1
|
Nowotny KM, Frankeberger J, Rodriguez VE, Valdez A, Cepeda A. Behavioral, Psychological, Gender, and Health Service Correlates to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection among Young Adult Mexican-American Women Living in a Disadvantaged Community. Behav Med 2019; 45:52-61. [PMID: 29558260 PMCID: PMC6148393 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2018.1447906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is among the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections in the United States. Despite this, there has been limited research on the correlates to HSV-2 among disadvantaged and marginalized women, particularly among Latinas. Data for the present analysis include 125 young adult Mexican-American women enrolled in a longitudinal study in a disadvantaged urban community in San Antonio, Texas. The current rate of tested HSV-2 infection is 56.8%. Our findings suggest strong comorbidity of genital herpes with injecting heroin use, Hepatitis C, sexual violence, incarceration, and mental illness. Contributing to this population's nexus of risk are the low rates of health service utilization among those infected with HSV-2. Integration between behavioral health and primary care, including access to preventative services, are essential for improving the health of Latinas living in disadvantaged neighborhoods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Nowotny
- a Department of Sociology , University of Miami , Coral Gables , FL , USA
| | - Jessica Frankeberger
- b Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Victoria E Rodriguez
- b Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Avelardo Valdez
- b Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Alice Cepeda
- b Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Patel EU, Laeyendecker O, Hsieh YH, Rothman RE, Kelen GD, Quinn TC. Parallel declines in HIV and hepatitis C virus prevalence, but not in herpes simplex virus type 2 infection: A 10-year, serial cross-sectional study in an inner-city emergency department. J Clin Virol 2016; 80:93-7. [PMID: 27232485 PMCID: PMC4902752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Johns Hopkins Hospital Emergency Department (JHHED) has served as an observational window on the HIV epidemic in a socioeconomically depressed, urban population. We previously reported that HIV incidence among JHHED patients is decreasing and that prevalence has declined from 11.4% in 2003-5.6% in 2013. OBJECTIVES This study sought to observe temporal trends in hepatitis C virus (HCV) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence, which are surrogate markers for parenteral and sexual risk behavior, respectively. STUDY DESIGN Identity unlinked-serosurveys were conducted over 6-8 weeks in the adult JHHED in 2003, 2007, and 2013. Excess sera from 10,274 patients, previously tested for HIV, were assayed for HSV-2 and HCV antibodies. RESULTS Overall HCV seroprevalence declined steadily from 22.0% in 2003-13.8% in 2013 (Ptrend<0.01), and was significant by all gender and race strata. Overall HSV-2 prevalence declined from 55.3% in 2003-50.0% in 2013 (Ptrend<0.01), but was non-significant after adjustment for demographics. Among HIV+ individuals<45years of age, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of individuals with HCV co-infection [without HSV-2] (Ptrend=0.02) from 2003 to 2013, however, there was an increase in individuals with HSV-2 co-infection [without HCV] (Ptrend < 0.01). DISCUSSION Little change in age-specific HSV-2 prevalence suggests the decrease in HIV prevalence was likely not associated with changes in sexual risk behavior. In addition to clinical interventions, strategies to address sexual health disparities and continued parenteral harm-reduction efforts are needed to further drive the decline in HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eshan U Patel
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu-Hsiang Hsieh
- Dept. of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard E Rothman
- Dept. of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gabor D Kelen
- Dept. of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Linton SL, Cooper HLF, Luo R, Karnes C, Renneker K, Haley DF, Hunter-Jones J, Ross Z, Bonney L, Rothenberg R. People and places: Relocating to neighborhoods with better economic and social conditions is associated with less risky drug/alcohol network characteristics among African American adults in Atlanta, GA. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 160:30-41. [PMID: 26781062 PMCID: PMC4767629 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies assess whether place characteristics are associated with social network characteristics that create vulnerability to substance use. METHODS This longitudinal study analyzed 7 waves of data (2009-2014) from a predominantly substance-using cohort of 172 African American adults relocated from public housing complexes in Atlanta, GA, to determine whether post-relocation changes in exposure to neighborhood conditions were associated with four network characteristics related to substance use: number of social network members who used illicit drugs or alcohol in excess in the past six months ("drug/alcohol network"), drug/alcohol network stability, and turnover into and out of drug/alcohol networks. Individual- and network-level characteristics were captured via survey and administrative data were used to describe census tracts where participants lived. Multilevel models were used to assess relationships of census tract-level characteristics to network outcomes over time. RESULTS On average, participants relocated to census tracts that had less economic disadvantage, social disorder, and renter-occupied housing. Post-relocation reductions in exposure to economic disadvantage were associated with fewer drug/alcohol network members and less turnover into drug/alcohol networks. Post-relocation improvements in exposure to multiple census tract-level social conditions and reductions in perceived community violence were associated with fewer drug/alcohol network members, less turnover into drug/alcohol networks, less drug/alcohol network stability, and more turnover out of drug/alcohol networks. CONCLUSION Relocating to neighborhoods with less economic disadvantage and better social conditions may weaken relationships with substance-using individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabriya L Linton
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Hannah LF Cooper
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ruiyan Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health at Georgia State University, One Park Place, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Conny Karnes
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kristen Renneker
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Danielle F Haley
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Josalin Hunter-Jones
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zev Ross
- ZevRoss Spatial Analysis, 120 N Aurora St, Suite 3A, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Loida Bonney
- Division of General Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Richard Rothenberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health at Georgia State University, One Park Place, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jarlais DCD, Arasteh K, McKnight C, Feelemyer J, Hagan H, Cooper HLF, Campbell ANC, Tross S, Perlman DC. Providing ART to HIV Seropositive Persons Who Use Drugs: Progress in New York City, Prospects for "Ending the Epidemic". AIDS Behav 2016; 20:353-62. [PMID: 25731661 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-015-1028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
New York City has experienced the largest HIV epidemic among persons who use psychoactive drugs. We examined progress in placing HIV seropositive persons who inject drugs (PWID) and HIV seropositive non-injecting drug users (NIDU) onto antiretroviral treatment (ART) in New York City over the last 15 years. We recruited 3511 PWID and 3543 NIDU from persons voluntarily entering drug detoxification and methadone maintenance treatment programs in New York City from 2001 to 2014. HIV prevalence declined significantly among both PWID and NIDU. The percentage who reported receiving ART increased significantly, from approximately 50 % (2001-2005) to approximately 75 % (2012-2014). There were no racial/ethnic disparities in the percentages of HIV seropositive persons who were on ART. Continued improvement in ART uptake and TasP and maintenance of other prevention and care services should lead to an "End of the AIDS Epidemic" for persons who use heroin and cocaine in New York City.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Don C Des Jarlais
- Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, 160 Water Street FL 24, New York, NY, 10038, USA.
| | - Kamyar Arasteh
- Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, 160 Water Street FL 24, New York, NY, 10038, USA
| | - Courtney McKnight
- Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, 160 Water Street FL 24, New York, NY, 10038, USA
| | - Jonathan Feelemyer
- Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, 160 Water Street FL 24, New York, NY, 10038, USA
| | - Holly Hagan
- College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hannah L F Cooper
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rolling School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Susan Tross
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David C Perlman
- Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, 160 Water Street FL 24, New York, NY, 10038, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Global Epidemiology of HIV Among Women and Girls Who Use or Inject Drugs: Current Knowledge and Limitations of Existing Data. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 69 Suppl 2:S100-9. [PMID: 25978476 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women and girls who use and inject drugs are a critical population at risk of HIV. In this article, we review data on the epidemiology of drug use and injection among women globally and HIV prevalence among women and girls who use and inject drugs. RESULTS Women and girls comprise one-third of people who use and inject drugs globally. There is substantial variation in HIV prevalence in this population, between and within countries. There is a pronounced lack of data examining HIV risk among particularly vulnerable subpopulations of women who use and inject drugs, including women who have sex with women, transgender women, racial and ethnic minority women, and young women. Women who use and inject drugs experience stigma and discrimination that affect access to services, and high levels of sexual risk exposures. CONCLUSIONS There are significant gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology of drug use and injecting among women and girls and HIV risk and prevalence in this population. Women are frequently underrepresented in studies of drug use and HIV risk and prevalence among people who inject drugs, limiting our understanding of possible sex differences in this population. Most research originates from developed countries and may not be generalizable to other settings. A great deal of work is needed to improve understanding of HIV among particularly vulnerable subpopulations, such as transgender women who use drugs. Better data are critical to efforts to advocate for the needs of women and girls who use and inject drugs.
Collapse
|
6
|
Des Jarlais D, Arasteh K, McKnight C, Feelemyer J, Hagan H, Cooper H, Campbell A, Tross S, Perlman D. Will "Combined Prevention" Eliminate Racial/Ethnic Disparities in HIV Infection among Persons Who Inject Drugs in New York City? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126180. [PMID: 25965957 PMCID: PMC4428770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has not been determined whether implementation of combined prevention programming for persons who inject drugs reduce racial/ethnic disparities in HIV infection. We examine racial/ethnic disparities in New York City among persons who inject drugs after implementation of the New York City Condom Social Marketing Program in 2007. Quantitative interviews and HIV testing were conducted among persons who inject drugs entering Mount Sinai Beth Israel drug treatment (2007–2014). 703 persons who inject drugs who began injecting after implementation of large-scale syringe exchange were included in the analyses. Factors independently associated with being HIV seropositive were identified and a published model was used to estimate HIV infections due to sexual transmission. Overall HIV prevalence was 4%; Whites 1%, African-Americans 17%, and Hispanics 4%. Adjusted odds ratios were 21.0 (95% CI 5.7, 77.5) for African-Americans to Whites and 4.5 (95% CI 1.3, 16.3) for Hispanics to Whites. There was an overall significant trend towards reduced HIV prevalence over time (adjusted odd ratio = 0.7 per year, 95% confidence interval (0.6–0.8). An estimated 75% or more of the HIV infections were due to sexual transmission. Racial/ethnic disparities among persons who inject drugs were not significantly different from previous disparities. Reducing these persistent disparities may require new interventions (treatment as prevention, pre-exposure prophylaxis) for all racial/ethnic groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Don Des Jarlais
- The Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kamyar Arasteh
- The Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Courtney McKnight
- The Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Feelemyer
- The Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Holly Hagan
- College of Nursing, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hannah Cooper
- Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aimee Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan Tross
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David Perlman
- The Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cone RA. Vaginal microbiota and sexually transmitted infections that may influence transmission of cell-associated HIV. J Infect Dis 2015; 210 Suppl 3:S616-21. [PMID: 25414415 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaginal microbiota and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are likely to influence the transmission of cell-associated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Lactic acid produced by Lactobacillus-dominated microbiota (Nugent score 0-3) will likely inhibit transmission, especially female-to-male transmission. In contrast, polymicrobial microbiota (Nugent score 4-10), community state types IV-A and IV-B, and STIs will likely increase transmission of cell-associated HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Cone
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Des Jarlais DC, McKnight C, Arasteh K, Feelemyer J, Perlman DC, Hagan H, Dauria EF, Cooper HLF. A perfect storm: crack cocaine, HSV-2, and HIV among non-injecting drug users in New York City. Subst Use Misuse 2014; 49:783-92. [PMID: 24502371 PMCID: PMC4451113 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.880176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has reached 16% among non-injecting drug users (NIDU) in New York City, an unusually high prevalence for a predominantly heterosexual population that does not inject drugs. Using a long-term study (1983-2011, >7,000 subjects) among persons entering the Beth Israel drug-treatment programs in New York City, we identified factors that contributed to this high prevalence: a preexisting HIV epidemic among injectors, a crack cocaine epidemic, mixing between injectors and crack users, policy responses not centered on public health, and herpes-simplex virus 2 facilitating HIV transmission. Implications for avoiding high prevalence among NIDU in other areas are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Don C Des Jarlais
- 1Beth Israel Medical Center, Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Des Jarlais DC, Arasteh K, McKnight C, Perlman DC, Feelemyer J, Hagan H, Cooper HLF. HSV-2 co-infection as a driver of HIV transmission among heterosexual non-injecting drug users in New York City. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87993. [PMID: 24498235 PMCID: PMC3909306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)/HIV co-infection as a contributing factor in the increase in HIV infection among non-injecting heroin and cocaine users in New York City. Methods Subjects were recruited from the Beth Israel Medical Center drug detoxification and methadone maintenance programs in New York City in 1995–1999 and 2005–2011. All reported current heroin and/or cocaine use and no injection drug use. A structured questionnaire was administered and serum samples collected for HIV and HSV-2 testing. Population-attributable risk percentages (PAR%s) were estimated for associations between HSV-2 and increased susceptibility to and increased transmissibility of HIV among female NIDUs. Results 785 subjects were recruited from 1995–1999, and 1764 subjects from 2005–2011. HIV prevalence increased from 7% to 13%, with nearly uniform increases among all demographic subgroups. HSV-2/HIV co-infection was common in both time periods, with an average (over the two time periods) of 80% of HIV negative females infected with HSV-2, an average of 43% of HIV negative males infected with HSV-2; an average of 97% of HIV positive females also infected with HSV-2 and an average of 67% of HIV positive males also infected with HSV-2. The increase in HIV prevalence was predominantly an increase in HSV-2/HIV co-infection, with relatively little HIV mono-infection in either time period. The estimated PAR%s indicate that approximately half of HIV acquisition among females was caused by HSV-2 infection and approximately 60% of HIV transmission from females was due to HSV-2 co-infection. Conclusions The increase in HIV infection among these non-injecting drug users is better considered as an increase in HSV-2/HIV co-infection rather than simply an increase in HIV prevalence. Additional interventions (such as treatment as prevention and suppressing the effects of HSV-2 on HIV transmission) are needed to reduce further HIV transmission from HSV-2/HIV co-infected non-injecting drug users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Don C. Des Jarlais
- The Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kamyar Arasteh
- The Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Courtney McKnight
- The Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David C. Perlman
- The Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Feelemyer
- The Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Holly Hagan
- School of Nursing, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hannah L. F. Cooper
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|