1
|
Villapol S, Janatpour ZC, Affram KO, Symes AJ. The Renin Angiotensin System as a Therapeutic Target in Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1565-1591. [PMID: 37759139 PMCID: PMC10684482 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem, with limited pharmacological options available beyond symptomatic relief. The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is primarily known as a systemic endocrine regulatory system, with major roles controlling blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. Drugs that target the RAS are used to treat hypertension, heart failure and kidney disorders. They have now been used chronically by millions of people and have a favorable safety profile. In addition to the systemic RAS, it is now appreciated that many different organ systems, including the brain, have their own local RAS. The major ligand of the classic RAS, Angiotensin II (Ang II) acts predominantly through the Ang II Type 1 receptor (AT1R), leading to vasoconstriction, inflammation, and heightened oxidative stress. These processes can exacerbate brain injuries. Ang II receptor blockers (ARBs) are AT1R antagonists. They have been shown in several preclinical studies to enhance recovery from TBI in rodents through improvements in molecular, cellular and behavioral correlates of injury. ARBs are now under consideration for clinical trials in TBI. Several different RAS peptides that signal through receptors distinct from the AT1R, are also potential therapeutic targets for TBI. The counter regulatory RAS pathway has actions that oppose those stimulated by AT1R signaling. This alternative pathway has many beneficial effects on cells in the central nervous system, bringing about vasodilation, and having anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress actions. Stimulation of this pathway also has potential therapeutic value for the treatment of TBI. This comprehensive review will provide an overview of the various components of the RAS, with a focus on their direct relevance to TBI pathology. It will explore different therapeutic agents that modulate this system and assess their potential efficacy in treating TBI patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Villapol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zachary C Janatpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Kwame O Affram
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Aviva J Symes
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cosarderelioglu C, Kreimer S, Plaza‐Rodriguez AI, Iglesias PA, Talbot CC, Siragy HM, Carey RM, Ubaida‐Mohien C, O'Rourke B, Ferrucci L, Bennett DA, Walston J, Abadir P. Decoding Angiotensin Receptors: TOMAHAQ-Based Detection and Quantification of Angiotensin Type-1 and Type-2 Receptors. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e030791. [PMID: 37681524 PMCID: PMC10547273 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Background The renin-angiotensin system plays a crucial role in human physiology, and its main hormone, angiotensin, activates 2 G-protein-coupled receptors, the angiotensin type-1 and type-2 receptors, in almost every organ. However, controversy exists about the location, distribution, and expression levels of these receptors. Concerns have been raised over the low sensitivity, low specificity, and large variability between lots of commercially available antibodies for angiotensin type-1 and type-2 receptors, which makes it difficult to reconciliate results of different studies. Here, we describe the first non-antibody-based sensitive and specific targeted quantitative mass spectrometry assay for angiotensin receptors. Methods and Results Using a technique that allows targeted analysis of multiple peptides across multiple samples in a single mass spectrometry analysis, known as TOMAHAQ (triggered by offset, multiplexed, accurate mass, high resolution, and absolute quantification), we have identified and validated specific human tryptic peptides that permit identification and quantification of angiotensin type-1 and type-2 receptors in biological samples. Several peptide sequences are conserved in rodents, making these mass spectrometry assays amenable to both preclinical and clinical studies. We have used this method to quantify angiotensin type-1 and type-2 receptors in postmortem frontal cortex samples of older adults (n=28) with Alzheimer dementia. We correlated levels of angiotensin receptors to biomarkers classically linked to renin-angiotensin system activation, including oxidative stress, inflammation, amyloid-β load, and paired helical filament-tau tangle burden. Conclusions These robust high-throughput assays will not only catalyze novel mechanistic studies in the angiotensin research field but may also help to identify patients with an unbalanced angiotensin receptor distribution who would benefit from angiotensin receptor blocker treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Cosarderelioglu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and GerontologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal MedicineAnkara University School of MedicineAnkaraTurkey
| | - Simion Kreimer
- The Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics FacilityJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
| | | | - Pablo A. Iglesias
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD
| | - C. Conover Talbot
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
| | - Helmy M. Siragy
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Robert M. Carey
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | | | - Brian O'Rourke
- Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMD
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease CenterRush University Medical CenterChicagoIL
| | - Jeremy Walston
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and GerontologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
| | - Peter Abadir
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and GerontologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Besa E, Tembo MJ, Mulenga C, Mweetwa M, Choudhry N, Chandwe K, Storer C, Head R, Amadi B, Haritunians T, McGovern D, Kwenda G, Peiris M, Kelly P. Potential determinants of low circulating glucagon-like peptide 2 concentrations in Zambian children with non-responsive stunting. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:568-580. [PMID: 36744850 PMCID: PMC10103869 DOI: 10.1113/ep090492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Non-responsive stunting is characterised by a progressive decline of circulating glucagon-like peptide 2: what are the possible causes of this decline? What is the main finding and its importance? In contrast with the established loss of Paneth and goblet cells in environmental enteropathy, there was no evidence of a parallel loss of enteroendocrine cells as seen by positive tissue staining for chromogranin A. Transcriptomic and genomic analyses showed evidence of genetic transcripts that could account for some of the variability seen in circulating glucagon-like peptide 2 values. ABSTRACT Nutrient sensing determines digestive and hormonal responses following nutrient ingestion. We have previously reported decreased levels of glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) in children with stunting. Here we demonstrate the presence of enteroendocrine cells in stunted children and explore potential pathways that may be involved in reduced circulating levels of GLP-2. At the time of performing diagnostic endoscopies for non-responsive stunted children, intestinal biopsies were collected for immunofluorescence staining of enteroendocrine cells and transcriptomic analysis. Circulating levels of GLP-2 were also measured and correlated with transcriptomic data. An exploratory genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on DNA samples (n = 158) to assess genetic contribution to GLP-2 variability. Intestinal tissue sections collected from non-responsive stunted children stained positive for chromogranin A (88/89), alongside G-protein-coupled receptors G-protein receptor 119 (75/87), free fatty acid receptor 3 (76/89) and taste 1 receptor 1 (39/45). Transcriptomic analysis found three pathways correlated with circulating GLP-2: sugar metabolism, epithelial transport, and barrier function, which likely reflect downstream events following receptor-ligand interaction. GWAS analysis revealed potential genetic contributions to GLP-2 half-life and receptor binding. Enteroendocrine cell loss was not identified in stunted Zambian children as has been observed for goblet and Paneth cells. Transcriptomic analysis suggests that GLP-2 has pleiotrophic actions on the intestinal mucosa in malnutrition, but further work is needed to dissect pathways leading to perturbations in nutrient sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Besa
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, School of MedicineUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | - Mizinga Jacqueline Tembo
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, School of MedicineUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | - Chola Mulenga
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, School of MedicineUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | - Monica Mweetwa
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, School of MedicineUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | - Naheed Choudhry
- Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Kanta Chandwe
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, School of MedicineUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | - Chad Storer
- Genome Technology Access Center at McDonnell Genome InstituteWashington University in St LouisSt LouisMOUSA
| | - Richard Head
- Genome Technology Access Center at McDonnell Genome InstituteWashington University in St LouisSt LouisMOUSA
| | - Beatrice Amadi
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, School of MedicineUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | - Talin Haritunians
- Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterInflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Dermot McGovern
- Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterInflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Geoffrey Kwenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health SciencesUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | - Madusha Peiris
- Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Paul Kelly
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, School of MedicineUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
- Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cosarderelioglu C, Nidadavolu LS, George CJ, Marx-Rattner R, Powell L, Xue QL, Tian J, Oh ES, Ferrucci L, Dincer P, Bennett DA, Walston JD, Abadir PM. Angiotensin receptor blocker use is associated with upregulation of the memory-protective angiotensin type 4 receptor (AT 4R) in the postmortem brains of individuals without cognitive impairment. GeroScience 2023; 45:371-384. [PMID: 35969296 PMCID: PMC9886717 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The reported primary dementia-protective benefits of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers (ARB) are believed, at least in part, to arise from systemic effects on blood pressure. However, there is a specific and independently regulated brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Brain RAS acts mainly through three receptor subtypes; AT1R, AT2R, and AT4R. The AT1R promotes inflammation and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation. AT2R increases nitric oxide. AT4R is essential for dopamine and acetylcholine release. It is unknown whether ARB use is associated with changes in the brain RAS. Here, we compared the impact of treatment with ARB on not cognitively impaired individuals and individuals with Alzheimer's dementia using postmortem frontal-cortex samples of age- and sex-matched participants (70-90 years old, n = 30 in each group). We show that ARB use is associated with higher brain AT4R, lower oxidative stress, and amyloid-β burden in NCI participants. In AD, ARB use was associated with lower brain AT1R but had no impact on inflammation, oxidative stress, or amyloid-β burden. Our results may suggest a potential role for AT4R in the salutary effects for ARB on the brains of not cognitively impaired older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Cosarderelioglu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lolita S Nidadavolu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Claudene J George
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ruth Marx-Rattner
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Laura Powell
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Qian-Li Xue
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Center On Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Esther S Oh
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pervin Dincer
- Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeremy D Walston
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Peter M Abadir
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tissue Derivation and Biological Sex Uniquely Mediate Endothelial Cell Protein Expression, Redox Status, and Nitric Oxide Synthesis. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010093. [PMID: 36611888 PMCID: PMC9818567 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endothelial cells are routinely utilized in cardiovascular research to provide a translational foundation for understanding how the vascular endothelium functions in vivo. However, little attention has been given to whether there are sex specific responses in vitro. Similarly, it is unclear whether endothelial cells derived from distinct tissues behave in a homogenous manner. Herein, we demonstrate that marked sex differences exist within, and between, commonly utilized human primary endothelial cells from healthy donors, with respect to redox status, nitric oxide synthesis, and associated proteins that can mediate their expression. Further, we demonstrate that endothelial cells respond uniquely to inflammatory insult in a sex- and tissue origin-dependent manner. Our findings suggest sex and tissue derivation may need to be considered when studying endothelial cells in vitro as cells derived from distinct tissue and sexes may not behave interchangeably.
Collapse
|
6
|
Garrido-Gil P, Pedrosa MA, Garcia-Garrote M, Pequeño-Valtierra A, Rodríguez-Castro J, García-Souto D, Rodríguez-Pérez AI, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Microglial angiotensin type 2 receptors mediate sex-specific expression of inflammatory cytokines independently of circulating estrogen. Glia 2022; 70:2348-2360. [PMID: 35943203 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There are sex differences in microglia, which can maintain sex-related gene expression and functional differences in the absence of circulating sex steroids. The angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptors mediate anti-inflammatory actions in different tissues, including brain. In mice, we performed RT-PCR analysis of microglia isolated from adult brains and RNA scope in situ hybridization from males, females, ovariectomized females, orchiectomized males and brain masculinized females. We also compared wild type and AT2 knockout mice. The expression of AT2 receptors in microglial cells showed sex differences with much higher AT2 mRNA expression in females than in males, and this was not dependent on circulating gonadal hormones, as observed using ovariectomized females, brain masculinized females and orchiectomized males. These results suggest genomic reasons, possibly related to sex chromosome complement, for sex differences in AT2 expression in microglia, as the AT2 receptor gene is located in the X chromosome. Furthermore, sex differences in expression of AT2 receptors were associated to sex differences in microglial expression of key anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and interleukin-6. In conclusion, sex differences in microglial AT2 receptor expression appear as a major factor contributing to sex differences in the neuroinflammatory responses beyond the effects of circulating steroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Garrido-Gil
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, Research Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, Research Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Garcia-Garrote
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, Research Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pequeño-Valtierra
- Laboratory of Genomes and Disease, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Castro
- Laboratory of Genomes and Disease, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Souto
- Laboratory of Genomes and Disease, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodríguez-Pérez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, Research Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, Research Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Smith MT. Nonopioid analgesics discovery and the Valley of Death: EMA401 from concept to clinical trial. Pain 2022; 163:S15-S28. [PMID: 35984369 PMCID: PMC10578428 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maree T Smith
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Renal Denervation Influences Angiotensin II Types 1 and 2 Receptors. Int J Nephrol 2022; 2022:8731357. [PMID: 36262553 PMCID: PMC9576444 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8731357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic and renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) are two critical regulatory systems in the kidney which affect renal hemodynamics and function. These two systems interact with each other so that angiotensin II (Ang II) has the presynaptic effect on the norepinephrine secretion. Another aspect of this interaction is that the sympathetic nervous system affects the function and expression of local RAS receptors, mainly Ang II receptors. Therefore, in many pathological conditions associated with an increased renal sympathetic tone, these receptors' expression changes and renal denervation can normalize these changes and improve the diseases. It seems that the renal sympathectomy can alter Ang II receptors expression and the distribution of RAS receptors in the kidneys, which influence renal functions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Steckelings UM, Widdop RE, Sturrock ED, Lubbe L, Hussain T, Kaschina E, Unger T, Hallberg A, Carey RM, Sumners C. The Angiotensin AT 2 Receptor: From a Binding Site to a Novel Therapeutic Target. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1051-1135. [PMID: 36180112 PMCID: PMC9553111 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered more than 30 years ago, the angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) has evolved from a binding site with unknown function to a firmly established major effector within the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and a target for new drugs in development. The AT2R represents an endogenous protective mechanism that can be manipulated in the majority of preclinical models to alleviate lung, renal, cardiovascular, metabolic, cutaneous, and neural diseases as well as cancer. This article is a comprehensive review summarizing our current knowledge of the AT2R, from its discovery to its position within the RAS and its overall functions. This is followed by an in-depth look at the characteristics of the AT2R, including its structure, intracellular signaling, homo- and heterodimerization, and expression. AT2R-selective ligands, from endogenous peptides to synthetic peptides and nonpeptide molecules that are used as research tools, are discussed. Finally, we summarize the known physiological roles of the AT2R and its abundant protective effects in multiple experimental disease models and expound on AT2R ligands that are undergoing development for clinical use. The present review highlights the controversial aspects and gaps in our knowledge of this receptor and illuminates future perspectives for AT2R research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) is now regarded as a fully functional and important component of the renin-angiotensin system, with the potential of exerting protective actions in a variety of diseases. This review provides an in-depth view of the AT2R, which has progressed from being an enigma to becoming a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Lizelle Lubbe
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Elena Kaschina
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Thomas Unger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert M Carey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Colin Sumners
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bošković M, Živković M, Koricanac G, Tepavcevic S, Zec M, Debeljak-Martacic J, Stanković A. Walnut supplementation after fructose-rich diet is associated with a beneficial fatty acid ratio and increased ACE2 expression in the rat heart. Front Physiol 2022; 13:942459. [PMID: 36213224 PMCID: PMC9533082 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.942459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased fructose consumption has been linked with chronic inflammation and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and NF-κB have been detected in MetS. Walnuts are a rich source of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) that were suggested to exert anti-inflammatory effects related to cardio-metabolic health. We hypothesized that walnut supplementation has the capacity to revert unfavorable fructose-rich diet (FRD)-induced activation of cardiac RAS and NF-κB in male rats. Due to the lack of similar studies, we investigated the effects of walnut supplementation (6 weeks) on the expression of four RAS molecules (ACE, ACE2, AT1R, and AT2R) and NF-κB in rat heart after FRD (10% w/v, 9 weeks). In addition, we followed the changes in the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the total pool of heart lipids after both treatments to elucidate the walnut effects on fatty acids in the heart. 36 animals (9 per group) participated in the experiment. FRD significantly increased the ACE protein level in the heart (p < 0.001). Walnut supplementation significantly increased the ACE2 protein level in the heart of FRD (p < 0.001). In addition, walnut supplementation showed a significant main effect on the arachidonic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio (p = 0.004). Walnut supplementation significantly reduced this ratio, in comparison with both, the control group (C vs. FW, p < 0.05) and the FRD group (F vs. FW, p < 0.05). However, walnut treatment failed to revert the significant effect of fructose (p < 0.001) on the elevation of NF-κB protein level. Our results suggest a beneficial effect of walnut supplementation on ACE2 protein level and n-6/n-3 PUFA level in the heart of the animal model of MetS. Such results highlight the approach of omega-3-rich walnut supplementation in the stimulation of endogenous production of favorable molecules in the heart which could be an affordable nutritional treatment formaintenance of cardio-metabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Bošković
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Živković
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Koricanac
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snezana Tepavcevic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Manja Zec
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jasmina Debeljak-Martacic
- Centre of Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism Research, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stanković
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Aleksandra Stanković,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cosarderelioglu C, Nidadavolu LS, George CJ, Marx-Rattner R, Powell L, Xue QL, Tian J, Salib J, Oh ES, Ferrucci L, Dincer P, Bennett DA, Walston JD, Abadir PM. Higher Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Levels and Activity in the Postmortem Brains of Older Persons with Alzheimer's Dementia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:664-672. [PMID: 34914835 PMCID: PMC8974324 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a key risk factor in Alzheimer's dementia (AD) development and progression. The primary dementia-protective benefits of angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers are believed to arise from systemic effects on blood pressure. However, a brain-specific renin-angiotensin system (b-RAS) exists, which can be altered by AT1R blockers. Brain RAS acts mainly through 3 angiotensin receptors: AT1R, AT2R, and AT4R. Changes in these brain angiotensin receptors may accelerate the progression of AD. Using postmortem frontal cortex brain samples of age- and sex-matched cognitively normal individuals (n = 30) and AD patients (n = 30), we sought to dissect the b-RAS changes associated with AD and assess how these changes correlate with brain markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction as well as amyloid-β and paired helical filament tau pathologies. Our results show higher protein levels of the pro-inflammatory AT1R and phospho-ERK (pERK) in the brains of AD participants. Brain AT1R levels and pERK correlated with higher oxidative stress, lower cognitive performance, and higher tangle and amyloid-β scores. This study identifies molecular changes in b-RAS and offers insight into the role of b-RAS in AD-related brain pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Cosarderelioglu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lolita S Nidadavolu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudene J George
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ruth Marx-Rattner
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Powell
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qian-Li Xue
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joy Salib
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Esther S Oh
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pervin Dincer
- Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeremy D Walston
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter M Abadir
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chavva H, Belcher AM, Brazeau DA, Rorabaugh BR. Prenatal Exposure to Methamphetamine Causes Vascular Dysfunction in Adult Male Rat Offspring. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:830983. [PMID: 35155639 PMCID: PMC8826446 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.830983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine use during pregnancy can have negative consequences on the offspring. However, most studies investigating the impact of prenatal exposure to methamphetamine have focused on behavioral and neurological outcomes. Relatively little is known regarding the impact of prenatal methamphetamine on the adult cardiovascular system. This study investigated the impact of chronic fetal exposure to methamphetamine on vascular function in adult offspring. Pregnant female rats received daily saline or methamphetamine (5 mg/kg) injections starting on gestational day 1 and continuing until the pups were born. Vascular function was assessed in 5 month old offspring. Prenatal methamphetamine significantly decreased both the efficacy and potency of acetylcholine-induced relaxation in isolated male (but not female) aortas when perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) remained intact. However, prenatal methamphetamine had no impact on acetylcholine-induced relaxation when PVAT was removed. Nitroprusside-induced relaxation of the aorta was unaffected by prenatal methamphetamine. Angiotensin II-induced contractile responses were significantly potentiated in male (but not female) aortas regardless of the presence of PVAT. This effect was reversed by L-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Serotonin- and phenylephrine-induced contraction were unaffected by prenatal methamphetamine. Prenatal methamphetamine had no impact on acetylcholine-induced relaxation of third order mesenteric arteries and no effect on basal blood pressure. These data provide evidence that prenatal exposure to methamphetamine sex-dependently alters vasomotor function in the vasculature and may increase the risk of developing vascular disorders later in adult life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasitha Chavva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Adam M Belcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Daniel A Brazeau
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Huntington, WV, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Boyd R Rorabaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Huntington, WV, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shedding Light on the Pharmacological Interactions between μ-Opioid Analgesics and Angiotensin Receptor Modulators: A New Option for Treating Chronic Pain. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206168. [PMID: 34684749 PMCID: PMC8537077 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current protocols for neuropathic pain management include µ-opioid receptor (MOR) analgesics alongside other drugs; however, there is debate on the effectiveness of opioids. Nevertheless, dose escalation is required to maintain their analgesia, which, in turn, contributes to a further increase in opioid side effects. Finding novel approaches to effectively control chronic pain, particularly neuropathic pain, is a great challenge clinically. Literature data related to pain transmission reveal that angiotensin and its receptors (the AT1R, AT2R, and MAS receptors) could affect the nociception both in the periphery and CNS. The MOR and angiotensin receptors or drugs interacting with these receptors have been independently investigated in relation to analgesia. However, the interaction between the MOR and angiotensin receptors has not been excessively studied in chronic pain, particularly neuropathy. This review aims to shed light on existing literature information in relation to the analgesic action of AT1R and AT2R or MASR ligands in neuropathic pain conditions. Finally, based on literature data, we can hypothesize that combining MOR agonists with AT1R or AT2R antagonists might improve analgesia.
Collapse
|
14
|
de Souza AMA, Ecelbarger CM, Sandberg K. Caloric Restriction and Cardiovascular Health: the Good, the Bad, and the Renin-Angiotensin System. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:220-234. [PMID: 34159807 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00002.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Much excitement exists over the cardioprotective and life-extending effects of caloric restriction (CR). This review integrates population studies with experimental animal research to address the positive and negative impact of mild and severe CR on cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, with a particular focus on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). We also highlight the gaps in knowledge and areas ripe for future physiological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline M A de Souza
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Carolyn M Ecelbarger
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Barsha G, Mirabito Colafella KM, Walton SL, Gaspari TA, Spizzo I, Pinar AA, Hilliard Krause LM, Widdop RE, Samuel CS, Denton KM. In Aged Females, the Enhanced Pressor Response to Angiotensin II Is Attenuated By Estrogen Replacement via an Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor-Mediated Mechanism. Hypertension 2021; 78:128-137. [PMID: 33966450 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giannie Barsha
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology (G.B., KM.M.C., S.L.W., L.M.H.K., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology (G.B., KM.M.C., S.L.W., L.M.H.K., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah L Walton
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology (G.B., KM.M.C., S.L.W., L.M.H.K., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracey A Gaspari
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology (T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., R.E.W., C.S.S.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iresha Spizzo
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology (T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., R.E.W., C.S.S.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anita A Pinar
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology (T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., R.E.W., C.S.S.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucinda M Hilliard Krause
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology (G.B., KM.M.C., S.L.W., L.M.H.K., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology (T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., R.E.W., C.S.S.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology (T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., R.E.W., C.S.S.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate M Denton
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology (G.B., KM.M.C., S.L.W., L.M.H.K., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor, a Target for Protection and Regeneration of the Peripheral Nervous System? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030175. [PMID: 33668331 PMCID: PMC7996246 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical evidence, accumulated over the past decade, indicates that the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) stimulation exerts significant neuroprotective effects in various animal models of neuronal injury, notably in the central nervous system. While the atypical G protein-coupled receptor superfamily nature of AT2R and its related signaling are still under investigation, pharmacological studies have shown that stimulation of AT2R leads to neuritogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we focus on the potential neuroprotective and neuroregenerative roles of AT2R specifically in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The first section describes the evidence for AT2R expression in the PNS and highlights current controversies concerning the cellular distribution of the receptor. The second section focuses on AT2R signaling implicated in neuronal survival and in neurite outgrowth. The following sections review the relatively few preclinical studies highlighting the putative neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects of AT2R stimulation in the context of peripheral neuropathy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Savić B, Martin A, Mecawi AS, Bukumirić Z, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Murphy D, Šarenac O, Japundžić-Žigon N. Vasopressin and v1br gene expression is increased in the hypothalamic pvn of borderline hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2020; 43:1165-1174. [PMID: 32415179 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-0469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vasopressin (VP) is a neurohypophyseal peptide best known for its role in maintaining osmotic and cardiovascular homeostasis. The main sources of VP are the supraoptic and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of the hypothalamus, which coexpress the vasopressin V1a and V1b receptors (V1aR and V1bR). Here, we investigated the level of expression of VP and VP receptors in the PVN of borderline hypertensive rats (BHRs), a key integrative nucleus for neuroendocrine cardiovascular control. Experiments were performed in male BHRs and Wistar rats (WRs) equipped with a radiotelemetry device for continuous hemodynamic recording under baseline conditions and after saline load without or with stress. Autonomic control of the circulation was evaluated by spectral analysis of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) variability and baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) using the sequence method. Plasma VP was determined by radioimmunoassay, and VP, V1aR, and V1bR gene expression was determined by RT-qPCR. Under baseline conditions, BHRs had higher BP, lower HR, and stronger BRS than WRs. BP and HR variability was unchanged. In the PVN, overexpression of the VP and V1bR genes was found, and plasma VP was increased. Saline load downregulated V1bR mRNA expression without affecting VP mRNA expression or plasma VP and BP. Adding stress increased BP, HR, and low-frequency sympathetic spectral markers and decreased plasma VP without altering the level of expression of VP and VP receptors in the PVN. It follows that overexpression of VP and V1bR in the PVN is a characteristic trait of BHRs and that sympathetic hyperactivity underlies stress-induced hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Savić
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrew Martin
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Andre Souza Mecawi
- Paulista Medical School, Department of Biophysics, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoran Bukumirić
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Statics and Informatics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - José Antunes-Rodrigues
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - David Murphy
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Olivera Šarenac
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nina Japundžić-Žigon
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Silva IMS, Assersen KB, Willadsen NN, Jepsen J, Artuc M, Steckelings UM. The role of the renin‐angiotensin system in skin physiology and pathophysiology. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:891-901. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Maciel Souza Silva
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
| | - Kasper Bostlund Assersen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
| | - Natalie Nanette Willadsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
| | - Julie Jepsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
| | - Metin Artuc
- Department of Dermatology Charité – Medical Faculty Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Ulrike Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Noureddine FY, Altara R, Fan F, Yabluchanskiy A, Booz GW, Zouein FA. Impact of the Renin-Angiotensin System on the Endothelium in Vascular Dementia: Unresolved Issues and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4268. [PMID: 32560034 PMCID: PMC7349348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) surpass the renal and cardiovascular systems to encompass other body tissues and organs, including the brain. Angiotensin II (Ang II), the most potent mediator of RAS in the brain, contributes to vascular dementia via different mechanisms, including neuronal homeostasis disruption, vascular remodeling, and endothelial dysfunction caused by increased inflammation and oxidative stress. Other RAS components of emerging significance at the level of the blood-brain barrier include angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Ang(1-7), and the AT2, Mas, and AT4 receptors. The various angiotensin hormones perform complex actions on brain endothelial cells and pericytes through specific receptors that have either detrimental or beneficial actions. Increasing evidence indicates that the ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas axis constitutes a protective arm of RAS on the blood-brain barrier. This review provides an update of studies assessing the different effects of angiotensins on cerebral endothelial cells. The involved signaling pathways are presented and help highlight the potential pharmacological targets for the management of cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions associated with vascular dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Y. Noureddine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Raffaele Altara
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, and KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - George W. Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Fouad A. Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Retinoid acid induced 16 deficiency aggravates colitis and colitis-associated tumorigenesis in mice. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:958. [PMID: 31862898 PMCID: PMC6925230 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) is a serious health issue, but etiopathological factors remain unclear. Although some studies reported the roles of Retinoid acid induced 16 (RAI16) in the tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma and PKA signaling, the roles of RAI16 in IBD and CRC are undressed. RAI16−/− mice were generated and the roles of RAI16 were addressed in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) or azoxymethane (AOM)-DSS induced IBD or CAC mouse models, respectively. At first, RAI16−/− mice were viable, fertile with no apparent defects. Then, it was found that RAI16−/− mice were more susceptibility to colitis induced by DSS than wild type (WT) littermates, which was evaluated by disease activity index and histological score. Furthermore, the expressions of tissues repair associated molecules Cox2, Ereg and MMP-10 were significantly decreased in RAI16−/− colon under DSS treatment. Gut barrier related genes including antimicrobial peptides Reg3b and Reg3g and intestinal mucus genes Muc4, Muc6 and Muc20 were reduced in RAI16−/− colon. These findings indicated that RAI16 may function to affect genes involved in intestinal barrier function and immunoprotective inflammation. Accordingly, RAI16−/− mice displayed significantly increased tumor burden compared with WT mice assessed in CAC model induced by AOM/DSS. Much more Ki67 + nuclei were observed in RAI16−/− tumors suggesting RAI16 to be critical in colonic cell proliferation during tumorigenesis. Conclusively, we demonstrate the roles of RAI16 in colonic inflammation and inflammation-associated tumorigenesis by using a novel RAI16−/− mouse model for the first time.
Collapse
|
21
|
Benitez SG, Seltzer AM, Messina DN, Foscolo MR, Patterson SI, Acosta CG. Cutaneous inflammation differentially regulates the expression and function of Angiotensin-II types 1 and 2 receptors in rat primary sensory neurons. J Neurochem 2019; 152:675-696. [PMID: 31386177 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic and inflammatory pain results from cellular and molecular changes in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The type-2 receptor for Angiotensin-II (AT2R) has been involved in this type of pain. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, including the role of the type-1 receptor for Angiotensin-II (AT1R). Here, we used a combination of immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR and in vitro and in vivo pharmacological manipulation to examine how cutaneous inflammation affected the expression of AT1R and AT2R in subpopulations of rat DRG neurons and studied their impact on inflammation-induced neuritogenesis. We demonstrated that AT2R-neurons express C- or A-neuron markers, primarily IB4, trkA, and substance-P. AT1R expression was highest in small neurons and co-localized significantly with AT2R. In vitro, an inflammatory soup caused significant elevation of AT2R mRNA, whereas AT1R mRNA levels remained unchanged. In vivo, we found a unique pattern of change in the expression of AT1R and AT2R after cutaneous inflammation. AT2R increased in small neurons at 1 day and in medium size neurons at 4 days. Interestingly, cutaneous inflammation increased AT1R levels only in large neurons at 4 days. We found that in vitro and in vivo AT1R and AT2R acted co-operatively to regulate DRG neurite outgrowth. In vivo, AT2R inhibition impacted more on non-peptidergic C-neurons neuritogenesis, whereas AT1R blockade affected primarily peptidergic nerve terminals. Thus, cutaneous-induced inflammation regulated AT1R and AT2R expression and function in different DRG neuronal subpopulations at different times. These findings must be considered when targeting AT1R and AT2R to treat chronic inflammatory pain. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14737.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio G Benitez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Dolor, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alicia M Seltzer
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Embriología e Histología (IHEM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Diego N Messina
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Dolor, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Mabel R Foscolo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Dolor, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Sean I Patterson
- Departamento de Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Instituto de Histología y Embriología - CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Cristian G Acosta
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Dolor, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gautron L. On the Necessity of Validating Antibodies in the Immunohistochemistry Literature. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:46. [PMID: 31080409 PMCID: PMC6497795 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gautron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang Y, Somers KR, Becari C, Polonis K, Pfeifer MA, Allen AM, Kellogg TA, Covassin N, Singh P. Comparative Expression of Renin-Angiotensin Pathway Proteins in Visceral Versus Subcutaneous Fat. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1370. [PMID: 30364113 PMCID: PMC6191467 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Body fat distribution contributes to obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Visceral fat is more detrimental than subcutaneous fat. However, the mechanisms underlying visceral fat-mediated cardiometabolic dysregulation are not completely understood. Localized increases in expression of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) in adipose tissue (AT) may be implicated. We therefore investigated mRNA and protein expression of RAS components in visceral versus subcutaneous AT using paired samples from individuals undergoing surgery (N = 20, body mass index: 45.6 ± 6.2 kg/m2, and age: 44.6 ± 9.1 years). We also examined RAS-related proteins in AT obtained from individuals on renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) targeted drugs (N = 10, body mass index: 47.2 ± 9.3 kg/m2, and age: 53.3 ± 10.1 years). Comparison of protein expression between subcutaneous and visceral AT samples showed an increase in renin (p = 0.004) and no change in angiotensinogen (p = 0.987) expression in visceral AT. Among proteins involved in angiotensin peptide generation, angiotensin converting enzyme (p = 0.02) was increased in subcutaneous AT while chymase (p = 0.001) and angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (p = 0.001) were elevated in visceral fat. Furthermore, visceral fat expression of angiotensin II type-2 receptor (p = 0.007) and angiotensin II type-1 receptor (p = 0.031) was higher, and MAS receptor (p < 0.001) was lower. Phosphorylated-p53 (p = 0.147), AT fibrosis (p = 0.138) and average adipocyte size (p = 0.846) were similar in the two depots. Nonetheless, visceral AT showed increased mRNA expression of inflammatory (TNFα, p < 0.001; IL-6, p = 0.001) and oxidative stress markers (NOX2, p = 0.038; NOX4, p < 0.001). Of note, mRNA and protein expression of RAS components did not differ between subjects taking or not taking RAAS related drugs. In summary, several RAS related proteins are differentially expressed in subcutaneous versus visceral AT. This differential expression may not alter AngII but likely increases Ang1-7 generation in visceral fat. These potential differences in active angiotensin peptides and receptor expression in the two depots suggest that localized RAS may not be involved in differences in visceral vs subcutaneous AT function in obese individuals. Our findings do not support a role for localized RAS differences in visceral fat-mediated development of cardiovascular and metabolic pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuebo Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kiran R Somers
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Christiane Becari
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Katarzyna Polonis
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Michaela A Pfeifer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Alina M Allen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Todd A Kellogg
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Naima Covassin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Prachi Singh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xu XP, Huang LL, Hu SL, Han JB, He HL, Xu JY, Xie JF, Liu AR, Liu SQ, Liu L, Huang YZ, Guo FM, Yang Y, Qiu HB. Genetic Modification of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Overexpressing Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Increases Cell Migration to Injured Lung in LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury Mice. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 7:721-730. [PMID: 30133167 PMCID: PMC6186265 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation has been shown to promote the lung respiration in acute lung injury (ALI) in vivo, its overall restorative capacity appears to be restricted mainly because of low retention in the injured lung. Angiotensin II (Ang II) are upregulated in the injured lung. Our previous study showed that Ang II increased MSCs migration via Ang II type 2 receptor (AT2R). To determine the effect of AT2R in MSCs on their cell migration after systemic injection in ALI mice, a human AT2R expressing lentiviral vector and a lentivirus vector carrying AT2R shRNA were constructed and introduced into human bone marrow MSCs. A mouse model of lipopolysaccharide‐induced ALI was used to investigate the migration of AT2R‐regulated MSCs and the therapeutic potential in vivo. Overexpression of AT2R dramatically increased Ang II‐enhanced human bone marrow MSC migration in vitro. Moreover, MSC‐AT2R accumulated in the damaged lung tissue at significantly higher levels than control MSCs 24 and 72 hours after systematic MSC transplantation in ALI mice. Furthermore, MSC‐AT2R‐injected ALI mice exhibited a significant reduction of pulmonary vascular permeability and improved the lung histopathology and had additional anti‐inflammatory effects. In contrast, there were less lung retention in MSC‐ShAT2R‐injected ALI mice compared with MSC‐Shcontrol after transplantation. Thus, MSC‐ShAT2R‐injected group exhibited a significant increase of pulmonary vascular permeability and resulted in a deteriorative lung inflammation. Our results demonstrate that overexpression of AT2R enhance the migration of MSCs in ALI mice and may provide a new therapeutic strategy for ALI. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2018;7:721–730
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ping Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ling Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Bin Han
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Li He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yuan Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Feng Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Ran Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Song-Qiao Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Zi Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Mei Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Bo Qiu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Validation of antibodies and other protein binders is a subject of pressing concern for the research community and one which is uppermost in the minds of all who use antibodies as research and diagnostic reagents. Assessing an antibody's fitness for purpose includes accurate ascertainment of its target specificity and suitability for the envisaged task. Moreover, standardised procedures are essential to guarantee sample quality in testing procedures. The problem of defining precise standards for antibody validation has engendered much debate in recent publications and meetings, but gradually a consensus is emerging. At the 8th Alpbach Affinity Proteomics workshop (March 2017), a panel of leaders in the antibody field discussed suggestions which could bring this complex but essential issue a step nearer to a resolution. 'Alpbach recommendations' for best practice include tailoring binder validation processes according to the intended applications and promoting greater transparency in publications and in the information available from commercial antibody developers/providers. A single approach will not fit all applications and end users must ensure that the reported validation holds for their specific requirements, highlighting the need for adequate training in the fundamentals of antibody characterisation and validation across the user community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Taussig
- Cambridge Protein Arrays Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
| | - Cláudia Fonseca
- Cambridge Protein Arrays Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
| | - James S Trimmer
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Angiotensin II Triggers Peripheral Macrophage-to-Sensory Neuron Redox Crosstalk to Elicit Pain. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7032-7057. [PMID: 29976627 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3542-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury, inflammation, and nerve damage initiate a wide variety of cellular and molecular processes that culminate in hyperexcitation of sensory nerves, which underlies chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Using behavioral readouts of pain hypersensitivity induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) injection into mouse hindpaws, our study shows that activation of the type 2 Ang II receptor (AT2R) and the cell-damage-sensing ion channel TRPA1 are required for peripheral mechanical pain sensitization induced by Ang II in male and female mice. However, we show that AT2R is not expressed in mouse and human dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons. Instead, expression/activation of AT2R on peripheral/skin macrophages (MΦs) constitutes a critical trigger of mouse and human DRG sensory neuron excitation. Ang II-induced peripheral mechanical pain hypersensitivity can be attenuated by chemogenetic depletion of peripheral MΦs. Furthermore, AT2R activation in MΦs triggers production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, which trans-activate TRPA1 on mouse and human DRG sensory neurons via cysteine modification of the channel. Our study thus identifies a translatable immune cell-to-sensory neuron signaling crosstalk underlying peripheral nociceptor sensitization. This form of cell-to-cell signaling represents a critical peripheral mechanism for chronic pain and thus identifies multiple druggable analgesic targets.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Pain is a widespread health problem that is undermanaged by currently available analgesics. Findings from a recent clinical trial on a type II angiotensin II receptor (AT2R) antagonist showed effective analgesia for neuropathic pain. AT2R antagonists have been shown to reduce neuropathy-, inflammation- and bone cancer-associated pain in rodents. We report that activation of AT2R in macrophages (MΦs) that infiltrate the site of injury, but not in sensory neurons, triggers an intercellular redox communication with sensory neurons via activation of the cell damage/pain-sensing ion channel TRPA1. This MΦ-to-sensory neuron crosstalk results in peripheral pain sensitization. Our findings provide an evidence-based mechanism underlying the analgesic action of AT2R antagonists, which could accelerate the development of efficacious non-opioid analgesic drugs for multiple pain conditions.
Collapse
|
28
|
No answer to the lack of specificity: mouse monoclonal antibody targeting the angiotensin II type 1 receptor AT 1 fails to recognize its target. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:883-889. [PMID: 29868927 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous antibodies targeting G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been described as non-specific among the polyclonal antibodies against angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1). We have tested the newly developed AT1 receptor mouse monoclonal antibody for its specificity. Human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells, which do not endogenously express AT1 receptor, were transfected in order to overexpress a fluorescently labeled enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged human AT1 receptor. Western blot and immunofluorescence assays were performed to test the specificity of the Santa Cruz monoclonal antibody sc-57036. These results were compared to the ones obtained with the polyclonal sc-1173 anti-AT1 receptor antibodies that have already been described as non-specific. While the positive controls using GFP antibodies detected the EGFP-tagged AT1 receptor, both polyclonal and monoclonal anti-AT1 receptor antibodies failed to specifically recognize the corresponding band by Western blot, as similar bands were revealed in either transfected or non-transfected cells. It also failed to detect AT1 receptor in immunofluorescence experiments. The lack of target recognition of the monoclonal AT1 receptor antibody in our experimental conditions suggests that this antibody could give misleading results such as misidentification of the protein. To our knowledge, no specific antibodies targeting AT1 receptors have been developed so far and the field is thus in need of new technical developments.
Collapse
|
29
|
Diniz CR, Casarotto PC, Fred SM, Biojone C, Castrén E, Joca SR. Antidepressant-like effect of losartan involves TRKB transactivation from angiotensin receptor type 2 (AGTR2) and recruitment of FYN. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:163-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
30
|
Saavedra JM, Armando I. Angiotensin II AT2 Receptors Contribute to Regulate the Sympathoadrenal and Hormonal Reaction to Stress Stimuli. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:85-108. [PMID: 28884431 PMCID: PMC6668356 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II, through AT1 receptor stimulation, mediates multiple cardiovascular, metabolic, and behavioral functions including the response to stressors. Conversely, the function of Angiotensin II AT2 receptors has not been totally clarified. In adult rodents, AT2 receptor distribution is very limited but it is particularly high in the adrenal medulla. Recent results strongly indicate that AT2 receptors contribute to the regulation of the response to stress stimuli. This occurs in association with AT1 receptors, both receptor types reciprocally influencing their expression and therefore their function. AT2 receptors appear to influence the response to many types of stressors and in all components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The molecular mechanisms involved in AT2 receptor activation, the complex interactions with AT1 receptors, and additional factors participating in the control of AT2 receptor regulation and activity in response to stressors are only partially understood. Further research is necessary to close this knowledge gap and to clarify whether AT2 receptor activation may carry the potential of a major translational advance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Saavedra
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, Bldg. D, Room 287, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
| | - I Armando
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ross Hall Suite 738 2300 Eye Street, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chakrabarty A, Liao Z, Mu Y, Smith PG. Inflammatory Renin-Angiotensin System Disruption Attenuates Sensory Hyperinnervation and Mechanical Hypersensitivity in a Rat Model of Provoked Vestibulodynia. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2017; 19:264-277. [PMID: 29155208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vestibulodynia is characterized by perivaginal mechanical hypersensitivity, hyperinnervation, and abundant inflammatory cells expressing renin-angiotensin system proteins. We developed a tractable rat model of vestibulodynia to further assess the contributions of the renin-angiotensin system. Complete Freund's adjuvant injected into the posterior vestibule induced marked vestibular hypersensitivity throughout a 7-day test period. Numbers of axons immunoreactive for PGP9.5, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and GFRα2 were increased. Numbers of macrophages and T cells were also increased whereas B cells were not. Renin-angiotensin-associated proteins were abundant, with T cells as well as macrophages contributing to increased renin and angiotensinogen. Media conditioned with inflamed vestibular tissue promoted neurite sprouting by rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro, and this was blocked by the angiotensin II receptor type 2 receptor antagonist PD123319 or by an angiotensin II function blocking antibody. Sensory axon sprouting induced by inflamed tissue was dependent on activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme or chymase, but not cathepsin G. Thus, vestibular Complete Freund's adjuvant injection substantially recapitulates changes seen in patients with provoked vestibulodynia, and shows that manipulation of the local inflammatory renin-angiotensin system may be a useful therapeutic strategy. PERSPECTIVE This study provides evidence that inflammation of the rat vestibule induces a phenotype recapitulating behavioral and cytological features of human vestibulodynia. The model confirms a crucial role of the local inflammatory renin-angiotensin system in hypersensitivity and hyperinnervation. Targeting this system holds promise for developing new nonopioid analgesic treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Chakrabarty
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Zhaohui Liao
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Ying Mu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Peter G Smith
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Khan N, Muralidharan A, Smith MT. Attenuation of the Infiltration of Angiotensin II Expressing CD3 + T-Cells and the Modulation of Nerve Growth Factor in Lumbar Dorsal Root Ganglia - A Possible Mechanism Underpinning Analgesia Produced by EMA300, An Angiotensin II Type 2 (AT 2) Receptor Antagonist. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:389. [PMID: 29200998 PMCID: PMC5696600 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent preclinical and proof-of-concept clinical studies have shown promising analgesic efficacy of selective small molecule angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor antagonists in the alleviation of peripheral neuropathic pain. However, their cellular and molecular mechanism of action requires further investigation. To address this issue, groups of adult male Sprague–Dawley rats with fully developed unilateral hindpaw hypersensitivity, following chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve, received a single intraperitoneal bolus dose of the small molecule AT2 receptor antagonist, EMA300 (10 mg kg-1), or vehicle. At the time of peak EMA300-mediated analgesia (∼1 h post-dosing), groups of CCI-rats administered either EMA300 or vehicle were euthanized. A separate group of rats that underwent sham surgery were also included. The lumbar (L4–L6) dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) were obtained from all experimental cohorts and processed for immunohistochemistry and western blot studies. In vehicle treated CCI-rats, there was a significant increase in the expression levels of angiotensin II (Ang II), but not the AT2 receptor, in the ipsilateral lumbar DRGs. The elevated levels of Ang II in the ipsilateral lumbar DRGs of CCI-rats were at least in part contributed by CD3+ T-cells, satellite glial cells (SGCs) and subsets of neurons. Our findings suggest that the analgesic effect of EMA300 in CCI-rats involves multimodal actions that appear to be mediated at least in part by a significant reduction in the otherwise increased expression levels of Ang II as well as the number of Ang II-expressing CD3+ T-cells in the ipsilateral lumbar DRGs of CCI-rats. Additionally, the acute anti-allodynic effects of EMA300 in CCI-rats were accompanied by rescue of the otherwise decreased expression of mature nerve growth factor (NGF) in the ipsilateral lumbar DRGs of CCI-rats. In contrast, the increased expression levels of TrkA and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the ipsilateral lumbar DRGs of vehicle-treated CCI-rats were not attenuated by a single bolus dose of EMA300. Consistent with our previous findings, there was also a significant decrease in the augmented levels of the downstream mediators of Ang II/AT2 receptor signaling, i.e., phosphorylated-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphorylated-p44/p42 MAPK, in the ipsilateral lumbar DRGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nemat Khan
- UQ Center for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Arjun Muralidharan
- UQ Center for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maree T Smith
- UQ Center for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Saavedra J. Beneficial effects of Angiotensin II receptor blockers in brain disorders. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:91-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
34
|
Liao MC, Zhao XP, Chang SY, Lo CS, Chenier I, Takano T, Ingelfinger JR, Zhang SL. AT 2 R deficiency mediated podocyte loss via activation of ectopic hedgehog interacting protein (Hhip) gene expression. J Pathol 2017; 243:279-293. [PMID: 28722118 DOI: 10.1002/path.4946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2 R) deficiency in AT2 R knockout (KO) mice has been linked to congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract; however, the mechanisms by which this occurs are poorly understood. In this study, we examined whether AT2 R deficiency impaired glomerulogenesis and mediated podocyte loss/dysfunction in vivo and in vitro. Nephrin-cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)-transgenic (Tg) and Nephrin/AT2 RKO mice were used to assess glomerulogenesis, while wild-type and AT2 RKO mice were used to evaluate maturation of podocyte morphology/function. Immortalized mouse podocytes (mPODs) were employed for in vitro studies. AT2 R deficiency resulted in diminished glomerulogenesis in E15 embryos, but had no impact on actual nephron number in neonates. Pups lacking AT2 R displayed features of renal dysplasia with lower glomerular tuft volume and podocyte numbers. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that loss of AT2 R was associated with elevated NADPH oxidase 4 levels, which in turn stimulated ectopic hedgehog interacting protein (Hhip) gene expression in podocytes. Consequently, ectopic Hhip expression activation either triggers caspase-3 and p53-related apoptotic processes resulting in podocyte loss, or activates TGFβ1-Smad2/3 cascades and α-SMA expression to transform differentiated podocytes to undifferentiated podocyte-derived fibrotic cells. We analyzed HHIP expression in the kidney disease database (Nephroseq) and then validated this using HHIP immunohistochemistry staining of human kidney biopsies (controls versus focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). In conclusion, loss of AT2 R is associated with podocyte loss/dysfunction and is mediated, at least in part, via augmented ectopic Hhip expression in podocytes. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chun Liao
- Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Xin-Ping Zhao
- Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Shiao-Ying Chang
- Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Chao-Sheng Lo
- Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Chenier
- Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tomoko Takano
- McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie R Ingelfinger
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shao-Ling Zhang
- Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Burghi V, Fernández NC, Gándola YB, Piazza VG, Quiroga DT, Guilhen Mario É, Felix Braga J, Bader M, Santos RAS, Dominici FP, Muñoz MC. Validation of commercial Mas receptor antibodies for utilization in Western Blotting, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry studies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183278. [PMID: 28813513 PMCID: PMC5558983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mas receptor (MasR) is a G protein-coupled receptor proposed as a candidate for mediating the angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme 2-Ang (1-7) protective axis of renin-angiotensin system. Because the role of this receptor is not definitively clarified, determination of MasR tissue distribution and expression levels constitutes a critical knowledge to fully understanding its function. Commercially available antibodies have been widely employed for MasR protein localization and quantification, but they have not been adequately validated. In this study, we carried on an exhaustive evaluation of four commercial MasR antibodies, following previously established criteria. Western Blotting (WB) and immunohistochemistry studies starting from hearts and kidneys from wild type (WT) mice revealed that antibodies raised against different MasR domains yielded different patterns of reactivity. Furthermore, staining patterns appeared identical in samples from MasR knockout (MasR-KO) mice. We verified by polymerase chain reaction analysis that the MasR-KO mice used were truly deficient in this receptor as MAS transcripts were undetectable in either heart or kidney from this animal model. In addition, we evaluated the ability of the antibodies to detect the human c-myc-tagged MasR overexpressed in human embryonic kidney cells. Three antibodies were capable of detecting the MasR either by WB or by immunofluorescence, reproducing the patterns obtained with an anti c-myc antibody. In conclusion, although three of the selected antibodies were able to detect MasR protein at high expression levels observed in a transfected cell line, they failed to detect this receptor in mice tissues at physiological expression levels. As a consequence, validated antibodies that can recognize and detect the MasR at physiological levels are still lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Burghi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Cristina Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yamila Belén Gándola
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Gabriela Piazza
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Tomás Quiroga
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Érica Guilhen Mario
- INCT-NanoBiofar, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Janaína Felix Braga
- INCT-NanoBiofar, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- INCT-NanoBiofar, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul/University Foundation of Cardiology (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pablo Dominici
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Cecilia Muñoz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xu XP, He HL, Hu SL, Han JB, Huang LL, Xu JY, Xie JF, Liu AR, Yang Y, Qiu HB. Ang II-AT2R increases mesenchymal stem cell migration by signaling through the FAK and RhoA/Cdc42 pathways in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:164. [PMID: 28697804 PMCID: PMC5506621 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) migrate via the bloodstream to sites of injury and are possibly attracted by inflammatory factors. As a proinflammatory mediator, angiotensin II (Ang II) reportedly enhances the migration of various cell types by signaling via the Ang II receptor in vitro. However, few studies have focused on the effects of Ang II on MSC migration and the underlying mechanisms. Methods Human bone marrow MSCs migration was measured using wound healing and Boyden chamber migration assays after treatments with different concentrations of Ang II, an AT1R antagonist (Losartan), and/or an AT2R antagonist (PD-123319). To exclude the effect of proliferation on MSC migration, we measured MSC proliferation after stimulation with the same concentration of Ang II. Additionally, we employed the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor PF-573228, RhoA inhibitor C3 transferase, Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766, or Cdc42 inhibitor ML141 to investigate the role of cell adhesion proteins and the Rho-GTPase protein family (RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42) in Ang II-mediated MSC migration. Cell adhesion proteins (FAK, Talin, and Vinculin) were detected by western blot analysis. The Rho-GTPase family protein activities were assessed by G-LISA and F-actin levels, which reflect actin cytoskeletal organization, were detected by using immunofluorescence. Results Human bone marrow MSCs constitutively expressed AT1R and AT2R. Additionally, Ang II increased MSC migration in an AT2R-dependent manner. Notably, Ang II-enhanced migration was not mediated by Ang II-mediated cell proliferation. Interestingly, Ang II-enhanced migration was mediated by FAK activation, which was critical for the formation of focal contacts, as evidenced by increased Talin and Vinculin expression. Moreover, RhoA and Cdc42 were activated by FAK to increase cytoskeletal organization, thus promoting cell contraction. Furthermore, FAK, Talin, and Vinculin activation and F-actin reorganization in response to Ang II were prevented by PD-123319 but not Losartan, indicating that FAK activation and F-actin reorganization were downstream of AT2R. Conclusions These data indicate that Ang II-AT2R regulates human bone marrow MSC migration by signaling through the FAK and RhoA/Cdc42 pathways. This study provides insights into the mechanisms by which MSCs home to injury sites and will enable the rational design of targeted therapies to improve MSC engraftment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ping Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Li He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ling Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Bin Han
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yuan Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Feng Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Ran Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Bo Qiu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ferrão FM, Cardoso LHD, Drummond HA, Li XC, Zhuo JL, Gomes DS, Lara LS, Vieyra A, Lowe J. Luminal ANG II is internalized as a complex with AT 1R/AT 2R heterodimers to target endoplasmic reticulum in LLC-PK 1 cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F440-F449. [PMID: 28468964 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00261.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ANG II has many biological effects in renal physiology, particularly in Ca2+ handling in the regulation of fluid and solute reabsorption. It involves the systemic endocrine renin-angiotensin system (RAS), but tissue and intracrine ANG II are also known. We have shown that ANG II induces heterodimerization of its AT1 and AT2 receptors (AT1R and AT2R) to stimulate sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) activity. Thus, we investigated whether ANG II-AT1R/AT2R complex is formed and internalized, and also examined the intracellular localization of this complex to determine how its effect might be exerted on renal intracrine RAS. Living cell imaging of LLC-PK1 cells, quantification of extracellular ANG II, and use of the receptor antagonists, losartan and PD123319, showed that ANG II is internalized with AT1R/AT2R heterodimers as a complex in a microtubule-dependent and clathrin-independent manner, since colchicine-but not Pitstop2-blocked this process. This result was confirmed by an increase of β-arrestin phosphorylation after ANG II treatment, clathrin-mediated endocytosis being dependent on dephosphorylation of β-arrestin. Internalized ANG II colocalized with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker and increased levels of AT1R, AT2R, and PKCα in ER-enriched membrane fractions. This novel evidence suggests the internalization of an ANG II-AT1/AT2 complex to target ER, where it might trigger intracellular Ca2+ responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M Ferrão
- Laboratório de Físico-Química Biológica Aída Hassón-Voloch, Instituto de Biofísica Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza H D Cardoso
- Laboratório de Físico-Química Biológica Aída Hassón-Voloch, Instituto de Biofísica Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heather A Drummond
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Xiao C Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Dayene S Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucienne S Lara
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Laboratório de Físico-Química Biológica Aída Hassón-Voloch, Instituto de Biofísica Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Lowe
- Laboratório de Físico-Química Biológica Aída Hassón-Voloch, Instituto de Biofísica Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; .,Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pelletier J, Salem M, Lecka J, Fausther M, Bigonnesse F, Sévigny J. Generation and Characterization of Specific Antibodies to the Murine and Human Ectonucleotidase NTPDase8. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:115. [PMID: 28337144 PMCID: PMC5341173 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectonucleotidase nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-8 (NTPDase8) is the last member of the Ecto-NTPDase family to be discovered and characterized. It is a transmembrane protein which regulates the concentration of the agonists of P1 and P2 receptors at the cell surface. The functions of the enzyme are still not known partly due to the lack of specific tools such as antibodies. In this work, guinea pig polyclonal antibodies against mouse NTPDase8 and mouse monoclonal antibodies against human NTPDase8 have been generated and characterized. For the production of antibodies against mouse NTPDase8 several techniques have been tried. Several peptide antigens in several hosts (rabbit, rat, hamster, and guinea pig) failed to give a positive reaction suggesting that NTPDase8 is poorly immunogenic. In this study, we describe the successful process that led to anti-mouse NTPDase8, namely the cDNA immunization technique. Monoclonal antibodies to human NTPDase8 were also obtained by cDNA immunization followed by a final injection with transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK 293T) cells expressing human NTPDase8. The specificity of these antibodies was evaluated by Western blot, immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. In contrast, all commercial antibodies to NTPDase8 peptides that we have tested failed to give a specific positive signal against the expressed NTPDase8 protein when used to probe Western blots. In addition, immunohistochemistry experiments confirmed the presence of NTPDase8 in mouse liver canaliculi. The tools generated in this work will help characterize NTPDase8 localization and function in future studies and its contribution to the modulation of P1 and P2 receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Pelletier
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City QC, Canada
| | - Mabrouka Salem
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec CityQC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec CityQC, Canada
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec CityQC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec CityQC, Canada
| | - Michel Fausther
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec CityQC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec CityQC, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little RockAR, USA
| | - François Bigonnesse
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City QC, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec CityQC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec CityQC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Benitez S, Seltzer A, Acosta C. Nociceptor-like rat dorsal root ganglion neurons express the angiotensin-II AT2 receptor throughout development. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 56:10-17. [PMID: 27825832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AT2 receptor (AT2R) plays a functional role in foetal development. Its expression declines in most tissues soon after birth but stays high in sensory areas of the adult nervous system. In the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) the expression pattern of AT2R during development and the identity of the subpopulation expressing it remain unknown. Using a combination of semi-quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry we examined the expression of AT2R at mRNA and protein levels in rat DRGs from embryonic day 15 (E15) until postnatal day 30 (PN30). We found that both AT2R mRNA and protein levels exhibited only minor (statistically non-significant) fluctuations from E15 to PN30. Detailed quantitative analysis of ABC/DAB AT2R staining showed a) that the receptor was present in most neurons at E15 and E18 and b) that postnatally it was predominantly expressed by small DRG neurons. Given that small neurons are putative C-nociceptors and the proposed role of AT2R in neuropathic pain, we next examined whether these AT2R-positive neurons co-localized with Ret and trkA embryonically and with IB4-binding postnatally. Most AT2R-positive neurons expressed trkA embryonically and bound IB4 postnatally. We found strong positive statistically highly significant correlations between AT2R cytoplasmic%intensities and trkA at E15/E18 and with Ret only at E18. Cytoplasmic AT2R also strongly and positively correlated with IB4-binding at PN3, 15 and 30. Our demonstration that a subpopulation of C-nociceptor-like neurons expresses AT2R during development supports a role for this receptor in neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Benitez
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alicia Seltzer
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Cristian Acosta
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Danbolt NC, Zhou Y, Furness DN, Holmseth S. Strategies for immunohistochemical protein localization using antibodies: What did we learn from neurotransmitter transporters in glial cells and neurons. Glia 2016; 64:2045-2064. [PMID: 27458697 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunocytochemistry and Western blotting are still major methods for protein localization, but they rely on the specificity of the antibodies. Validation of antibody specificity remains challenging mostly because ideal negative controls are often unavailable. Further, immunochemical labeling patterns are also influenced by a number of other factors such as postmortem changes, fixation procedures and blocking agents as well as the general assay conditions (e.g., buffers, temperature, etc.). Western blotting similarly depends on tissue collection and sample preparation as well as the electrophoretic separation, transfer to blotting membranes and the immunochemical probing of immobilized molecules. Publication of inaccurate information on protein distribution has downstream consequences for other researchers because the interpretation of physiological and pharmacological observations depends on information on where ion channels, receptors, enzymes or transporters are located. Despite numerous reports, some of which are strongly worded, erroneous localization data are being published. Here we describe the extent of the problem and illustrate the nature of the pitfalls with examples from studies of neurotransmitter transporters. We explain the importance of supplementing immunochemical observations with other measurements (e.g., mRNA levels and distribution, protein activity, mass spectrometry, electrophysiological recordings, etc.) and why quantitative considerations are integral parts of the quality control. Further, we propose a practical strategy for researchers who plan to embark on a localization study. We also share our thoughts about guidelines for quality control. GLIA 2016;64:2045-2064.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Christian Danbolt
- Neurotransporter Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Yun Zhou
- Neurotransporter Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - David N Furness
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffs, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Holmseth
- Neurotransporter Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mateos L, Perez-Alvarez MJ, Wandosell F. Angiotensin II type-2 receptor stimulation induces neuronal VEGF synthesis after cerebral ischemia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1297-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
42
|
Linares A, Couling LE, Carrera EJ, Speth RC. Receptor Autoradiography Protocol for the Localized Visualization of Angiotensin II Receptors. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27341008 DOI: 10.3791/53866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes receptor binding patterns for Angiotensin II (Ang II) in the rat brain using a radioligand specific for Ang II receptors to perform receptor autoradiographic mapping. Tissue specimens are harvested and stored at -80 °C. A cryostat is used to coronally section the tissue (brain) and thaw-mount the sections onto charged slides. The slide-mounted tissue sections are incubated in (125)I-SI-Ang II to radiolabel Ang II receptors. Adjacent slides are separated into two sets: 'non-specific binding' (NSP) in the presence of a receptor saturating concentration of non-radiolabeled Ang II, or an AT1 Ang II receptor subtype (AT1R) selective Ang II receptor antagonist, and 'total binding' with no AT1R antagonist. A saturating concentration of AT2 Ang II receptor subtype (AT2R) antagonist (PD123319, 10 µM) is also present in the incubation buffer to limit (125)I-SI-Ang II binding to the AT1R subtype. During a 30 min pre-incubation at ~22 °C, NSP slides are exposed to 10 µM PD123319 and losartan, while 'total binding' slides are exposed to 10 µM PD123319. Slides are then incubated with (125)I-SI-Ang II in the presence of PD123319 for 'total binding', and PD123319 and losartan for NSP in assay buffer, followed by several 'washes' in buffer, and water to remove salt and non-specifically bound radioligand. The slides are dried using blow-dryers, then exposed to autoradiography film using a specialized film and cassette. The film is developed and the images are scanned into a computer for visual and quantitative densitometry using a proprietary imaging system and a spreadsheet. An additional set of slides are thionin-stained for histological comparisons. The advantage of using receptor autoradiography is the ability to visualize Ang II receptors in situ, within a section of a tissue specimen, and anatomically identify the region of the tissue by comparing it to an adjacent histological reference section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Linares
- Farquhar College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University
| | - Leena E Couling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University
| | | | - Robert C Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University;
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yildirim A, Senchenkova E, Granger DN. Hypercholesterolemia blunts the oxidative stress elicited by hypertension in venules through angiotensin II type-2 receptors. Microvasc Res 2016; 105:54-60. [PMID: 26775070 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia elicit inflammatory and thrombogenic responses in the microvasculature. However, little is known about whether and how risk factor combinations alter microvascular function. We examined how the actions of HTN+HCh on the microvasculature differ from the responses elicited by either risk factor alone. METHODS Intravital microscopy was used to monitor the adhesion and emigration of leukocytes and dihydrorhodamine oxidation in cremaster muscle venules of wild type mice that were infused with angiotensin II for 2 weeks (HTN), placed on a high cholesterol diet (HCD), or both. RESULTS Either HTN or HCh alone enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species and promoted the recruitment of leukocytes in venules. However, the combination of HTN and HCh produced changes in ROS production and leukocyte recruitment that were greatly attenuated compared to HTN alone. The inhibitory effects of HCh on the AngII mediated responses were also observed in genetically-induced HCh (ApoE-deficient mice). Treating HCh+HTN mice with an antagonist to AT2r reversed the HCh-dependent protection against oxidative stress and inflammation during HTN. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that HCh blunts the oxidative stress and inflammatory cell recruitment elicited by hypertension in venules through a mechanism that involves AT2 receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alper Yildirim
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, United States
| | - Elena Senchenkova
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, United States
| | - D Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chappell MC. Biochemical evaluation of the renin-angiotensin system: the good, bad, and absolute? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H137-52. [PMID: 26475588 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00618.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) constitutes a key hormonal system in the physiological regulation of blood pressure through peripheral and central mechanisms. Indeed, dysregulation of the RAS is considered a major factor in the development of cardiovascular pathologies, and pharmacological blockade of this system by the inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) or antagonism of the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) offers an effective therapeutic regimen. The RAS is now defined as a system composed of different angiotensin peptides with diverse biological actions mediated by distinct receptor subtypes. The classic RAS comprises the ACE-ANG II-AT1R axis that promotes vasoconstriction; water intake; sodium retention; and increased oxidative stress, fibrosis, cellular growth, and inflammation. In contrast, the nonclassical RAS composed primarily of the ANG II/ANG III-AT2R and the ACE2-ANG-(1-7)-AT7R pathways generally opposes the actions of a stimulated ANG II-AT1R axis. In lieu of the complex and multifunctional aspects of this system, as well as increased concerns on the reproducibility among laboratories, a critical assessment is provided on the current biochemical approaches to characterize and define the various components that ultimately reflect the status of the RAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Chappell
- The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Liu Y, Li B, Wang X, Li G, Shang R, Yang J, Wang J, Zhang M, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Hao P. Angiotensin-(1-7) Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth and Angiogenesis via Complex Interactions of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor, Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor and Mas Receptor. Mol Med 2015. [PMID: 26225830 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently confirmed that angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) was overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma tissue using a murine hepatoma model. Angiotensin(Ang)-(1-7) has been found beneficial in ameliorating lung cancer and prostate cancer. Which receptor of Ang-(1-7) is activated to mediate its effects is much speculated. This study was designed to investigate the effects of Ang-(1-7) on hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as the probable mechanisms. H22 hepatoma-bearing mice were randomly divided into five groups for treatment: mock group, low-dose Ang-(1-7), high-dose Ang-(1-7), high-dose Ang-(1-7) + A779 and high-dose Ang-(1-7) + PD123319. Ang-(1-7) treatment inhibited tumor growth time- and dose-dependently by arresting tumor proliferation and promoting tumor apoptosis as well as inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. The effects of Ang-(1-7) on tumor proliferation and apoptosis were reversed by coadministration with A779 or PD123319, whereas the effects on tumor angiogenesis were completely reversed by A779 but not by PD123319. Moreover, Ang-(1-7) downregulated AT1R mRNA, upregulated mRNA levels of Ang II type 2 receptor (AT2R) and Mas receptor (MasR) and p38-MAPK phosphorylation and suppressed H22 cell-endothelial cell communication. Thus, Ang-(1-7) administration suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma via complex interactions of AT1R, AT2R and MasR and may provide a novel and promising approach for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease, Shandong Provincial Medical Imaging Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Li
- Jinan Central Hospital, Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ximing Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease, Shandong Provincial Medical Imaging Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guishuang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Shang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Panpan Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Shimada K, Furukawa H, Wada K, Wei Y, Tada Y, Kuwabara A, Shikata F, Kanematsu Y, Lawton MT, Kitazato KT, Nagahiro S, Hashimoto T. Angiotensin-(1-7) protects against the development of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1163-8. [PMID: 25757758 PMCID: PMC4640268 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) can regulate vascular inflammation and remodeling, which are processes that have important roles in the pathophysiology of intracranial aneurysms. In this study, we assessed the effects of Ang-(1-7) in the development of intracranial aneurysm rupture using a mouse model of intracranial aneurysms in which aneurysmal rupture (i.e., aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage) occurs spontaneously and causes neurologic symptoms. Treatment with Ang-(1-7) (0.5 mg/kg/day), Mas receptor antagonist (A779 0.5 mg/kg/day or 2.5 mg/kg/day), or angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) antagonist (PD 123319, 10 mg/kg/day) was started 6 days after aneurysm induction and continued for 2 weeks. Angiotensin-(1-7) significantly reduced the rupture rate of intracranial aneurysms without affecting the overall incidence of aneurysms. The protective effect of Ang-(1-7) was blocked by the AT2R antagonist, but not by the Mas receptor antagonist. In AT2R knockout mice, the protective effect of Ang-(1-7) was absent. While AT2R mRNA was abundantly expressed in the cerebral arteries and aneurysms, Mas receptor mRNA expression was very scarce in these tissues. Angiotensin-(1-7) reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in cerebral arteries. These findings indicate that Ang-(1-7) can protect against the development of aneurysmal rupture in an AT2R-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Shimada
- 1] Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA [2] Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima City, Japan
| | - Hajime Furukawa
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kosuke Wada
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yuan Wei
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yoshiteru Tada
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima City, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuwabara
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Fumiaki Shikata
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yasuhisa Kanematsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima City, Japan
| | - Michael T Lawton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Keiko T Kitazato
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima City, Japan
| | - Shinji Nagahiro
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima City, Japan
| | - Tomoki Hashimoto
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
de Kloet AD, Liu M, Rodríguez V, Krause EG, Sumners C. Role of neurons and glia in the CNS actions of the renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular control. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R444-58. [PMID: 26084692 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00078.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite tremendous research efforts, hypertension remains an epidemic health concern, leading often to the development of cardiovascular disease. It is well established that in many instances, the brain plays an important role in the onset and progression of hypertension via activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Further, the activity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and of glial cell-mediated proinflammatory processes have independently been linked to this neural control and are, as a consequence, both attractive targets for the development of antihypertensive therapeutics. Although it is clear that the predominant effector peptide of the RAS, ANG II, activates its type-1 receptor on neurons to mediate some of its hypertensive actions, additional nuances of this brain RAS control of blood pressure are constantly being uncovered. One of these complexities is that the RAS is now thought to impact cardiovascular control, in part, via facilitating a glial cell-dependent proinflammatory milieu within cardiovascular control centers. Another complexity is that the newly characterized antihypertensive limbs of the RAS are now recognized to, in many cases, antagonize the prohypertensive ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R)-mediated effects. That being said, the mechanism by which the RAS, glia, and neurons interact to regulate blood pressure is an active area of ongoing research. Here, we review the current understanding of these interactions and present a hypothetical model of how these exchanges may ultimately regulate cardiovascular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette D de Kloet
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Vermalí Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Eric G Krause
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Affiliation(s)
- John W Honour
- Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Coleman JLJ, Brennan K, Ngo T, Balaji P, Graham RM, Smith NJ. Rapid Knockout and Reporter Mouse Line Generation and Breeding Colony Establishment Using EUCOMM Conditional-Ready Embryonic Stem Cells: A Case Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:105. [PMID: 26175717 PMCID: PMC4485191 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As little as a decade ago, generation of a single knockout mouse line was an expensive and time-consuming undertaking available to relatively few researchers. The International Knockout Mouse Consortium, established in 2007, has revolutionized the use of such models by creating an open-access repository of embryonic stem (ES) cells that, through sequential breeding with first FLP1 recombinase and then Cre recombinase transgenic mice, facilitates germline global or conditional deletion of almost every gene in the mouse genome. In this Case Study, we describe our experience using the repository to create mouse lines for a variety of experimental purposes. Specifically, we discuss the process of obtaining germline transmission of two European Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis Program (EUCOMM) "knockout-first" gene targeted constructs and the advantages and pitfalls of using this system. We then outline our breeding strategy and the outcomes of our efforts to generate global and conditional knockouts and reporter mice for the genes of interest. Line maintenance, removal of recombinase transgenes, and cryopreservation are also considered. Our approach led to the generation of heterozygous knockout mice within 6 months of commencing breeding to the founder mice. By describing our experiences with the EUCOMM ES cells and subsequent breeding steps, we hope to assist other researchers with the application of this valuable approach to generating versatile knockout mouse lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James L. J. Coleman
- Molecular Cardiology Program, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen Brennan
- BioCORE, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Tony Ngo
- Molecular Cardiology Program, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Poornima Balaji
- Molecular Cardiology Program, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert M. Graham
- Molecular Cardiology Program, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Nicola J. Smith and Robert M. Graham, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Lowy Packer Building, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia, ;
| | - Nicola J. Smith
- Molecular Cardiology Program, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Nicola J. Smith and Robert M. Graham, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Lowy Packer Building, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia, ;
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
So G, Nakagawa S, Morofuji Y, Hiu T, Hayashi K, Tanaka K, Suyama K, Deli MA, Nagata I, Matsuo T, Niwa M. Candesartan Improves Ischemia-Induced Impairment of the Blood–Brain Barrier In Vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 35:563-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|