of 2 h-24 h, and then down-regulated from time points of 24 h-168 h after mantle injury. The genome methylation level of mantle tissue was inversely related to galectin mRNA expression (Pearson correlation: -0.554, P: 0.154). The "CpG4-6" methylation level in promoter region of galectin was significant positive correlated with the mRNA expression (Pearson correlation: 0.313, P: 0.049). The results indicated that galectin gene may be involved in immune response in mantle wound healing process of P. fucata, and DNA methylation may be a regulation factor of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoguo Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiande Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yunyan Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yu Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Maoxian He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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Song LJ, Wang X, Wang XP, Li D, Ding F, Liu HX, Yu X, Li XF, Shu Q. Increased Tim-3 expression on peripheral T lymphocyte subsets and association with higher disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:71. [PMID: 26076826 PMCID: PMC4469310 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both the T cell immunoglobulin domain- and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) and the death receptor Fas contribute to the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim of the present study was to determine whether Tim-3 and Fas are co-expressed on certain peripheral T lymphocyte subsets, and whether this expression is associated with greater disease activity in SLE. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from 46 patients newly diagnosed with SLE and 28 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). Expression of Tim-3 and Fas on T subsets was analyzed by flow cytometry, while mRNA levels of the Tim-3 ligand galectin-9 and Fas ligand FasL were assayed using real-time RT-PCR. Results The proportions of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD4- T cells expressing Tim-3+ and Tim+Fas+ were significantly higher in patients than in HCs (p < 0.05), while the proportions of these subtypes expressing Fas were similar for the two groups. Patients with active SLE, as defined by their score on the SLE Disease Activity Index, had lower proportions of CD3+CD4+ T cells and higher proportions of CD3+CD4+Tim-3+ and CD3+CD4+Tim-3+Fas+ T cells than did patients with stable SLE. Serum levels of complement C3 and C4 proteins, considered as a marker of SLE activity, correlated negatively with proportions of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD4- T cells expressing Tim-3. Conclusions Expression of Tim-3 and co-expression of Tim-3 and Fas on certain peripheral T subsets are associated with disease activity in SLE patients. Future research should examine whether the same is true of other T subsets implicated in SLE, and should explore the potential role(s) of Tim-3 in the disease pathway. Virtual slides http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1855527845145188
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-jun Song
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Ji'nan, 250012, China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Ji'nan, 250012, China.
| | - Xu-ping Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, China.
| | - Dong Li
- Cryomedicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, China.
| | - Feng Ding
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Ji'nan, 250012, China.
| | - Hua-xiang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Ji'nan, 250012, China.
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Ji'nan, 250012, China.
| | - Xing-fu Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Ji'nan, 250012, China.
| | - Qiang Shu
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Ji'nan, 250012, China.
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Lhuillier C, Barjon C, Niki T, Gelin A, Praz F, Morales O, Souquere S, Hirashima M, Wei M, Dellis O, Busson P. Impact of Exogenous Galectin-9 on Human T Cells: CONTRIBUTION OF THE T CELL RECEPTOR COMPLEX TO ANTIGEN-INDEPENDENT ACTIVATION BUT NOT TO APOPTOSIS INDUCTION. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16797-811. [PMID: 25947381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.661272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (gal-9) is a multifunctional β-galactoside-binding lectin, frequently released in the extracellular medium, where it acts as a pleiotropic immune modulator. Despite its overall immunosuppressive effects, a recent study has reported bimodal action of gal-9 on human resting blood T cells with apoptosis occurring in the majority of them, followed by a wave of activation and expansion of Th1 cells in the surviving population. Our knowledge of the signaling events triggered by exogenous gal-9 in T cells remains limited. One of these events is cytosolic calcium (Ca(2+)) release reported in some murine and human T cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of Ca(2+) mobilization to apoptotic and nonapoptotic effects of exogenous gal-9 in human T cells. We found that the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex and the Lck kinase were required for Ca(2+) mobilization but not for apoptosis induction in Jurkat cells. These data were confirmed in human CD4(+) T cells from peripheral blood as follows: a specific Lck chemical inhibitor abrogated Ca(2+) mobilization but not apoptosis induction. Moreover, Lck activity was also required for the production of Th1-type cytokines, i.e. interleukin-2 and interferon-γ, which resulted from gal-9 stimulation in peripheral CD4(+) T cells. These findings indicate that gal-9 acts on T cells by two distinct pathways as follows: one mimicking antigen-specific activation of the TCR with a mandatory contribution of proximal elements of the TCR complex, especially Lck, and another resulting in apoptosis that is independent of this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lhuillier
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, the Cellvax, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Clément Barjon
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, the Cellvax, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Toshiro Niki
- the Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan, the GalPharma Co., Ltd., Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0301, Japan
| | - Aurore Gelin
- the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Praz
- INSERM, UMR-S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France, the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR-S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Morales
- CNRS, UMR 8161 Groupe IRCV, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 Rue du Pr. Calmette, 59021 Lille, France
| | - Sylvie Souquere
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, UMR 8122, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, and
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- the Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan, the GalPharma Co., Ltd., Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0301, Japan
| | - Ming Wei
- the Cellvax, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Dellis
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, INSERM, UMR-S 757, Bâtiment 440/443, Rue des Adèles, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Busson
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France,
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Hsu YL, Wang MY, Ho LJ, Huang CY, Lai JH. Up-regulation of galectin-9 induces cell migration in human dendritic cells infected with dengue virus. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1065-76. [PMID: 25754930 PMCID: PMC4420608 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) exerts immunosuppressive effects by inducing apoptosis in T cells that produce interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-17. However, Gal-9 can be pro-inflammatory in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes. Using microarray analysis, we observed that Gal-9 was up-regulated in human dendritic cells (DCs) after dengue virus (DV) infection. The investigation into the immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of Gal-9 in DCs exposed to DV revealed that DV infection specifically increased mRNA and protein levels of Gal-9 but not those of Gal-1 or Gal-3. Blocking p38, but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), inhibited DV-induced expression of Gal-9. Reduction in Gal-9 by small interference RNA treatment suppressed DV-stimulated migration of DCs towards the chemoattractants CCL19 and CCL21. In addition, DV-induced IL-12p40 production was reduced after knockdown of Gal-9 in DCs. Furthermore, Gal-9 deficiency suppressed DV-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB. Inhibition of DV-induced DC migration under conditions of Gal-9 deficiency was mediated through suppressing ERK activation but not by regulating the expression of CCR7, the receptor for CCL19 and CCL21. Both the reduction in IL-12 production and the suppression of ERK activity might account for the inhibition of DV-induced DC migration after knockdown of Gal-9. In summary, this study reveals the roles of Gal-9 in DV-induced migration of DCs. The findings indicate that Gal-9 might be a therapeutic target for preventing immunopathogenesis induced by DV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Liu Y, Ji H, Zhang Y, Shen X, Gao F, He X, Li GA, Busuttil RW, Kuchroo VK, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Recipient T cell TIM-3 and hepatocyte galectin-9 signalling protects mouse liver transplants against ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Hepatol 2015; 62:563-72. [PMID: 25450716 PMCID: PMC4336640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS By binding to T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) on activated Th1 cells, galectin-9 (Gal-9) negatively regulates Th1-type alloimmunity. Although T cells contribute to hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), it is unknown whether negative T cell-dependent TIM-3 co-stimulation may rescue IR-stressed orthotopic liver transplants from innate immunity-driven inflammation. METHODS We used wild type (WT) and TIM-3 transgenic (Tg) mice (C57BL/6) as liver donors and recipients in a clinically-relevant model of hepatic cold storage (20 h at 4°C in UW solution) and syngeneic orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). RESULTS Orthotopic liver transplants in WT or TIM-3Tg→TIM-3Tg groups were resistant against IR-stress, evidenced by preserved hepatocellular function (serum ALT levels) and liver architecture (Suzuki's score). In contrast, orthotopic liver transplants in WT or TIM-3Tg→WT groups were susceptible to IRI. TIM-3 induction in circulating CD4+ T cells of the recipient: (1) depressed T-bet/IFN-γ, while amplifying GATA3 and IL-4/IL-10 expression in orthotopic liver transplants; (2) promoted T cell exhaustion (PD-1, LAG-3) phenotype; and (3) depressed neutrophil and macrophage infiltration/function in orthotopic liver transplants. In parallel studies, we documented for the first time that Gal-9, a natural TIM-3 ligand, was produced primarily by and released from IR-stressed hepatocytes, both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, exogenous recombinant Gal-9 (rGal-9) potentiated liver resistance against IRI by depressing T cell activation and promoting apoptosis of CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Harnessing TIM-3/Gal-9 signalling at the T cell-hepatocyte interface facilitates homeostasis in IR-stressed orthotopic liver transplants. Enhancing anti-oxidant hepatocyte Gal-9 potentiates liver IR-resistance. Negative regulation by recipient TIM-3+CD4+ cells provides evidence for cytoprotective functions of a discrete T cell subset, which should be spared when applying T cell-targeted immunosuppression in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxing Liu
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haofeng Ji
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuda Shen
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiangyi He
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gabriella A. Li
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ronald W. Busuttil
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vijay K. Kuchroo
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerzy W. Kupiec-Weglinski
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Cai XZ, Huang WY, Qiao Y, Chen Y, Du SY, Chen D, Yu S, Liu N, Dou LY, Jiang Y. Downregulation of TIM-3 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 48:77-82. [PMID: 25493386 PMCID: PMC4288496 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (TIM) family is associated with autoimmune
diseases, but its expression level in the immune cells of systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE) patients is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate
whether the expression of TIM-3 mRNA is associated with pathogenesis of SLE.
Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis
(qRT-PCR) was used to determine TIM-1, TIM-3, and TIM-4 mRNA expression in peripheral
blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 132 patients with SLE and 62 healthy controls.
The PBMC surface protein expression of TIMs in PBMCs from 20 SLE patients and 15
healthy controls was assayed by flow cytometry. Only TIM-3 mRNA expression decreased
significantly in SLE patients compared with healthy controls (P<0.001). No
significant differences in TIM family protein expression were observed in leukocytes
from SLE patients and healthy controls (P>0.05). SLE patients with lupus nephritis
(LN) had a significantly lower expression of TIM-3 mRNA than those without LN
(P=0.001). There was no significant difference in the expression of TIM-3 mRNA within
different classes of LN (P>0.05). Correlation of TIM-3 mRNA expression with serum
IgA was highly significant (r=0.425, P=0.004), but was weakly correlated with total
serum protein (rs=0.283, P=0.049) and serum albumin (rs=0.297,
P=0.047). TIM-3 mRNA expression was weakly correlated with the Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI; rs=-0.272, P=0.032). Our
results suggest that below-normal expression of TIM-3 mRNA in PBMC may be involved in
the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Z Cai
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - W Y Huang
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Y Qiao
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Y Chen
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - S Y Du
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - D Chen
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - S Yu
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - N Liu
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - L Y Dou
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Y Jiang
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Fukata Y, Itoh A, Nonaka Y, Ogawa T, Nakamura T, Matsushita O, Nishi N. Direct cytocidal effect of galectin-9 localized on collagen matrices on human immune cell lines. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:1892-901. [PMID: 24462947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a continuous demand for new immunosuppressive agents for organ transplantation. Galectin-9, a member of the galactoside-binding animal lectin family, has been shown to suppress pathogenic T-cell responses in autoimmune disease models and experimental allograft transplantation. In this study, an attempt has been made to develop new collagen matrices, which can cause local, contact-dependent immune suppression, using galectin-9 and collagen-binding galectin-9 fusion proteins as active ingredients. METHODS Galectin-9 and galectin-9 fusion proteins having collagen-binding domains (CBDs) derived from bacterial collagenases and a collagen-binding peptide (CBP) were tested for their ability to bind to collagen matrices, and to induce Jurkat cell death in solution and in the collagen-bound state. RESULTS Galectin-9-CBD fusion proteins exhibited collagen-binding activity comparable to or lower than that of the respective CBDs, while their cytocidal activity toward Jurkat cells in solution was 80~10% that of galectin-9. Galectin-9 itself exhibited oligosaccharide-dependent collagen-binding activity. The growth of Jurkat cells cultured on collagen membranes treated with galectin-9 was inhibited by~90%. The effect was dependent on direct cell-to-membrane contact. Galectin-9-CBD/CBP fusion proteins bound to collagen membranes via CBD/CBP moieties showed a low or negligible effect on Jurkat cell growth. CONCLUSIONS Among the proteins tested, galectin-9 exhibited the highest cytocidal effect on Jurkat cells in the collagen-bound state. The effect was not due to galectin-9 released into the culture medium but was dependent on direct cell-to-membrane contact. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The study demonstrates the possible use of galectin-9-modified collagen matrices for local, contact-dependent immune suppression in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youko Fukata
- Division of Research Instrument and Equipment, Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Aiko Itoh
- Division of Research Instrument and Equipment, Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nonaka
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takanori Nakamura
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Matsushita
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nozomu Nishi
- Division of Research Instrument and Equipment, Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
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48
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Ungerer C, Quade-Lyssy P, Radeke HH, Henschler R, Königs C, Köhl U, Seifried E, Schüttrumpf J. Galectin-9 is a suppressor of T and B cells and predicts the immune modulatory potential of mesenchymal stromal cell preparations. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 23:755-66. [PMID: 24083426 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches using multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are advancing in regenerative medicine, transplantation, and autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms behind MSC immune modulation are still poorly understood and the prediction of the immune modulatory potential of single MSC preparations remains a major challenge for possible clinical applications. Here, we highlight galectin-9 (Gal-9) as a novel, important immune modulator expressed by MSCs, which is strongly upregulated upon activation of the cells by interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Further, we demonstrate that Gal-9 is a major mediator of the anti-proliferative and functional effects of MSCs not only on T cells but also on B cells. Here, Gal-9 and activated MSCs contribute to the suppression of antigen triggered immunoglobulin release. Moreover, we determined that Gal-9 expression could serve as a marker to predict a higher or lower immune modulatory potential of single cell preparations and therefore to distinguish the therapeutic potency of MSCs derived from different donors. Also in vivo co-administration of MSCs or murine Gal-9 resulted in significantly reduced IgG titers in mice immunized with human coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). In conclusion, Gal-9 acts as an immune modulator interfering with multiple cell types including B cells and Gal-9 may serve as a predictive indicator for clinical MSC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ungerer
- 1 Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, Clinics of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Wuerttemberg-Hessen, Frankfurt, Germany
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