1
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Zhang T, Zhang X, Chen J, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Harnessing microbial antigens as cancer antigens: a promising avenue for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1411490. [PMID: 39139570 PMCID: PMC11319170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1411490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment by leveraging the immune system's innate capabilities to combat malignancies. Despite the promise of tumor antigens in stimulating anti-tumor immune responses, their clinical utility is hampered by limitations in eliciting robust and durable immune reactions, exacerbated by tumor heterogeneity and immune evasion mechanisms. Recent insights into the immunogenic properties of host homologous microbial antigens have sparked interest in their potential for augmenting anti-tumor immunity while minimizing off-target effects. This review explores the therapeutic potential of microbial antigen peptides in tumor immunotherapy, beginning with an overview of tumor antigens and their challenges in clinical translation. We further explore the intricate relationship between microorganisms and tumor development, elucidating the concept of molecular mimicry and its implications for immune recognition of tumor-associated antigens. Finally, we discuss methodologies for identifying and characterizing microbial antigen peptides, highlighting their immunogenicity and prospects for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xilong Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Xuzhou City, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jianquan Chen
- Central Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuwei Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Xuzhou City, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yunlei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Central Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Zhou M, Tang Y, Xu W, Hao X, Li Y, Huang S, Xiang D, Wu J. Bacteria-based immunotherapy for cancer: a systematic review of preclinical studies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1140463. [PMID: 37600773 PMCID: PMC10436994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1140463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been emerging as a powerful strategy for cancer management. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that bacteria-based immunotherapy including naive bacteria, bacterial components, and bacterial derivatives, can modulate immune response via various cellular and molecular pathways. The key mechanisms of bacterial antitumor immunity include inducing immune cells to kill tumor cells directly or reverse the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Currently, bacterial antigens synthesized as vaccine candidates by bioengineering technology are novel antitumor immunotherapy. Especially the combination therapy of bacterial vaccine with conventional therapies may further achieve enhanced therapeutic benefits against cancers. However, the clinical translation of bacteria-based immunotherapy is limited for biosafety concerns and non-uniform production standards. In this review, we aim to summarize immunotherapy strategies based on advanced bacterial therapeutics and discuss their potential for cancer management, we will also propose approaches for optimizing bacteria-based immunotherapy for facilitating clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yucheng Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyan Hao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongjiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Si Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Daxiong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junyong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
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3
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Bernatowska E, Pac M, Heropolitańska-Pliszka E, Pietrucha B, Dąbrowska-Leonik N, Skomska-Pawliszak M, Bernat-Sitarz K, Krzysztopa-Grzybowska K, Wolska-Kuśnierz B, Bohynikova N, Augustynowicz E, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Korzeniewska-Koseła M, Wieteska-Klimczak A, Książyk J, Jackowska T, van den Burg M, Casanova JL, Picard C, Mikołuć B. BCG Moreau Polish Substrain Infections in Patients With Inborn Errors of Immunity: 40 Years of Experience in the Department of Immunology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:839111. [PMID: 35664873 PMCID: PMC9161164 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.839111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) complications in patients with Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI), according to the inherited disorders and associated immunological defects, as well as the different BCG substrains. MATERIAL We studied adverse reactions to the locally-produced BCG Moreau vaccine, analyzed in patients with IEI diagnosed between 1980 and 2020 in the Department of Immunology, Children's Memorial Health Institute (CMHI), Warsaw. These results were compared with previously published studies. RESULTS Significantly fewer disseminated BCG infections (BCGosis) were found in 11 of 72 (15%) SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency) NK (Natural Killer)-phenotype patients, when compared with the 119 out of 349 (34%) (p = 0.0012) patients with SCID with BCG in other countries. Significantly fewer deaths caused by BCGosis were observed (p = 0.0402). A significantly higher number of hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (HSCTs) were performed in the CMHI study (p = 0.00001). BCGosis was found in six patients with Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD). Other patients with IEI prone to BCG complications, such as CGD (Chronic Granulomatous Disease), showed no case of BCGosis. CONCLUSION The BCG Moreau substrain vaccine, produced in Poland since 1955, showed genetic differences with its parental Brazilian substrain together with a superior clinical safety profile in comparison with the other BCG substrains, with no BCGosis in patients with IEI other than SCID and MSMD. Our data also confirmed significantly fewer cases of BCGosis and deaths caused by BCG infection in patients with SCID with this vaccine substrain. Finally, they confirmed the protecting role of NK cells, probably via their production of IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bernatowska
- Department of Immunology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pac
- Department of Immunology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Barbara Pietrucha
- Department of Immunology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Katarzyna Krzysztopa-Grzybowska
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Nadia Bohynikova
- Department of Immunology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Korzeniewska-Koseła
- Department of Tuberculosis Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wieteska-Klimczak
- Department of Paediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Książyk
- Department of Paediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Jackowska
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Paediatrics, Bielanski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirjam van den Burg
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, United States.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University Hospital, New York, NY, United States.,Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Imagine Institute, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Necker Hospital and School of Medicine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Imagine Institute, Université de paris, Paris, France.,Study Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency, Necker-Enfants, Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bożena Mikołuć
- Department of Paediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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4
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Cho T, Khatchadourian C, Nguyen H, Dara Y, Jung S, Venketaraman V. A review of the BCG vaccine and other approaches toward tuberculosis eradication. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2454-2470. [PMID: 33769193 PMCID: PMC8475575 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1885280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive eradication efforts, Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health burden, one that disproportionally affects poorer, less developed nations. The only vaccine approved for TB, the Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) vaccine remains controversial because it's stated efficacy has been cited as anywhere from 0 to 80%. Nevertheless, there have been exciting discoveries about the mechanism of action of the BCG vaccine that suggests it has a role in immunization schedules today. We review recent data suggesting the vaccine imparts protection against both tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis pathogens via a newly discovered immune system called trained immunity. BCG's efficacy also appears to be tied to its affect on granulocytes at the epigenetic and hematopoietic stem cell levels, which we discuss in this article at length. We also write about how the different strains of the BCG vaccine elicit different immune responses, suggesting that certain BCG strains are more immunogenic than others. Finally, our review delves into how the current vaccine is being reformulated to be more efficacious, and track the development of the next generation vaccines against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cho
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | - Huy Nguyen
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Yash Dara
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Shuna Jung
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
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5
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Kust SA, Streltsova MA, Panteleev AV, Karpina NL, Lyadova IV, Sapozhnikov AM, Kovalenko EI. HLA-DR-Positive NK Cells Expand in Response to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Antigens and Mediate Mycobacteria-Induced T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662128. [PMID: 34012446 PMCID: PMC8128146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells play an important role in the control of tuberculosis infection: they are not only able to kill the infected cells, but also control the activity of macrophages and development of the adaptive immune response. Still, there is little information on the role of specific NK cell subsets in this network. In this study, we focused on the mycobacteria-driven responses of the NK cells expressing HLA-DR – a type of MHC class II. We have revealed that this subset is increased in the peripheral blood of patients with primary diagnosed tuberculosis, and expands in response to in vitro stimulation with ultrasonically destroyed Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells (sonicate). The expanded HLA-DR+ NK cells had less differentiated phenotype, higher proliferative activity and increased expression of NKp30 and NKp46 receptors. HLA-DR+CD56dim NK cells showed higher IFNγ production and degranulation level than the respective HLA-DR− NK cells in response to both 24 h and 7 day stimulation with sonicate, while HLA-DR+CD56bright NK cells mostly demonstarted similar high responsiveness to the same stimulating conditions as their HLA-DR−CD56bright counterparts. After preliminary incubation with destroyed mycobacteria, cytokine-activated HLA-DR-expressing NK cells were able to mediate mycobacteria-induced and HLA-DR-dependent cytokine production in autologous CD4+ T cells. Thus, functionally active HLA-DR+ cells seem to be one of the NK cell subsets providing an important link to the adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya A Kust
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A Streltsova
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Panteleev
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya L Karpina
- Diagnostic Outpatient Department, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V Lyadova
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Basis of Histogenesis, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M Sapozhnikov
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena I Kovalenko
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Bickett TE, McLean J, Creissen E, Izzo L, Hagan C, Izzo AJ, Silva Angulo F, Izzo AA. Characterizing the BCG Induced Macrophage and Neutrophil Mechanisms for Defense Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1202. [PMID: 32625209 PMCID: PMC7314953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis strain, Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) is a potent innate immune stimulator. In the C57BL/6 mouse model of tuberculosis, BCG vaccination leads to a significant reduction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis burden after aerogenic infection. Our studies indicated that BCG induced protection against pulmonary tuberculosis was independent of T cells and present as early as 7 days after vaccination. This protection showed longevity, as it did not wane when conventional T cell and TNF-α deficient mice were infected 30 days post-vaccination. As BCG induced mycobacterial killing after 7 days, this study investigated the contributions of the innate immune system after BCG vaccination to better understand mechanisms required for mycobacterial killing. Subcutaneous BCG inoculation resulted in significant CD11b+F4/80+ monocyte subset recruitment into the lungs within 7 days. Further studies revealed that killing of mycobacteria was dependent on the viability of BCG, because irradiated BCG did not have the same effect. Although others have identified BCG as a facilitator of trained innate immunity, we found that BCG reduced the mycobacterial burden in the absence of mechanisms required for trained innate immunity, highlighting a role for macrophages and neutrophils for vaccine induced killing of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Bickett
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer McLean
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Elizabeth Creissen
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Linda Izzo
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Cassidy Hagan
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Antonio J Izzo
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Fabiola Silva Angulo
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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7
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Bernatowska E, Skomska-Pawliszak M, Wolska-Kuśnierz B, Pac M, Heropolitanska-Pliszka E, Pietrucha B, Bernat-Sitarz K, Dąbrowska-Leonik N, Bohynikova N, Piątosa B, Lutyńska A, Augustynowicz E, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Korzeniewska-Koseła M, Krasińska M, Krzysztopa-Grzybowska K, Wieteska-Klimczak A, Książyk J, Jackowska T, van den Burg M, van Dongen JJM, Casanova JL, Picard C, Mikołuć B. BCG Moreau Vaccine Safety Profile and NK Cells-Double Protection Against Disseminated BCG Infection in Retrospective Study of BCG Vaccination in 52 Polish Children with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2020; 40:138-146. [PMID: 31749033 PMCID: PMC7082382 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to estimate the rate of adverse reactions to live BCG Moreau vaccine, manufactured by Biomed in Poland, in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) patients. MATERIAL The profiles of 52 SCID patients vaccinated at birth with BCG, hospitalized in Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw (CMHI), in the years 1980-2015 were compared with those of 349 BCG-vaccinated SCID patients from other countries analyzed by Beatriz E. Marciano et al. in a retrospective study (Marciano et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133(4):1134-1141). RESULTS Significantly less disseminated BCG infections (10 out of 52 SCID, 19%) occurred in comparison with Marciano study-119 out of 349, 34% (p = 0.0028), with no death in patients treated with SCID anti-TB drug, except one in lethal condition. In our study, disseminated BCG infection was observed only in SCID with T-B+NK- phenotype and significantly lower NK cell counts (p = 0.0161). NK cells do not influence on the frequency of local BCG reaction. A significantly higher number of hematopoietic stem cells transplantations (HSCT) were performed in CMHI study (p = 0.0001). Anti-TB treatment with at least two medicines was provided. CONCLUSION The BCG Moreau vaccine produced in Poland, with well-documented genetic characteristics, seems to be safer than other BCG substrains used in other regions of the world. Importantly, NK cells seem to play a role in protecting SCID patients against disseminated BCG complications, which NK- SCID patients are more prone to. HSCT and TB therapy could be relevant due to the patients' survival and the fact that they protect against BCG infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bernatowska
- Department of Immunology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | | | - Małgorzata Pac
- Department of Immunology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Barbara Pietrucha
- Department of Immunology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Nel Dąbrowska-Leonik
- Department of Immunology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nadia Bohynikova
- Department of Immunology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Piątosa
- Histocompatibility Laboratory, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Lutyńska
- Department of Medical Biology, The Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Korzeniewska-Koseła
- Department of Tuberculosis Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Krasińska
- Department of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Mazovian Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Otwock, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Krzysztopa-Grzybowska
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wieteska-Klimczak
- Department of Paediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Książyk
- Department of Paediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Jackowska
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Paediatrics, Bielanski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirjam van den Burg
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion (IHB), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333, Leiden, ZA, Netherlands
| | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion (IHB), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333, Leiden, ZA, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Study Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Bożena Mikołuć
- Department of Paediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
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8
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Wang D, Gu X, Liu X, Wei S, Wang B, Fang M. NK cells inhibit anti-Mycobacterium bovis BCG T cell responses and aggravate pulmonary inflammation in a direct lung infection mouse model. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12833. [PMID: 29447423 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a threat to public health. The major problem for curing this disease is latent infection, of which the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Previous studies indicate that natural killer (NK) cells do not play a role in inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lung, and recent studies have revealed that NK cells regulate the adaptive immunity during mycobacterial infection. By using a mouse model of direct lung infection with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), we found that the presence of NK cells postponed the priming and activation of T cells after BCG infection. In addition, depletion of NK cells before infection alleviated pulmonary pathology. Further studies showed that NK cells lysed BCG-infected macrophages in an NKG2D dependent manner. Thus, NK cells did not play a direct role in control BCG, but aggravated the pulmonary inflammation and impaired anti-BCG T cell immunity, likely through killing BCG-infected macrophages. Our results may have important implications for the design of immune therapy to treat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuling Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Songtao Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Morra ME, Kien ND, Elmaraezy A, Abdelaziz OAM, Elsayed AL, Halhouli O, Montasr AM, Vu TLH, Ho C, Foly AS, Phi AP, Abdullah WM, Mikhail M, Milne E, Hirayama K, Huy NT. Early vaccination protects against childhood leukemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15986. [PMID: 29167460 PMCID: PMC5700199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is the most commonly diagnosed childhood cancer, although its etiology is still largely unknown. Growing evidence supports a role for infection in the etiology of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and the involvement of the immune system suggests that vaccination may also play a role. However, the findings presented in the published literature are inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted a PRISMA systematic review and meta-analysis. 14 studies were identified and meta-analyzed. Vaccinations studied comprised Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, Triple vaccine, Hepatitis B vaccine (HBV), Polio, Measles, Rubella, Mumps, trivalent MMR vaccine and Haemophilus influenza type B (HiB) vaccine. We observed a protective association between any vaccination in the first year of life and risk of childhood leukemia (summary odds ratio (OR) 0.58 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36-0.91]). When individual vaccines were analysed, some evidence of an association was seen only for BCG (summary OR 0.73 [95% CI 0.50-1.08]). In conclusion, early vaccination appears to be associated with a reduced risk of childhood leukemia. This finding may be underpinned by the association observed for BCG. Given the relatively imprecise nature of the results of this meta-analysis, our findings should be interpreted cautiously and replicated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nguyen Dang Kien
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, 30000, Vietnam
| | - Ahmed Elmaraezy
- Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | | | | | - Oday Halhouli
- University of Jordan, Faculty of Medicine, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | | | - Tran Le-Huy Vu
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Chau Ho
- Hoan My Cuu Long Hospital, Can Tho, 900000, Vietnam
| | - Amr Sayed Foly
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Anh Phan Phi
- Department of Pharmacology, Loyola University Chicago, Illinois, 60546, USA
| | | | - Marina Mikhail
- Department of Dermatology, Cairo University Hospital, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Elizabeth Milne
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Leading Graduate School Program, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Evidence Based Medicine Research Group & Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Department of Clinical Product Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Leading Graduate School Program, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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10
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Contribution of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) to control Mycobacterium avium infection. Microbes Infect 2017; 19:527-535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Tuberculosis remains one of the greatest threats to human health. The causative bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is acquired by the respiratory route. It is exquisitely adapted to humans and is a prototypic intracellular pathogen of macrophages, with alveolar macrophages being the primary conduit of infection and disease. However, M. tuberculosis bacilli interact with and are affected by several soluble and cellular components of the innate immune system which dictate the outcome of primary infection, most commonly a latently infected healthy human host, in whom the bacteria are held in check by the host immune response within the confines of tissue granuloma, the host histopathologic hallmark. Such individuals can develop active TB later in life with impairment in the immune system. In contrast, in a minority of infected individuals, the early host immune response fails to control bacterial growth, and progressive granulomatous disease develops, facilitating spread of the bacilli via infectious aerosols. The molecular details of the M. tuberculosis-host innate immune system interaction continue to be elucidated, particularly those occurring within the lung. However, it is clear that a number of complex processes are involved at the different stages of infection that may benefit either the bacterium or the host. In this article, we describe a contemporary view of the molecular events underlying the interaction between M. tuberculosis and a variety of cellular and soluble components and processes of the innate immune system.
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12
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Fletcher HA, Schrager L. TB vaccine development and the End TB Strategy: importance and current status. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2017; 110:212-8. [PMID: 27076508 PMCID: PMC4830404 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trw016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
TB is now the leading, global cause of death due to a single infectious microbe. To achieve the End TB vision of reducing TB by 90% by 2035 we will need new interventions. The objectives of this manuscript are to summarize the status of the clinical TB vaccine pipeline; to assess the challenges facing the TB development field; and to discuss some of the key strategies being embraced by the field to overcome these challenges. Currently, 8 of the 13 vaccines in clinical development are subunit vaccines; 6 of these contain or express either Ag85A or Ag85B proteins. A major challenge to TB vaccine development is the lack of diversity in both the antigens included in TB vaccines, and the immune responses elicited by TB vaccine candidates. Both will need to be expanded to maximise the potential for developing a successful candidate by 2025. Current research efforts are focused on broadening both antigen selection and the range of vaccine-mediated immune responses. Previous and ongoing TB vaccine efficacy trials have built capacity, generated high quality data on TB incidence and prevalence, and provided insight into immune correlates of risk of TB disease. These gains will enable the design of better TB vaccines and, importantly, move these vaccines into efficacy trials more rapidly and at a lower cost than was possible for previous TB vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen A Fletcher
- Immunology and Infection Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK, W1CE7HT
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13
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Gasper MA, Biswas SP, Fisher BS, Ehnert SC, Sherman DR, Sodora DL. Nonpathogenic SIV and Pathogenic HIV Infections Associate with Disparate Innate Cytokine Signatures in Response to Mycobacterium bovis BCG. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158149. [PMID: 27505158 PMCID: PMC4978473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) BCG, are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for HIV-infected persons. In contrast to HIV, nonpathogenic SIV infections of sooty mangabeys are characterized by a lack of clinical disease including an absence of opportunistic infections. The goal of this study was to identify innate immune responses to M. bovis BCG maintained during nonpathogenic lentiviral infections through a comparison of functional responses during pathogenic HIV or nonpathogenic SIV infections. Monocytes were evaluated for their ability to express key anti-mycobacterial cytokines TNF-α and IL-12 following a six-hour ex vivo BCG exposure. While HIV-infection was associated with a decreased percentage of IL-12-producing monocytes, nonpathogenic SIV-infection was associated with an increased percentage of monocytes producing both cytokines. Gene expression analysis of PBMC following ex vivo BCG exposure identified differential expression of NK cell-related genes and several cytokines, including IFN-γ and IL-23, between HIV-infected and control subjects. In contrast, SIV-infected and uninfected-control mangabeys exhibited no significant differences in gene expression after BCG exposure. Finally, differential gene expression patterns were identified between species, with mangabeys exhibiting lower IL-6 and higher IL-17 in response to BCG when compared to humans. Overall, this comparison of immune responses to M. bovis BCG identified unique immune signatures (involving cytokines IL-12, TNF-α, IL-23, IL-17, and IL-6) that are altered during HIV, but maintained or increased during nonpathogenic SIV infections. These unique cytokine and transcriptome signatures provide insight into the differential immune responses to Mycobacteria during pathogenic HIV-infection that may be associated with an increased incidence of mycobacterial co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Gasper
- University of Washington Pathobiology Graduate Program, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shameek P. Biswas
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bridget S. Fisher
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephanie C. Ehnert
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David R. Sherman
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Donald L. Sodora
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Niño VE, García LF, Rojas M, Campo V, Ávila G, Klínger JC, Ortiz BL, Díaz ML. Increased percentage of IFN-γ producing CD56+CD3+ cells in active tuberculosis patients upon CFP-10 stimulation of peripheral mononuclear cells. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:589-98. [PMID: 25459160 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to identify a possible biomarker that distinguishes immune cellular response of active tuberculosis from latent infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of pulmonary tuberculosis patients (PTB), tuberculin positive household contacts (TST(+) HHC), and tuberculin negative non-household contacts (TST− Non HHC) were stimulated with PPD or CFP-10 and the percentage of CD69(+) cells, proliferating precursor and IFN-γ producing CD4(+), CD8(+), CD56(+)CD3(−) and CD56(+)CD3(+) cells were compared. IL-2, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-18 and IL-10 were measured in culture supernatants. PTB and TST+ HHC presented higher percentages of CD69(+) cells, IFN-γ(+) and proliferating precursors in all subpopulations studied and higher IL-12p70 levels than TST- Non HHC. The increased percentage of IFN-γ producing CD56(+)CD3(+) cells in response to CFP-10 in PTB, compared with TST− Non HHC and the ratios between the percentage of CD56(+)CD3(+) cells/CD56(+)CD3(−) and CD8(+) cells producing IFN-γ suggest that these parameters may distinguish active TB from latently infected individuals.
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15
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Kleinnijenhuis J, Quintin J, Preijers F, Joosten LAB, Jacobs C, Xavier RJ, van der Meer JWM, van Crevel R, Netea MG. BCG-induced trained immunity in NK cells: Role for non-specific protection to infection. Clin Immunol 2014; 155:213-9. [PMID: 25451159 PMCID: PMC5084088 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive features of innate immunity, also termed 'trained immunity', have recently been shown to characterize monocytes of BCG vaccinated healthy volunteers. Trained immunity leads to increased cytokine production in response to non-related pathogens via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes. Recently, memory-like properties were also observed in NK cells during viral infections, but it is unknown if memory properties of NK cells contribute to trained immunity due to BCG vaccination. BCG vaccination of healthy volunteers increased proinflammatory cytokine production following ex vivo stimulation of NK cells with mycobacteria and other unrelated pathogens up until at least three months after vaccination. In addition, in a murine model of disseminated candidiasis, BCG vaccination led to an increased survival in SCID mice, which was partially dependent on NK cells. These findings suggest that NK cells may contribute to the non-specific (heterologous) beneficial effects of BCG vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanneke Kleinnijenhuis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jessica Quintin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Preijers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine - Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cor Jacobs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jos W M van der Meer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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16
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Esin S, Batoni G. Natural killer cells: a coherent model for their functional role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Innate Immun 2014; 7:11-24. [PMID: 25196698 DOI: 10.1159/000363321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is still a leading cause of bacterial infection worldwide, with an estimate of over two billion people latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). A delicate interplay between MTB and the host's innate and acquired immune system can influence the outcome of the infection, which ranges from pathogen elimination to the establishment of a latent infection or a progressive disease. Although the host cell-mediated adaptive immune response is of vital importance in the control of MTB infection, growing evidence indicates that innate immune cells may greatly influence the outcome of the interaction between the bacterium and the host. Among the cell populations likely to play a role in the host immune response to MTB, natural killer (NK) cells have recently attracted considerable interest. This review is dedicated to dissecting the role of NK cells in immunity to tuberculosis, reporting the most relevant findings and providing a working model of the possible contribution of NK cells in early and late events associated with MTB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semih Esin
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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17
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Wang X, Meng X, Zheng Y, Jiang J, Yang B, Liu Y, Zhai F, Cheng X. Increased frequency of ILT2-expressing CD56dimCD16+ NK cells correlates with disease severity of pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:469-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Beverley PCL, Ruzsics Z, Hey A, Hutchings C, Boos S, Bolinger B, Marchi E, O'Hara G, Klenerman P, Koszinowski UH, Tchilian EZ. A novel murine cytomegalovirus vaccine vector protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2306-16. [PMID: 25070842 PMCID: PMC4134927 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a global health problem so that a more effective vaccine than bacillus Calmette–Guérin is urgently needed. Cytomegaloviruses persist lifelong in vivo and induce powerful immune and increasing (“inflationary”) responses, making them attractive vaccine vectors. We have used an m1–m16-deleted recombinant murine CMV (MCMV) expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag 85A to show that infection of mice with this recombinant significantly reduces the mycobacterial load after challenge with M. tuberculosis, whereas control empty virus has a lesser effect. Both viruses induce immune responses to H-2d–restricted epitopes of MCMV pp89 and M18 Ags characteristic of infection with other MCMVs. A low frequency of 85A-specific memory cells could be revealed by in vivo or in vitro boosting or after challenge with M. tuberculosis. Kinetic analysis of M. tuberculosis growth in the lungs of CMV-infected mice shows early inhibition of M. tuberculosis growth abolished by treatment with NK-depleting anti–asialo ganglio-N-tetraosylceramide Ab. Microarray analysis of the lungs of naive and CMV-infected mice shows increased IL-21 mRNA in infected mice, whereas in vitro NK assays indicate increased levels of NK activity. These data indicate that activation of NK cells by MCMV provides early nonspecific protection against M. tuberculosis, potentiated by a weak 85A-specific T cell response, and they reinforce the view that the innate immune system plays an important role in both natural and vaccine-induced protection against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C L Beverley
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Ariann Hey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Claire Hutchings
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Simone Boos
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Beatrice Bolinger
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Emanuele Marchi
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Geraldine O'Hara
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ulrich H Koszinowski
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Elma Z Tchilian
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
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19
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Della Chiesa M, Marcenaro E, Sivori S, Carlomagno S, Pesce S, Moretta A. Human NK cell response to pathogens. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:152-60. [PMID: 24582551 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
NK cells represent important effectors of the innate immunity in the protection of an individual from microbes. During an NK-mediated anti-microbial response, the final fate (survival or death) of a potential infected target cell depends primarily on the type and the number of receptor/ligand interactions occurring at the effector/target immune synapse. The identification of an array of receptors involved in NK cell triggering has been crucial for a better understanding of the NK cell biology. In this context, NCR play a predominant role in NK cell activation during the process of natural cytotoxicity. Regarding the NK-mediated pathogen recognition and NK cell activation, an emerging concept is represented by the involvement of TLRs and activating KIRs. NK cells express certain TLRs in common with other innate cell types. This would mean that specific TLR ligands are able to promote the simultaneous and synergistic stimulation of these innate cells, providing a coordinated mechanism for regulating the initiation and amplification of immune responses. Evidences have been accumulated indicating that viral infections may have a significant impact on NK cell maturation, promoting the expansion of phenotypically and functionally aberrant NK cell subpopulations. For example, during chronic HIV-infection, an abnormal expansion of a dysfunctional CD56neg NK cell subset has been detected that may explain, at least in part, the defective NK cell-mediated antiviral activity. An analogous imbalance of NK cell subsets has been detected in patients receiving HSCT to cure high risk leukemias and experiencing HCMV infection/reactivation. Remarkably, NK cells developing after CMV reactivation may contain "memory-like" or "long-lived" NK cells that could exert a potent anti-leukemia effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Della Chiesa
- DI.ME.S. Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- DI.ME.S. Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Simona Sivori
- DI.ME.S. Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Simona Carlomagno
- DI.ME.S. Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Pesce
- DI.ME.S. Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moretta
- DI.ME.S. Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.
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