1
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Krasikova YS, Lavrik OI, Rechkunova NI. The XPA Protein-Life under Precise Control. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233723. [PMID: 36496984 PMCID: PMC9739396 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a central DNA repair pathway responsible for removing a wide variety of DNA-distorting lesions from the genome. The highly choreographed cascade of core NER reactions requires more than 30 polypeptides. The xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) protein plays an essential role in the NER process. XPA interacts with almost all NER participants and organizes the correct NER repair complex. In the absence of XPA's scaffolding function, no repair process occurs. In this review, we briefly summarize our current knowledge about the XPA protein structure and analyze the formation of contact with its protein partners during NER complex assembling. We focus on different ways of regulation of the XPA protein's activity and expression and pay special attention to the network of post-translational modifications. We also discuss the data that is not in line with the currently accepted hypothesis about the functioning of the XPA protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya S. Krasikova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olga I. Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nadejda I. Rechkunova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Correspondence:
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2
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Tang Q, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhu F, Yu Q, Chen H, Chen L, Ma S, Xu H, Chen K, Li G. Bombyx mori Flap endonuclease 1 correlates with the repair of ultraviolet-induced DNA damage. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 142:104424. [PMID: 35878701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) can cause DNA damage in microorganisms. Flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) is a structure-specific nuclease and plays important roles in DNA replication and repair. At present, the properties and functions of FEN1 have not been characterized in detail in invertebrates such as Bombyx mori. In this study, Bombyx mori FEN1 (BmFEN1) was expressed in E. coli, and was shown to have nuclease activity that nonspecifically cleaved DNA in vitro. However, inside the cell, BmFEN1 did not cleave DNA randomly. Truncated BmFEN1 missing the nuclear localization signal (346-380 aa) still had the nuclease activity, but was no longer precisely localized to the sites of UV-induced DNA damage. It was further found that BmFEN1 favored the faster repair of UV-damaged DNA. The present study will provide a reference for further understanding the functions of BmFEN1 and UV-induced DNA damage repair mechanisms in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Feifei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qian Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Huiqing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shangshang Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Huixin Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Guohui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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3
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Li Z, Wang-Heaton H, Cartwright BM, Makinwa Y, Hilton BA, Musich PR, Shkriabai N, Kvaratskhelia M, Guan S, Chen Q, Yu X, Zou Y. ATR prevents Ca 2+ overload-induced necrotic cell death through phosphorylation-mediated inactivation of PARP1 without DNA damage signaling. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21373. [PMID: 33811702 PMCID: PMC8252533 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001636rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyperactivation of PARP1 is known to be a major cause of necrotic cell death by depleting NAD+/ATP pools during Ca2+ overload which is associated with many ischemic diseases. However, little is known about how PARP1 hyperactivity is regulated during calcium overload. In this study we show that ATR kinase, well known for its role in DNA damage responses, suppresses ionomycin, glutamate, or quinolinic acid‐induced necrotic death of cells including SH‐SY5Y neuronal cells. We found that the inhibition of necrosis requires the kinase activity of ATR. Specifically, ATR binds to and phosphorylates PARP1 at Ser179 after the ionophore treatments. This site‐specific phosphorylation inactivates PARP1, inhibiting ionophore‐induced necrosis. Strikingly, all of this occurs in the absence of detectable DNA damage and signaling up to 8 hours after ionophore treatment. Furthermore, little AIF was released from mitochondria/cytoplasm for nuclear import, supporting the necrotic type of cell death in the early period of the treatments. Our results reveal a novel ATR‐mediated anti‐necrotic mechanism in the cellular stress response to calcium influx without DNA damage signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengke Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Hui Wang-Heaton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Brian M Cartwright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Yetunde Makinwa
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin A Hilton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Phillip R Musich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Nikolozi Shkriabai
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Shengheng Guan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Xiaochun Yu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yue Zou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, USA
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4
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Xie Q, Wang W, Li L, Kan Q, Fu H, Geng T, Li T, Wan Z, Gao W, Shao H, Qin A, Ye J. Domain in Fiber-2 interacted with KPNA3/4 significantly affects the replication and pathogenicity of the highly pathogenic FAdV-4. Virulence 2021; 12:754-765. [PMID: 33616472 PMCID: PMC7901544 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1888458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreaks of hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) caused by the highly pathogenic serotype 4 fowl adenovirus (FAdV-4) have caused a huge economic loss to the poultry industry globally since 2013. Although the Fiber-2 has been identified as a key virulent related factor for FAdV-4, little is known about its molecular basis. In this study, we identified the efficient interaction of the Fiber-2 with the karyopherin alpha 3/4 (KPNA3/4) protein via its N-terminus of 1–40aa. The analysis of the overexpression and knockout of KPNA3/4 showed that KPNA3/4 could efficiently assist the replication of FAdV-4. Moreover, a fiber-2-edited virus FAV-4_Del with a deletion of 7–40aa in Fiber-2 was rescued through the CRISPR-Cas9 technique. In comparison with the wild type FAdV-4, FAV-4_Del was highly attenuated in vitro and in vivo. Notably, the inoculation of FAV-4_Del in chickens could provide full protection against the lethal challenge with the wild type FAdV-4. All these findings not only give novel insights into the molecular basis for the pathogenesis of Fiber-2 but also provide efficient targets for developing antiviral strategies and live-attenuated vaccine candidates against the highly pathogenic FAdV-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Weikang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Luyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiuqi Kan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Tuoyu Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Tuofan Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
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5
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Magalhaes YT, Silva GET, Osaki JH, Rocha CRR, Forti FL. RHOAming Through the Nucleotide Excision Repair Pathway as a Mechanism of Cellular Response Against the Effects of UV Radiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:816. [PMID: 33015036 PMCID: PMC7509447 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Typical Rho GTPases include the enzymes RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 that act as molecular switches to regulate essential cellular processes in eukaryotic cells such as actomyosin dynamics, cell cycle, adhesion, death and differentiation. Recently, it has been shown that different conditions modulate the activity of these enzymes, but their functions still need to be better understood. Here we examine the interplay between RhoA and the NER (Nucleotide Excision Repair) pathway in human cells exposed to UVA, UVB or UVC radiation. The results show high levels and accumulation of UV-induced DNA lesions (strand breaks and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, CPDs) in different cells with RhoA loss of function (LoF), either by stable overexpression of negative dominant RhoA (RhoA-N19 mutant), by inhibition with C3 toxin or by transient silencing with siRNA. Cells under RhoA LoF showed reduced levels of γH2AX, p-Chk1 (Ser345) and p-p53 (Ser15) that reflected causally in their accumulation in G1/S phases, in low survival rates and in reduced cell proliferation, also in accordance with the energy of applied UV light. Even NER-deficient cells (XPA, XPC) or DNA translesion synthesis (TLS)-deficient cells (XPV) showed substantial hypersensitivity to UV effects when previously submitted to RhoA LoF. In contrast, analyses of apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and senescence revealed that all cells displaying normal levels of active RhoA (RhoA-GTP) are more resistant to UV-promoted cell death. This work reaffirms the role of RhoA protein signaling in protecting cells from damage caused by UV radiation and demonstrates relevant communicating mechanisms between actin cytoskeleton and genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli T Magalhaes
- Biomolecular Systems Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele E T Silva
- Biomolecular Systems Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana H Osaki
- Biomolecular Systems Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarissa R R Rocha
- DNA Repair Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio L Forti
- Biomolecular Systems Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Sarkar S, Gaddameedhi S. Solar ultraviolet-induced DNA damage response: Melanocytes story in transformation to environmental melanomagenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:736-751. [PMID: 32281145 PMCID: PMC9675355 DOI: 10.1002/em.22370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to sunlight is both beneficial, as it heats the planet to a comfortable temperature, and potentially harmful, since sunlight contains ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which is deemed detrimental for living organisms. Earth's ozone layer plays a vital role in blocking most of the extremely dangerous UVC; however, low frequency/energy UVR (i.e., UVB and UVA) seeps through in minute amount and reaches the Earth's surface. Both UVB and UVA are physiologically responsible for a plethora of skin ailments, including skin cancers. The UVR is readily absorbed by the genomic DNA of skin cells, causing DNA bond distortion and UV-induced DNA damage. As a defense mechanism, the DNA damage response (DDR) signaling in skin cells activates nucleotide excision repair (NER), which is responsible for the removal of UVR-induced DNA photolesions and helps maintain the genomic integrity of the cells. Failure of proper NER function leads to mutagenesis and development of skin cancers. One of the deadliest form of skin cancers is melanoma which originates upon the genetic transformation of melanocytes, melanin producing skin cells. NER is a well-studied DNA repair system in the whole skin, as a tissue, but not much is known about it in melanocytes. Therefore, this review encapsulates NER in melanocytes, with a specific focus on its functional regulators and their cross talks due to skin heterogeneity and divulging the potential knowledge gap in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadeep Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
| | - Shobhan Gaddameedhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
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7
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XPA: DNA Repair Protein of Significant Clinical Importance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062182. [PMID: 32235701 PMCID: PMC7139726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is activated in response to a broad spectrum of DNA lesions, including bulky lesions induced by platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents. Expression levels of NER factors and resistance to chemotherapy has been examined with some suggestion that NER plays a role in tumour resistance; however, there is a great degree of variability in these studies. Nevertheless, recent clinical studies have suggested Xeroderma Pigmentosum group A (XPA) protein, a key regulator of the NER pathway that is essential for the repair of DNA damage induced by platinum-based chemotherapeutics, as a potential prognostic and predictive biomarker for response to treatment. XPA functions in damage verification step in NER, as well as a molecular scaffold to assemble other NER core factors around the DNA damage site, mediated by protein–protein interactions. In this review, we focus on the interacting partners and mechanisms of regulation of the XPA protein. We summarize clinical oncology data related to this DNA repair factor, particularly its relationship with treatment outcome, and examine the potential of XPA as a target for small molecule inhibitors.
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8
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Cierna Z, Miskovska V, Roska J, Jurkovicova D, Pulzova LB, Sestakova Z, Hurbanova L, Machalekova K, Chovanec M, Rejlekova K, Svetlovska D, Kalavska K, Kajo K, Babal P, Mardiak J, Ward TA, Mego M, Chovanec M. Increased levels of XPA might be the basis of cisplatin resistance in germ cell tumours. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:17. [PMID: 31906898 PMCID: PMC6945513 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6496-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Germ cell tumours (GCTs) represent a highly curable malignity as they respond well to cisplatin (CDDP)-based chemotherapy. Nevertheless, a small proportion of GCT patients relapse or do not respond to therapy. As this might be caused by an increased capacity to repair CDDP-induced DNA damage, identification of DNA repair biomarkers predicting inadequate or aberrant response to CDDP, and thus poor prognosis for GCT patients, poses a challenge. The objective of this study is to examine the expression levels of the key nucleotide excision repair (NER) factors, XPA, ERCC1 and XPF, in GCT patients and cell lines. Methods Two hundred seven GCT patients’ specimens with sufficient follow-up clinical-pathological data and pairwise combinations of CDDP-resistant and -sensitive GCT cell lines were included. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the ERCC1, XPF and XPA protein expression levels in GCT patients’ specimen and Western blot and qRT-PCR examined the protein and mRNA expression levels in GCT cell lines. Results GCT patients with low XPA expression had significantly better overall survival than patients with high expression (hazard ratio = 0.38, 95% confidence interval: 0.12–1.23, p = 0.0228). In addition, XPA expression was increased in the non-seminomatous histological subtype, IGCCCG poor prognosis group, increasing S stage, as well as the presence of lung, liver and non-pulmonary visceral metastases. Importantly, a correlation between inadequate or aberrant CDDP response and XPA expression found in GCT patients was also seen in GCT cell lines. Conclusions XPA expression is an additional independent prognostic biomarker for stratifying GCT patients, allowing for improvements in decision-making on treatment for those at high risk of refractoriness or relapse. In addition, it could represent a novel therapeutic target in GCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Cierna
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vera Miskovska
- 1st Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Roska
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dana Jurkovicova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Borszekova Pulzova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Sestakova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Hurbanova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Michal Chovanec
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Rejlekova
- St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Svetlovska
- St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Translational Research Unit, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Kalavska
- St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Translational Research Unit, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karol Kajo
- St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Babal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Faculty Hospital with Policlinics Skalica a.s., Skalica, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Mardiak
- St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Thomas A Ward
- Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Michal Mego
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Translational Research Unit, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Chovanec
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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9
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Jarrett SG, Carter KM, Bautista RM, He D, Wang C, D'Orazio JA. Sirtuin 1-mediated deacetylation of XPA DNA repair protein enhances its interaction with ATR protein and promotes cAMP-induced DNA repair of UV damage. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19025-19037. [PMID: 30327428 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Blunted melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) signaling promotes melanocyte genomic instability in part by attenuating cAMP-mediated DNA repair responses, particularly nucleotide excision repair (NER), which recognizes and clears mutagenic photodamage. cAMP-enhanced NER is mediated by interactions between the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) and xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XPA) proteins. We now report a critical role for sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in regulating ATR-mediated phosphorylation of XPA. SIRT1 deacetylates XPA at residues Lys-63, Lys-67, and Lys-215 to promote interactions with ATR. Mutant XPA containing acetylation mimetics at residues Lys-63, Lys-67, and Lys-215 exhibit blunted UV-dependent ATR-XPA interactions even in the presence of cAMP signals. ATR-mediated phosphorylation of XPA on Ser-196 enhances cAMP-mediated optimization of NER and is promoted by SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of XPA on Lys-63, Lys-67, and Lys-215. Interference with ATR-mediated XPA phosphorylation at Ser-196 by persistent acetylation of XPA at Lys-63, Lys-67, and Lys-215 delays repair of UV-induced DNA damage and attenuates cAMP-enhanced NER. Our study identifies a regulatory ATR-SIRT1-XPA axis in cAMP-mediated regulation melanocyte genomic stability, involving SIRT1-mediated deacetylation (Lys-63, Lys-67, and Lys-215) and ATR-dependent phosphorylation (Ser-196) post-translational modifications of the core NER factor XPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Jarrett
- From the Markey Cancer Center and .,the Departments of Toxicology and Cancer Biology
| | | | | | - Daheng He
- From the Markey Cancer Center and.,Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
| | - Chi Wang
- From the Markey Cancer Center and.,Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
| | - John A D'Orazio
- From the Markey Cancer Center and .,the Departments of Toxicology and Cancer Biology.,Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
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10
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Khan AQ, Travers JB, Kemp MG. Roles of UVA radiation and DNA damage responses in melanoma pathogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:438-460. [PMID: 29466611 PMCID: PMC6031472 DOI: 10.1002/em.22176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The growing incidence of melanoma is a serious public health issue that merits a thorough understanding of potential causative risk factors, which includes exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Though UVR has been classified as a complete carcinogen and has long been recognized for its ability to damage genomic DNA through both direct and indirect means, the precise mechanisms by which the UVA and UVB components of UVR contribute to the pathogenesis of melanoma have not been clearly defined. In this review, we therefore highlight recent studies that have addressed roles for UVA radiation in the generation of DNA damage and in modulating the subsequent cellular responses to DNA damage in melanocytes, which are the cell type that gives rise to melanoma. Recent research suggests that UVA not only contributes to the direct formation of DNA lesions but also impairs the removal of UV photoproducts from genomic DNA through oxidation and damage to DNA repair proteins. Moreover, the melanocyte microenvironment within the epidermis of the skin is also expected to impact melanomagenesis, and we therefore discuss several paracrine signaling pathways that have been shown to impact the DNA damage response in UV-irradiated melanocytes. Lastly, we examine how alterations to the immune microenvironment by UVA-associated DNA damage responses may contribute to melanoma development. Thus, there appear to be multiple avenues by which UVA may elevate the risk of melanoma. Protective strategies against excess exposure to UVA wavelengths of light therefore have the potential to decrease the incidence of melanoma. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:438-460, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Q Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey B Travers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
- Dayton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Michael G Kemp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
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11
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Musich PR, Li Z, Shell SM, Zou Y. Reprint of: XPA is primarily cytoplasmic but is transported into the nucleus upon UV damage in a cell cycle dependent manner. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 62:28-29. [PMID: 29402654 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Musich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J.H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614-1708, USA.
| | - Zhengke Li
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
| | - Steven M Shell
- Department of Natural Sciences, The University of Virginia's College at Wise, 1 College Avenue, Wise, VA 24293, USA
| | - Yue Zou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J.H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614-1708, USA
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12
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Karyopherins in cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 52:30-42. [PMID: 29414591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Malfunction of nuclear-cytoplasmic transport contributes to many diseases including cancer. Defective nuclear transport leads to changes in both the physiological levels and temporal-spatial location of tumor suppressors, proto-oncogenes and other macromolecules that in turn affect the tumorigenesis process and drug sensitivity of cancer cells. In addition to their nuclear transport functions in interphase, Karyopherin nuclear transport receptors also have important roles in mitosis and chromosomal integrity. Therefore, alterations in the expressions or regular functions of Karyopherins may have substantial effects on the course and outcome of diseases.
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13
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Wood RD, Manandhar M, Lowery M, Boulware KS, Lin K, Lu Y. Response to "XPA is primarily cytoplasmic but is transported into the nucleus upon UV damage". DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 62:30-31. [PMID: 29337160 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Wood
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA.
| | - Mandira Manandhar
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Megan Lowery
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Karen S Boulware
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Kevin Lin
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
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14
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XPA is primarily cytoplasmic but is transported into the nucleus upon UV damage in a cell cycle dependent manner. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 60:50-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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The melanocortin signaling cAMP axis accelerates repair and reduces mutagenesis of platinum-induced DNA damage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11708. [PMID: 28916831 PMCID: PMC5601928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using primary melanocytes and HEK293 cells, we found that cAMP signaling accelerates repair of bi- and mono-functional platinum-induced DNA damage. Elevating cAMP signaling either by the agonistic MC1R ligand melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) or by pharmacologic cAMP induction by forskolin enhanced clearance of intrastrand cisplatin-adducts in melanocytes or MC1R-transfected HEK293 cells. MC1R antagonists human beta-defensin 3 and agouti signaling protein blocked MSH- but not forskolin-mediated enhancement of platinum-induced DNA damage. cAMP-enhanced repair of cisplatin-induced DNA damage was dependent on PKA-mediated phosphorylation of ATR on S435 which promoted ATR’s interaction with the key NER factor xeroderma pigmentosum A (XPA) and facilitated recruitment of an XPA-ATR-pS435 complex to sites of cisplatin DNA damage. Moreover, we developed an oligonucleotide retrieval immunoprecipitation (ORiP) assay using a novel platinated-DNA substrate to establish kinetics of ATR-pS435 and XPA’s associations with cisplatin-damaged DNA. Expression of a non-phosphorylatable ATR-S435A construct or deletion of A kinase-anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12) impeded platinum adduct clearance and prevented cAMP-mediated enhancement of ATR and XPA’s associations with cisplatin-damaged DNA, indicating that ATR phosphorylation at S435 is necessary for cAMP-enhanced repair of platinum-induced damage and protection against cisplatin-induced mutagenesis. These data implicate cAMP signaling as a critical regulator of genomic stability against platinum-induced mutagenesis.
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16
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Manandhar M, Lowery MG, Boulware KS, Lin KH, Lu Y, Wood RD. Transcriptional consequences of XPA disruption in human cell lines. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 57:76-90. [PMID: 28704716 PMCID: PMC5731452 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) in mammalian cells requires the xeroderma pigmentosum group A protein (XPA) as a core factor. Remarkably, XPA and other NER proteins have been detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation at some active promoters, and NER deficiency is reported to influence the activated transcription of selected genes. However, the global influence of XPA on transcription in human cells has not been determined. We analyzed the human transcriptome by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). We first confirmed that XPA is confined to the cell nucleus even in the absence of external DNA damage, in contrast to previous reports that XPA is normally resident in the cytoplasm and is imported following DNA damage. We then analyzed four genetically matched human cell line pairs deficient or proficient in XPA. Of the ∼14,000 genes transcribed in each cell line, 325 genes (2%) had a significant XPA-dependent directional change in gene expression that was common to all four pairs (with a false discovery rate of 0.05). These genes were enriched in pathways for the maintenance of mitochondria. Only 27 common genes were different by more than 1.5-fold. The most significant hits were AKR1C1 and AKR1C2, involved in steroid hormone metabolism. AKR1C2 protein was lower in all of the immortalized XPA-deficient cells. Retinoic acid treatment led to modest XPA-dependent activation of some genes with transcription-related functions. We conclude that XPA status does not globally influence human gene transcription. However, XPA significantly influences expression of a small subset of genes important for mitochondrial functions and steroid hormone metabolism. The results may help explain defects in neurological function and sterility in individuals with xeroderma pigmentosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandira Manandhar
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, TX, USA
| | - Megan G Lowery
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Karen S Boulware
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Kevin H Lin
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Richard D Wood
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, TX, USA.
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17
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Hilton BA, Liu J, Cartwright BM, Liu Y, Breitman M, Wang Y, Jones R, Tang H, Rusinol A, Musich PR, Zou Y. Progerin sequestration of PCNA promotes replication fork collapse and mislocalization of XPA in laminopathy-related progeroid syndromes. FASEB J 2017; 31:3882-3893. [PMID: 28515154 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700014r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare genetic disorder that is caused by a point mutation in the LMNA gene, resulting in production of a truncated farnesylated-prelamin A protein (progerin). We previously reported that XPA mislocalized to the progerin-induced DNA double-strand break (DSB) sites, blocking DSB repair, which led to DSB accumulation, DNA damage responses, and early replication arrest in HGPS. In this study, the XPA mislocalization to DSBs occurred at stalled or collapsed replication forks, concurrent with a significant loss of PCNA at the forks, whereas PCNA efficiently bound to progerin. This PCNA sequestration likely exposed ds-ssDNA junctions at replication forks for XPA binding. Depletion of XPA or progerin each significantly restored PCNA at replication forks. Our results suggest that although PCNA is much more competitive than XPA in binding replication forks, PCNA sequestration by progerin may shift the equilibrium to favor XPA binding. Furthermore, we demonstrated that progerin-induced apoptosis could be rescued by XPA, suggesting that XPA-replication fork binding may prevent apoptosis in HGPS cells. Our results propose a mechanism for progerin-induced genome instability and accelerated replicative senescence in HGPS.-Hilton, B. A., Liu, J., Cartwright, B. M., Liu, Y., Breitman, M., Wang, Y., Jones, R., Tang, H., Rusinol, A., Musich, P. R., Zou, Y. Progerin sequestration of PCNA promotes replication fork collapse and mislocalization of XPA in laminopathy-related progeroid syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Hilton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China Center of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Brian M Cartwright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yiyong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maya Breitman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Youjie Wang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rowdy Jones
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Antonio Rusinol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Phillip R Musich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yue Zou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA;
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18
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Musich PR, Li Z, Zou Y. Xeroderma Pigmentosa Group A (XPA), Nucleotide Excision Repair and Regulation by ATR in Response to Ultraviolet Irradiation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 996:41-54. [PMID: 29124689 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of Xeroderma pigmentosa (XP) patients to sunlight has spurred the discovery and genetic and biochemical analysis of the eight XP gene products (XPA-XPG plus XPV) responsible for this disorder. These studies also have served to elucidate the nucleotide excision repair (NER) process, especially the critical role played by the XPA protein. More recent studies have shown that NER also involves numerous other proteins normally employed in DNA metabolism and cell cycle regulation. Central among these is ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR), a protein kinase involved in intracellular signaling in response to DNA damage, especially DNA damage-induced replicative stresses. This review summarizes recent findings on the interplay between ATR as a DNA damage signaling kinase and as a novel ligand for intrinsic cell death proteins to delay damage-induced apoptosis, and on ATR's regulation of XPA and the NER process for repair of UV-induced DNA adducts. ATR's regulatory role in the cytosolic-to-nuclear translocation of XPA will be discussed. In addition, recent findings elucidating a non-NER role for XPA in DNA metabolism and genome stabilization at ds-ssDNA junctions, as exemplified in prematurely aging progeroid cells, also will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Musich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Zhengke Li
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA, 91007, USA
| | - Yue Zou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
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19
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Jarrett SG, D'Orazio JA. Hormonal Regulation of the Repair of UV Photoproducts in Melanocytes by the Melanocortin Signaling Axis. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 93:245-258. [PMID: 27645605 DOI: 10.1111/php.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer because of its propensity to spread beyond the primary site of disease and because it resists many forms of treatment. Incidence of melanoma has been increasing for decades. Although ultraviolet radiation (UV) has been identified as the most important environmental causative factor for melanoma development, UV-protective strategies have had limited efficacy in melanoma prevention. UV mutational burden correlates with melanoma development and tumor progression, underscoring the importance of UV in melanomagenesis. However, besides amount of UV exposure, melanocyte UV mutational load is influenced by the robustness of nucleotide excision repair, the genome maintenance pathway charged with removing UV photoproducts before they cause permanent mutations in the genome. In this review, we highlight the importance of the melanocortin hormonal signaling axis on regulating efficiency of nucleotide excision repair in melanocytes. By understanding the molecular mechanisms by which nucleotide excision repair can be increased, it may be possible to prevent many cases of melanoma by reducing UV mutational burden over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Jarrett
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - John A D'Orazio
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY.,Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
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20
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Transcriptional and Posttranslational Regulation of Nucleotide Excision Repair: The Guardian of the Genome against Ultraviolet Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111840. [PMID: 27827925 PMCID: PMC5133840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight represents a constant threat to genome stability by generating modified DNA bases such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproducts (6-4PP). If unrepaired, these lesions can have deleterious effects, including skin cancer. Mammalian cells are able to neutralize UV-induced photolesions through nucleotide excision repair (NER). The NER pathway has multiple components including seven xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) proteins (XPA to XPG) and numerous auxiliary factors, including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) protein kinase and RCC1 like domain (RLD) and homologous to the E6-AP carboxyl terminus (HECT) domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 (HERC2). In this review we highlight recent data on the transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of NER activity.
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21
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Sun C, Wang Z, Song W, Chen B, Zhang J, Dai X, Wang L, Wu J, Lan Q, Huang Q, Dong J. Alteration of DNA damage signaling pathway profile in radiation-treated glioblastoma stem-like cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1769-1774. [PMID: 26622748 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the alteration of the DNA damage signaling pathway profile in radiation-treated glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSLCs), and also aimed to explore potential targets for overcoming glioblastoma radioresistance. Serum-free medium was used to isolate and culture GSLCs. Cell growth was detected using a cell counting kit-8 assay and cell sorting analysis was performed by flow cytometry. X-ray irradiation was produced by a Siemens-Primus linear accelerator. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)was performed to investigate target genes. SPSS 15.0 was used for all statistical analyses. Human glioblastoma U251 and U87 cells were cultured in serum-free medium supplemented with epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2, which constitutes tumor sphere medium, and demonstrated sphere formation, with significantly increased the proportion of CD133+ and Nestin+ cells, which are referred to as GSLCs. The present data revealed that treatment with 10 Gy X-ray radiation alters the expression profile of DNA damage-associated genes in GSLCs. The expression levels of 12 genes demonstrated a ≥2-fold increase in the irradiated U87 GSLCs compared with the untreated U87 GSLCs. Three genes, consisting of XPA, RAD50 and PPP1R15A, were selected from the 12 genes by gene functional searching and qPCR confirmatory studies, as these genes were considered to be potential targets for overcoming radioresistance. The expression of XPA, RAD50 and PPP1R15A is significantly increased in U87 and U251 radiation resistant GSLCs, indicating three potential targets for overcoming the radioresistance of GSLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Wuchao Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Baomin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Jinshi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Xingliang Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Jinding Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Qing Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
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22
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Abstract
The human genome encodes seven isoforms of importin α which are grouped into three subfamilies known as α1, α2 and α3. All isoforms share a fundamentally conserved architecture that consists of an N-terminal, autoinhibitory, importin-β-binding (IBB) domain and a C-terminal Arm (Armadillo)-core that associates with nuclear localization signal (NLS) cargoes. Despite striking similarity in amino acid sequence and 3D structure, importin-α isoforms display remarkable substrate specificity in vivo. In the present review, we look at key differences among importin-α isoforms and provide a comprehensive inventory of known viral and cellular cargoes that have been shown to associate preferentially with specific isoforms. We illustrate how the diversification of the adaptor importin α into seven isoforms expands the dynamic range and regulatory control of nucleocytoplasmic transport, offering unexpected opportunities for pharmacological intervention. The emerging view of importin α is that of a key signalling molecule, with isoforms that confer preferential nuclear entry and spatiotemporal specificity on viral and cellular cargoes directly linked to human diseases.
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23
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Bee L, Marini S, Pontarin G, Ferraro P, Costa R, Albrecht U, Celotti L. Nucleotide excision repair efficiency in quiescent human fibroblasts is modulated by circadian clock. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:2126-37. [PMID: 25662220 PMCID: PMC4344517 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)process is crucial for maintaining genomic integrity because in many organisms, including humans, it represents the only system able to repair a wide range of DNA damage. The aim of the work was to investigate whether the efficiency of the repair of photoproducts induced by UV-light is affected by the circadian phase at which irradiation occurred. NER activity has been analyzed in human quiescent fibroblasts (in the absence of the cell cycle effect), in which circadian rhythmicity has been synchronized with a pulse of dexamethasone. Our results demonstrate that both DNA damage induction and repair efficiency are strictly dependent on the phase of the circadian rhythm at which the cells are UV-exposed. Furthermore, the differences observed between fibroblasts irradiated at different circadian times (CTs) are abolished when the clock is obliterated. In addition, we observe that chromatin structure is regulated by circadian rhythmicity. Maximal chromatin relaxation occurred at the same CT when photoproduct formation and removal were highest. Our data suggest that the circadian clock regulates both the DNA sensitivity to UV damage and the efficiency of NER by controlling chromatin condensation mainly through histone acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Bee
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Selena Marini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | | | - Paola Ferraro
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Costa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Urs Albrecht
- Department of Biology, Unit for Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Celotti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
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24
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Jarrett SG, Horrell EMW, Christian PA, Vanover JC, Boulanger MC, Zou Y, D'Orazio JA. RETRACTED: PKA-mediated phosphorylation of ATR promotes recruitment of XPA to UV-induced DNA damage. Mol Cell 2014; 54:999-1011. [PMID: 24950377 PMCID: PMC4076709 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the authors. An investigation by the University of Kentucky (UK) recently determined that it contains fabricated and/or falsified data committed by the lead author on the paper. The results of the investigation can be viewed at https://ori.hhs.gov/content/case-summary-jarrett-stuart-g. UK identified that there were duplications and flips of panels in three figures (Figures 7D, 7E, and S3C), and original data could not be retrieved. In Figures 7D and 7E, there are inappropriate loading controls: reuse and relabeling between Figure 7D (no UV) and Figure 7E (+ UV). In Figure S3C, the loading controls for 6-4 PP (second row down) are the same as those for XPA (fourth row down), but are flipped. In both cases, the authors could not recover the original data, since primary data were stored only on a computer associated with a Storm PhosphorImager and were lost when that computer crashed. Thus, this is considered data fabrication, and the authors are retracting the paper. The authors apologize to the scientific community for any inconveniences or challenges resulting from the publication and retraction of this manuscript. Authors Stuart Jarrett and Jillian Vanover could not be reached. The remaining authors agree to the retraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Jarrett
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Erin M Wolf Horrell
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Perry A Christian
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jillian C Vanover
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Mary C Boulanger
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Yue Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - John A D'Orazio
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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