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Parums DV. A Review of the Resurgence of Measles, a Vaccine-Preventable Disease, as Current Concerns Contrast with Past Hopes for Measles Elimination. Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e944436. [PMID: 38525549 PMCID: PMC10946219 DOI: 10.12659/msm.944436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
On 22 February 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that, following the recent resurgence of measles cases in Europe, more than half the world's countries could expect significant measles outbreaks this year. Measles is a highly infectious virus with a primary case reproduction number (R0) of 12-18. Measles infection can be severe, resulting in pneumonia, and also more rarely in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), which occurs in 1 child out of every 1,000 and can be fatal. Until the 1990s, the hope of eliminating measles seemed possible following the successful development of effective vaccines, given individually or in the combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Vaccine hesitancy due to misinformation about possible vaccine side effects, reduced vaccine uptake during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, and lack of awareness of the severe consequences of measles infection have contributed to low vaccine uptake, resulting in vulnerable communities. This article aims to review the recent resurgence of measles cases in the US, Europe, and the UK, to provide a reminder of the potential severity of measles, and to consider the causes of the failure to eliminate this vaccine-preventable viral infection.
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Keutler A, Lainka E, Posovszky C. Live-attenuated vaccination for measles, mumps, and rubella in pediatric liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2024; 28:e14687. [PMID: 38317348 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections are a serious short- and long-term problem after pediatric organ transplantation. In immunocompromised patients, they can lead to transplant rejection or a severe course with a sometimes fatal outcome. Vaccination is an appropriate means of reducing morbidity and mortality caused by vaccine-preventable diseases. Unfortunately, due to the disease or its course, it is not always possible to establish adequate vaccine protection against live-attenuated viral vaccines (LAVVs) prior to transplantation. LAVVs such as measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) are still contraindicated in solid organ transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy (IST), thus creating a dilemma. AIM This review discusses whether, when, and how live-attenuated MMR vaccines can be administered effectively and safely to pediatric liver transplant recipients based on the available data. MATERIAL AND METHODS We searched PubMed for literature on live-attenuated MMR vaccination in pediatric liver transplantation (LT). RESULTS Nine prospective observational studies and three retrospective case series were identified in which at least 833 doses of measles vaccine were administered to 716 liver transplant children receiving IST. In these selected patients, MMR vaccination was well tolerated and no serious adverse reactions to the vaccine were observed. In addition, an immune response to the vaccine was demonstrated in patients receiving IST. CONCLUSION Due to inadequate vaccine protection in this high-risk group, maximum efforts must be made to ensure full immunization. MMR vaccination could also be considered for unprotected patients after LT receiving IST following an individual risk assessment, as severe harm from live vaccines after liver transplantation has been reported only very rarely. To this end, it is important to establish standardized and simple criteria for the selection of suitable patients and the administration of the MMR vaccine to ensure safe use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Keutler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elke Lainka
- University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Carsten Posovszky
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Zaky MS, Atallah RB, Mohyeldeen AMS, Elsaie ML. Intralesional injection of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) versus measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine in treatment of molluscum contagiosum: a comparative study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:288. [PMID: 38167543 PMCID: PMC10762225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a skin and mucous membrane infection caused by the molluscum virus (MCV). To evaluate safety and efficacy of intralesional injection of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) antigen injection versus MMR (mumps, measles, rubella) antigen for the treatment of molluscum contagiosum (MC). A total of thirty clinically confirmed patients of molluscum were recruited for this trial. Patients who were divided into three groups (A, B and C). Each group consisted of (30) patients. Group (A) subjects received intralesional MMR injections, group (B) subjects received intralesional PPD injection and group (C) received intralesional saline injection. The results of the present study revealed complete clearance of the injected lesions in 12 patients (80%), partial response in 3 patients (20%) of group (A). In group (B), complete clearance of the treated warts was observed in 11 patients (73.3%) and partial response in 4 (26.7%) of patients. In group (C), the majority of patients 8 (53.3%) demonstrated no response while 7 (46.7%) patients showed only partial clearance. We established a good safety and efficacy profile for tuberculin PPD and MMR antigens in treatment of molluscum contagiosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Zaky
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Damietta Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Rabie B Atallah
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Damietta Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Aya M Saad Mohyeldeen
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Damietta Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed L Elsaie
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
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Ulschmid CM, Patel J, Pan AY, Liegl M, Holland KE. Intralesional measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine after failure of intralesional Candida antigen for the treatment of recalcitrant pediatric warts. Pediatr Dermatol 2023; 40:1057-1059. [PMID: 37596908 DOI: 10.1111/pde.15415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have investigated the efficacy of intralesional immunotherapy for warts, but there are a lack of studies investigating the efficacy of alternative intralesional immunotherapies following failure of initial intralesional immunotherapy. In this retrospective study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of intralesional measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine for the treatment of pediatric warts following failure of intralesional therapy with Candida antigen. Following intralesional measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine administration, 8/51 (15.5%) patients had complete resolution of their warts, 6/51 (12%) had near complete resolution, 19/51 (37%) had partial improvement, 12/51 (23.5%) had no change, and 6/51 (12%) had worsening. Although limited by retrospective nature and low sample size, our results demonstrate that intralesional immunotherapy with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine provides an alternative therapeutic option for the treatment of recalcitrant pediatric warts in patients who fail to respond to intralesional Candida antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caden M Ulschmid
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jay Patel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amy Y Pan
- Departments of Pediatrics, Quantitative Health Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Melodee Liegl
- Departments of Pediatrics, Quantitative Health Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kristen E Holland
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Binyatova AS, Yunasova TN, Volkova RA, Butirskiy AY, Ilyasova TN, Sarkisyan KА, Movsesyants AA. [Experience with the use of pharmacopoeial reference material for the activity of measles vaccine]. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:327-333. [PMID: 38156589 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to the increased incidence of measles in Russia and in many other regions of the world, vaccines for the measles prevention are especially in demand. Ensuring the quality of the measles vaccine for effective disease prevention is within the scope of the tasks of the state policy of our country. OBJECTIVE Evaluation of the experience of using a pharmacopoeial standard material of measles vaccine activity for measurement of the specific activity of the measles virus in vaccines with a measles component that are used in the Russian Federation for measles prevention. MATERIALS AND METHODS The object of the study was the Pharmacopoeia reference material (PRM) of the activity of the live measles vaccine of series 10. The activity of PRM was analyzed when determining the specific activity of the measles, mumps-measles and combined vaccines for the prevention of measles, rubella and mumps, as well as based on the materials of the summary protocols for the production of these vaccines. RESULTS The titer of the measles virus in the PRM for each determination of the specific activity of the measles virus in vaccines in the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products in 2021-2022, as well as according to the summary production protocols, was within the boundaries of the certified value (4.63 ± 0.5) lgTCD50/0.5 ml, and the test results met the acceptance criteria in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documentation. During the observation period, the average value of the PRM titer (4.61 lgTCD50/0.5 ml) practically did not differ compared to the average value of the certified characteristics of the PRM, the standard deviation of the mean value of the measles virus titer in the PRM did not exceed 0.15 lgTCD50, which indicated the stability of the analytical work at the enterprise and in IC. CONCLUSION The data obtained indicate the stable activity of PRM, the correctness of the determination of the measles virus titer in the vaccination dose of the vaccine, and the validity of the method for monitoring the specific activity of the measles virus in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Binyatova
- Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products
| | - T N Yunasova
- Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products
| | - R A Volkova
- Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products
| | - A Y Butirskiy
- Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products
| | - T N Ilyasova
- Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products
| | - K А Sarkisyan
- Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products
| | - A A Movsesyants
- Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products
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Bailey GA, Lee A, Bedford H, Perry M, Holland S, Walton S, Griffiths LJ. Immunisation status of children receiving care and support in Wales: a national data linkage study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1231264. [PMID: 37583884 PMCID: PMC10423803 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1231264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the UK, a robust childhood immunisation programme ensures children are offered protection against serious infections; identifying inequalities in vaccination coverage is essential. This is one of the first data linkage studies to examine coverage of primary, as well as pre-school booster and second dose of MMR vaccines, in children receiving support from social care services across Wales. Methods By accessing records held within the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank, vaccination status of children receiving social care and support between April 2016 and March 2021 (n = 24,540) was ascertained. This was achieved through linkage of the Children Receiving Care and Support (CRCS) Census and National Community Child Health Database which holds vaccination records for all children in Wales registered for NHS care. This sample was split into three groups - those children who had never been recorded on the Child Protection Register (CPR) or as 'Looked After' but in CRCS (n = 12,480), children ever on the CPR (n = 6,225) and those ever recorded as 'Looked After' but who were never on the CPR (n = 5,840). The comparison group of children and young people (CYP) never receiving welfare support consisted of 624,905 children. Results Children receiving care or support were more likely to be up-to-date with all six vaccines (no recorded vaccines: 0.6-6.3%) compared to children in the comparison group (no recorded vaccines: 3-10.3%). However, of those who were vaccinated, they were less likely to be vaccinated in a timely manner; both early (5.2% vs. 22.2%; margin of error [ME] = 0.52, 95% CI [confidence interval] = -0.18 - -0.17, p < 0.001) and delayed vaccinations were more common (62.7% vs. 71.3%; ME = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.08-0.09, p < 0.001). Validation of the CRCS immunisation flag showed moderate levels of accuracy. Around 70% of immunisation flags were correct across all three groups. Discussion Findings suggest a positive association between receiving services under a care and support plan and being up-to-date with immunisations; children receiving support under a care and support plan were more likely to have experienced early or late vaccinations, demonstrating that there is still more inter-disciplinary co-ordination and planning needed to improve these outcomes. Thus, identifying inequalities in vaccination coverage is essential to target interventions and to prioritise geographic areas for catch-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A. Bailey
- Population Data Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Lee
- Population Data Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Bedford
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malorie Perry
- Public Health Wales, No 2 Capital Quarter, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Holland
- Children’s Social Care Research and Development Centre, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Walton
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy J. Griffiths
- Population Data Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Despite the development and deployment of effective COVID-19 vaccines, many regions remain poorly covered. Seeking alternative tools for achieving immunity against COVID-19 remains to be of high importance. "Trained immunity" is the nonspecific immune response usually established through administering live attenuated vaccines and is a potential preventive tool against unrelated infections. Evidence regarding a possible protective role for certain live attenuated vaccines against COVID-19 has emerged mainly for those administered as part of childhood vaccination protocols. This review summarizes the relevant literature about the potential impact of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccines on COVID-19. Existing available data suggest a potential role for BCG and MMR in reducing COVID-19 casualties and burden. However, more investigation and comparative studies are required for a better understanding of their impact on COVID-19 outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Umayya Musharrafieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abdul Rahman Bizri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Rageh RM, Hewedy ESS, Hegab DS. Intralesional injection of Candida albicans antigen versus measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine for treatment of plantar warts. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat 2021; 30:1-5. [PMID: 33765749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many therapeutic modalities have been used for management of plantar warts; however, no optimal treatment with high efficacy and no or low recurrence has been explored to date. Intralesional immunotherapy has shown promising results in the treatment of different types of warts.Here we compare the efficacy of Candida albicans-specific antigen versus measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine for treatment of plantar warts by intralesional injection. METHODS Sixty patients with refractory or recurrent plantar warts were randomly divided into two equal groups. Group A was treated with C. albicans antigen and Group B with MMR vaccine. Both groups were injected intralesionally in a single wart every 3 weeks until complete clearance of the wart or for a maximum of five sessions. The patients were followed up for an additional 2 months. RESULTS C. albicans antigen yielded a statistically significant higher cure rate (80,0%) than MMR vaccine (26.7%) in the treatment of plantar warts through a mean of 3.98 sessions versus 4.24 sessions, respectively (p = 0.002), and both modalities were well tolerated, with no remarkable side effects and no recurrence in cured patients during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Intralesional C. albicans antigen injection is an easy and effective treatment tool for plantar warts, even resistant and recalcitrant ones, with no post-procedural downtime and only transient occasional side effects. MMR vaccine is thought to be less effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Mahmoud Rageh
- Dermatology and Venereology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Doaa Salah Hegab
- Dermatology and Venereology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Pawlowski C, Puranik A, Bandi H, Venkatakrishnan AJ, Agarwal V, Kennedy R, O'Horo JC, Gores GJ, Williams AW, Halamka J, Badley AD, Soundararajan V. Exploratory analysis of immunization records highlights decreased SARS-CoV-2 rates in individuals with recent non-COVID-19 vaccinations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4741. [PMID: 33637783 PMCID: PMC7910541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies are ongoing to assess whether existing vaccines may afford protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection through trained immunity. In this exploratory study, we analyze immunization records from 137,037 individuals who received SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests. We find that polio, Haemophilus influenzae type-B (HIB), measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), Varicella, pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13), Geriatric Flu, and hepatitis A/hepatitis B (HepA-HepB) vaccines administered in the past 1, 2, and 5 years are associated with decreased SARS-CoV-2 infection rates, even after adjusting for geographic SARS-CoV-2 incidence and testing rates, demographics, comorbidities, and number of other vaccinations. Furthermore, age, race/ethnicity, and blood group stratified analyses reveal significantly lower SARS-CoV-2 rate among black individuals who have taken the PCV13 vaccine, with relative risk of 0.45 at the 5 year time horizon (n: 653, 95% CI (0.32, 0.64), p-value: 6.9e-05). Overall, this study identifies existing approved vaccines which can be promising candidates for pre-clinical research and Randomized Clinical Trials towards combating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Pawlowski
- Nference, Inc., One Main Street, Suite 400, East Arcade, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Arjun Puranik
- Nference, Inc., One Main Street, Suite 400, East Arcade, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Hari Bandi
- Nference, Inc., One Main Street, Suite 400, East Arcade, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - A J Venkatakrishnan
- Nference, Inc., One Main Street, Suite 400, East Arcade, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Vineet Agarwal
- Nference, Inc., One Main Street, Suite 400, East Arcade, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Venky Soundararajan
- Nference, Inc., One Main Street, Suite 400, East Arcade, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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10
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Abstract
COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. This novel coronavirus disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has resulted in severe and unprecedented social and economic disruptions globally. Since the discovery of COVID-19 in December 2019, numerous antivirals have been tested for efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and also clinically to treat this disease. This review article discusses the main antiviral strategies currently employed and summarizes reported in vitro and in vivo efficacies of key antiviral compounds in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bintou A. Ahidjo
- NUSMed Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin
School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14
Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral
Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine,
National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2,
Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of
Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive,
Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Marcus Wing Choy Loe
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral
Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine,
National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2,
Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of
Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive,
Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Yan Ling Ng
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral
Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine,
National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2,
Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of
Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive,
Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Chee Keng Mok
- NUSMed Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin
School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14
Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral
Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine,
National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2,
Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of
Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive,
Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- NUSMed Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin
School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14
Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral
Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine,
National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2,
Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of
Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive,
Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Collaborative and Translation Unit for HFMD,
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and
Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Saxena
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Helen Skirrow
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Helen Bedford
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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12
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Mansor-Lefebvre S, Le Strat Y, Bernadou A, Vignier N, Guthmann JP, Arnaud A, Lévy-Bruhl D, Vandentorren S. Diphtheria-Tetanus-Polio, Measles-Mumps-Rubella, and Hepatitis B Vaccination Coverage and Associated Factors among Homeless Children in the Paris Region in 2013: Results from the ENFAMS Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E2854. [PMID: 32326203 PMCID: PMC7216283 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: The number of homeless families has increased considerably since the 1990s in France. We aimed to estimate the homeless children vaccination coverage (VC) for diphtheria, tetanus, polio, measles-mumps-rubella and hepatitis B and identify factors associated with insufficient VC according to birthplace. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among homeless shelter families in the greater Paris area. A nurse conducted face-to-face interviews and collected vaccination records. We analyzed factors associated with insufficient VC, stratified by birthplace and vaccine, using robust Poisson regression. Results: The study included 214 children born in France and 236 born outside France. VC in French-born homeless children was high (>90% at 24 months for most vaccinations) and similar to levels observed in the general population, whereas VC in those born outside France was low (<50% at 24 months for all vaccines). Factors significantly associated with insufficient VC among children born outside France were age, parents with French-language difficulties, and changing residence at least twice in the previous year. Children in contact with the healthcare system at least once in the previous year had significantly higher VC, irrespective of vaccine and birthplace. Conclusion: Special attention should be paid to homeless children born outside France, with recent European and French recommendations confirming the need for catch-up vaccination in children with undocumented VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Mansor-Lefebvre
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, F-94415 Saint-Maurice, France; (S.M.-L.); (Y.L.S.); (A.B.); (J.-P.G.); (D.L.-B.)
- Ecoles des Hautes Etudes en santé Publique, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Yann Le Strat
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, F-94415 Saint-Maurice, France; (S.M.-L.); (Y.L.S.); (A.B.); (J.-P.G.); (D.L.-B.)
| | - Anne Bernadou
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, F-94415 Saint-Maurice, France; (S.M.-L.); (Y.L.S.); (A.B.); (J.-P.G.); (D.L.-B.)
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 169 73 Solna, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Vignier
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), F75012 Paris, France;
- Department of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Groupe Hospitalier Sud Île de France, 77000 Melun, France
- Institut Convergences et Migration, 93300 Aubervilliers, France
| | - Jean-Paul Guthmann
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, F-94415 Saint-Maurice, France; (S.M.-L.); (Y.L.S.); (A.B.); (J.-P.G.); (D.L.-B.)
| | | | - Daniel Lévy-Bruhl
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, F-94415 Saint-Maurice, France; (S.M.-L.); (Y.L.S.); (A.B.); (J.-P.G.); (D.L.-B.)
| | - Stéphanie Vandentorren
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, F-94415 Saint-Maurice, France; (S.M.-L.); (Y.L.S.); (A.B.); (J.-P.G.); (D.L.-B.)
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), F75012 Paris, France;
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El Zarif T, Kassir MF, Bizri N, Kassir G, Musharrafieh U, Bizri AR. Measles and mumps outbreaks in Lebanon: trends and links. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:244. [PMID: 32216754 PMCID: PMC7098136 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-04956-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lebanon has experienced several measles and mumps outbreaks in the past 20 years. In this article, a case-based surveillance of both measles and mumps outbreaks in Lebanon was carried out in an attempt to outline factors contributing to the failure of elimination plans and to provide potential solutions. The relationship between the outbreaks of both diseases was described and explored. METHODS A retrospective descriptive study of confirmed cases of measles and mumps in Lebanon between 2003 and 2018 collected from the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health Epidemiological Surveillance Unit public database was carried out. The information collected was graphically represented taking into consideration dates of reported cases, age groups affected, and vaccination status. RESULTS The mean number of measles cases was 150.25 cases/year in the 1-4 years age group, 87 cases/year in individuals aging between 5 and 14, and 63.68 cases/year in those > 14 years old. In the latter group, only 18.05% were unvaccinated. The mean number of mumps cases was 30.4 cases/year in the < 4 year age group and 53.8 cases/year in the 10-19 years age group. During the study period, every spike in measles cases was followed by a similar spike in mumps. 9.66% of measles cases occurred in individuals who received at least 2 doses of the vaccine, 52.26% in the unvaccinated, and 38% in those whose vaccination status was undetermined. CONCLUSIONS Measles in Lebanon is a disease of the pediatric population, but adults remain at risk. Outbreaks of mumps followed those of measles and were mainly among adolescents. Presence of a large number of Syrian refugees in the country may further complicate the situation. Vaccination activities need to be intensified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal El Zarif
- Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Nazih Bizri
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Koura, Lebanon
| | - Ghida Kassir
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Umayya Musharrafieh
- Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abdul Rahman Bizri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Blakely KK, Suttle R, Wood T, Stallworth K, Baker N. Measles-What's Old Is New Again. Nurs Womens Health 2020; 24:45-51. [PMID: 31917147 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwh.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Measles (rubeola) was once nearly eradicated in the United States. Unfortunately, it has reappeared, with more than three times the number of confirmed cases in 2019 than in 2018. The virus, which produces a distinct rash that appears within days of exposure, can spread quickly and can produce severe complications. There is no cure; treatment is supportive care. Measles was once a minimal concern in the United States due to high vaccination rates. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that, because of the increase in individuals traveling to countries with high rates of measles and the fact that fewer U.S. children are being immunized against measles, the incidence of measles will likely continue to rise in the United States. It is vital that nurses and other health care providers educate individuals about the importance of the prevention and treatment of measles.
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Carrieri V, Madio L, Principe F. Vaccine hesitancy and (fake) news: Quasi-experimental evidence from Italy. Health Econ 2019; 28:1377-1382. [PMID: 31429153 PMCID: PMC6851894 DOI: 10.1002/hec.3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The spread of fake news and misinformation on social media is blamed as a primary cause of vaccine hesitancy, which is one of the major threats to global health, according to the World Health Organization. This paper studies the effect of the diffusion of misinformation on immunization rates in Italy by exploiting a quasi-experiment that occurred in 2012, when the Court of Rimini officially recognized a causal link between the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autism and awarded injury compensation. To this end, we exploit the virality of misinformation following the 2012 Italian court's ruling, along with the intensity of exposure to nontraditional media driven by regional infrastructural differences in Internet broadband coverage. Using a Difference-in-Differences regression on regional panel data, we show that the spread of this news resulted in a decrease in child immunization rates for all types of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Carrieri
- Department of Law, Economics and Sociology“Magna Graecia” UniversityCatanzaroItaly
- RWI Research NetworkEssenGermany
- HEDGUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Leonardo Madio
- HEDGUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- COREUniversité Catholique de LouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
- CESifo Research NetworkMunichGermany
| | - Francesco Principe
- Erasmus School of EconomicsErasmus University RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
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Kirtland KA, Lin X, Kroger AT, Myerburg S, Rodgers L. Frequency and cost of live vaccines administered too soon after prior live vaccine in children aged 12 months through 6 years, 2014-2017. Vaccine 2019; 37:6868-6873. [PMID: 31563283 PMCID: PMC6815661 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify number of children who received live vaccines outside recommended intervals between doses and calculate corrective revaccination costs. METHODS We analyzed >1.6 million vaccination records for children aged 12 months through 6 years from six immunization information system (IIS) Sentinel Sites from 2014-15 when live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV, FluMist® Quadrivalent) was recommended for use, and from 2016-17, when not recommended for use. Depending on the vaccine, insufficient intervals between live vaccine doses are less than 24 or 28 days from a preceding live vaccine dose. Private and public purchase costs of vaccines were used to determine revaccination costs of live vaccine doses administered during the live vaccine conflict interval. Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), varicella, combined MMRV, and LAIV were live vaccines evaluated in this study. RESULTS Among 946,659 children who received at least one live vaccine dose from 2014-15, 4,873 (0.5%) received at least one dose too soon after a prior live vaccine (revaccination cost, $786,413) with a median conflict interval of 16 days. Among 704,591 children who received at least one live vaccine dose from 2016-17, 1,001 (0.1%) received at least one dose too soon after a prior live vaccine (revaccination cost, $181,565) with a median conflict interval of 14 days. The live vaccine most frequently administered outside of the recommended intervals was LAIV from 2014-15, and varicella from 2016-17. CONCLUSIONS Live vaccine interval errors were rare (0.5%), indicating an adherence to recommendations. If all invalid doses were corrected by revaccination over the two time periods, the cost within the IIS Sentinel Sites would be nearly one million dollars. Provider awareness about live vaccine conflicts, especially with LAIV, could prevent errors, and utilization of clinical decision support functionality within IISs and Electronic Health Record Systems can facilitate better vaccination practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xia Lin
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew T Kroger
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stuart Myerburg
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Loren Rodgers
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Vo NX, Van Nguyen AT, Mai Tran HT, Thuy Truong LT, Bao Nguyen NN. Cost-effectiveness of measles treatment: a systematic review. J PAK MED ASSOC 2019; 69(Suppl 2):S148-S154. [PMID: 31369545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Measles is still common in many developing countries, and its outbreaks have been on the rise since 2009 even though the disease is almost entirely preventable through safe and effective vaccination. This paper aims to provide evidence about the systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of measles treatment in different regions worldwide. METHODS The methodical search began on 10th January 2019 to look for all articles on the cost-effectiveness of measles treatment published from January 2019 to April 2019 in SCOPUS, Pubmed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and Cochrane (www.cochrane.org).We summarised the articles by using a data table to extract all information using health economic evaluation methods. RESULTS We identified 14 articles from the 69 total articles searched. These articles showed favourable costeffectiveness or cost-benefit ratios in high- and middle-income countries based on data organised by World Bank Income Level in 2018: the United States, Canada, Japan, India and Zambia. However, research is still limited in lowincome countries and thus the effectiveness of vaccination programmes cannot be conclusively identified. CONCLUSIONS This review shows the overview of the research in health economic evaluations of measles in different places, years and using different methods of intervention. Overall, it evaluates the cost-effectiveness of measles treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Xuan Vo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Ha Thi Mai Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000
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Fields VS, Safi H, Waters C, Dillaha J, Capelle L, Riklon S, Wheeler JG, Haselow DT. Mumps in a highly vaccinated Marshallese community in Arkansas, USA: an outbreak report. Lancet Infect Dis 2019; 19:185-192. [PMID: 30635255 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During 2000-15, Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, AR, USA, investigated between one and six cases of mumps each year. From Aug 5, 2016, to Aug 5, 2017, the department received notification of more than 4000 suspected mumps cases in the second largest outbreak in the USA in the past 30 years. METHODS Arkansas Department of Health investigated all reported cases of mumps to ascertain exposure, travel, and vaccination histories and identify close contacts. Cases were classified as confirmed if the patient had laboratory confirmation of mumps virus or probable if they had clinical symptoms and either a positive serological test or a known epidemiological link to a confirmed case. FINDINGS 2954 cases of mumps related to the outbreak were identified during the outbreak period: 1665 (56%) were laboratory confirmed, 1676 (57%) were in children aged 5-17 years, and 1692 (57%) were in Marshallese people. Among the 1676 school-aged cases, 1536 (92%) had previously received at least two doses of a vaccine containing the mumps virus. Although 19 cases of orchitis were reported, severe complications were not identified. Unusual occurrences, such as recurrent parotitis and prolonged viral shedding, were observed mostly in Marshallese individuals. Viral samples were characterised as genotype G. INTERPRETATION This large-scale outbreak, primarily affecting a marginalised community with intense household crowding, highlights the need for coordinated, interdisciplinary, and non-traditional outbreak responses. This outbreak raises questions about mumps vaccine effectiveness and potential waning immunity. FUNDING Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgie S Fields
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, AR, USA; Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Applied Epidemiology Fellowship, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haytham Safi
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | | | - Lucy Capelle
- Arkansas Coalition of Marshallese, Springdale, AR, USA
| | - Sheldon Riklon
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest Campus, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Cantor AS, Hardy CL. Local and distal involution of recalcitrant warts after a single intralesional dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Dermatol Online J 2018; 24:13030/qt7nb919m6. [PMID: 30677806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Verruca vulgaris is a prevalent childhood condition, but treatments are often poorly tolerated. Early treatment is preferable because delays increase the probability of pain, disfigurement, and failed eradication. However, typical treatments require multiple sessions without promising cure. We describe the use of a single intralesional treatment with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine to successfully eliminate both local and distant recalcitrant warts as well as the proposed mechanism of this method. There are no other known reports of complete wart regression at distant untreated sites after a single intralesional MMR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Cantor
- Naval Medical Center Camp Lejeune, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina.
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21
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Beleni AI, Borgmann S. Mumps in the Vaccination Age: Global Epidemiology and the Situation in Germany. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:ijerph15081618. [PMID: 30065192 PMCID: PMC6121553 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against mumps virus (MuV) (mostly measles-mumps-rubella) is routinely performed in more than 120 countries and has resulted in a distinct decrease of mumps incidence. However, alteration of mumps epidemiology has been observed in several countries after implementation of the vaccine but is sparsely documented. Moreover, outbreaks have occurred after starting vaccination, even in highly vaccinated populations. In the former German Democratic Republic (DDR) mumps was a notifiable disease but vaccination against mumps was not implemented. In the five eastern German states forming the DDR until 1990, mumps was not notifiable until 2001. Except for the lack of reporting between 1990–2000, data from Eastern Germany allow analysis of mumps epidemiology after initiating the vaccination campaign. For the period from 2001 to 2016 the data show that the incidence of mumps dropped notably after initiating vaccines, and was accompanied by an increase of the median age of patients with mumps. In Eastern Germany, no outbreaks were noted, while several outbreaks occurred in Western Germany, possibly due to a lower vaccination rate. Further literature analysis revealed that outbreaks were facilitated by waning immunity and crowding. Nevertheless, although vaccination prevented infection, the course of illness, once infected, was sometimes more complicated. In comparison to non-vaccinated populations, high rates of complicated courses occurred and were marked by orchitis, due to higher age of mumps patients. Therefore, refusing vaccination against mumps increases the risk of severe courses when living in a vaccinated population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea-Ioana Beleni
- Department of Urology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefan Borgmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Hospital of Ingolstadt, D-85049 Ingolstadt, Germany.
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Abstract
Despite its benign characteristics, chickenpox is a childhood disease responsible for complications and deaths, particularly in the high-risk population. VariZIG®, not commercialized in France, is a good alternative for seronegative individuals exposed to the virus and not eligible for vaccination. The efficacy of routine vaccination has been demonstrated with a decrease in chickenpox incidence and with the development of herd immunity. Over time, the protective antibody titer of vaccinated people decreases and can be maintained by two doses of the vaccine. A tetravalent measles-mumps-rubella-chickenpox vaccine, used in the United States, has a good tolerability in spite of the occurrence of fever and febrile seizures. Routine vaccination would contribute to make savings in France, by reducing direct and indirect costs of chickenpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Lo Presti
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), pharmacie usage intérieur, hôpital Nord, Chemin-des-Bourrely, 13915 Marseille cedex 20, France; Laboratoire de pharmaco-chimie radicalaire, faculté de pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin-CS30064, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
| | - Christophe Curti
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), service central de la qualité et de l'information pharmaceutiques (SCQIP), hôpital de la Conception, 147, boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de pharmaco-chimie radicalaire, faculté de pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin-CS30064, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
| | - Marc Montana
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), pharmacie usage intérieur, hôpital Nord, Chemin-des-Bourrely, 13915 Marseille cedex 20, France; Laboratoire de pharmaco-chimie radicalaire, faculté de pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin-CS30064, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
| | - Charléric Bornet
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), pharmacie usage intérieur, hôpital de la conception, 147, boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de pharmaco-chimie radicalaire, faculté de pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin-CS30064, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), pharmacie usage intérieur, hôpital de la conception, 147, boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de pharmaco-chimie radicalaire, faculté de pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin-CS30064, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
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23
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Lauridsen JA, Krause TG, Andersen PH. [Measles are eliminated in Denmark]. Ugeskr Laeger 2018; 180:V06170486. [PMID: 29559077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Measles vaccination has led to a significant fall in the number of measles cases and measles-related deaths worldwide. However, many countries still struggle to eliminate the disease. To obtain elimination, a minimum of 95% vaccination coverage for both of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccines is necessary as well as an efficient surveillance system and timely public health response. Presenting data on reported cases and vaccination coverage in the latest 20 years, this article describes how measles are eliminated in Denmark and recommends, how the Danish measles surveillance system can be further improved to maintain the status.
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Sjöberg S, Leach S. [Not Available]. Lakartidningen 2018; 115:EWWL. [PMID: 29337341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
MMR vaccination in 6-9 month olds Vaccination against measles using the MMR vaccine is licensed from 9 months of age, but is used off-label from 6 months of age during or when travelling to areas with an ongoing measles outbreak. In this review of the published literature, studies on MMR vaccination in this age group are limited and small in size. Immunogenicity studies indicate that infants under 9 months respond with lower antibody titres but comparable T cell responses against measles. The safety profile of the vaccine does not appear to differ between infants vaccinated earlier or later. Vaccination from 6 months of age should be recommended if the risk of being infected with measles is considered greater than the risk of not attaining full vaccination protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sjöberg
- Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhuset - Klinisk farmakologi Goteborg, Sweden Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhuset - Klinisk farmakologi Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Susannah Leach
- Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhuset - Klinisk farmakologi Goteborg, Sweden Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhuset - Klinisk farmakologi Goteborg, Sweden
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Skinner E. Vaccination Policies: Requirements and Exemptions for Entering School. NCSL Legisbrief 2017; 25:1-2. [PMID: 29320811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
(1) According to the World Health Organization, immunization prevents between 2 million to 3 million deaths every year across the world. (2) When immunization rates are high, herd immunity develops and limits the spread of the disease, which helps protect those who cannot be vaccinated. (3) Vaccination rates for measles, mumps and rubella vary across the United States, ranging from 85.6 percent in Washington, D.C., to 99.4 percent in Mississippi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Skinner
- National Conference of State Legislatures, Denver, Colorado
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26
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Morra ME, Kien ND, Elmaraezy A, Abdelaziz OAM, Elsayed AL, Halhouli O, Montasr AM, Vu TLH, Ho C, Foly AS, Phi AP, Abdullah WM, Mikhail M, Milne E, Hirayama K, Huy NT. Early vaccination protects against childhood leukemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15986. [PMID: 29167460 PMCID: PMC5700199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is the most commonly diagnosed childhood cancer, although its etiology is still largely unknown. Growing evidence supports a role for infection in the etiology of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and the involvement of the immune system suggests that vaccination may also play a role. However, the findings presented in the published literature are inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted a PRISMA systematic review and meta-analysis. 14 studies were identified and meta-analyzed. Vaccinations studied comprised Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, Triple vaccine, Hepatitis B vaccine (HBV), Polio, Measles, Rubella, Mumps, trivalent MMR vaccine and Haemophilus influenza type B (HiB) vaccine. We observed a protective association between any vaccination in the first year of life and risk of childhood leukemia (summary odds ratio (OR) 0.58 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36-0.91]). When individual vaccines were analysed, some evidence of an association was seen only for BCG (summary OR 0.73 [95% CI 0.50-1.08]). In conclusion, early vaccination appears to be associated with a reduced risk of childhood leukemia. This finding may be underpinned by the association observed for BCG. Given the relatively imprecise nature of the results of this meta-analysis, our findings should be interpreted cautiously and replicated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nguyen Dang Kien
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, 30000, Vietnam
| | - Ahmed Elmaraezy
- Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | | | | | - Oday Halhouli
- University of Jordan, Faculty of Medicine, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | | | - Tran Le-Huy Vu
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Chau Ho
- Hoan My Cuu Long Hospital, Can Tho, 900000, Vietnam
| | - Amr Sayed Foly
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Anh Phan Phi
- Department of Pharmacology, Loyola University Chicago, Illinois, 60546, USA
| | | | - Marina Mikhail
- Department of Dermatology, Cairo University Hospital, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Elizabeth Milne
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Leading Graduate School Program, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Evidence Based Medicine Research Group & Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Department of Clinical Product Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Leading Graduate School Program, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Reavis RD, Ebbs JB, Onunkwo AK, Sage LM. A self-affirmation exercise does not improve intentions to vaccinate among parents with negative vaccine attitudes (and may decrease intentions to vaccinate). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181368. [PMID: 28704520 PMCID: PMC5509329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two studies investigated the effectiveness of a self-affirmation exercise on vaccine safety beliefs and intent to vaccinate future children. In Study 1, a sample of 585 parents with at least one child under the age of 18 in the home participated through Amazon’s MTurk. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions in a 2 x 2 design. Participants read either correcting information refuting a link between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism or a control passage about bird feeding. Additionally, participants either completed a self-affirmation exercise where they reflected on their personal values or in a control condition in which they reflected on least-personally-important values that might be important to others. Participants exposed to the correcting information were less likely to believe that vaccines cause serious side effects, but no less likely to believe that the MMR vaccine causes autism. For parents with initially positive vaccine attitudes, there was no effect of condition on intent to vaccinate a future child. For parents with initially negative vaccine attitudes, self-affirmation was ineffective in the presence of correcting information and resulted in less intention to vaccinate in the absence of correcting information. This effect was partially replicated in Study 2 (N = 576), which provided no correcting information but otherwise followed the same procedure as Study 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael D. Reavis
- Department of Psychology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacob B. Ebbs
- Department of Psychology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Adaobi K. Onunkwo
- Department of Psychology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, United States of America
| | - L. Mariah Sage
- Department of Psychology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, United States of America
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Mrożek-Budzyn D, Kiełtyka A, Majewska R, Mróz E. What mother know about vaccine preventable diseases? Przegl Epidemiol 2017; 71:595-602. [PMID: 29417786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE The improving epidemiological situation of the most of communicable diseases causes, that the real and potential risks attributable to them have been forgotten. The aim of study was to determine the mothers knowledge about vaccine preventable diseases MATERIALS AND METHODS A survey was conducted among 177 randomly selected mothers. The interviews with mothers hospitalized after childbearing in two hospitals in Krakow and Myslenice were conducted at the end of 2014 and in 2015 RESULTS The assessment of risk to develop an infectious diseases in unvaccinated children significantly varied among mothers. Individual respondents claimed that the risk does not exist regarding each of considered disease. The highest percentage of that kind of answers was related to poliomyelitis – 3.9% of mothers assessed that unvaccinated children have no risk to become ill. The similar percentage of respondents assessed a risk as remote probable regarding poliomyelitis, pertussis and hepatitis A - 16.8%, 15.2% and 16.3%, respectively. The highest risk was attributed to varicella – 50.6% mothers gave that answers. Mothers could not state a risk of disease developing mostly with regard to poliomyelitis, diphtheria, hepatitis A and pertussis – 42.7%, 38.2%, 33.7% and 33.2%, respectively. Relatively high percentage of respondents stated a mild course of that kind of diseases like varicella, mumps, rubella, infectious diarrhea and measles - from 17.4% with respect to measles to 34.3% regarding varicella. To life-threating category mothers primarily included sepsis (74.2%), meningitis and tick-borne encephalitis (each obtained 68.5% answers) CONCLUSIONS Mothers knowledge about vaccine preventable diseases varied depending on the type of disease. The lack of awareness of the risk related to communicable diseases regarded not only those diseases which have not been occurred in Poland for many years but also those ones that still represent significant epidemiological problem. The society too often has an opinion that some diseases like varicella, mumps or rubella are the mild diseases what can conduce to easy withdrawal from those vaccinations
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Mrożek-Budzyn
- Chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow
- Sanitary Inspection in Myslenice
| | - Agnieszka Kiełtyka
- Chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow
| | - Renata Majewska
- Chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow
| | - Elżbieta Mróz
- Chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow
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Burnett MW. Mumps. J Spec Oper Med 2017; 17:117-119. [PMID: 28599044 DOI: 10.55460/swwg-qace] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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Levine DA. Vaccine-Preventable Diseases In Pediatric Patients: A Review Of Measles, Mumps, Rubella, And Varicella. Pediatr Emerg Med Pract 2016; 13:1-20. [PMID: 27893360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella continue to plague children and adults worldwide. Although public health programs have helped decrease the prevalence and sequelae of these diseases, outbreaks still occur. To limit the spread of these diseases, emergency clinicians must be able to readily identify the characteristic presentations of the rashes associated with measles, rubella, and varicella, as well as the common presenting features associated with mumps. Diagnostic laboratory studies are not usually necessary, as a complete history and physical examination usually lead to an accurate diagnosis. Treatment for these vaccine-preventable diseases usually consists of supportive care, but, in some cases, severe complications and death may occur. This issue provides a review of the clinical features, differential diagnoses, potential complications, and treatment options for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Levine
- Clinical Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, NY
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Abstract
In this article Richard Griffith, Senior Lecturer in Health Law at Swansea University, reviews the involvement and approach of the Courts in cases of hotly disputed immunisation.
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Fujiya Y, Takeshita N, Kanagawa S, Yamamoto K, Mawatari M, Kutsuna S, Hayakawa K, Hori N, Kato Y, Ohmagari N. [Safety and Adverse Events Following Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccination in Adults in Japan]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2016; 90:518-519. [PMID: 30212042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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Suijkerbuijk AWM, Woudenberg T, Hahné SJM, Nic Lochlainn L, de Melker HE, Ruijs WLM, Lugnér AK. Economic Costs of Measles Outbreak in the Netherlands, 2013-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:2067-9. [PMID: 26488199 PMCID: PMC4622243 DOI: 10.3201/eid2111.150410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2013 and 2014, the Netherlands experienced a measles outbreak in orthodox Protestant communities with low measles–mumps–rubella vaccination coverage. Assessing total outbreak costs is needed for public health outbreak preparedness and control. Total costs of this outbreak were an estimated $4.7 million.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Chan
- Department of Medicine (Chan, MacFadden, Leis), University of Toronto; Division of Infectious Diseases (MacFadden, Leis), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; and Centre for Quality Improvement and Patient Safety (Leis), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Derek R MacFadden
- Department of Medicine (Chan, MacFadden, Leis), University of Toronto; Division of Infectious Diseases (MacFadden, Leis), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; and Centre for Quality Improvement and Patient Safety (Leis), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Jerome A Leis
- Department of Medicine (Chan, MacFadden, Leis), University of Toronto; Division of Infectious Diseases (MacFadden, Leis), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; and Centre for Quality Improvement and Patient Safety (Leis), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
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Morgan E, Halliday SR, Campbell GR, Cardwell CR, Patterson CC. Vaccinations and childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetologia 2016; 59:237-43. [PMID: 26564178 PMCID: PMC4705121 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3800-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to investigate the association between routine vaccinations and the risk of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus by systematically reviewing the published literature and performing meta-analyses where possible. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed of MEDLINE and EMBASE to identify all studies that compared vaccination rates in children who subsequently developed type 1 diabetes mellitus and in control children. ORs and 95% CIs were obtained from published reports or derived from individual patient data and then combined using a random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS In total, 23 studies investigating 16 vaccinations met the inclusion criteria. Eleven of these contributed to meta-analyses which included data from between 359 and 11,828 childhood diabetes cases. Overall, there was no evidence to suggest an association between any of the childhood vaccinations investigated and type 1 diabetes mellitus. The pooled ORs ranged from 0.58 (95% CI 0.24, 1.40) for the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination in five studies up to 1.04 (95% CI 0.94, 1.14) for the haemophilus influenza B (HiB) vaccination in 11 studies. Significant heterogeneity was present in most of the pooled analyses, but was markedly reduced when analyses were restricted to study reports with high methodology quality scores. Neither this restriction by quality nor the original authors' adjustments for potential confounding made a substantial difference to the pooled ORs. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This study provides no evidence of an association between routine vaccinations and childhood type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Morgan
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health NI, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, UK
| | - Sophia R Halliday
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health NI, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Centre for Statistical Science and Operational Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Gemma R Campbell
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, UK
| | - Chris R Cardwell
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, UK
| | - Chris C Patterson
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health NI, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, UK.
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Korczyńska MR, Rogalska J. Mumps in Poland in 2014. Przegl Epidemiol 2016; 70:183-187. [PMID: 27779832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination against mumps from 2003 is mandatory in Poland and given as two dose scheme with MMR vaccine (mumps, measles, and rubella). Earlier this vaccination was only recommended. Despite observed decline in mumps incidence for over a decade which is a result of conducted vaccinations, mumps is still a common disease among the children. AIM To assess epidemiological situation of mumps in Poland in 2014, including vaccination coverage in Polish population, in comparison to previous years. METHODS The descriptive analysis was based on data retrieved from routine mandatory surveillance system and published in the annual bulletins “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2014” and “Vaccinations in Poland in 2014” (1). Mumps cases were classified according to the criteria of surveillance case definition implemented in the European Union (Commission Decision of 28 April 2008 amending Decision 2002/253/EC). National Immunisation Programme for year 2014 was also used. RESULTS In total, there were 2 508 mumps cases registered in Poland in 2014. Incidence of mumps was 6.5 per 100,000 and it was higher by 3.1 % in comparison with 2013 and lower by 9.7 % in comparison with median for the years 2008-2012. The highest incidence rate was observed among children aged 4 years (61.3 per 100,000). Incidence in men (7.8 per 100,000) was higher than in women (5.3). In 2014, 31 people were hospitalized due to mumps. Vaccination coverage of children aged 3 years in Poland in 2013 was 97.0% and it was lower by 0.5 % in comparison with year 2013 (97.5 %). CONCLUSIONS Systematic execution of mumps vaccination in accordance with the National Immunisation Programme resulted in a significant decrease in the number of registered cases. Due to the high vaccination coverage further decline in the number of cases is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Roberta Korczyńska
- National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene in Warsaw Department of Epidemiology
| | - Justyna Rogalska
- National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene in Warsaw Department of Epidemiology
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Tchidjou HK, Vescio MF, Sanou Sobze M, Souleyman A, Stefanelli P, Mbabia A, Moussa I, Gentile B, Colizzi V, Rezza G. Low vaccine coverage among children born to HIV infected women in Niamey, Niger. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:540-4. [PMID: 26237156 PMCID: PMC5049730 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1069451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of mother's HIV-status on child vaccination is an important public health issue in countries with high HIV prevalence. We conducted a study in a primary healthcare center located in Niamey, the capital of Niger, which offers free of charge services to HIV positive and/or underprivileged mothers, with the aim of assessing: 1) vaccination coverage for children 0-36 months old, born to HIV-infected mothers, and 2) the impact of maternal HIV status on child vaccination. METHODS Mothers of children less than 36 months old attending the center were interviewed, to collect information on vaccines administered to their child, and family's socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS Overall, 502 children were investigated. Children of HIV-seropositive mothers were less likely to receive follow up vaccinations for Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis (DTP) than those of HIV-seronegative mothers, with a prevalence ratio (PR) of 2.03 (95%CI: 1.58-2.61). Children born to HIV-seropositive mothers were less likely to miss vaccination for MMR than those born to HIV negative mothers, with a RR of 0.46 (95%CI: 0.30-0.72). CONCLUSIONS Vaccine coverage among children born to HIV infected mothers was rather low. It is important to favor access to vaccination programs in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Fenicia Vescio
- Department of Infectious; Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious; Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome, Italy
| | - Adalbert Mbabia
- Department of Public Health; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome, Italy
| | - Ide Moussa
- National Coordination for Intersectoral Coordination for the Response against STI/HIV/AIDS; Niamey, Niger
| | - Bruno Gentile
- Italian Cooperation of Sub-Saharan Africa; Niamey, Niger
| | - Vittorio Colizzi
- Department of Biology; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rezza
- Department of Infectious; Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome, Italy
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Mokdad AH, Gagnier MC, Colson KE, Dansereau E, Zúñiga-Brenes P, Ríos-Zertuche D, Haakenstad A, Johanns CK, Palmisano EB, Hernandez B, Iriarte E. Missed Opportunities for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Immunization in Mesoamerica: Potential Impact on Coverage and Days at Risk. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139680. [PMID: 26506563 PMCID: PMC4624243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent outbreaks of measles in the Americas have received news and popular attention, noting the importance of vaccination to population health. To estimate the potential increase in immunization coverage and reduction in days at risk if every opportunity to vaccinate a child was used, we analyzed vaccination histories of children 11-59 months of age from large household surveys in Mesoamerica. METHODS Our study included 22,234 children aged less than 59 months in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Child vaccination cards were used to calculate coverage of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) and to compute the number of days lived at risk. A child had a missed opportunity for vaccination if their card indicated a visit for vaccinations at which the child was not caught up to schedule for MMR. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to compute the hazard ratio associated with the reduction in days at risk, accounting for missed opportunities. RESULTS El Salvador had the highest proportion of children with a vaccine card (91.2%) while Nicaragua had the lowest (76.5%). Card MMR coverage ranged from 44.6% in Mexico to 79.6% in Honduras while potential coverage accounting for missed opportunities ranged from 70.8% in Nicaragua to 96.4% in El Salvador. Younger children were less likely to have a missed opportunity. In Panama, children from households with higher expenditure were more likely to have a missed opportunity for MMR vaccination compared to the poorest (OR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.06-2.47). In Nicaragua, compared to children of mothers with no education, children of mothers with primary education and secondary education were less likely to have a missed opportunity (OR 0.46, 95% CI: 0.24-0.88 and OR 0.25, 95% CI: 0.096-0.65, respectively). Mean days at risk for MMR ranged from 158 in Panama to 483 in Mexico while potential days at risk ranged from 92 in Panama to 239 in El Salvador. CONCLUSIONS Our study found high levels of missed opportunities for immunizing children in Mesoamerica. Our findings cause great concern, as they indicate that families are bringing their children to health facilities, but these children are not receiving all appropriate vaccinations during visits. This points to serious problems in current immunization practices and protocols in poor areas in Mesoamerica. Our study calls for programs to ensure that vaccines are available and that health professionals use every opportunity to vaccinate a child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H. Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 600, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marielle C. Gagnier
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 600, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - K. Ellicott Colson
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Emily Dansereau
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 600, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paola Zúñiga-Brenes
- Salud Mesoamérica 2015 / Inter-American Development Bank, Calle 50, Edificio Tower Financial Center (Towerbank), Piso 23, Panamá, Panamá
| | - Diego Ríos-Zertuche
- Salud Mesoamérica 2015 / Inter-American Development Bank, Calle 50, Edificio Tower Financial Center (Towerbank), Piso 23, Panamá, Panamá
| | - Annie Haakenstad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 600, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Casey K. Johanns
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 600, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Erin B. Palmisano
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 600, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bernardo Hernandez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 600, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Emma Iriarte
- Salud Mesoamérica 2015 / Inter-American Development Bank, Calle 50, Edificio Tower Financial Center (Towerbank), Piso 23, Panamá, Panamá
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Vaccine refusal and measles. Can Fam Physician 2015; 61:613, e302. [PMID: 26175370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Evans RG. Dummheit. Healthc Policy 2015; 10:14-22. [PMID: 25947030 PMCID: PMC4748339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunizing against influenza is tricky; against measles is not. Influenza comes in many constantly evolving strains, but one measles shot in childhood confers lifelong immunity. Unlike the flu, measles was wiped out. Its return represents an outbreak not of disease, but of stupidity. The matrix of stupidity is, however, reinforced by strong strands of malice, as when Andrew Wakefield's fraudulent 1998 paper linked the MMR vaccine to autism. The fraud was unmasked and the vaccine-autism link disproven, but the evil influence continues. Measles offers an illustration of Virchow's insights that medicine is a social science and that politics is medicine writ large. It is this "inconvenient truth" that is being suppressed by muzzling the Chief Public Health Officer (CPHO) and attacking public health for addressing "social determinants."
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Evans
- Faculty, Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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Korczyńska MR, Rogalska J. Mumps in Poland in 2013. Przegl Epidemiol 2015; 69:209-340. [PMID: 26233073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination against mumps from 2003 is mandatory in Poland and given as two dose scheme with MMR vaccine (mumps, measles, and rubella). Earlier this vaccination was only recommended. Despite observed decline in mumps incidence for over a decade which is a result of conducted vaccinations, mumps is still a common childhood disease. AIM To assess epidemiological situation of mumps in Poland in 2013, including vaccination coverage in Polish population, in comparison to previous years. METHODS The descriptive analysis was based on data retrieved from routine mandatory surveillance system and published in the annual bulletins "Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2013" and "Vaccinations in Poland in 2013" (Czarkowski MP i in., Warszawa 2013, NIZP-PZH i GIS). Mumps cases were classified according to the criteria of surveillance case definition implemented in the European Union (Commission Decision of 28 April 2008 amending Decision 2002/253/EC). National Immunisation Programme for year 2013 was also used. RESULTS In total, there were 2 436 mumps cases registered in Poland in 2013. Incidence of mumps was 6.3 per 100,000 and it was lower by 12.5% in comparison with 2012 and lower by 18.2% in comparison with median for the years 2007-2010. The highest incidence rate was observed among children aged 5 years (54.0 per 100,000). Incidence in men (7.5) was higher than in women (5.2). In 2013, 38 people were hospitalized due to mumps. Vaccination coverage of children aged 3 years in Poland in 2013 was 97.5% and it was lower by 0.4% in comparison with year 2012. CONCLUSIONS Systematic execution of mumps vaccination in accordance with the National Immunisation Programme resulted in a significant decrease in the number of registered cases. Due to the high vaccination coverage further decline in the number of cases is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Roberta Korczyńska
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene in Warsaw
| | - Justyna Rogalska
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene in Warsaw
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Holmes A, Wright D. Potential drug interaction between Rho(D) immune globulin and live virus vaccine. Nurs Womens Health 2014; 18:519-522. [PMID: 25495973 DOI: 10.1111/1751-486x.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Women often receive Rho(D) immune globulin as well as a live virus vaccine in the immediate postpartum period. The immune globulin product has the potential to interfere with appropriate immune response to the vaccine. Here we describe our approach to identifying and following up on this often overlooked potential drug interaction.
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Jones KB, Gren LH, Backman R. Improving pediatric immunization rates: description of a resident-led clinical continuous quality improvement project. Fam Med 2014; 46:631-635. [PMID: 25163043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Increased emphasis is being placed on the continuous quality improvement (CQI) education of residents of all specialties. This article describes a resident-led continuous quality improvement (CQI) project, based on a novel curriculum, to improve the immunization rates of children under 2 years old at the Madsen Family Health Center (MHC). METHODS All third-year residents were trained in the FOCUS-PDSA CQI methodology through concurrent didactic lectures and experience leading the CQI team. The CQI team included clinical staff led by a third-year family medicine resident and mentored by a member of the family medicine faculty. Immunization records were distributed to provider-medical assistant teamlets daily for each pediatric patient scheduled in clinic as the intervention. Compliance with the intervention (process measure), as well as immunization rates at 2 and 5 months post-intervention (outcome measure), were monitored. RESULTS Immunization records were printed on 84% of clinic days from October 24, 2011 to March 31, 2012. The percentage of patients immunized at baseline was 66%. The percentage immunized as of December 31, 2011 was 96% and was 91% as of March 31, 2012. CONCLUSIONS An important educational experience was organized for third-year family medicine residents through learning CQI skills, leading a CQI team, and directing a CQI project to completion. Significant improvement in the percentage of patients under 2 years old immunized at the MHC was achieved by presenting provider-medical assistant teamlets with immunization records of all pediatric patients on the daily clinic schedule.
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Wang Z, Yan R, He H, Li Q, Chen G, Yang S, Chen E. Difficulties in eliminating measles and controlling rubella and mumps: a cross-sectional study of a first measles and rubella vaccination and a second measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89361. [PMID: 24586717 PMCID: PMC3930734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The reported coverage of the measles–rubella (MR) or measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine is greater than 99.0% in Zhejiang province. However, the incidence of measles, mumps, and rubella remains high. In this study, we assessed MMR seropositivity and disease distribution by age on the basis of the current vaccination program, wherein the first dose of MR is administered at 8 months and the second dose of MMR is administered at 18–24 months. Methods Cross-sectional serological surveys of MMR antibodies were conducted by collecting epidemiological data in Zhejiang province, China in 2011. In total, 1015 participants were randomly selected from two surveillance sites. Serum MMR-specific immunoglobulin G levels were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The geometric mean titers and seroprevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by age and gender. Proportions of different dose of vaccine by age by vaccine were also identified. Statistically significant differences between categories were assessed by the Chi-square test. Results Over 95% seroprevalence rates of measles were seen in all age groups except <7 months infants. Children aged 5–9 years were shown lower seropositivity rates of mumps while elder adolescences and young adults were presented lower rubella seroprevalence. Especially, rubella seropositivity was significantly lower in female adults than in male. Nine measles cases were unvaccinated or unknown vaccination history. Among them, 66.67% (6/9) patients were aged 20–29 years while 33.33% (3/9) were infants aged 8–12 months. In addition, 57.75% (648/1122) patients with mumps were children aged 5–9 years, and 50.54% (94/186) rubella cases were aged 15–39 years. Conclusions A timely two-dose MMR vaccination schedule is recommended, with the first dose at 8 months and the second dose at 18–24 months. An MR vaccination speed-up campaign may be necessary for elder adolescents and young adults, particularly young females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Rui Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Hanqing He
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Guohua Chen
- Cixi City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cixi, Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Shengxu Yang
- Sanmen County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Sanmen, Taizhou, P. R. China
| | - Enfu Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Rogalska J, Paradowska-Stankiewicz I. Mumps in Poland in 2012. Przegl Epidemiol 2014; 68:191-318. [PMID: 25135497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination against mumps, introduced initially as recommended, from 2003 is mandatory in Poland and given as two dose scheme with MMR vaccine (mumps, measles, and rubella). Despite observed decline in mumps incidence for over a decade which is a result of conducted vaccinations, mumps is still a common childhood disease in Poland. AIM To assess epidemiological situation of mumps in Poland in 2012, including vaccination coverage in Polish population, in comparison to previous years. METHODS The descriptive analysis was based on data retrieved from routine mandatory surveillance system and published in the annual bulletins "Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2012" and "Vaccinations in Poland in 2012" (Czarkowski MP i in., Warszawa 2013, NIZP-PZH i GIS). Mumps cases were classified according to the criteria of surveillance case definition implemented in the European Union (Commission Decision of 28 April 2008 amending Decision 2002/253/EC). National Immunisation Programme for year 2012 was also used. RESULTS In total, there were 2779 mumps cases registered in Poland in 2012. Incidence of mumps was 7.2 per 100 000 and it was higher by 7.5% in comparison with 2011 and lower by 19.4% in comparison to median for the years 2006-2010. The highest incidence rate was observed among children aged 5 years (71.8 per 100 000). Incidence in women (5.9) was lower than in men (8.6). In 2012, 25 people were hospitalized due to mumps. Vaccination coverage of children aged 3 years in Poland in 2012 was 97.9%. CONCLUSIONS Systematic execution of mumps vaccination in accordance with the National Immunisation Programme resulted in a significant decrease in the number of registered cases. Due to the high vaccination coverage further decline in the number of cases is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Rogalska
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene (NIZP-PZH) in Warsaw
| | - Iwona Paradowska-Stankiewicz
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene (NIZP-PZH) in Warsaw
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Gans HA, Maldonado YA. Loss of passively acquired maternal antibodies in highly vaccinated populations: an emerging need to define the ontogeny of infant immune responses. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:1-3. [PMID: 23661801 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Stojanovski K, McWeeney G, Emiroglu N, Ostlin P, Koller T, Licari L, Kaluski DN. Risk factors for low vaccination coverage among Roma children in disadvantaged settlements in Belgrade, Serbia. Vaccine 2012; 30:5459-63. [PMID: 22776215 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Full vaccination coverage for children under 59 months of age in Serbia is over 90%. This study assesses vaccination coverage and examines its association with birth registration among Roma children who resided in disadvantaged settlements in Belgrade, Serbia. METHODS The First Roma Health and Nutrition Survey in Belgrade settlements, 2009, was conducted among households of 468 Roma children between the ages of 6-59 months. The 2005 WHO Immunization Coverage Cluster Survey sampling methodology was employed. Vaccinations were recorded using children's vaccination cards and through verification steps carried out in the Primary Health Care Centers. For those who had health records the information on vaccination was recorded. RESULTS About 88% of children had vaccination cards. The mean rate of age appropriate full immunization was 16% for OPV and DTP and 14.3% for MMR. Multivariate analyses indicated that children whose births were registered with the civil authorities were more likely to have their vaccination cards [OR=6.1, CI (2.5, 15.0)] and to have their full, age appropriate, series vaccinations for DTP, OPV, MMR and HepB [OR=3.8, CI (1.5, 10.0), OR=3.2, CI (1.5, 6.6), OR=4.8, CI (1.1, 21.0), OR=5.4, CI (1.4, 21.6), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS The immunization coverage among Roma children in settlements is far below the WHO/UNICEF MDG4 target in achieving prevention and control of vaccine preventable diseases. It demonstrates the need to include "invisible" populations into the health systems in continuous, integrated, comprehensive, accessible and sensitive modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristefer Stojanovski
- World Health Organization Serbia Country Office, Hadzi Melentijeva 30, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
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Abstract
Scholars have examined how news media frame events, including responsibility for causing and fixing problems, and how these frames inform public judgment. This study analyzed 281 newspaper articles about a controversial medical study linking the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination with autism. Given criticism of the study and its potential negative impact on vaccination rates across multiple countries, the current study examined actors to whom news media attributed blame for the MMR-vaccine association, sources used to support those attributions, and what solutions (e.g., mobilizing information), if any, were offered. This study provides unique insight by examining the evolution of these attributions over the lifetime of the controversy. Findings emphasize how news media may attribute blame in health risk communication and how that ascription plays a potentially vital role in shaping public behavior. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery Holton
- School of Journalism, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1000, Austin, TX 78712-0113, USA.
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Walkty A, Van Caeseele P, Hilderman T, Buchan S, Weiss E, Sloane M, Fatoye B. Mumps in prison: description of an outbreak in Manitoba, Canada. Can J Public Health 2012. [PMID: 22032098 DOI: 10.1007/bf03404173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a lack of published information on the management of mumps in a prison setting. We describe an outbreak of mumps that occurred in a medium-security correctional centre (Milner Ridge) in Manitoba, Canada. METHODS A case definition of mumps consistent with that in the document "Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Mumps Outbreaks in Canada" was adopted. Cell culture, polymerase chain reaction, and serology were used for case confirmation. RESULTS Five confirmed cases of mumps infection were identified at the Milner Ridge Correctional Centre between January 12 and February 5, 2009. One additional confirmed case and 3 additional probable cases were identified at a second correctional centre. Outbreak control at Milner Ridge was accomplished by cohorting the affected units of the centre, providing education on mumps, deferring transfers, and monitoring for further cases. Vaccination was offered to inmates and staff on the assumption, based on average inmate age, that the majority of inmates would have previously received, at most, a single dose of mumps-containing vaccine. CONCLUSION An outbreak of mumps in a correctional setting was successfully contained via implementation and tailoring of basic infection control measures, and vaccination of inmates and staff. Given the relatively young age of many inmates and the parallels between prisons and dormitories, it could be argued that inmates may represent another group of individuals for whom a second dose of mumps vaccine (if not received in childhood) would be beneficial as primary prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Walkty
- Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB.
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Turnbull AE. Fear, numbers, and measles. Health Commun 2011; 26:775-776. [PMID: 22044390 PMCID: PMC6349204 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2011.616629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Turnbull
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205-2103, USA.
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