1
|
Jiang Y, Cai Y, Yang N, Gao S, Li Q, Pang Y, Su P. Molecular mechanisms of spinal cord injury repair across vertebrates: A comparative review. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:4552-4568. [PMID: 38978308 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
In humans and other adult mammals, axon regeneration is difficult in axotomized neurons. Therefore, spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event that can lead to permanent loss of locomotor and sensory functions. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms of axon regeneration in vertebrates are not very well understood, and currently, no effective treatment is available for SCI. In striking contrast to adult mammals, many nonmammalian vertebrates such as reptiles, amphibians, bony fishes and lampreys can spontaneously resume locomotion even after complete SCI. In recent years, rapid progress in the development of next-generation sequencing technologies has offered valuable information on SCI. In this review, we aimed to provide a comparison of axon regeneration process across classical model organisms, focusing on crucial genes and signalling pathways that play significant roles in the regeneration of individually identifiable descending neurons after SCI. Considering the special evolutionary location and powerful regenerative ability of lamprey and zebrafish, they will be the key model organisms for ongoing studies on spinal cord regeneration. Detailed study of SCI in these model organisms will help in the elucidation of molecular mechanisms of neuron regeneration across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Yang Cai
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Ning Yang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Si Gao
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Pang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Peng Su
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang Y, Dziegielewska KM, Habgood MD, Qiu F, Leandro ACC, Callaghan PD, Curran JE, VandeBerg JL, Saunders NR. ABC Efflux Transporters and Solute Carriers in the Early Developing Brain of a Marsupial Monodelphis domestica (South American Gray Short-Tailed Opossum). J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25655. [PMID: 38980080 PMCID: PMC11257411 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
This study used a marsupial Monodelphis domestica, which is born very immature and most of its development is postnatal without placental protection. RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to identify the expression of influx and efflux transporters (ATP-binding cassettes [ABCs] and solute carriers [SLCs]) and metabolizing enzymes in brains of newborn to juvenile Monodelphis. Results were compared to published data in the developing eutherian rat. To test the functionality of these transporters at similar ages, the entry of paracetamol (acetaminophen) into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was measured using liquid scintillation counting following a single administration of the drug along with its radiolabelled tracer [3H]. Drug permeability studies found that in Monodelphis, brain entry of paracetamol was already restricted at P5; it decreased further in the first week of life and then remained stable until the oldest age group tested (P110). Transcriptomic analysis of Monodelphis brain showed that expression of transporters and their metabolizing enzymes in early postnatal (P) pups (P0, P5, and P8) was relatively similar, but by P109, many more transcripts were identified. When transcriptomes of newborn Monodelphis brain and E19 rat brain and placenta were compared, several transporters present in the rat placenta were also found in the newborn Monodelphis brain. These were absent from E19 rat brain but were present in the adult rat brain. These data indicate that despite its extreme immaturity, the newborn Monodelphis brain may compensate for the lack of placental protection during early brain development by upregulating protective mechanisms, which in eutherian animals are instead present in the placenta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | | | - Mark D Habgood
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Fiona Qiu
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Ana CC Leandro
- Division of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
| | - Paul D Callaghan
- ANSTO – Australia’s Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Joanne E Curran
- Division of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
| | - John L VandeBerg
- Division of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
| | - Norman R Saunders
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wheaton BJ, Sena J, Sundararajan A, Umale P, Schilkey F, Miller RD. Identification of regenerative processes in neonatal spinal cord injury in the opossum (Monodelphis domestica): A transcriptomic study. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:969-986. [PMID: 32710567 PMCID: PMC7855507 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the response to spinal cord injury in the gray short‐tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica). In opossums spinal injury early in development results in spontaneous axon growth through the injury, but this regenerative potential diminishes with maturity until it is lost entirely. The mechanisms underlying this regeneration remain unknown. RNA sequencing was used to identify differential gene expression in regenerating (SCI at postnatal Day 7, P7SCI) and nonregenerating (SCI at Day 28, P28SCI) cords +1d, +3d, and +7d after complete spinal transection, compared to age‐matched controls. Genes showing significant differential expression (log2FC ≥ 1, Padj ≤ 0.05) were used for downstream analysis. Across all time‐points 233 genes altered expression after P7SCI, and 472 genes altered expression after P28SCI. One hundred and forty‐seven genes altered expression in both injury ages (63% of P7SCI data set). The majority of changes were gene upregulations. Gene ontology overrepresentation analysis in P7SCI gene‐sets showed significant overrepresentations only in immune‐associated categories, while P28SCI gene‐sets showed overrepresentations in these same immune categories, along with other categories such as “cell proliferation,” “cell adhesion,” and “apoptosis.” Cell‐type–association analysis suggested that, regardless of injury age, injury‐associated gene transcripts were most strongly associated with microglia and endothelial cells, with strikingly fewer astrocyte, oligodendrocyte and neuron‐related genes, the notable exception being a cluster of mostly downregulated oligodendrocyte‐associated genes in the P7SCI + 7d gene‐set. Our findings demonstrate a more complex transcriptomic response in nonregenerating cords, suggesting a strong influence of non‐neuronal cells in the outcome after injury and providing the largest survey yet of the transcriptomic changes occurring after SCI in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Wheaton
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden.,Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Johnny Sena
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Pooja Umale
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Faye Schilkey
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Robert D Miller
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim YM, Ji ES, Ko IG, Jin JJ, Cho YH, Seo TB. Combination of treadmill exercise with bone marrow stromal cells transplantation activates protein synthesis-related molecules in soleus muscle of the spinal cord injured rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2019; 15:377-382. [PMID: 31316929 PMCID: PMC6614772 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1938284.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated whether treadmill exercise with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) transplantation increase expression level of protein synthesis-related molecules in the soleus muscle after spinal cord injury (SCI). The spinal cord contusion injury was performed at the T9-10 level using the impactor (10 g×25 mm). BMSCs were cultured from femur and tibia of 4-week-old rats and then transplanted directly into the lesion 1-week post injury. The rats in exercise group were walking on treadmill device for 6 days per a week during 6 weeks. Prepared soleus muscles were used for examining mechanisms of protein synthesis after SCI. Myostatin induction level was increased by SCI, but BMSCs engrafting after SCI decreased compared to SCI group. Combination of treadmill exercise with BMSCs showed more potent decrement on myostatin expression. Protein kinase B (Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) levels were significantly increased in SCI and BMSCs transplantation group compared to SCI group. Combination of treadmill exercise with BMSCs further facilitated expression levels of Akt and mTOR. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (p-CREB) induction levels were more increased in SCI and BMSC transplantation group compared to SCI group. Combination of treadmill exercise with BMSCs further increased expression levels of IGF-I and p-CREB, although statistical significance was not appeared. Combining treadmill exercise with BMSCs transplantation might accelerate protein synthesis and hypertrophy in the soleus muscle after SCI through activation of IGF-I/mTOR signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You-Mi Kim
- Sports Science Research Institution, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Sang Ji
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il-Gyu Ko
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Jang Jin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeong-Hyun Cho
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Tae-Beom Seo
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kondratskaya E, Ievglevskyi O, Züchner M, Samara A, Glover JC, Boulland JL. Locomotor central pattern generator excitability states and serotonin sensitivity after spontaneous recovery from a neonatal lumbar spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2019; 1708:10-19. [PMID: 30521786 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The spinal locomotor central pattern generator (CPG) in neonatal mice exhibits diverse output patterns, ranging from sub-rhythmic to multi-rhythmic to fictive locomotion, depending on its general level of excitation and neuromodulatory status. We have recently reported that the locomotor CPG in neonatal mice rapidly recovers the ability to produce neurochemically induced fictive locomotion following an upper lumbar spinal cord compression injury. Here we address the question of recovery of multi-rhythmic activity and the serotonin-sensitivity of the CPG. In isolated spinal cords from control and 3 days post-injury mice, application of dopamine and NMDA elicited multi-rhythmic activity with slow and fast components. The slow component comprised 10-20 s episodes of activity that were synchronous in ipsilateral or all lumbar ventral roots, and the fast components involved bursts within these episodes that displayed coordinated patterns of alternation between ipsilateral roots. Rhythm strength was the same in control and injured spinal cords. However, power spectral analysis of signal within episodes showed a reduced peak frequency after recovery. In control spinal cords, serotonin triggered fictive locomotion only when applied at high concentration (30 µM, constant NMDA). By contrast, in about 50% of injured preparations fictive locomotion was evoked by 2-3 times lower serotonin concentrations (10-15 µM). This increased serotonin sensitivity was correlated with post-injury changes in the expression of specific serotonin receptor transcripts, but not of dopamine receptor transcripts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kondratskaya
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Ievglevskyi
- Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Mark Züchner
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Athina Samara
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Joel C Glover
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-Luc Boulland
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin J, Anopas D, Milbreta U, Lin PH, Chin JS, Zhang N, Wee SK, Tow A, Ang WT, Chew SY. Regenerative rehabilitation: exploring the synergistic effects of rehabilitation and implantation of a bio-functional scaffold in enhancing nerve regeneration. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:5150-5160. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01095e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial approach of rehabilitation and regeneration is essential for functional recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junquan Lin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Dollaporn Anopas
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Ulla Milbreta
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Po Hen Lin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Jiah Shin Chin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies (Health Tech NTU)
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Seng Kwee Wee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital
- Singapore
| | - Adela Tow
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital
- Singapore
| | - Wei Tech Ang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine
- Nanyang Technological University
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim YM, Jin JJ, Lee SJ, Seo TB, Ji ES. Treadmill exercise with bone marrow stromal cells transplantation facilitates neuroprotective effect through BDNF-ERK1/2 pathway in spinal cord injury rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:335-340. [PMID: 30018915 PMCID: PMC6028222 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836264.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) has been known as one of the effective therapeutic methods for functional recovery of spinal cord injury (SCI). Treadmill exercise also facilitates the functional recovery of SCI. Previously, we reported that combination of BMSCs transplantation with treadmill exercise potentiated the locomotor function in SCI rats. In the present study, we investigated whether recovery effect of BMSCs transplantation or treadmill exercise appears through the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-extracellular signal–regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway. The spinal cord contusion injury was performed at the T9–T10 level using the impactor. Cultured BMSCs were transplanted directly into the lesion 1 week after SCI. Treadmill exercise was performed 6 days per a week for 6 weeks. Western blot for Bax, Bcl-2, BDNF, tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), phosphorylated JNK was performed. In the present results, combination of BMSCs transplantation with tread-mill exercise potently decreased Bax expression, potently increased Bcl-2 expression, and potently enhanced BDNF and TrkB expressions in the injured spinal cord. Combination of BMSCs transplantation with treadmill exercise further facilitated p-ERK1/2 and p-c-Jun expression levels. The present findings demonstrated the synergistic effect of treadmill exercise on neuroregenerative effect of BMSCs transplantation appeared through the activation of BDNF-ERK1/2 pathway in SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You-Mi Kim
- Sports Science Research Institution, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Jang Jin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sam-Jun Lee
- Department of Physical Education, College of Health, Welfare, and Education, Tong Myong University, Busan, Korea
| | - Tae-Beom Seo
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Eun-Sang Ji
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Barnett GJ, Barnett IJ, Wilson SR, Smith PC. Comparison of 6 Injectable Anesthetic Regimens and Isoflurane in Gray Short-tailed Opossums ( Monodelphis domestica). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2017; 56:544-549. [PMID: 28903826 PMCID: PMC5605179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gray short-tailed opossums are used in a wide variety of research in the areas of developmental biology, oncology, immunology, and comparative biology. Despite many frequent experimental manipulations of these animals under anesthesia, few studies to date have characterized the effects of anesthesia in this species. Our aim was to identify safe and effective injectable anesthetic combinations using ketamine and xylazine or ketamine and dexmedetomidine at doses of 40 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg for ketamine, 5 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg for xylazine, and 0.05 mg/kg to 0.1 mg/kg for dexmedetomidine. Effects of the proposed regimens ranged from light sedation to surgical anesthesia, but only 100 mg/kg ketamine + 0.1 mg/kg dexmedetomidine induced surgical anesthesia in all opossums, with a mean duration of 25.4 min. The 2 lowest doses of ketamine and xylazine (40 mg/kg ketamine + 5 mg/kg xylazine and 40 mg/kg ketamine + 10 mg/kg xylazine) achieved sedation to light anesthesia in all animals but did not produce a surgical plane of anesthesia in any animal. All regimens that induced a surgical plane of anesthesia caused bradycardia and bradypnea, and 75 mg/kg ketamine + 10 mg/kg xylazine and 100 mg/kg ketamine + 0.1 mg/kg dexmedetomidine caused the greatest decreases in SpO2. Except for one opossum that died of unknown causes, all animals remained healthy and apparently free of anesthetic complications. Among all treatments, isoflurane delivered by a precision vaporizer provided the most consistent and reliable anesthesia; therefore, we recommend inhalant anesthesia over the injectable combinations used in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace J Barnett
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;,
| | - Ian J Barnett
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven R Wilson
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Peter C Smith
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saunders NR, Dziegielewska KM, Whish SC, Hinds LA, Wheaton BJ, Huang Y, Henry S, Habgood MD. A bipedal mammalian model for spinal cord injury research: The tammar wallaby. F1000Res 2017; 6:921. [PMID: 28721206 PMCID: PMC5497825 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11712.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Most animal studies of spinal cord injury are conducted in quadrupeds, usually rodents. It is unclear to what extent functional results from such studies can be translated to bipedal species such as humans because bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion involve very different patterns of spinal control of muscle coordination. Bipedalism requires upright trunk stability and coordinated postural muscle control; it has been suggested that peripheral sensory input is less important in humans than quadrupeds for recovery of locomotion following spinal injury. Methods: We used an Australian macropod marsupial, the tammar wallaby
(Macropuseugenii), because tammars exhibit an upright trunk posture, human-like alternating hindlimb movement when swimming and bipedal over-ground locomotion. Regulation of their muscle movements is more similar to humans than quadrupeds. At different postnatal (P) days (P7–60) tammars received a complete mid-thoracic spinal cord transection. Morphological repair, as well as functional use of hind limbs, was studied up to the time of their pouch exit. Results: Growth of axons across the lesion restored supraspinal innervation in animals injured up to 3 weeks of age but not in animals injured after 6 weeks of age. At initial pouch exit (P180), the young injured at P7-21 were able to hop on their hind limbs similar to age-matched controls and to swim albeit with a different stroke. Those animals injured at P40-45 appeared to be incapable of normal use of hind limbs even while still in the pouch. Conclusions: Data indicate that the characteristic over-ground locomotion of tammars provides a model in which regrowth of supraspinal connections across the site of injury can be studied in a bipedal animal. Forelimb weight-bearing motion and peripheral sensory input appear not to compensate for lack of hindlimb control, as occurs in quadrupeds. Tammars may be a more appropriate model for studies of therapeutic interventions relevant to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norman R Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Katarzyna M Dziegielewska
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sophie C Whish
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lyn A Hinds
- Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Wheaton
- Centre for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Yifan Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Steve Henry
- Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Mark D Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chawla RS, Züchner M, Mastrangelopoulou M, Lambert FM, Glover JC, Boulland JL. Cellular reactions and compensatory tissue re-organization during spontaneous recovery after spinal cord injury in neonatal mice. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:928-946. [PMID: 28033684 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Following incomplete spinal cord injuries, neonatal mammals display a remarkable degree of behavioral recovery. Previously, we have demonstrated in neonatal mice a wholesale re-establishment and reorganization of synaptic connections from some descending axon tracts (Boulland et al.: PLoS One 8 (2013)). To assess the potential cellular mechanisms contributing to this recovery, we have here characterized a variety of cellular sequelae following thoracic compression injuries, focusing particularly on cell loss and proliferation, inflammation and reactive gliosis, and the dynamics of specific types of synaptic terminals. Early during the period of recovery, regressive events dominated. Tissue loss near the injury was severe, with about 80% loss of neurons and a similar loss of axons that later make up the white matter. There was no sign of neurogenesis, no substantial astroglial or microglial proliferation, no change in the ratio of M1 and M2 microglia and no appreciable generation of the terminal complement peptide C5a. One day after injury the number of synaptic terminals on lumbar motoneurons had dropped by a factor of 2, but normalized by 6 days. The ratio of VGLUT1/2+ to VGAT+ terminals remained similar in injured and uninjured spinal cords during this period. By 24 days after injury, when functional recovery is nearly complete, the density of 5-HT+ fibers below the injury site had increased by a factor of 2.5. Altogether this study shows that cellular reactions are diverse and dynamic. Pronounced recovery of both excitatory and inhibitory terminals and an increase in serotonergic innervation below the injury, coupled with a general lack of inflammation and reactive gliosis, are likely to contribute to the recovery. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 928-946, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishab S Chawla
- Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo
| | - Mark Züchner
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital.,Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital
| | - Maria Mastrangelopoulou
- Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo
| | - François M Lambert
- Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo.,INCIA CNRS UMR 5287 Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Joel C Glover
- Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital
| | - Jean-Luc Boulland
- Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Arrested development of the dorsal column following neonatal spinal cord injury in the opossum, Monodelphis domestica. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:699-713. [PMID: 25487408 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Developmental studies of spinal cord injury in which regrowth of axons occurs across the site of transection rarely distinguish between the recovery of motor-controlling pathways and that of ascending axons carrying sensory information. We describe the morphological changes that occur in the dorsal column (DC) of the grey short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica, following spinal cord injury at two early developmental ages. The spinal cords of opossums that had had their mid-thoracic spinal cords completely transected at postnatal day 7 (P7) or P28 were analysed. Profiles of neurofilament immunoreactivity in transected cords showing DC development were differentially affected by the injury compared with the rest of the cord and cytoarchitecture was modified in an age- and site-dependent manner. The ability of DC neurites to grow across the site of transection was confirmed by injection of fluorescent tracer below the injury. P7 transected cords showed labelling in the DC above the site of original transection indicating that neurites of this sensory tract were able to span the injury. No growth of any neuronal processes was seen after P28 transection. Thus, DC is affected by spinal injury in a differential manner depending on the age at which the transection occurs. This age-differential response, together with other facets of remodelling that occur after neonatal spinal injury, might explain the locomotor adaptations and recovery observed in these animals.
Collapse
|
12
|
Saunders NR, Noor NM, Dziegielewska KM, Wheaton BJ, Liddelow SA, Steer DL, Ek CJ, Habgood MD, Wakefield MJ, Lindsay H, Truettner J, Miller RD, Smith AI, Dietrich WD. Age-dependent transcriptome and proteome following transection of neonatal spinal cord of Monodelphis domestica (South American grey short-tailed opossum). PLoS One 2014; 9:e99080. [PMID: 24914927 PMCID: PMC4051688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes a combined transcriptome and proteome analysis of Monodelphis domestica response to spinal cord injury at two different postnatal ages. Previously we showed that complete transection at postnatal day 7 (P7) is followed by profuse axon growth across the lesion with near-normal locomotion and swimming when adult. In contrast, at P28 there is no axon growth across the lesion, the animals exhibit weight-bearing locomotion, but cannot use hind limbs when swimming. Here we examined changes in gene and protein expression in the segment of spinal cord rostral to the lesion at 24 h after transection at P7 and at P28. Following injury at P7 only forty genes changed (all increased expression); most were immune/inflammatory genes. Following injury at P28 many more genes changed their expression and the magnitude of change for some genes was strikingly greater. Again many were associated with the immune/inflammation response. In functional groups known to be inhibitory to regeneration in adult cords the expression changes were generally muted, in some cases opposite to that required to account for neurite inhibition. For example myelin basic protein expression was reduced following injury at P28 both at the gene and protein levels. Only four genes from families with extracellular matrix functions thought to influence neurite outgrowth in adult injured cords showed substantial changes in expression following injury at P28: Olfactomedin 4 (Olfm4, 480 fold compared to controls), matrix metallopeptidase (Mmp1, 104 fold), papilin (Papln, 152 fold) and integrin α4 (Itga4, 57 fold). These data provide a resource for investigation of a priori hypotheses in future studies of mechanisms of spinal cord regeneration in immature animals compared to lack of regeneration at more mature stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norman R. Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Natassya M. Noor
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Benjamin J. Wheaton
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shane A. Liddelow
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - David L. Steer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - C. Joakim Ek
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mark D. Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Wakefield
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Lindsay
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jessie Truettner
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Miller
- Center for Evolutionary & Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - A. Ian Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - W. Dalton Dietrich
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|