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Anhê GF, Bordin S. The adaptation of maternal energy metabolism to lactation and its underlying mechanisms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 553:111697. [PMID: 35690287 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Maternal energy metabolism undergoes a singular adaptation during lactation that allows for the caloric enrichment of milk. Changes in the mammary gland, changes in the white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscles and endocrine pancreas are pivotal for this adaptation. The present review details the landmark studies describing the enzymatic modulation and the endocrine signals behind these metabolic changes. We will also update this perspective with data from recent studies showing transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms that mediate the adaptation of the maternal metabolism to lactation. The present text will also bring experimental and observational data that describe the long-term consequences that short periods of lactation impose to maternal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Forato Anhê
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Bordin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Desclée de Maredsous C, Carlin G, Oosting A, Delteil C, Azzout-Marniche D, Chaumontet C, Blachier F, Barbillon P, Mary-Huard T, Tomé D, Oozeer R, Davila AM. Increased Susceptibility to Obesity and Glucose Intolerance in Adult Female Rats Programmed by High-Protein Diet during Gestation, But Not during Lactation. Nutrients 2020; 12:E315. [PMID: 31991777 PMCID: PMC7071251 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal and early postnatal nutritional environments contribute to lifelong health. High-protein (HP) intake in early life can increase obesity risk in response to specific feeding conditions after weaning. This study investigated the effects of a maternal HP diet during pregnancy and/or lactation on the metabolic health of offspring. Three groups of dams received a normal-protein (NP, 20E% proteins) diet during gestation and lactation (Control group), an HP diet (55E% proteins) during gestation (HPgest group), or an HP diet during lactation (HPlact group). From weaning until 10 weeks, female pups were exposed to the NP, the HP or the western (W) diet. HPgest pups had more adipocytes (p = 0.009), more subcutaneous adipose tissue (p = 0.04) and increased expression of genes involved in liver fatty acid synthesis at 10 weeks (p < 0.05). HPgest rats also showed higher food intake and adiposity under the W diet compared to the Control and HPlact rats (p ≤ 0.04). The post-weaning HP diet reduced weight (p < 0.0001), food intake (p < 0.0001), adiposity (p < 0.0001) and glucose tolerance (p < 0.0001) compared to the NP and W diets; this effect was enhanced in the HPgest group (p = 0.04). These results show that a maternal HP diet during gestation, but not lactation, leads to a higher susceptibility to obesity and glucose intolerance in female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Desclée de Maredsous
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005 Paris, France; (C.D.d.M.); (G.C.); (C.D.); (D.A.-M.); (C.C.); (F.B.); (D.T.)
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.O.); (R.O.)
| | - Gabrielle Carlin
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005 Paris, France; (C.D.d.M.); (G.C.); (C.D.); (D.A.-M.); (C.C.); (F.B.); (D.T.)
| | - Annemarie Oosting
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.O.); (R.O.)
| | - Corine Delteil
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005 Paris, France; (C.D.d.M.); (G.C.); (C.D.); (D.A.-M.); (C.C.); (F.B.); (D.T.)
| | - Dalila Azzout-Marniche
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005 Paris, France; (C.D.d.M.); (G.C.); (C.D.); (D.A.-M.); (C.C.); (F.B.); (D.T.)
| | - Catherine Chaumontet
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005 Paris, France; (C.D.d.M.); (G.C.); (C.D.); (D.A.-M.); (C.C.); (F.B.); (D.T.)
| | - François Blachier
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005 Paris, France; (C.D.d.M.); (G.C.); (C.D.); (D.A.-M.); (C.C.); (F.B.); (D.T.)
| | - Pierre Barbillon
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR MIA-Paris, 75005 Paris, France; (P.B.); (T.M.-H.)
| | - Tristan Mary-Huard
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR MIA-Paris, 75005 Paris, France; (P.B.); (T.M.-H.)
| | - Daniel Tomé
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005 Paris, France; (C.D.d.M.); (G.C.); (C.D.); (D.A.-M.); (C.C.); (F.B.); (D.T.)
| | - Raish Oozeer
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.O.); (R.O.)
| | - Anne-Marie Davila
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005 Paris, France; (C.D.d.M.); (G.C.); (C.D.); (D.A.-M.); (C.C.); (F.B.); (D.T.)
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Wang H, Xu GB, Hernández-Saavedra D, Chen H, Pan YX. A Low Protein Diet during Gestation and Lactation Increases Hepatic Lipid Accumulation through Autophagy and Histone Deacetylase. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E11-E25. [PMID: 31910026 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00263.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the mechanism of a low protein (LP) diet on hepatic lipid metabolism during gestation and lactation. Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a control or an LP diet during gestation and lactation. LP dams had increased hepatic triglyceride accumulation and significantly higher aspartate/alanine transaminase ratio, accompanied by a decrease in circulating very low-density/low-density lipoprotein ratio. LC3B (Microtubule Associated Protein 1 Light Chain 3 Beta) expression was stimulated in LP dams along with increased histone acetylation. LP diet-induced co-localization of the LC3 binding motif-interacting proteins APOB or MTTP with LC3B, suggesting autophagic degradation. HDAC3 is found necessary to prevent lipid accumulation in response to amino acid deprivation in HepG2 cells. LC3B-mediated APOB protein degradation is related to increases in lipid accumulation. Conclusion: HDAC3 regulated LC3B-induced lipid accumulation potentially through autophagic degradation of APOB and MTTP in response to amino acid limitation caused by a low protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Guanying Bianca Xu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Diego Hernández-Saavedra
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Yuan-Xiang Pan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA; Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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Xavier JLP, Scomparin DX, Pontes CC, Ribeiro PR, Cordeiro MM, Marcondes JA, Mendonça FO, Silva MTD, Oliveira FBD, Franco GCN, Grassiolli S. Litter Size Reduction Induces Metabolic and Histological Adjustments in Dams throughout Lactation with Early Effects on Offspring. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2019; 91:e20170971. [PMID: 30916150 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920170971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study we analyzed morphological and metabolic alterations in dams nursing small litters and their consequences to offspring throughout lactation. Offspring sizes were adjusted to Small Litter (SL, 3 pups/ dam) and Normal Litter (NL, 9 pups/ dam). Body weight, food intake, white adipose tissue (WAT) content, histological analysis of the pancreas, mammary gland (MG) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) as well as, plasma parameters and milk composition were measured in dams and pups on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of lactation. In general, SL-dams presented higher body weight and retroperitoneal fat content, elevated fat infiltration in BAT, reduced islets size and hyperglycemia throughout lactation in relation to NL-dams (p<0.05). Moreover, MG from SL-dams had reduced alveoli development and high adipocytes content, resulting in milk with elevated energetic value and fat content in relation to NL-dams (p<0.05). Maternal states influenced offspring anthropometric conditions during lactation, offspring-SL displayed higher body weight and growth, hyperglycemia, augmented lipid deposition in BAT and elevated islet. Thus, maternal histological and metabolic changes are due to modifications to nursing small litters and reinforce the importance of preserving maternal health during lactation avoiding early programming effects on offspring preventing metabolic consequences later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Lucas P Xavier
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Dionizia X Scomparin
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Catherine C Pontes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Maiara M Cordeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Jessica A Marcondes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Felipe O Mendonça
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Makcine T da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Fabio B de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Gilson C N Franco
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Grassiolli
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 2069, Jardim Universitário, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil
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Castrejón-Téllez V, Villegas-Romero M, Pérez-Torres I, Zarco G, Rubio-Ruiz ME, Carreón-Torres E, Díaz-Díaz E, Grimaldo OE, Guarner-Lans V. Effect of Sucrose Ingestion at the End of a Critical Window that Increases Hypertension Susceptibility on Peripheral Mechanisms Regulating Blood Pressure in Rats. Role of Sirtuins 1 and 3. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020309. [PMID: 30717220 PMCID: PMC6412652 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to develop hypertension may be established during early stages of life that include the intrauterine period, infancy and childhood. We recently showed that blood pressure increased when rats reached adulthood when sucrose was ingested for a short-term critical window from postnatal day 12 to 28 in the rat, which corresponds to days around weaning. Here, we studied several factors that might participate in the increased susceptibility to hypertension when adulthood is reached by analyzing the changes produced at the end of the sucrose ingestion during this critical period. Body weight of the rats at the end of the sucrose period was decreased even if there was an increased ingestion in Kcal. We found an increase in blood pressure accompanied by a decrease in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in the aorta. When insulin was administered to rats receiving sucrose, glucose in plasma diminished later than in controls and this slight insulin resistance may reduce nitric oxide synthase action. Oleic acid that modulates eNOS expression was increased, lipoperoxidation was elevated and total non-enzymatic anti-oxidant capacity was decreased. There was also a decrease in SOD2 expression. We also studied the expression of Sirt1, which regulates eNOS expression and Sirt3, which regulates SOD2 expression as possible epigenetic targets of enzyme expression involved in the long- term programming of hypertension. Sirt3 was decreased but we did not find an alteration in Sirt1 expression. We conclude that these changes may underpin the epigenetic programming of increased susceptibility to develop hypertension in the adults when there was exposure to high sucrose levels near weaning in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Castrejón-Téllez
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Mariana Villegas-Romero
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Israel Pérez-Torres
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Gabriela Zarco
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - María Esther Rubio-Ruiz
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Carreón-Torres
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Eulises Díaz-Díaz
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14000, Mexico.
| | - Oscar Emanuel Grimaldo
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Verónica Guarner-Lans
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
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6
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Mazo T, D´Annunzio V, Zaobornyj T, Perez V, Gomez A, Berg G, Barchuk M, Ossani G, Martinefski M, Tripodi V, Lago N, Gelpi RJ. High-fat diet abolishes the cardioprotective effects of ischemic postconditioning in murine models despite increased thioredoxin-1 levels. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 452:153-166. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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7
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Villegas-Romero M, Castrejón-Téllez V, Pérez-Torres I, Rubio-Ruiz ME, Carreón-Torres E, Díaz-Díaz E, Del Valle-Mondragón L, Guarner-Lans V. Short-Term Exposure to High Sucrose Levels near Weaning Has a Similar Long-Lasting Effect on Hypertension as a Long-Term Exposure in Rats. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060728. [PMID: 29882756 PMCID: PMC6024587 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse conditions during early developmental stages permanently modify the metabolic function of organisms through epigenetic changes. Exposure to high sugar diets during gestation and/or lactation affects susceptibility to metabolic syndrome or hypertension in adulthood. The effect of a high sugar diet for shorter time lapses remains unclear. Here we studied the effect of short-term sucrose ingestion near weaning (postnatal days 12 and 28) (STS) and its effect after long-term ingestion, for a period of seven months (LTS) in rats. Rats receiving sucrose for seven months develop metabolic syndrome (MS). The mechanisms underlying hypertension in this model and those that underlie the effects of short-term exposure have not been studied. We explore NO and endothelin-1 concentration, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression, fatty acid participation and the involvement of oxidative stress (OS) after LTS and STS. Blood pressure increased to similar levels in adult rats that received sucrose during short- and long-term glucose exposure. The endothelin-1 concentration increased only in LTS rats. eNOS and SOD2 expression determined by Western blot and total antioxidant capacity were diminished in both groups. Saturated fatty acids and arachidonic acid were only decreased in LTS rats. In conclusion, a high-sugar diet during STS increases the hypertension predisposition in adulthood to as high a level as LTS, and the mechanisms involved have similarities (participation of OS and eNOS and SOD expression) and differences (fatty acids and arachidonic acid only participate in LTS and an elevated level of endothelin-1 was only found in LTS) in both conditions. Changes in the diet during short exposure times in early developmental stages have long-lasting effects in determining hypertension susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Villegas-Romero
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Vicente Castrejón-Téllez
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Israel Pérez-Torres
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - María Esther Rubio-Ruiz
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Carreón-Torres
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Eulises Díaz-Díaz
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14000, Mexico.
| | - Leonardo Del Valle-Mondragón
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Verónica Guarner-Lans
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
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8
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Liver ERα regulates AgRP neuronal activity in the arcuate nucleus of female mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1194. [PMID: 28446774 PMCID: PMC5430776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent work revealed the major role played by liver Estrogen Receptor α (ERα) in the regulation of metabolic and reproductive functions. By using mutant mice with liver-specific ablation of Erα, we here demonstrate that the hepatic ERα is essential for the modulation of the activity of Agouti Related Protein (AgRP) neurons in relation to the reproductive cycle and diet. Our results suggest that the alterations of hepatic lipid metabolism due to the lack of liver ERα activity are responsible for a neuroinflammatory status that induces refractoriness of AgRP neurons to reproductive and dietary stimuli. The study therefore points to the liver ERα as a necessary sensor for the coordination of systemic energy metabolism and reproductive functions.
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Della Torre S, Maggi A. Sex Differences: A Resultant of an Evolutionary Pressure? Cell Metab 2017; 25:499-505. [PMID: 28190772 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spurred by current research policy, we are witnessing a significant growth in the number of studies that observe and describe sexual diversities in human physiology and sex prevalence in a large number of pathologies. Yet we are far from the comprehension of the mechanisms underpinning these differences, which are the result of a long evolutionary history. This Essay is meant to underline female reproductive function as a driver for the positive selection of the specific physiological features that explain male and female differential susceptibility to diseases and metabolic disturbances, in particular. A clear understanding of the causes underlying sexual dimorphisms in the physio-pathology is crucial for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Della Torre
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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10
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Avila-Nava A, Noriega LG, Tovar AR, Granados O, Perez-Cruz C, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Torres N. Food combination based on a pre-hispanic Mexican diet decreases metabolic and cognitive abnormalities and gut microbiota dysbiosis caused by a sucrose-enriched high-fat diet in rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201501023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azalia Avila-Nava
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán; Mexico
| | - Lilia G. Noriega
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán; Mexico
| | - Armando R. Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán; Mexico
| | - Omar Granados
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán; Mexico
| | | | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología; Facultad de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Mexico
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán; Mexico
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Osorio JS, Lohakare J, Bionaz M. Biosynthesis of milk fat, protein, and lactose: roles of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:231-56. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00016.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for high-quality milk is increasing worldwide. The efficiency of milk synthesis can be improved by taking advantage of the accumulated knowledge of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of genes coding for proteins involved in the synthesis of fat, protein, and lactose in the mammary gland. Research in this area is relatively new, but data accumulated in the last 10 years provide a relatively clear picture. Milk fat synthesis appears to be regulated, at least in bovines, by an interactive network between SREBP1, PPARγ, and LXRα, with a potential role for other transcription factors, such as Spot14, ChREBP, and Sp1. Milk protein synthesis is highly regulated by insulin, amino acids, and amino acid transporters via transcriptional and posttranscriptional routes, with the insulin-mTOR pathway playing a central role. The transcriptional regulation of lactose synthesis is still poorly understood, but it is clear that glucose transporters play an important role. They can also cooperatively interact with amino acid transporters and the mTOR pathway. Recent data indicate the possibility of nutrigenomic interventions to increase milk fat synthesis by feeding long-chain fatty acids and milk protein synthesis by feeding amino acids. We propose a transcriptional network model to account for all available findings. This model encompasses a complex network of proteins that control milk synthesis with a cross talk between milk fat, protein, and lactose regulation, with mTOR functioning as a central hub.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayant Lohakare
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; and
- Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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12
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Desclée de Maredsous C, Oozeer R, Barbillon P, Mary-Huard T, Delteil C, Blachier F, Tomé D, van der Beek EM, Davila AM. High-Protein Exposure during Gestation or Lactation or after Weaning Has a Period-Specific Signature on Rat Pup Weight, Adiposity, Food Intake, and Glucose Homeostasis up to 6 Weeks of Age. J Nutr 2016; 146:21-9. [PMID: 26674762 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.216465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life nutrition has a programming effect on later metabolic health; however, the impact of exposure to a high-protein (HP) diet is still being investigated. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the consequences on pup phenotype of an HP diet during gestation and lactation and after weaning. METHODS Wistar rat dams were separated into 2 groups fed an HP (55% protein) or normal protein (NP) (control; 20% protein) isocaloric diet during gestation, and each group subsequently was separated into 2 subgroups that were fed an HP or NP diet during lactation. After weaning, male and female pups from each mother subgroup were separated into 2 groups that were fed either an NP or HP diet until they were 6 wk old. Measurements included weight, food intake, body composition, blood glucose, insulin, glucagon, leptin, insulin-like growth factor I, and lipids. RESULTS Feeding mothers the HP diet during gestation or lactation induced lower postweaning pup weight (gestation diet × time, P < 0.0001; lactation diet × time, P < 0.0001). Regardless of dams' diets, pups receiving HP compared with NP diet after weaning had 7% lower weight (NP, 135.0 ± 2.6 g; HP, 124.4 ± 2.5 g; P < 0.0001), 16% lower total energy intake (NP, 777 ± 14 kcal; HP, 649 ± 13 kcal; P < 0.0001) and 31% lower adiposity (P < 0.0001). Pups receiving HP compared with NP diet after weaning had increased blood glucose, insulin, and glucagon when food deprived (P < 0.0001 for all). The HP compared with the NP diet during gestation induced higher blood glucose in food-deprived rats (NP, 83.2 ± 2.1 mg/dL; HP, 91.2 ± 2.1 mg/dL; P = 0.046) and increased plasma insulin in fed pups receiving the postweaning NP diet (gestation diet × postweaning diet, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Increasing the protein concentration of the rat dams' diet during gestation, and to a lesser extent during lactation, and of the pups' diet after weaning influenced pup phenotype, including body weight, fat accumulation, food intake, and glucose tolerance at 6 wk of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Desclée de Maredsous
- UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France; Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Pierre Barbillon
- UMR 518 Applied Mathematics and Informatics (MIA), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France; and
| | - Tristan Mary-Huard
- UMR 518 Applied Mathematics and Informatics (MIA), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France; and Quantitative Genetics Evolution Le Moulon, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Paris-Sud University, Paris Saclay University, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Corine Delteil
- UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - François Blachier
- UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne-Marie Davila
- UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France;
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Wattez JS, Delmont A, Bouvet M, Beseme O, Goers S, Delahaye F, Laborie C, Lesage J, Foligné B, Breton C, Metges CC, Vieau D, Pinet F. Maternal perinatal undernutrition modifies lactose and serotranferrin in milk: relevance to the programming of metabolic diseases? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E393-401. [PMID: 25550282 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00452.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A close link between intrauterine growth restriction and development of chronic adult diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension has been established both in humans and animals. Modification of growth velocity during the early postnatal period (i.e., lactation) may also sensitize to the development of metabolic syndrome in adulthood. This suggests that milk composition may have long-lasting programming/deprogramming metabolic effects in the offspring. We therefore assess the effects of maternal perinatal denutrition on breast milk composition in a food-restricted 50% (FR50) rat model. Monosaccharides and fatty acids were characterized by gas chromatography, and proteins were profiled by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight analysis in milk samples from FR50 and control rat dams. Milk analysis of FR50 rats demonstrated that maternal undernutrition decreases lactose concentration and modulates lipid profile at postnatal day 10 by increasing the unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids and diminishes serotransferrin levels at postnatal day 21. Our data indicate that maternal perinatal undernutrition modifies milk composition both quantitatively and qualitatively. These modifications by maternal nutrition open new perspectives to identify molecules that could be used in artificial milk to protect from the subsequent development of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Wattez
- Environnement Périnatal et Croissance (EA4489), Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - A Delmont
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UMR8576), Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - M Bouvet
- Inserm U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - O Beseme
- Inserm U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - S Goers
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany; and
| | - F Delahaye
- Environnement Périnatal et Croissance (EA4489), Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - C Laborie
- Environnement Périnatal et Croissance (EA4489), Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - J Lesage
- Environnement Périnatal et Croissance (EA4489), Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - B Foligné
- Lactic Acid Bacteria & Mucosal Immunity (U1019-UMR8204), Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - C Breton
- Environnement Périnatal et Croissance (EA4489), Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - C C Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany; and
| | - D Vieau
- Environnement Périnatal et Croissance (EA4489), Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France;
| | - F Pinet
- Inserm U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
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14
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Velázquez-Villegas LA, López-Barradas AM, Torres N, Hernández-Pando R, León-Contreras JC, Granados O, Ortíz V, Tovar AR. Prolactin and the dietary protein/carbohydrate ratio regulate the expression of SNAT2 amino acid transporter in the mammary gland during lactation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:1157-64. [PMID: 25701231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The sodium coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SNAT2/SAT2/ATA2) is expressed in the mammary gland (MG) and plays an important role in the uptake of alanine and glutamine which are the most abundant amino acids transported into this tissue during lactation. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the amount and localization of SNAT2 before delivery and during lactation in rat MG, and to evaluate whether prolactin and the dietary protein/carbohydrate ratio might influence SNAT2 expression in the MG, liver and adipose tissue during lactation. Our results showed that SNAT2 protein abundance in the MG increased during lactation and this increase was maintained along this period, while 24 h after weaning it tended to decrease. To study the effect of prolactin on SNAT2 expression, we incubated MG explants or T47D cells transfected with the SNAT2 promoter with prolactin, and we observed in both studies an increase in the SNAT2 expression or promoter activity. Consumption of a high-protein/low carbohydrate diet increased prolactin concentration, with a concomitant increase in SNAT2 expression not only in the MG during lactation, but also in the liver and adipose tissue. There was a correlation between SNAT2 expression and serum prolactin levels depending on the amount of dietary protein/carbohydrate ratio consumed. These findings suggest that prolactin actively supports lactation providing amino acids to the gland through SNAT2 for the synthesis of milk proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Velázquez-Villegas
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F. 14000, Mexico
| | - Adriana M López-Barradas
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F. 14000, Mexico
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F. 14000, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F. 14000, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos León-Contreras
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F. 14000, Mexico
| | - Omar Granados
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F. 14000, Mexico
| | - Victor Ortíz
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F. 14000, Mexico
| | - Armando R Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F. 14000, Mexico.
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15
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Transcriptional regulation of the sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT2) by 17β-estradiol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11443-8. [PMID: 25056967 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1412099111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SNAT2) translocates small neutral amino acids into the mammary gland to promote cell proliferation during gestation. It is known that SNAT2 expression increases during pregnancy, and in vitro studies indicate that this transporter is induced by 17β-estradiol. In this study, we elucidated the mechanism by which 17β-estradiol regulates the transcription of SNAT2. In silico analysis revealed the presence of a potential estrogen response element (ERE) in the SNAT2 promoter. Reporter assays showed an increase in SNAT2 promoter activity when cotransfected with estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) after 17β-estradiol stimulation. Deletion of the ERE reduced estradiol-induced promoter activity by 63%. Additionally, EMSAs and supershift assays showed that ER-α binds to the SNAT2 ERE and that this binding competes with the interaction of ER-α with its consensus ERE. An in vivo ChIP assay demonstrated that the binding of ER-α to the SNAT2 promoter gradually increased in the mammary gland during gestation and that maximal binding occurred at the highest 17β-estradiol serum concentration. Liquid chromatography-elevated energy mass spectrometry and Western blot analysis revealed that the SNAT2 ER-α-ERE complex contained poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, Lupus Ku autoantigen protein p70, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) proteins and that the silencing of each of these proteins nearly abolished 17β-estradiol-stimulated SNAT2 promoter activity. Nuclear levels of GAPDH increased progressively during gestation in the mammary gland, and GAPDH binding was nucleotide-specific for the SNAT2 ERE. Thus, this study provides new insights into how the mammary epithelium adapts to control amino acid uptake through the transcriptional regulation of the SNAT2 transporter via 17β-estradiol.
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