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Morrison MC, Gart E, van Duyvenvoorde W, Snabel J, Nielsen MJ, Leeming DJ, Menke A, Kleemann R. Heat-Inactivated Akkermansia muciniphila Improves Gut Permeability but Does Not Prevent Development of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Diet-Induced Obese Ldlr-/-.Leiden Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042325. [PMID: 35216439 PMCID: PMC8878538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has been associated with alterations in gut microbiota composition and reduced gut barrier function. Akkermansia muciniphila is a gut microbe that is thought to have health-promoting properties, including the ability to improve gut barrier function and host metabolism, both when administered live and after heat-inactivation. We questioned whether heat-inactivated A. muciniphila may reduce NASH development. Ldlr−/−.Leiden mice, a translational, diet-induced model for NASH, were fed a NASH-inducing high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with heat-inactivated A. muciniphila. After 28 weeks, effects of the treatment on obesity and associated metabolic dysfunction in the gut (microbiota composition and permeability), adipose tissue, and liver were studied relative to an untreated HFD control. Treatment with heat-inactivated A. muciniphila did not affect body weight or adiposity and had no effect on plasma lipids, blood glucose, or plasma insulin. Heat-inactivated A. muciniphila had some minor effects on mucosal microbiota composition in ileum and colon and improved gut barrier function, as assessed by an in vivo functional gut permeability test. Epidydimal white adipose tissue (WAT) hypertrophy and inflammation were not affected, but heat-inactivated A. muciniphila did reduce hypertrophy in the mesenteric WAT which is in close proximity to the intestine. Heat-inactivated A. muciniphila did not affect the development of NASH or associated fibrosis in the liver and did not affect circulating bile acids or markers of liver fibrosis, but did reduce PRO-C4, a type IV collagen synthesis marker, which may be associated with gut integrity. In conclusion, despite beneficial effects in the gut and mesenteric adipose tissue, heat-inactivated A. muciniphila did not affect the development of NASH and fibrosis in a chronic disease setting that mimics clinically relevant disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine C. Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (W.v.D.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (R.K.)
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Eveline Gart
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (W.v.D.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (R.K.)
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van Duyvenvoorde
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (W.v.D.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Jessica Snabel
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (W.v.D.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Mette Juul Nielsen
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research, 2730 Herlev, Denmark; (M.J.N.); (D.J.L.)
| | - Diana Julie Leeming
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research, 2730 Herlev, Denmark; (M.J.N.); (D.J.L.)
| | - Aswin Menke
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (W.v.D.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (W.v.D.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (R.K.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Son HK, Kim BH, Lee J, Park S, Oh CB, Jung S, Lee JK, Ha JH. Partial Replacement of Dietary Fat with Krill Oil or Coconut Oil Alleviates Dyslipidemia by Partly Modulating Lipid Metabolism in Lipopolysaccharide-Injected Rats on a High-Fat Diet. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:843. [PMID: 35055664 PMCID: PMC8775371 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of partial replacement of dietary fat with krill oil (KO) or coconut oil (CO) on dyslipidemia and lipid metabolism in rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups as follows: HFD, HFD + KO, and HFD + CO. The rats were fed each diet for 10 weeks and then intraperitoneally injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 mg/kg). The KO- and CO-fed rats exhibited lower levels of serum lipids and aspartate aminotransferases than those of the HFD-fed rats. Rats fed with HFD + KO displayed significantly lower hepatic histological scores and hepatic triglyceride (TG) content than rats fed with HFD. The KO supplementation also downregulated the adipogenic gene expression in the liver. When treated with LPS, the HFD + KO and HFD + CO groups reduced the adipocyte size in the epididymal white adipose tissues (EAT) relative to the HFD group. These results suggest that KO and CO could improve lipid metabolism dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Kyoung Son
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Neutralization, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (H.-K.S.); (J.L.); (S.P.); (S.J.)
| | - Bok-Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
| | - Jisu Lee
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Neutralization, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (H.-K.S.); (J.L.); (S.P.); (S.J.)
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Seohyun Park
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Neutralization, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (H.-K.S.); (J.L.); (S.P.); (S.J.)
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Chung-Bae Oh
- Office of Technical Liaison, Industry Support Team, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, Korea;
| | - Sunyoon Jung
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Neutralization, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (H.-K.S.); (J.L.); (S.P.); (S.J.)
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jennifer K. Lee
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jung-Heun Ha
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Neutralization, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (H.-K.S.); (J.L.); (S.P.); (S.J.)
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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3
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Mueller AM, Kleemann R, Gart E, van Duyvenvoorde W, Verschuren L, Caspers M, Menke A, Krömmelbein N, Salic K, Burmeister Y, Seilheimer B, Morrison MC. Cholesterol Accumulation as a Driver of Hepatic Inflammation Under Translational Dietary Conditions Can Be Attenuated by a Multicomponent Medicine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:601160. [PMID: 33815271 PMCID: PMC8014004 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.601160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex multifactorial disorder that is characterised by dysfunctional lipid metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis, and a related chronic inflammatory response. NAFLD has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease in many countries, and its prevalence continues to rise in parallel with increasing rates of obesity. Here, we evaluated the putative NAFLD-attenuating effects of a multicomponent medicine consisting of 24 natural ingredients: Hepar compositum (HC-24). METHODS Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with a macronutrient composition and cholesterol content comparable to human diets for 24 weeks to induce obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction, including hepatic steatosis and inflammation. HC-24 or vehicle control was administered intraperitoneally 3 times/week (1.5 ml/kg) for the last 18 weeks of the study. Histological analyses of liver and adipose tissue were combined with extensive hepatic transcriptomics analysis. Transcriptomics results were further substantiated with ELISA, immunohistochemical and liver lipid analyses. RESULTS HFD feeding induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction including adipose tissue inflammation and increased gut permeability. In the liver, HFD-feeding resulted in a disturbance of cholesterol homeostasis and an associated inflammatory response. HC-24 did not affect body weight, metabolic risk factors, adipose tissue inflammation or gut permeability. While HC-24 did not alter total liver steatosis, there was a pronounced reduction in lobular inflammation in HC-24-treated animals, which was associated with modulation of genes and proteins involved in inflammation (e.g., neutrophil chemokine Cxcl1) and cholesterol homeostasis (i.e., predicted effect on 'cholesterol' as an upstream regulator, based on gene expression changes associated with cholesterol handling). These effects were confirmed by CXCL1 ELISA, immunohistochemical staining of neutrophils and biochemical analysis of hepatic free cholesterol content. Intrahepatic free cholesterol levels were found to correlate significantly with the number of inflammatory aggregates in the liver, thereby providing a potential rationale for the observed anti-inflammatory effects of HC-24. CONCLUSIONS Free cholesterol accumulates in the liver of Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice under physiologically translational dietary conditions, and this is associated with the development of hepatic inflammation. The multicomponent medicine HC-24 reduces accumulation of free cholesterol and has molecular and cellular anti-inflammatory effects in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eveline Gart
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wim van Duyvenvoorde
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Martien Caspers
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Aswin Menke
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Kanita Salic
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Bernd Seilheimer
- Systems Research and Development, Heel GmbH, Baden-Baden, Germany
| | - Martine C. Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Martine C. Morrison,
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4
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Wong MWK, Thalamuthu A, Braidy N, Mather KA, Liu Y, Ciobanu L, Baune BT, Armstrong NJ, Kwok J, Schofield P, Wright MJ, Ames D, Pickford R, Lee T, Poljak A, Sachdev PS. Genetic and environmental determinants of variation in the plasma lipidome of older Australian twins. eLife 2020; 9:e58954. [PMID: 32697195 PMCID: PMC7394543 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of blood lipids in a broad range of health and disease states is well recognised but less explored is the interplay of genetics and environment within the broader blood lipidome. We examined heritability of the plasma lipidome among healthy older-aged twins (75 monozygotic/55 dizygotic pairs) enrolled in the Older Australian Twins Study (OATS) and explored corresponding gene expression and DNA methylation associations. 27/209 lipids (13.3%) detected by liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were significantly heritable under the classical ACE twin model (h2 = 0.28-0.59), which included ceramides (Cer) and triglycerides (TG). Relative to non-significantly heritable TGs, heritable TGs had a greater number of associations with gene transcripts, not directly associated with lipid metabolism, but with immune function, signalling and transcriptional regulation. Genome-wide average DNA methylation (GWAM) levels accounted for variability in some non-heritable lipids. We reveal a complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences on the ageing plasma lipidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew WK Wong
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyAustralia
| | - Yue Liu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Liliana Ciobanu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Medical School, Discipline of PsychiatryAdelaideAustralia
| | - Bernhardt T Baune
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Medical School, Discipline of PsychiatryAdelaideAustralia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - John Kwok
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Peter Schofield
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyAustralia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - David Ames
- University of Melbourne Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old AgeKewAustralia
- National Ageing Research InstituteParkvilleAustralia
| | - Russell Pickford
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Teresa Lee
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales HospitalSydneyAustralia
| | - Anne Poljak
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales HospitalSydneyAustralia
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5
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Tengeler AC, Gart E, Wiesmann M, Arnoldussen IAC, van Duyvenvoorde W, Hoogstad M, Dederen PJ, Verweij V, Geenen B, Kozicz T, Kleemann R, Morrison MC, Kiliaan AJ. Propionic acid and not caproic acid, attenuates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and improves (cerebro) vascular functions in obese Ldlr -/- .Leiden mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:9575-9593. [PMID: 32472598 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000455r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic increases the interest to elucidate impact of short-chain fatty acids on metabolism, obesity, and the brain. We investigated the effects of propionic acid (PA) and caproic acid (CA) on metabolic risk factors, liver and adipose tissue pathology, brain function, structure (by MRI), and gene expression, during obesity development in Ldlr-/- .Leiden mice. Ldlr-/- .Leiden mice received 16 weeks either a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity, or chow as reference group. Next, obese HFD-fed mice were treated 12 weeks with (a) HFD + CA (CA), (b) HFD + PA (PA), or (c) a HFD-control group. PA reduced the body weight and systolic blood pressure, lowered fasting insulin levels, and reduced HFD-induced liver macrovesicular steatosis, hypertrophy, inflammation, and collagen content. PA increased the amount of glucose transporter type 1-positive cerebral blood vessels, reverted cerebral vasoreactivity, and HFD-induced effects in microstructural gray and white matter integrity of optic tract, and somatosensory and visual cortex. PA and CA also reverted HFD-induced effects in functional connectivity between visual and auditory cortex. However, PA mice were more anxious in open field, and showed reduced activity of synaptogenesis and glutamate regulators in hippocampus. Therefore, PA treatment should be used with caution even though positive metabolic, (cerebro) vascular, and brain structural and functional effects were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk C Tengeler
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Preclinical Imaging Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline Gart
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands.,Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Wiesmann
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Preclinical Imaging Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse A C Arnoldussen
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Preclinical Imaging Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim van Duyvenvoorde
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marloes Hoogstad
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Preclinical Imaging Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Dederen
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Preclinical Imaging Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Vivienne Verweij
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Preclinical Imaging Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Geenen
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Preclinical Imaging Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Preclinical Imaging Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Preclinical Imaging Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Martine C Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands.,Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Preclinical Imaging Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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6
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Salic K, Gart E, Seidel F, Verschuren L, Caspers M, van Duyvenvoorde W, Wong KE, Keijer J, Bobeldijk-Pastorova I, Wielinga PY, Kleemann R. Combined Treatment with L-Carnitine and Nicotinamide Riboside Improves Hepatic Metabolism and Attenuates Obesity and Liver Steatosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4359. [PMID: 31491949 PMCID: PMC6770226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity characterized by adiposity and ectopic fat accumulation is associated with the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Treatments that stimulate lipid utilization may prevent the development of obesity and comorbidities. This study evaluated the potential anti-obesogenic hepatoprotective effects of combined treatment with L-carnitine and nicotinamide riboside, i.e., components that can enhance fatty acid transfer across the inner mitochondrial membrane and increase nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD+) levels, which are necessary for β-oxidation and the TCA cycle, respectively. Ldlr -/-.Leiden mice were treated with high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with L-carnitine (LC; 0.4% w/w), nicotinamide riboside (NR; 0.3% w/w) or both (COMBI) for 21 weeks. L-carnitine plasma levels were reduced by HFD and normalized by LC. NR supplementation raised its plasma metabolite levels demonstrating effective delivery. Although food intake and ambulatory activity were comparable in all groups, COMBI treatment significantly attenuated HFD-induced body weight gain, fat mass gain (-17%) and hepatic steatosis (-22%). Also, NR and COMBI reduced hepatic 4-hydroxynonenal adducts. Upstream-regulator gene analysis demonstrated that COMBI reversed detrimental effects of HFD on liver metabolism pathways and associated regulators, e.g., ACOX, SCAP, SREBF, PPARGC1B, and INSR. Combination treatment with LC and NR exerts protective effects on metabolic pathways and constitutes a new approach to attenuate HFD-induced obesity and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanita Salic
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Eveline Gart
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Florine Seidel
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands.
| | - Martien Caspers
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim van Duyvenvoorde
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivana Bobeldijk-Pastorova
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Y Wielinga
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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7
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Salic K, Kleemann R, Wilkins-Port C, McNulty J, Verschuren L, Palmer M. Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibition with volixibat improves metabolic aspects and components of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218459. [PMID: 31233523 PMCID: PMC6590809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interruption of bile acid recirculation through inhibition of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) is a promising strategy to alleviate hepatic cholesterol accumulation in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and improve the metabolic aspects of the disease. Potential disease-attenuating effects of the ASBT inhibitor volixibat (5, 15, and 30 mg/kg) were investigated in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice over 24 weeks. Plasma and fecal bile acid levels, plasma insulin, lipids, and liver enzymes were monitored. Final analyses included liver histology, intrahepatic lipids, mesenteric white adipose tissue mass, and liver gene profiling. Consistent with its mechanism of action, volixibat significantly increased the total amount of bile acid in feces. At the highest dose, volixibat significantly attenuated the HFD-induced increase in hepatocyte hypertrophy, hepatic triglyceride and cholesteryl ester levels, and mesenteric white adipose tissue deposition. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS) was significantly lower in volixibat-treated mice than in the HFD controls. Gene profiling showed that volixibat reversed the inhibitory effect of the HFD on metabolic master regulators, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1β, insulin receptor, and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 2. Volixibat may have beneficial effects on physiological and metabolic aspects of NASH pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanita Salic
- TNO, Department of Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- TNO, Department of Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Cynthia Wilkins-Port
- Shire LLC, now part of Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John McNulty
- Shire LLC, now part of Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lars Verschuren
- TNO, Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Melissa Palmer
- Shire LLC, now part of Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Morrison MC, Verschuren L, Salic K, Verheij J, Menke A, Wielinga PY, Iruarrizaga‐Lejarreta M, Gole L, Yu W, Turner S, Caspers MP, Martínez‐Arranz I, Pieterman E, Stoop R, van Koppen A, van den Hoek AM, Mato JM, Hanemaaijer R, Alonso C, Kleemann R. Obeticholic Acid Modulates Serum Metabolites and Gene Signatures Characteristic of Human NASH and Attenuates Inflammation and Fibrosis Progression in Ldlr-/-.Leiden Mice. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:1513-1532. [PMID: 30556039 PMCID: PMC6287481 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns have been raised about whether preclinical models sufficiently mimic molecular disease processes observed in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients, bringing into question their translational value in studies of therapeutic interventions in the process of NASH/fibrosis. We investigated the representation of molecular disease patterns characteristic for human NASH in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice and studied the effects of obeticholic acid (OCA) on these disease profiles. Multiplatform serum metabolomic profiles and genome-wide liver transcriptome from HFD-fed Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice were compared with those of NASH patients. Mice were profiled at the stage of mild (24 weeks HFD) and severe (34 weeks HFD) fibrosis, and after OCA intervention (24-34 weeks; 10 mg/kg/day). Effects of OCA were analyzed histologically, biochemically, by immunohistochemistry, using deuterated water technology (de novo collagen formation), and by its effect on the human-based transcriptomics and metabolomics signatures. The transcriptomics and metabolomics profile of Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice largely reflected the molecular signature of NASH patients. OCA modulated the expression of these molecular profiles and quenched specific proinflammatory-profibrotic pathways. OCA attenuated specific facets of cellular inflammation in liver (F4/80-positive cells) and reduced crown-like structures in adipose tissue. OCA reduced de novo collagen formation and attenuated further progression of liver fibrosis, but did not reduce fibrosis below the level before intervention. Conclusion: HFD-fed Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice recapitulate molecular transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles of NASH patients, and these signatures are modulated by OCA. Intervention with OCA in developing fibrosis reduces collagen deposition and de novo synthesis but does not resolve already manifest fibrosis in the period studied. These data show that human molecular signatures can be used to evaluate the translational character of preclinical models for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine C. Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health ResearchNetherlands Organization for Applied Scientific ResearchLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems BiologyNetherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific ResearchZeistThe Netherlands
| | - Kanita Salic
- Department of Metabolic Health ResearchNetherlands Organization for Applied Scientific ResearchLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Aswin Menke
- Department of PathologyTriskelion B.V.ZeistThe Netherlands
| | - Peter Y. Wielinga
- Department of Metabolic Health ResearchNetherlands Organization for Applied Scientific ResearchLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Laurent Gole
- Computational BioImage Analysis Unit, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologySingapore
| | - Wei‐Miao Yu
- Computational BioImage Analysis Unit, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologySingapore
| | | | - Martien P.M. Caspers
- Department of Microbiology and Systems BiologyNetherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific ResearchZeistThe Netherlands
| | | | - Elsbet Pieterman
- Department of Metabolic Health ResearchNetherlands Organization for Applied Scientific ResearchLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Reinout Stoop
- Department of Metabolic Health ResearchNetherlands Organization for Applied Scientific ResearchLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Arianne van Koppen
- Department of Metabolic Health ResearchNetherlands Organization for Applied Scientific ResearchLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Anita M. van den Hoek
- Department of Metabolic Health ResearchNetherlands Organization for Applied Scientific ResearchLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Roeland Hanemaaijer
- Department of Metabolic Health ResearchNetherlands Organization for Applied Scientific ResearchLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health ResearchNetherlands Organization for Applied Scientific ResearchLeidenThe Netherlands
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9
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Bellanti F, Villani R, Facciorusso A, Vendemiale G, Serviddio G. Lipid oxidation products in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:173-185. [PMID: 28109892 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the major public health challenge for hepatologists in the twenty-first century. NAFLD comprises a histological spectrum ranging from simple steatosis or fatty liver, to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. It can be categorized into two principal phenotypes: (1) non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), and (2) non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The mechanisms of NAFLD progression consist of lipid homeostasis alterations, redox unbalance, insulin resistance, and inflammation in the liver. Even though several studies show an association between the levels of lipid oxidation products and disease state, experimental evidence suggests that compounds such as reactive aldehydes and cholesterol oxidation products, in addition to representing hallmarks of hepatic oxidative damage, may behave as active players in liver dysfunction and the development of NAFLD. This review summarizes the processes that contribute to the metabolic alterations occurring in fatty liver that produce fatty acid and cholesterol oxidation products in NAFLD, with a focus on inflammation, the control of insulin signalling, and the transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Diseases Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Rosanna Villani
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Diseases Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Antonio Facciorusso
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Diseases Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Diseases Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Diseases Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy.
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10
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Butyrate Reduces HFD-Induced Adipocyte Hypertrophy and Metabolic Risk Factors in Obese LDLr-/-.Leiden Mice. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070714. [PMID: 28686216 PMCID: PMC5537829 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) has a modulating role in obesity-induced metabolic complications like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) via the production of so-called adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. The adipokines are believed to influence other tissues and to affect insulin resistance, liver function, and to increase the risk of T2DM. In this study, we examined the impact of intervention with the short-chain fatty acid butyrate following a high-fat diet (HFD) on AT function and other metabolic risk factors associated with obesity and T2DM in mice during mid- and late life. In both mid- and late adulthood, butyrate reduced HFD-induced adipocyte hypertrophy and elevations in leptin levels, which were associated with body weight, and cholesterol and triglyceride levels. HFD feeding stimulated macrophage accumulation primarily in epididymal AT in both mid- and late life adult mice, which correlated with liver inflammation in late adulthood. In late-adult mice, butyrate diminished increased insulin levels, which were related to adipocyte size and macrophage content in epididymal AT. These results suggest that dietary butyrate supplementation is able to counteract HFD-induced detrimental changes in AT function and metabolic outcomes in late life. These changes underlie the obesity-induced elevated risk of T2DM, and therefore it is suggested that butyrate has potential to attenuate risk factors associated with obesity and T2DM.
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11
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Prolonged high-fat diet induces gradual and fat depot-specific DNA methylation changes in adult mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43261. [PMID: 28256596 PMCID: PMC5335669 DOI: 10.1038/srep43261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diets (HFD) are thought to contribute to the development of metabolism-related diseases. The long-term impact of HFD may be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, and indeed, HFD has been reported to induce DNA methylation changes in white adipose tissue (WAT) near metabolism related genes. However, previous studies were limited to a single WAT depot, a single time-point and primarily examined the pre-pubertal period. To define dynamic DNA methylation patterns specific for WAT depots, we investigated DNA methylation of Pparg2 and Leptin in gonadal adipose tissue (GAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), at baseline and after 6, 12 and 24 weeks of HFD exposure in adult mice. HFD induced hypermethylation of both the Leptin promoter (max. 19.6% at week 24, P = 2.6·10−3) and the Pparg2 promoter in GAT (max. 10.5% at week 12, P = 0.001). The differential methylation was independent of immune cell infiltration upon HFD exposure. In contrast, no differential methylation in the Pparg2 and Leptin promoter was observed in SAT. Leptin and Pparg2 DNA methylation were correlated with gene expression in GAT. Our study shows that prolonged exposure to HFD in adulthood is associated with a gradually increasing DNA methylation level at the Leptin and Pparg2 promoters in a depot-specific manner.
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12
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Mulder P, Morrison MC, Verschuren L, Liang W, van Bockel JH, Kooistra T, Wielinga PY, Kleemann R. Reduction of obesity-associated white adipose tissue inflammation by rosiglitazone is associated with reduced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in LDLr-deficient mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31542. [PMID: 27545964 PMCID: PMC4992869 DOI: 10.1038/srep31542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation that drives the development of metabolic diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We recently showed that white adipose tissue (WAT) constitutes an important source of inflammatory factors. Hence, interventions that attenuate WAT inflammation may reduce NAFLD development. Male LDLr-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 9 weeks followed by 7 weeks of HFD with or without rosiglitazone. Effects on WAT inflammation and NAFLD development were analyzed using biochemical and (immuno)histochemical techniques, combined with gene expression analyses. Nine weeks of HFD feeding induced obesity and WAT inflammation, which progressed gradually until the end of the study. Rosiglitazone fully blocked progression of WAT inflammation and activated PPARγ significantly in WAT. Rosiglitazone intervention did not activate PPARγ in liver, but improved liver histology and counteracted the expression of genes associated with severe NAFLD in humans. Rosiglitazone reduced expression of pro-inflammatory factors in WAT (TNF-α, leptin) and increased expression of adiponectin, which was reflected in plasma. Furthermore, rosiglitazone lowered circulating levels of pro-inflammatory saturated fatty acids. Together, these observations provide a rationale for the observed indirect hepatoprotective effects and suggest that WAT represents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity-associated NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mulder
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martine C Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3704 HE, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Wen Liang
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Hajo van Bockel
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Teake Kooistra
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Y Wielinga
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Fibrinogen and the Severity of Coronary Atherosclerosis among Adults with and without Statin Treatment: Lipid as a mediator. Heart Lung Circ 2016; 25:558-67. [PMID: 26839166 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Intervention with a caspase-1 inhibitor reduces obesity-associated hyperinsulinemia, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrosis in LDLR-/-.Leiden mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1416-23. [PMID: 27121255 PMCID: PMC5022108 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a serious liver condition, closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Recent studies have suggested an important role for inflammasome/caspase-1 in the development of NASH, but the potential therapeutic value of caspase-1 inhibition remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of caspase-1 inhibition in the ongoing disease process, to mimic the clinical setting. Subjects/Methods: To investigate effects of caspase-1 inhibition under therapeutic conditions, male LDLR−/−.Leiden mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 9 weeks to induce a pre-diabetic state before start of treatment. Mice were then continued on HFD for another 12 weeks, without (HFD) or with (HFD-YVAD) treatment with the caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk (40 mg kg−1 per day). Results: Nine weeks of HFD feeding resulted in an obese phenotype, with obesity-associated hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Treatment with Ac-YVAD-cmk did not affect further body weight gain or dyslipidemia, but did attenuate further progression of insulin resistance. Histopathological analysis of livers clearly demonstrated prevention of NASH development in HFD-YVAD mice: livers were less steatotic and neutrophil infiltration was strongly reduced. In addition, caspase-1 inhibition had a profound effect on hepatic fibrosis, as assessed by histological quantification of collagen staining and gene expression analysis of fibrosis-associated genes Col1a1, Acta2 and Tnfa. Conclusions: Intervention with a caspase-1 inhibitor attenuated the development of NASH, liver fibrosis and insulin resistance. Our data support the importance of inflammasome/caspase-1 in the development of NASH and demonstrate that therapeutic intervention in the already ongoing disease process is feasible.
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15
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van der Heijden RA, Sheedfar F, Morrison MC, Hommelberg PPH, Kor D, Kloosterhuis NJ, Gruben N, Youssef SA, de Bruin A, Hofker MH, Kleemann R, Koonen DPY, Heeringa P. High-fat diet induced obesity primes inflammation in adipose tissue prior to liver in C57BL/6j mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:256-68. [PMID: 25979814 PMCID: PMC4429090 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic inflammation in adipose tissue and the liver is frequently observed as a result of diet-induced obesity in human and rodent studies. Although the adipose tissue and the liver are both prone to become chronically inflamed with prolonged obesity, their individual contribution to the development of metabolic inflammation remains speculative. Thus, we aimed to elucidate the sequence of inflammatory events in adipose and hepatic tissues to determine their contribution to the development of metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) in diet-induced obesity. To confirm our hypothesis that adipose tissue (AT) inflammation is initiated prior to hepatic inflammation, C57BL/6J male mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD; 10% kcal fat) or high-fat diet (HFD; 45% kcal fat) for either 24, 40 or 52 weeks. Lipid accumulation and inflammation was measured in AT and liver. Glucose tolerance was assessed and plasma levels of glucose, insulin, leptin and adiponectin were measured at various time points throughout the study. With HFD, C57BL/6j mice developed a progressive obese phenotype, accompanied by IR at 24 and 40 weeks of HFD, but IR was attenuated after 52 weeks of HFD. AT inflammation was present after 24 weeks of HFD, as indicated by the increased presence of crown-like structures and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes Tnf, Il1β, Mcp1 and F4/80. As hepatic inflammation was not detected until 40 weeks of HFD, we show that AT inflammation is established prior to the development of hepatic inflammation. Thus, AT inflammation is likely to have a greater contribution to the development of IR compared to hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel A van der Heijden
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Section Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fareeba Sheedfar
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine C Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal P H Hommelberg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Kor
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Section Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels J Kloosterhuis
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda Gruben
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sameh A Youssef
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marten H Hofker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Section Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Debby P Y Koonen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Heeringa
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Section Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Mulder P, Morrison MC, Wielinga PY, van Duyvenvoorde W, Kooistra T, Kleemann R. Surgical removal of inflamed epididymal white adipose tissue attenuates the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:675-84. [PMID: 26499443 PMCID: PMC4827008 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with abdominal obesity. Growing evidence suggests that inflammation in specific depots of white adipose tissue (WAT) has a key role in NAFLD progression, but experimental evidence for a causal role of WAT is lacking. Methods: A time-course study in C57BL/6J mice was performed to establish which WAT depot is most susceptible to develop inflammation during high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Crown-like structures (CLS) were quantified in epididymal (eWAT), mesenteric (mWAT) and inguinal/subcutaneous (iWAT) WAT. The contribution of inflamed WAT to NAFLD progression was investigated by surgical removal of a selected WAT depot and compared with sham surgery. Plasma markers were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cytokines/adipokines) and lipidomics (lipids). Results: In eWAT, CLS were formed already after 12 weeks of HFD, which coincided with maximal adipocyte size and fat depot mass, and preceded establishment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). By contrast, the number of CLS were low in mWAT and iWAT. Removal of inflamed eWAT after 12 weeks (eWATx group), followed by another 12 weeks of HFD feeding, resulted in significantly reduced NASH in eWATx. Inflammatory cell aggregates (−40% P<0.05) and inflammatory genes (e.g., TNFα, −37% P<0.05) were attenuated in livers of eWATx mice, whereas steatosis was not affected. Concomitantly, plasma concentrations of circulating proinflammatory mediators, viz. leptin and specific saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, were also reduced in the eWATx group. Conclusions: Intervention in NAFLD progression by removal of inflamed eWAT attenuates the development of NASH and reduces plasma levels of specific inflammatory mediators (cytokines and lipids). These data support the hypothesis that eWAT is causally involved in the pathogenesis of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mulder
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M C Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P Y Wielinga
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W van Duyvenvoorde
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T Kooistra
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Peng B, Liu F, Han R, Luo G, Cathopoulis T, Lu K, Li X, Yang L, Liu GY, Cai JC, Shi SL. Dynamic metabolic change is indicative of inflammation-induced transformation of hepatic cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015. [PMID: 26205150 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The observation that prolonged inflammation plays a causative role in cancer development has been well documented. However, an incremental process that leads from healthy to malignant phenotypes has not yet been described. Experimentally induced hepatocellular carcinoma is considered one of the representative laboratory models for studying this process. Hepatic exposure to viral infection or toxic reagents leads to chronic inflammation and gradual transformation into hepatocellular carcinoma. Here we present metabolomic profiles of hepatic cells at different stages during inflammation-induced cellular transformation by N-nitrosodiethylamine. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we quantitatively assessed the changes in cellular metabolites during the transformation process in hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Further pathway analysis of the differentially expressed metabolites showed that carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism were greatly altered in hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, respectively. Additionally, the enhanced inflammation in cirrhosis was associated with a shift from carbohydrate metabolism to lipid and amino acid metabolism. Among the differentially expressed metabolites found in diseased mouse livers, d-glucose and d-mannitol showed the most significant changes, highlighting them as potential early-diagnostic biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma development. Taken together, these investigations into the dynamic metabolic changes that occur during the precancerous stages of hepatocellular carcinoma add to and refine understanding of how chronic inflammation ultimately leads to cancer. Furthermore, the findings set the stage for identifying metabolites that may serve as early-diagnostic indicators of these unfolding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University/Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720-8197, USA
| | - Fan Liu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, PR China; Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University/Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Rong Han
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University/Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - George Luo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Terry Cathopoulis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University/Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University/Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University/Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Guo-Yan Liu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, PR China
| | - Jian-Chun Cai
- Zhongshan Hospital, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, PR China.
| | - Song-Lin Shi
- Zhongshan Hospital, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, PR China; Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University/Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
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18
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Morrison MC, Kleemann R. Role of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Obesity, Insulin Resistance, Type 2 Diabetes, and Associated Hepatic Co-Morbidities: A Comprehensive Review of Human and Rodent Studies. Front Immunol 2015; 6:308. [PMID: 26124760 PMCID: PMC4467247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a chronic low-grade inflammatory state that drives the development of obesity-related co-morbidities such as insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular disease. This metabolic inflammation is thought to originate in the adipose tissue, which becomes inflamed and insulin resistant when it is no longer able to expand in response to excess caloric and nutrient intake. The production of inflammatory mediators by dysfunctional adipose tissue is thought to drive the development of more complex forms of disease such as type 2 diabetes and NAFLD. An important factor that may contribute to metabolic inflammation is the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Increasing evidence suggests that MIF is released by adipose tissue in obesity and that it is also involved in metabolic and inflammatory processes that underlie the development of obesity-related pathologies. This review provides a comprehensive summary of our current knowledge on the role of MIF in obesity, its production by adipose tissue, and its involvement in the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and NAFLD. We discuss the main findings from recent clinical studies in obese subjects and weight-loss intervention studies as well as results from clinical studies in patients with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, we summarize findings from experimental disease models studying the contribution of MIF in obesity and insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and hepatic lipid accumulation and fibrosis. Although many of the findings support a pro-inflammatory role of MIF in disease development, recent reports also provide indications that MIF may exert protective effects under certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine C Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) , Leiden , Netherlands ; Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University , Wageningen , Netherlands
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Liang W, Lindeman JH, Menke AL, Koonen DP, Morrison M, Havekes LM, van den Hoek AM, Kleemann R. Metabolically induced liver inflammation leads to NASH and differs from LPS- or IL-1β-induced chronic inflammation. J Transl Med 2014; 94:491-502. [PMID: 24566933 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of the chronic inflammatory component that drives the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is unclear and possible inflammatory triggers have not been investigated systematically. We examined the effect of non-metabolic triggers (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), administered by slow-release minipumps) and metabolic dietary triggers (carbohydrate, cholesterol) of inflammation on the progression of bland liver steatosis (BS) to NASH. Transgenic APOE3*Leiden.huCETP (APOE3L.CETP) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) developed BS after 10 weeks. Then, inflammatory triggers were superimposed or not (control) for six more weeks. Mouse livers were analyzed with particular emphasis on hallmarks of inflammation which were defined in human liver biopsies with and without NASH. Livers of HFD-treated control mice remained steatotic and did not progress to NASH. All four inflammatory triggers activated hepatic nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) significantly and comparably (≥5-fold). However, HFD+LPS or HFD+IL-1β did not induce a NASH-like phenotype and caused intrahepatic accumulation of almost exclusively mononuclear cells. By contrast, mice treated with metabolic triggers developed NASH, characterized by enhanced steatosis, hepatocellular hypertrophy, and formation of mixed-type inflammatory foci containing myeloperoxidase-positive granulocytes (neutrophils) as well as mononuclear cells, essentially as observed in human NASH. Specific for the metabolic inducers was an activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1), neutrophil infiltration, and induction of risk factors associated with human NASH, that is, dyslipidemia (by cholesterol) and insulin resistance (by carbohydrate). In conclusion, HFD feeding followed by NF-κB activation per se (LPS, IL-1β) does not promote the transition from BS to NASH. HFD feeding followed by metabolically evoked inflammation induces additional inflammatory components (neutrophils, AP-1 pathway) and causes NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liang
- 1] The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, The Netherlands [2] Departments of Endocrinology and Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H Lindeman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Debby P Koonen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Morrison
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- 1] The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, The Netherlands [2] Departments of Endocrinology and Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anita M van den Hoek
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- 1] The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, The Netherlands [2] Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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