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Wang SSY, Tang H, Loe MWC, Yeo SC, Javaid MM. Complements and Their Role in Systemic Disorders. Cureus 2024; 16:e52991. [PMID: 38406130 PMCID: PMC10894639 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The complement system is critical to the body's innate defense against exogenous pathogens and clearance of endogenous waste, comprising the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways. Although tightly regulated, various congenital and acquired diseases can perturb the complement system, resulting in specific complement deficiencies. Systemic rheumatic, neurological, ophthalmological, renal, and hematological disorders are some prototypical complement-mediated diseases. An adequate understanding of the mechanisms of the normal complement system and the pathophysiology of complement dysregulation is critical for providing diagnostic clues and appropriately managing these conditions. This review guides clinicians in understanding the role of complement factors in systemic diseases and what diagnostic and therapeutic options are available for complement-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haoming Tang
- Medicine, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, SGP
| | | | | | - Muhammad M Javaid
- Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, AUS
- Medicine, Deakin University, Warrnambool, AUS
- Renal Medicine, Woodlands Health, Singapore, SGP
- Nephrology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, SGP
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Loe MWC, Lee RCH, Chin WX, Min N, Teo ZY, Ho SX, Yi B, Chu JJH. Chelerythrine chloride inhibits Zika virus infection by targeting the viral NS4B protein. Antiviral Res 2023; 219:105732. [PMID: 37832876 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that has re-emerged as a significant threat to global health in the recent decade. Whilst infections are primarily asymptomatic, the virus has been associated with the manifestation of severe neurological complications. At present, there is still a lack of approved antivirals for ZIKV infections. In this study, chelerythrine chloride, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, was identified from a mid-throughput screen conducted on a 502-compound natural products library to be a novel and potent inhibitor of ZIKV infection in both in-vitro and in-vivo assays. Subsequent downstream studies demonstrated that the compound inhibits a post-entry step of the viral replication cycle and is capable of disrupting viral RNA synthesis and protein expression. The successful generation and sequencing of a ZIKV resistant mutant revealed that a single S61T mutation on the viral NS4B allowed ZIKV to overcome chelerythrine chloride inhibition. Further investigation revealed that chelerythrine chloride could directly inhibit ZIKV protein synthesis, and that the NS4B-S61T mutation confers resistance to this inhibition. This study has established chelerythrine chloride as a potential candidate for further development as a therapeutic agent against ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Wing Choy Loe
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Regina Ching Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Wei-Xin Chin
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Nyo Min
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Zi Yun Teo
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Si Xian Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Bowen Yi
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore.
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Loe MWC, Yeo KT. Early-life surface colonization with multi-drug resistant organisms in the neonatal intensive care unit. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 136:11-13. [PMID: 37648095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we aim to describe the patterns of early-life surface colonization with multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms (MDROs) among newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). METHODS We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of infants with culture-positive external ear surface swabs performed immediately after admission to our NICU from January 1, 2017 - December 31, 2021. Clinical characteristics, culture and antibiotic susceptibility data were extracted from the department data collection and hospital electronic databases. RESULTS A total of 314 infants were included - median 34 weeks gestation (interquartile range [IQR] 30, 38) and median birthweight 2147 g (IQR 1470, 2875). Of the 379 bacterial isolates obtained, 259 (68.3%) were gram-negative with Escherichia coli (149/379, 39.3%) and Klebsiella spp (57/379, 15.0%) the most common gram-negatives isolated. MDROs accounted for 17.4% (45/259) of gram-negative isolates. There was no methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (0/22 isolates) or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (0/68) detected among isolates tested. A total of 27 (8.6%) infants developed bacteremia, of which 21/27 (77.8%) had concordant bacteria isolated from surface cultures, with identical resistance patterns, and 4/21 (19.0%) isolates were MDROs. CONCLUSION In our setting where gram-negative bacteria accounted for a high proportion of initial colonization, MDR gram-negatives accounted for up to 17% of colonizing gram-negative bacteria detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Wing Choy Loe
- Department of Neonatology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Kee Thai Yeo
- Department of Neonatology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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Mok CK, Ng YL, Ahidjo BA, Aw ZQ, Chen H, Wong YH, Lee RCH, Loe MWC, Liu J, Tan KS, Kaur P, Wang DY, Hao E, Hou X, Tan YW, Deng J, Chu JJH. Evaluation of In Vitro and In Vivo Antiviral Activities of Vitamin D for SARS-CoV-2 and Variants. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030925. [PMID: 36986786 PMCID: PMC10058714 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about unprecedented medical and healthcare challenges worldwide. With the continual emergence and spread of new COVID-19 variants, four drug compound libraries were interrogated for their antiviral activities against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we show that the drug screen has resulted in 121 promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds, of which seven were further shortlisted for hit validation: citicoline, pravastatin sodium, tenofovir alafenamide, imatinib mesylate, calcitriol, dexlansoprazole, and prochlorperazine dimaleate. In particular, the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol, exhibits strong potency against SARS-CoV-2 on cell-based assays and is shown to work by modulating the vitamin D receptor pathway to increase antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin expression. However, the weight, survival rate, physiological conditions, histological scoring, and virus titre between SARS-CoV-2 infected K18-hACE2 mice pre-treated or post-treated with calcitriol were negligible, indicating that the differential effects of calcitriol may be due to differences in vitamin D metabolism in mice and warrants future investigation using other animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Keng Mok
- Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Yan Ling Ng
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Bintou Ahmadou Ahidjo
- Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Zhen Qin Aw
- Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Huixin Chen
- Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Yi Hao Wong
- Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Regina Ching Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Marcus Wing Choy Loe
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Kai Sen Tan
- Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Parveen Kaur
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Erwei Hao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- China-ASEAN Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Traditional Medicine Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Xiaotao Hou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- China-ASEAN Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Traditional Medicine Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Yong Wah Tan
- Collaborative and Translation Unit for HFMD, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Jiagang Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- China-ASEAN Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Traditional Medicine Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Collaborative and Translation Unit for HFMD, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-65163278
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5
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Wu KX, Yogarajah T, Choy Loe MW, Kaur P, Hua Lee RC, Mok CK, Wong YH, Phuektes P, Yeo LS, Chow VT, Tan YW, Hann Chu JJ. The host-targeting compound peruvoside has a broad-spectrum antiviral activity against positive-sense RNA viruses. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:2039-2055. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
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Loe MWC, Hao E, Chen M, Li C, Lee RCH, Zhu IXY, Teo ZY, Chin WX, Hou X, Deng J, Chu JJH. Betulinic acid exhibits antiviral effects against dengue virus infection. Antiviral Res 2020; 184:104954. [PMID: 33080251 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is an arthropod-borne virus that has developed into a prominent global health threat in recent decades. The main causative agent of dengue fever, the virus infects an estimated 390 million individuals across the globe each year. Despite the sharply increasing social and economic burden on global society caused by the disease, there is still a glaring lack of effective therapeutics against DENV. In this study, betulinic acid, a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid was established as an inhibitor of DENV infection in vitro. Time-course studies revealed that betulinic acid inhibits a post-entry stage of the DENV replication cycle and subsequent analyses also showed that the compound is able to inhibit viral RNA synthesis and protein production. Betulinic acid also demonstrated antiviral efficacy against other serotypes of DENV, as well as against other mosquito-borne RNA viruses such as Zika virus and Chikungunya virus, which are commonly found co-circulating together with DENV. As such, betulinic acid may serve as a valuable starting point for the development of antivirals to combat potential DENV outbreaks, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions which make up a large majority of documented infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Wing Choy Loe
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, MD4 Level 5, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Erwei Hao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530200, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530200, China; China-ASEAN Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Traditional Medicine Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530200, China
| | - Meiling Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530200, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530200, China; China-ASEAN Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Traditional Medicine Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530200, China
| | - Cong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530200, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530200, China; China-ASEAN Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Traditional Medicine Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530200, China
| | - Regina Ching Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, MD4 Level 5, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Isabelle Xin Yu Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, MD4 Level 5, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Zi Yun Teo
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, MD4 Level 5, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Wei-Xin Chin
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, MD4 Level 5, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Xiaotao Hou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530200, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530200, China; China-ASEAN Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Traditional Medicine Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530200, China
| | - JiaGang Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530200, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530200, China; China-ASEAN Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Traditional Medicine Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530200, China
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, MD4 Level 5, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117597, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #06-05, 138673, Singapore.
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7
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Abstract
COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. This novel coronavirus disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has resulted in severe and unprecedented social and economic disruptions globally. Since the discovery of COVID-19 in December 2019, numerous antivirals have been tested for efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and also clinically to treat this disease. This review article discusses the main antiviral strategies currently employed and summarizes reported in vitro and in vivo efficacies of key antiviral compounds in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bintou A. Ahidjo
- NUSMed Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin
School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14
Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral
Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine,
National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2,
Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of
Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive,
Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Marcus Wing Choy Loe
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral
Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine,
National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2,
Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of
Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive,
Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Yan Ling Ng
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral
Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine,
National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2,
Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of
Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive,
Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Chee Keng Mok
- NUSMed Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin
School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14
Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral
Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine,
National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2,
Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of
Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive,
Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- NUSMed Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin
School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14
Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral
Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine,
National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2,
Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of
Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive,
Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Collaborative and Translation Unit for HFMD,
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and
Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
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8
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Lee JL, Loe MWC, Lee RCH, Chu JJH. Antiviral activity of pinocembrin against Zika virus replication. Antiviral Res 2019; 167:13-24. [PMID: 30959074 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that has garnered a lot of attention in recent years, due to the explosive epidemic from 2014 to 2016. Since its introduction in the Americas in late 2014, ZIKV has spread at an unprecedented rate and scale throughout the world and infected millions of people. Its infection has also been associated with severe neurological disorders like Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly in fetuses. Despite these, there is currently no approved antiviral against ZIKV. In this study, an immunofluorescence-based high throughput screen was conducted on a library of 483 flavonoid derivatives to identify potential anti-ZIKV compounds. Flavonoids, which are natural polyphenolic compounds found in plants, represent an attractive source of antivirals due to their abundance in food and expected low toxicity. From the primary screen, three hits were selected for validation by cell viability and viral plaque reduction assays. Pinocembrin, a flavanone found in honey, tea and red wine, was chosen for downstream studies as it exhibited the strongest inhibition of ZIKV infection in human placental JEG-3 cells (IC50 = 17.4 μM). Time-course studies revealed that pinocembrin acts on post-entry process(es) of the ZIKV replication cycle. Furthermore, pinocembrin inhibits viral RNA production and envelope protein synthesis based on quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analyses. This study has demonstrated for the first time the in vitro anti-ZIKV activity of pinocembrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Le Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcus Wing Choy Loe
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Regina Ching Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
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