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Hearn DJ. Turing-like mechanism in a stochastic reaction-diffusion model recreates three dimensional vascular patterning of plant stems. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219055. [PMID: 31339881 PMCID: PMC6715405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular tissue in plants provides a resource distribution network for water and nutrients that exhibits remarkable diversity in patterning among different species. In many succulent plants, the vascular network includes longitudinally-oriented supplemental vascular bundles (SVBs) in the central core of the succulent stems and roots in addition to the more typical zone of vascular tissue development (vascular cambium) in a cylinder at the periphery of the succulent organ. Plant SVBs evolved in over 38 plant families often in tandem with evolutionary increases in stem and root parenchyma storage tissue, so it is of interest to understand the evolutionary-developmental processes responsible for their recurrent evolution and patterning. Previous mathematical models have successfully recreated the two-dimensional vascular patterns in stem and root cross sections, but such models have yet to recreate three-dimensional vascular patterning. Here, a stochastic reaction-diffusion model of plant vascular bundle patterning is developed in an effort to highlight a potential mechanism of three dimensional patterning-Turing pattern formation coupled with longitudinal efflux of a regulatory molecule. A relatively simple model of four or five molecules recreated empirical SVB patterns and many other common vascular arrangements. SVBs failed to develop below a threshold width of parenchymatous tissues, suggesting a mechanism of evolutionary character loss due to changes in the spatial context in which development takes place. Altered diffusion rates of the modeled activator and substrate molecules affected the number and size of the simulated SVBs. This work provides a first mathematical model employing a stochastic Turing-type mechanism that recreates three dimensional vascular patterns seen in plant stems. The model offers predictions that can be tested using molecular-genetic approaches. Evolutionary-developmental ramifications concerning evolution of diffusion rates, organ size and geometry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Hearn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, United States of America
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2
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Palma A, Jarrah AS, Tieri P, Cesareni G, Castiglione F. Gene Regulatory Network Modeling of Macrophage Differentiation Corroborates the Continuum Hypothesis of Polarization States. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1659. [PMID: 30546316 PMCID: PMC6278720 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages derived from monocyte precursors undergo specific polarization processes which are influenced by the local tissue environment: classically activated (M1) macrophages, with a pro-inflammatory activity and a role of effector cells in Th1 cellular immune responses, and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages, with anti-inflammatory functions and involved in immunosuppression and tissue repair. At least three different subsets of M2 macrophages, namely, M2a, M2b, and M2c, are characterized in the literature based on their eliciting signals. The activation and polarization of macrophages is achieved through many, often intertwined, signaling pathways. To describe the logical relationships among the genes involved in macrophage polarization, we used a computational modeling methodology, namely, logical (Boolean) modeling of gene regulation. We integrated experimental data and knowledge available in the literature to construct a logical network model for the gene regulation driving macrophage polarization to the M1, M2a, M2b, and M2c phenotypes. Using the software GINsim and BoolNet, we analyzed the network dynamics under different conditions and perturbations to understand how they affect cell polarization. Dynamic simulations of the network model, enacting the most relevant biological conditions, showed coherence with the observed behavior of in vivo macrophages. The model could correctly reproduce the polarization toward the four main phenotypes as well as to several hybrid phenotypes, which are known to be experimentally associated to physiological and pathological conditions. We surmise that shifts among different phenotypes in the model mimic the hypothetical continuum of macrophage polarization, with M1 and M2 being the extremes of an uninterrupted sequence of states. Furthermore, model simulations suggest that anti-inflammatory macrophages are resilient to shift back to the pro-inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Palma
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Abdul Salam Jarrah
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Paolo Tieri
- Institute for Applied Computing, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy.,Data Science Program, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Cesareni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Castiglione
- Institute for Applied Computing, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
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Benítez M, Hernández-Hernández V, Newman SA, Niklas KJ. Dynamical Patterning Modules, Biogeneric Materials, and the Evolution of Multicellular Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:871. [PMID: 30061903 PMCID: PMC6055014 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Comparative analyses of developmental processes across a broad spectrum of organisms are required to fully understand the mechanisms responsible for the major evolutionary transitions among eukaryotic photosynthetic lineages (defined here as the polyphyletic algae and the monophyletic land plants). The concepts of dynamical patterning modules (DPMs) and biogeneric materials provide a framework for studying developmental processes in the context of such comparative analyses. In the context of multicellularity, DPMs are defined as sets of conserved gene products and molecular networks, in conjunction with the physical morphogenetic and patterning processes they mobilize. A biogeneric material is defined as mesoscale matter with predictable morphogenetic capabilities that arise from complex cellular conglomerates. Using these concepts, we outline some of the main events and transitions in plant evolution, and describe the DPMs and biogeneric properties associated with and responsible for these transitions. We identify four primary DPMs that played critical roles in the evolution of multicellularity (i.e., the DPMs responsible for cell-to-cell adhesion, identifying the future cell wall, cell differentiation, and cell polarity). Three important conclusions emerge from a broad phyletic comparison: (1) DPMs have been achieved in different ways, even within the same clade (e.g., phycoplastic cell division in the Chlorophyta and phragmoplastic cell division in the Streptophyta), (2) DPMs had their origins in the co-option of molecular species present in the unicellular ancestors of multicellular plants, and (3) symplastic transport mediated by intercellular connections, particularly plasmodesmata, was critical for the evolution of complex multicellularity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Benítez
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad – Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Valeria Hernández-Hernández
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Lyon, France
| | - Stuart A. Newman
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Karl J. Niklas
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Espinosa-Soto C. On the role of sparseness in the evolution of modularity in gene regulatory networks. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006172. [PMID: 29775459 PMCID: PMC5979046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modularity is a widespread property in biological systems. It implies that interactions occur mainly within groups of system elements. A modular arrangement facilitates adjustment of one module without perturbing the rest of the system. Therefore, modularity of developmental mechanisms is a major factor for evolvability, the potential to produce beneficial variation from random genetic change. Understanding how modularity evolves in gene regulatory networks, that create the distinct gene activity patterns that characterize different parts of an organism, is key to developmental and evolutionary biology. One hypothesis for the evolution of modules suggests that interactions between some sets of genes become maladaptive when selection favours additional gene activity patterns. The removal of such interactions by selection would result in the formation of modules. A second hypothesis suggests that modularity evolves in response to sparseness, the scarcity of interactions within a system. Here I simulate the evolution of gene regulatory networks and analyse diverse experimentally sustained networks to study the relationship between sparseness and modularity. My results suggest that sparseness alone is neither sufficient nor necessary to explain modularity in gene regulatory networks. However, sparseness amplifies the effects of forms of selection that, like selection for additional gene activity patterns, already produce an increase in modularity. That evolution of new gene activity patterns is frequent across evolution also supports that it is a major factor in the evolution of modularity. That sparseness is widespread across gene regulatory networks indicates that it may have facilitated the evolution of modules in a wide variety of cases. Modular systems have performance and design advantages over non-modular systems. Thus, modularity is very important for the development of a wide range of new technological or clinical applications. Moreover, modularity is paramount to evolutionary biology since it allows adjusting one organismal function without disturbing other previously evolved functions. But how does modularity itself evolve? Here I analyse the structure of regulatory networks and follow simulations of network evolution to study two hypotheses for the origin of modules in gene regulatory networks. The first hypothesis considers that sparseness, a low number of interactions among the network genes, could be responsible for the evolution of modular networks. The second, that modules evolve when selection favours the production of additional gene activity patterns. I found that sparseness alone is neither sufficient nor necessary to explain modularity in gene regulatory networks. However, it enhances the effects of selection for multiple gene activity patterns. While selection for multiple patterns may be decisive in the evolution of modularity, that sparseness is widespread across gene regulatory networks suggests that its contributions should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Espinosa-Soto
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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Oles V, Panchenko A, Smertenko A. Modeling hormonal control of cambium proliferation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171927. [PMID: 28187161 PMCID: PMC5302410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rise of atmospheric CO2 is one of the main causes of global warming. Catastrophic climate change can be avoided by reducing emissions and increasing sequestration of CO2. Trees are known to sequester CO2 during photosynthesis, and then store it as wood biomass. Thus, breeding of trees with higher wood yield would mitigate global warming as well as augment production of renewable construction materials, energy, and industrial feedstock. Wood is made of cellulose-rich xylem cells produced through proliferation of a specialized stem cell niche called cambium. Importance of cambium in xylem cells production makes it an ideal target for the tree breeding programs; however our knowledge about control of cambium proliferation remains limited. The morphology and regulation of cambium are different from those of stem cell niches that control axial growth. For this reason, translating the knowledge about axial growth to radial growth has limited use. Furthermore, genetic approaches cannot be easily applied because overlaying tissues conceal cambium from direct observation and complicate identification of mutants. To overcome the paucity of experimental tools in cambium biology, we constructed a Boolean network CARENET (CAmbium REgulation gene NETwork) for modelling cambium activity, which includes the key transcription factors WOX4 and HD-ZIP III as well as their potential regulators. Our simulations predict that: (1) auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, and brassinosteroids act cooperatively in promoting transcription of WOX4 and HD-ZIP III; (2) auxin and cytokinin pathways negatively regulate each other; (3) hormonal pathways act redundantly in sustaining cambium activity; (4) individual cambium cells can have diverse molecular identities. CARENET can be extended to include components of other signalling pathways and be integrated with models of xylem and phloem differentiation. Such extended models would facilitate breeding trees with higher wood yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladyslav Oles
- Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexander Panchenko
- Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AP); (AS)
| | - Andrei Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AP); (AS)
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Marcellini S, González F, Sarrazin AF, Pabón-Mora N, Benítez M, Piñeyro-Nelson A, Rezende GL, Maldonado E, Schneider PN, Grizante MB, Da Fonseca RN, Vergara-Silva F, Suaza-Gaviria V, Zumajo-Cardona C, Zattara EE, Casasa S, Suárez-Baron H, Brown FD. Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-Devo) Research in Latin America. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2016; 328:5-40. [PMID: 27491339 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Famous for its blind cavefish and Darwin's finches, Latin America is home to some of the richest biodiversity hotspots of our planet. The Latin American fauna and flora inspired and captivated naturalists from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including such notable pioneers such as Fritz Müller, Florentino Ameghino, and Léon Croizat who made a significant contribution to the study of embryology and evolutionary thinking. But, what are the historical and present contributions of the Latin American scientific community to Evo-Devo? Here, we provide the first comprehensive overview of the Evo-Devo laboratories based in Latin America and describe current lines of research based on endemic species, focusing on body plans and patterning, systematics, physiology, computational modeling approaches, ecology, and domestication. Literature searches reveal that Evo-Devo in Latin America is still in its early days; while showing encouraging indicators of productivity, it has not stabilized yet, because it relies on few and sparsely distributed laboratories. Coping with the rapid changes in national scientific policies and contributing to solve social and health issues specific to each region are among the main challenges faced by Latin American researchers. The 2015 inaugural meeting of the Pan-American Society for Evolutionary Developmental Biology played a pivotal role in bringing together Latin American researchers eager to initiate and consolidate regional and worldwide collaborative networks. Such networks will undoubtedly advance research on the extremely high genetic and phenotypic biodiversity of Latin America, bound to be an almost infinite source of amazement and fascinating findings for the Evo-Devo community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Marcellini
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Evolución, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Favio González
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andres F Sarrazin
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | | | - Mariana Benítez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alma Piñeyro-Nelson
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gustavo L Rezende
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, CBB, LQFPP, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ernesto Maldonado
- EvoDevo Lab, Unidad de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, México
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Nunes Da Fonseca
- Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SócioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macae, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Sofia Casasa
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Federico D Brown
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Kim DW, Watanabe K, Murayama C, Izawa S, Niitsu M, Michael AJ, Berberich T, Kusano T. Polyamine Oxidase5 Regulates Arabidopsis Growth through Thermospermine Oxidase Activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1575-1590. [PMID: 24906355 PMCID: PMC4119040 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.242610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The major plant polyamines (PAs) are the tetraamines spermine (Spm) and thermospermine (T-Spm), the triamine spermidine, and the diamine putrescine. PA homeostasis is governed by the balance between biosynthesis and catabolism; the latter is catalyzed by polyamine oxidase (PAO). Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has five PAO genes, AtPAO1 to AtPAO5, and all encoded proteins have been biochemically characterized. All AtPAO enzymes function in the back-conversion of tetraamine to triamine and/or triamine to diamine, albeit with different PA specificities. Here, we demonstrate that AtPAO5 loss-of-function mutants (pao5) contain 2-fold higher T-Spm levels and exhibit delayed transition from vegetative to reproductive growth compared with that of wild-type plants. Although the wild type and pao5 are indistinguishable at the early seedling stage, externally supplied low-dose T-Spm, but not other PAs, inhibits aerial growth of pao5 mutants in a dose-dependent manner. Introduction of wild-type AtPAO5 into pao5 mutants rescues growth and reduces the T-Spm content, demonstrating that AtPAO5 is a T-Spm oxidase. Recombinant AtPAO5 catalyzes the conversion of T-Spm and Spm to triamine spermidine in vitro. AtPAO5 specificity for T-Spm in planta may be explained by coexpression with T-Spm synthase but not with Spm synthase. The pao5 mutant lacking T-Spm oxidation and the acl5 mutant lacking T-Spm synthesis both exhibit growth defects. This study indicates a crucial role for T-Spm in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Kim
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan (D.W.K., K.W., C.M., S.I., T.K.);Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 370-0290, Japan (M.N.);University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041 (A.J.M.); andBiodiversity and Climate Research Center, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Kanako Watanabe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan (D.W.K., K.W., C.M., S.I., T.K.);Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 370-0290, Japan (M.N.);University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041 (A.J.M.); andBiodiversity and Climate Research Center, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Chihiro Murayama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan (D.W.K., K.W., C.M., S.I., T.K.);Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 370-0290, Japan (M.N.);University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041 (A.J.M.); andBiodiversity and Climate Research Center, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Sho Izawa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan (D.W.K., K.W., C.M., S.I., T.K.);Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 370-0290, Japan (M.N.);University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041 (A.J.M.); andBiodiversity and Climate Research Center, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Masaru Niitsu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan (D.W.K., K.W., C.M., S.I., T.K.);Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 370-0290, Japan (M.N.);University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041 (A.J.M.); andBiodiversity and Climate Research Center, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Anthony J Michael
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan (D.W.K., K.W., C.M., S.I., T.K.);Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 370-0290, Japan (M.N.);University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041 (A.J.M.); andBiodiversity and Climate Research Center, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Thomas Berberich
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan (D.W.K., K.W., C.M., S.I., T.K.);Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 370-0290, Japan (M.N.);University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041 (A.J.M.); andBiodiversity and Climate Research Center, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Tomonobu Kusano
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan (D.W.K., K.W., C.M., S.I., T.K.);Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 370-0290, Japan (M.N.);University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041 (A.J.M.); andBiodiversity and Climate Research Center, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (T.B.)
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Kajala K, Ramakrishna P, Fisher A, C. Bergmann D, De Smet I, Sozzani R, Weijers D, Brady SM. Omics and modelling approaches for understanding regulation of asymmetric cell divisions in arabidopsis and other angiosperm plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:1083-1105. [PMID: 24825294 PMCID: PMC4030820 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymmetric cell divisions are formative divisions that generate daughter cells of distinct identity. These divisions are coordinated by either extrinsic ('niche-controlled') or intrinsic regulatory mechanisms and are fundamentally important in plant development. SCOPE This review describes how asymmetric cell divisions are regulated during development and in different cell types in both the root and the shoot of plants. It further highlights ways in which omics and modelling approaches have been used to elucidate these regulatory mechanisms. For example, the regulation of embryonic asymmetric divisions is described, including the first divisions of the zygote, formative vascular divisions and divisions that give rise to the root stem cell niche. Asymmetric divisions of the root cortex endodermis initial, pericycle cells that give rise to the lateral root primordium, procambium, cambium and stomatal cells are also discussed. Finally, a perspective is provided regarding the role of other hormones or regulatory molecules in asymmetric divisions, the presence of segregated determinants and the usefulness of modelling approaches in understanding network dynamics within these very special cells. CONCLUSIONS Asymmetric cell divisions define plant development. High-throughput genomic and modelling approaches can elucidate their regulation, which in turn could enable the engineering of plant traits such as stomatal density, lateral root development and wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Kajala
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Priya Ramakrishna
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Adam Fisher
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Dominique C. Bergmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ive De Smet
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siobhan M. Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Furuta KM, Hellmann E, Helariutta Y. Molecular control of cell specification and cell differentiation during procambial development. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 65:607-38. [PMID: 24579995 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Land plants develop vascular tissues that enable the long-distance transport of water and nutrients in xylem and phloem, provide mechanical support for their vertical growth, and produce cells in radial growth. Vascular tissues are produced in many parts of the plant and during different developmental stages. Early vascular development is focused in procambial meristems, and in some species it continues during the secondary phase of plant development in cambial meristems. In this review, we highlight recent progress in understanding procambial development. This involves the analysis of stem cell-like properties of procambial tissues, specification of xylem and phloem, and differentiation of the conductive tissues. Several major plant hormones, small-RNA species, and transcriptional networks play a role in vascular development. We describe current approaches to integrating these networks as well as their potential role in explaining the diversity and evolution of plant vascular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Miyashima Furuta
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland; , ,
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