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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Miao W, Ai J, Li J, Peng S, Li S, Ye L, Zeng R, Shi X, Ma J, Lin Y, Kuang W, Cui R. Multi-omics analysis revealed that the protein kinase MoKin1 affected the cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:449. [PMID: 38714914 PMCID: PMC11077741 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that protein kinase MoKin1 played an important role in the growth, conidiation, germination and pathogenicity in rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. ΔMokin1 mutant showed significant phenotypic defects and significantly reduced pathogenicity. However, the internal mechanism of how MoKin1 affected the development of physiology and biochemistry remained unclear in M. oryzae. RESULT This study adopted a multi-omics approach to comprehensively analyze MoKin1 function, and the results showed that MoKin1 affected the cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress). Proteomic analysis revealed that the downregulated proteins in ΔMokin1 mutant were enriched mainly in the response to ER stress triggered by the unfolded protein. Loss of MoKin1 prevented the ER stress signal from reaching the nucleus. Therefore, the phosphorylation of various proteins regulating the transcription of ER stress-related genes and mRNA translation was significantly downregulated. The insensitivity to ER stress led to metabolic disorders, resulting in a significant shortage of carbohydrates and a low energy supply, which also resulted in severe phenotypic defects in ΔMokin1 mutant. Analysis of MoKin1-interacting proteins indicated that MoKin1 really took participate in the response to ER stress. CONCLUSION Our results showed the important role of protein kinase MoKin1 in regulating cellular response to ER stress, providing a new research direction to reveal the mechanism of MoKin1 affecting pathogenic formation, and to provide theoretical support for the new biological target sites searching and bio-pesticides developing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhu Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yankun Liu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenjing Miao
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jingyu Ai
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jingling Li
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Song Peng
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Songyan Li
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lifang Ye
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xugen Shi
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jian Ma
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yachun Lin
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Weigang Kuang
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Ruqiang Cui
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.
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2
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Das J, Ghosh S, Tyagi K, Sahoo D, Jha G. Methionine biosynthetic genes and methionine sulfoxide reductase A are required for Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA to cause sheath blight disease in rice. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14441. [PMID: 38568774 PMCID: PMC10990046 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a polyphagous necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes sheath blight disease in rice. It deploys effector molecules as well as carbohydrate-active enzymes and enhances the production of reactive oxygen species for killing host tissues. Understanding R. solani ability to sustain growth under an oxidative-stress-enriched environment is important for developing disease control strategies. Here, we demonstrate that R. solani upregulates methionine biosynthetic genes, including Rs_MET13 during infection in rice, and double-stranded RNA-mediated silencing of these genes impairs the pathogen's ability to cause disease. Exogenous treatment with methionine restores the disease-causing ability of Rs_MET13-silenced R. solani and facilitates its growth on 10 mM H2O2-containing minimal-media. Notably, the Rs_MsrA gene that encodes methionine sulfoxide reductase A, an antioxidant enzyme involved in the repair of oxidative damage of methionine, is upregulated upon H2O2 treatment and also during infection in rice. Rs_MsrA-silenced R. solani is unable to cause disease, suggesting that it is important for the repair of oxidative damage in methionine during host colonization. We propose that spray-induced gene silencing of Rs_MsrA and designing of antagonistic molecules that block MsrA activity can be exploited as a drug target for effective control of sheath blight disease in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyati Das
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali MargNew DelhiIndia
| | - Srayan Ghosh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali MargNew DelhiIndia
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversityDurhamUK
| | - Kriti Tyagi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali MargNew DelhiIndia
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali MargNew DelhiIndia
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali MargNew DelhiIndia
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3
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Yang X, Yan S, Li G, Li Y, Li J, Cui Z, Sun S, Huo J, Sun Y. Rice-Magnaporthe oryzae interactions in resistant and susceptible rice cultivars under panicle blast infection based on defense-related enzyme activities and metabolomics. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299999. [PMID: 38451992 PMCID: PMC10919634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice blast, caused by rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae), is a global threat to food security, with up to 50% yield losses. Panicle blast is a severe form of rice blast, and disease responses vary between cultivars with different genotypes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated signaling reactions and the phenylpropanoid pathway are important defense mechanisms involved in recognizing and resisting against fungal infection. To understand rice-M. oryzae interactions in resistant and susceptible cultivars, we determined dynamic changes in the activities of five defense-related enzymes in resistant cultivar jingsui 18 and susceptible cultivar jinyuan 899 infected with M. oryzae from 4 to 25 days after infection. We then performed untargeted metabolomics analyses to profile the metabolomes of the cultivars under infected and non-infected conditions. Dynamic changes in the activities of five defense-related enzymes were closely related to panicle blast resistance in rice. Metabolome data analysis identified 634 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) between resistant and susceptible cultivars following infection, potentially explaining differences in disease response between varieties. The most enriched DAMs were associated with lipids and lipid-like molecules, phenylpropanoids and polyketides, organoheterocyclic compounds, organic acids and derivatives, and lignans, neolignans, and related compounds. Multiple metabolic pathways are involved in resistance to panicle blast in rice, including biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, P.R.China
| | - Shuangyong Yan
- Institute of Crop Research, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, P.R.China
| | - Guangsheng Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, P.R.China
| | - Yuejiao Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, P.R.China
| | - Junling Li
- Institute of Crop Research, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, P.R.China
| | - Zhongqiu Cui
- Institute of Crop Research, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, P.R.China
| | - Shuqin Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, P.R.China
| | - Jianfei Huo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, P.R.China
| | - Yue Sun
- Institute of Crop Research, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, P.R.China
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4
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Santiago KAA, Wong WC, Goh YK, Tey SH, Ting ASY. Pathogenicity of monokaryotic and dikaryotic mycelia of Ganoderma boninense revealed via LC-MS-based metabolomics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5330. [PMID: 38438519 PMCID: PMC10912678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared the pathogenicity of monokaryotic (monokaryon) and dikaryotic (dikaryon) mycelia of the oil palm pathogen Ganoderma boninense via metabolomics approach. Ethyl acetate crude extracts of monokaryon and dikaryon were analysed by liquid chromatography quadrupole/time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-Q/TOF-MS) coupled with multivariate data analysis using MetaboAnalyst. The mummichog algorithm was also used to identify the functional activities of monokaryon and dikaryon without a priori identification of all their secondary metabolites. Results revealed that monokaryon produced lesser fungal metabolites than dikaryon, suggesting that monokaryon had a lower possibility of inducing plant infection. These findings were further supported by the identified functional activities. Monokaryon exhibits tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan metabolism, which are important for fungal growth and development and to produce toxin precursors. In contrast, dikaryon exhibits the metabolism of cysteine and methionine, arginine and proline, and phenylalanine, which are important for fungal growth, development, virulence, and pathogenicity. As such, monokaryon is rendered non-pathogenic as it produces growth metabolites and toxin precursors, whereas dikaryon is pathogenic as it produces metabolites that are involved in fungal growth and pathogenicity. The LC-MS-based metabolomics approach contributes significantly to our understanding of the pathogenesis of Ganoderma boninense, which is essential for disease management in oil palm plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystle Angelique A Santiago
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Wei Chee Wong
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - You Keng Goh
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Seng Heng Tey
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Adeline Su Yien Ting
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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5
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Lan J, Zhang L, Gao J, He R. TrLys9 participates in fungal development and lysine biosynthesis in Trichoderma reesei. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2023; 69:159-166. [PMID: 36805586 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungi uniquely synthesize lysine through the α-aminoadipate pathway. The saccharopine reductase ScLys9 catalyzes the formation of saccharopine from ɑ-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde, the seventh step in the lysine biosynthesis pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we characterized the functions of TrLys9, an ortholog of S. cerevisiae ScLys9 in the industrial filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. Transcriptional level analysis indicated that TrLYS9 expression was higher in the conidial stage than in other stages. Disruption of TrLYS9 led to lysine auxotrophy. Phenotype analysis of the ΔTrlys9 mutant showed that TrLYS9 was involved in fungal development including vegetative growth, conidiation, and conidial germination and lysine biosynthesis. Cellulase production was also impaired in the ΔTrlys9 mutant due to the failure of conidial germination in liquid cellulase-inducing medium. Defects in radial growth and asexual development of the ΔTrlys9 mutant were fully recovered when exogenous lysine was added to the medium. These results imply that TrLys9 is involved in fungal development and lysine biosynthesis in T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Lan
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University
| | - Ronglin He
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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6
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Cong H, Li C, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Ma D, Li L, Jiang J. The Mechanism of Transcription Factor Swi6 in Regulating Growth and Pathogenicity of Ceratocystis fimbriata: Insights from Non-Targeted Metabolomics. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2666. [PMID: 38004677 PMCID: PMC10673406 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceratocystis fimbriata (C. fimbriata) is a notorious pathogenic fungus that causes sweet potato black rot disease. The APSES transcription factor Swi6 in fungi is located downstream of the cell wall integrity (CWI)-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and has been identified to be involved in cell wall integrity and virulence in several filamentous pathogenic fungi. However, the specific mechanisms by which Swi6 regulates the growth and pathogenicity of plant pathogenic fungi remain elusive. In this study, the SWI6 deletion mutants and complemented strains of C. fimbriata were generated. Deletion of Swi6 in C. fimbriata resulted in aberrant growth patterns. Pathogenicity assays on sweet potato storage roots revealed a significant decrease in virulence in the mutant. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis using LC-MS identified a total of 692 potential differentially accumulated metabolites (PDAMs) in the ∆Cfswi6 mutant compared to the wild type, and the results of KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated significant enrichment of PDAMs within various metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, GPI-anchored protein synthesis, and ABC transporter metabolism. These metabolic pathways were believed to play a crucial role in mediating the growth and pathogenicity of C. fimbriata through the regulation of CWI. Firstly, the deletion of the SWI6 gene led to abnormal amino acid and lipid metabolism, potentially exacerbating energy storage imbalance. Secondly, significant enrichment of metabolites related to GPI-anchored protein biosynthesis implied compromised cell wall integrity. Lastly, disruption of ABC transport protein metabolism may hinder intracellular transmembrane transport. Importantly, this study represents the first investigation into the potential regulatory mechanisms of SWI6 in plant filamentous pathogenic fungi from a metabolic perspective. The findings provide novel insights into the role of SWI6 in the growth and virulence of C. fimbriata, highlighting its potential as a target for controlling this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cong
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (H.C.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Changgen Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (H.C.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yiming Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (H.C.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yongjing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (H.C.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Daifu Ma
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sweet Potato Research Institute, Xuzhou 221131, China;
| | - Lianwei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (H.C.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jihong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (H.C.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
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7
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Bi R, Li R, Xu Z, Cai H, Zhao J, Zhou Y, Wu B, Sun P, Yang W, Zheng L, Chen XL, Luo CX, Teng H, Li Q, Li G. Melatonin targets MoIcl1 and works synergistically with fungicide isoprothiolane in rice blast control. J Pineal Res 2023; 75:e12896. [PMID: 37458404 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Melatonina natural harmless molecule-displays versatile roles in human health and crop disease control such as for rice blast. Rice blast, caused by the filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is one devastating disease of rice. Application of fungicides is one of the major measures in the control of various crop diseases. However, fungicide resistance in the pathogen and relevant environmental pollution are becoming serious problems. By screening for possible synergistic combinations, here, we discovered an eco-friendly combination for rice blast control, melatonin, and the fungicide isoprothiolane. These compounds together exhibited significant synergistic inhibitory effects on vegetative growth, conidial germination, appressorium formation, penetration, and plant infection by M. oryzae. The combination of melatonin and isoprothiolane reduced the effective concentration of isoprothiolane by over 10-fold as well as residual levels of isoprothiolane. Transcriptomics and lipidomics revealed that melatonin and isoprothiolane synergistically interfered with lipid metabolism by regulating many common targets, including the predicted isocitrate lyase-encoding gene MoICL1. Furthermore, using different techniques, we show that melatonin and isoprothiolane interact with MoIcl1. This study demonstrates that melatonin and isoprothiolane function synergistically and can be used to reduce the dosage and residual level of isoprothiolane, potentially contributing to the environment-friendly and sustainable control of crop diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Bi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renjian Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyi Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanyu Cai
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Biological Resources, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaru Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bangting Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao-Xi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huailong Teng
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guotian Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Li H, Mo P, Zhang J, Xie Z, Liu X, Chen H, Yang L, Liu M, Zhang H, Wang P, Zhang Z. Methionine biosynthesis enzyme MoMet2 is required for rice blast fungus pathogenicity by promoting virulence gene expression via reducing 5mC modification. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010927. [PMID: 37733784 PMCID: PMC10547190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of fungicide resistance severely threatens crop production by limiting the availability and application of established fungicides. Therefore, it is urgent to identify new fungicidal targets for controlling plant diseases. Here, we characterized the function of a conserved homoserine O-acetyltransferase (HOA) from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae that could serve as the candidate antifungal target. Deletion of the MoMET2 and MoCYS2 genes encoding HOAs perturbed the biosynthesis of methionine and S-adenyl methionine, a methyl group donor for epigenetic modifications, and severely attenuated the development and virulence of M. oryzae. The ∆Momet2 mutant is significantly increased in 5-methylcytosine (5mC) modification that represses the expression of genes required for pathogenicity, including MoGLIK and MoCDH-CYT. We further showed that host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) targeting MoMET2 and MoCYS2 effectively controls rice blasts. Our studies revealed the importance of HOA in the development and virulence of M. oryzae, which suggests the potential feasibility of HOA as new targets for novel anti-rice blast measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengcheng Mo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuoer Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Leiyun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Escobar-Niño A, Harzen A, Stolze SC, Nakagami H, Fernández-Acero FJ. The Adaptation of Botrytis cinerea Extracellular Vesicles Proteome to Surrounding Conditions: Revealing New Tools for Its Infection Process. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:872. [PMID: 37754980 PMCID: PMC10532283 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous particles released by different organisms. EVs carry several sets of macromolecules implicated in cell communication. EVs have become a relevant topic in the study of pathogenic fungi due to their relationship with fungal-host interactions. One of the essential research areas in this field is the characterization protein profile of EVs since plant fungal pathogens rely heavily on secreted proteins to invade their hosts. However, EVs of Botrytis cinerea are little known, which is one of the most devastating phytopathogenic fungi. The present study has two main objectives: the characterization of B. cinerea EVs proteome changes under two pathogenic conditions and the description of their potential role during the infective process. All the experimental procedure was conducted in B. cinerea growing in a minimal salt medium supplemented with glucose as a constitutive stage and deproteinized tomato cell walls (TCW) as a virulence inductor. The isolation of EVs was performed by differential centrifugation, filtration, ultrafiltration, and sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation. EVs fractions were visualised by TEM using negative staining. Proteomic analysis of EVs cargo was addressed by LC-MS/MS. The methodology used allowed the correct isolation of B. cinerea EVs and the identification of a high number of EV proteins, including potential EV markers. The isolated EVs displayed differences in morphology under both assayed conditions. GO analysis of EV proteins showed enrichment in cell wall metabolism and proteolysis under TCW. KEGG analysis also showed the difference in EVs function under both conditions, highlighting the presence of potential virulence/pathogenic factors implicated in cell wall metabolism, among others. This work describes the first evidence of EVs protein cargo adaptation in B. cinerea, which seems to play an essential role in its infection process, sharing crucial functions with the conventional secretion pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Escobar-Niño
- Microbiology Laboratory, Institute for Viticulture and Agri-Food Research (IVAGRO), Faculty of Environmental and Marine Sciences, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain;
| | - Anne Harzen
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany; (A.H.); (S.C.S.); (H.N.)
| | - Sara C. Stolze
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany; (A.H.); (S.C.S.); (H.N.)
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany; (A.H.); (S.C.S.); (H.N.)
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Francisco J. Fernández-Acero
- Microbiology Laboratory, Institute for Viticulture and Agri-Food Research (IVAGRO), Faculty of Environmental and Marine Sciences, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain;
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10
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Yan X, Tang B, Ryder LS, MacLean D, Were VM, Eseola AB, Cruz-Mireles N, Ma W, Foster AJ, Osés-Ruiz M, Talbot NJ. The transcriptional landscape of plant infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae reveals distinct families of temporally co-regulated and structurally conserved effectors. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1360-1385. [PMID: 36808541 PMCID: PMC10118281 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae causes a devastating disease that threatens global rice (Oryza sativa) production. Despite intense study, the biology of plant tissue invasion during blast disease remains poorly understood. Here we report a high-resolution transcriptional profiling study of the entire plant-associated development of the blast fungus. Our analysis revealed major temporal changes in fungal gene expression during plant infection. Pathogen gene expression could be classified into 10 modules of temporally co-expressed genes, providing evidence for the induction of pronounced shifts in primary and secondary metabolism, cell signaling, and transcriptional regulation. A set of 863 genes encoding secreted proteins are differentially expressed at specific stages of infection, and 546 genes named MEP (Magnaportheeffector protein) genes were predicted to encode effectors. Computational prediction of structurally related MEPs, including the MAX effector family, revealed their temporal co-regulation in the same co-expression modules. We characterized 32 MEP genes and demonstrate that Mep effectors are predominantly targeted to the cytoplasm of rice cells via the biotrophic interfacial complex and use a common unconventional secretory pathway. Taken together, our study reveals major changes in gene expression associated with blast disease and identifies a diverse repertoire of effectors critical for successful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Bozeng Tang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Lauren S Ryder
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Dan MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vincent M Were
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alice Bisola Eseola
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Weibin Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Andrew J Foster
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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11
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Yang L, Liu X, Wang J, Li L, Feng W, Ji Z. Pyridoxine biosynthesis protein MoPdx1 affects the development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1099967. [PMID: 36824685 PMCID: PMC9941553 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1099967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
B vitamins are essential micro-organic compounds for the development of humans and animals. Vitamin B6 comprises a group of components including pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. In addition, vitamin B6 acts as the coenzymes in amino acid biosynthesis, decarboxylation, racemic reactions, and other biological processes. In this study, we found that the expressions of a gene encoding pyridoxine biosynthesis protein (PDX1) were significantly upregulated in the early infectious stages in M. oryzae. Furthermore, deletion of MoPDX1 slowed vegetative growth on different media, especially on MM media, and the growth defect was rescued when MoPdx1-protein was expressed in mutants strains and when commercial VB6 (pyridoxine) was added exogenously. However, VB6 content in different strains cultured in CM media has no significant difference, suggested that MoPdx1 was involved in de novo VB6 biosynthesis not in uptake process, and VB6 regulates the vegetative growth of M. oryzae. The ΔMopdx1 mutants presented abnormal appressorium turgor, slowed invasive growth and reduced virulence on rice seedlings and sheath cells. MoPdx1 was located in the cytoplasm and present in spore and germ tubes at 14 hours post inoculation (hpi) and then transferred into the appressorium at 24 hpi. Addition of VB6 in the conidial suspentions could rescue the defects of appressorium turgor pressure at 14 hpi or 24 hpi, invasive growth and pathogenicity of the MoPDX1 deletion mutants. Indicated that MoPdx1 affected the appressorium turgor pressure, invasive growth and virulence mainly depended on de novo VB6, and VB6 was biosynthesized in conidia, then transported into the appressorium, which play important roles in substances transportation from conidia to appressorium thus to regulate the appressorium turgor pressure. However, deletion of MoPDX1 did not affect the ability that scavenge ROS produced by rice cells, and the mutant strains were unable to activate host defense responses. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays investigating potential MoPdx1-interacting proteins suggested that MoPdx1 might take part in multiple pathways, especially in the ribosome and in biosynthesis of some substances. These results indicate that vitamins are involved in the development and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanzhen Feng
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Zhaolin Ji
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Zhaolin Ji,
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12
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Xu Z, Tong Q, Lv W, Xiao Y, Wang Z. Phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase MoPct1 is crucial for vegetative growth, conidiation, and appressorium-mediated plant infection by Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1136168. [PMID: 37213497 PMCID: PMC10196169 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1136168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) plays crucial biological roles in eukaryotic cells. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, apart from phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) methylation pathway, PC is also synthesized via CDP-choline pathway. Phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase Pct1 is the rate-limiting enzyme to catalyze the conversion from phosphocholine to CDP-choline in this pathway. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of an ortholog of the budding yeast PCT1 in Magnaporthe oryzae, named MoPCT1. Targeted gene deletion mutants of MoPCT1 were impaired in vegetative growth, conidiation, appressorium turgor accumulation and cell wall integrity. Also, the mutants were severely compromised in appressorium-mediated penetration, infectious growth and pathogenicity. Western blot analysis revealed that cell autophagy was activated by the deletion of MoPCT1 under nutrient-rich conditions. Moreover, we found several key genes in PE methylation pathway, such as MoCHO2, MoOPI3, and MoPSD2, were significantly up-regulated in the ΔMopct1 mutants, indicating that a pronounced compensation effect exists between the two PC biosynthesis pathways in M. oryzae. Interestingly, in the ΔMopct1 mutants, histone H3 was hypermethylated and expression levels of several methionine cycling-related genes were significantly up-regulated, suggesting that MoPCT1 is involved in histone H3 methylation and methionine metabolism. Taken together, we conclude that the phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase coding gene MoPCT1 plays important roles in vegetative growth, conidiation and appressorium-mediated plant infection by M. oryzae.
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Aron O, Otieno FJ, Tijjani I, Yang Z, Xu H, Weng S, Guo J, Lu S, Wang Z, Tang W. De novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis mediated by MoAde4 is required for conidiation, host colonization and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5587-5602. [PMID: 35918446 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Amidophosphoribosyltransferase catalyzes the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate into 5-phosphoribosyl-1-amine in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway. Herein, we identified and characterized the functions of MoAde4, an orthologue of yeast Ade4 in Magnaporthe oryzae. MoAde4 is a 537-amino acid protein containing GATase_6 and pribosyltran domains. MoADE4 transcripts were highly expressed during the conidiation, early-infection, and late-infection stages of the fungus. Disruption of the MoADE4 gene resulted in ΔMoade4 exhibiting adenine, adenosine, and hypoxanthine auxotrophy on minimal medium. Conidia quantification assays showed that sporulation was significantly reduced in the ΔMoade4 mutant. The conidia of ΔMoade4 could still form appressoria but mostly failed to penetrate the rice cuticle. Pathogenicity tests showed that ΔMoade4 was completely nonpathogenic on rice and barley leaves, which was attributed to restricted infectious hyphal growth within the primary cells. The ΔMoade4 mutant was defective in the induction of strong host immunity. Exogenous adenine partially rescued conidiation, infectious hyphal growth, and the pathogenicity defects of the ΔMoade4 mutant on barley and rice leaves. Taken together, our results demonstrated that purine nucleotide biosynthesis orchestrated by MoAde4 is required for fungal development and pathogenicity in M. oryzae. These findings therefore act as a suitable target for antifungal development against recalcitrant plant fungal pathogens. KEY POINTS: • MoAde4 is crucial for de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. • MoAde4 is pivotal for conidiogenesis and appressorium development of M. oryzae. • MoAde4 is involoved in the pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osakina Aron
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Frankine Jagero Otieno
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ibrahim Tijjani
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huxiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shuning Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jiayuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Songmao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, 350013, China.
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14
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Zhang P, Fang Z, Song Y, Wang S, Bao L, Liu M, Dang Y, Wei Y, Zhang SH. Aspartate Transaminase AST2 Involved in Sporulation and Necrotrophic Pathogenesis in the Hemibiotrophs Magnaporthe oryzae and Colletotrichum graminicola. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:864866. [PMID: 35479642 PMCID: PMC9037547 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.864866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspartate family includes five additional amino acids other than aspartate, among which most except aspartate have been reported for their action in pathogenesis by amino acid biosynthesis. However, how aspartate, the initial substrate of this family metabolic pathway, is involved in pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, we focused on aspartate transaminase (AST) that catalyzes transamination reaction between glutamate-aspartate in Magnaporthe oryzae. Three MoAST genes were bioinformatically analyzed, of which MoAST2 was uniquely upregulated when invasive hyphae switched to necrotrophic pathogenesis. MoAST2 deletion (ΔMoast2) caused a drastic reduction in conidiogenesis and appressorium formation. Particularly, ΔMoast2 was observed to be proliferated at the biotrophic phase but inhibited at the necrotrophic stage, and with invisible symptoms detected, suggesting a critical role in necrotrophic phase. Glutamate family restored the ΔMoast2 defects but aspartate family did not, inferring that transamination occurs from aspartate to glutamine. MoAST2 is cytosolic and possessed H2O2 stress tolerance. In parallel, Colletotrichum graminicola AST2, CgAST2 was proven to be a player in necrotrophic anthracnose development. Therefore, conserved AST2 is qualified to be a drug target for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenyu Fang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanyue Song
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lina Bao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyu Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuejia Dang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shi-Hong Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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15
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Trehalose Phosphate Synthase Complex-Mediated Regulation of Trehalose 6-Phosphate Homeostasis Is Critical for Development and Pathogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae. mSystems 2021; 6:e0046221. [PMID: 34609170 PMCID: PMC8547450 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00462-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose biosynthesis pathway is a potential target for antifungal drug development, and trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) accumulation is widely known to have toxic effects on cells. However, how organisms maintain a safe T6P level and cope with its cytotoxicity effects when accumulated have not been reported. Herein, we unveil the mechanism by which the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae avoids T6P accumulation and the genetic and physiological adjustments it undergoes to self-adjust the metabolite level when it is unavoidably accumulated. We found that T6P accumulation leads to defects in fugal development and pathogenicity. The accumulated T6P impairs cell wall assembly by disrupting actin organization. The disorganization of actin impairs the distribution of chitin synthases, thereby disrupting cell wall polymer distribution. Additionally, accumulation of T6P compromise energy metabolism. M. oryzae was able to overcome the effects of T6P accumulation by self-mutation of its MoTPS3 gene at two different mutation sites. We further show that mutation of MoTPS3 suppresses MoTps1 activity to reduce the intracellular level of T6P and partially restore ΔMotps2 defects. Overall, our results provide insights into the cytotoxicity effects of T6P accumulation and uncover a spontaneous mutation strategy to rebalance accumulated T6P in M. oryzae. IMPORTANCEM. oryzae, the causative agent of the rice blast disease, threatens rice production worldwide. Our results revealed that T6P accumulation, caused by the disruption of MoTPS2, has toxic effects on fugal development and pathogenesis in M. oryzae. The accumulated T6P impairs the distribution of cell wall polymers via actin organization and therefore disrupts cell wall structure. M. oryzae uses a spontaneous mutation to restore T6P cytotoxicity. Seven spontaneous mutation sites were found, and a mutation in MoTPS3 was further identified. The spontaneous mutation in MoTPS3 can partially rescue ΔMotps2 defects by suppressing MoTps1 activity to alleviate T6P cytotoxicity. This study provides clear evidence for better understanding of T6P cytotoxicity and how the fungus protects itself from T6P’s toxic effects when it has accumulated to severely high levels.
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16
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Chen Y, Zhang Z, Li B, Tian S. PeMetR-mediated sulfur assimilation is essential for virulence and patulin biosynthesis in Penicillium expansum. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5555-5568. [PMID: 34347341 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium expansum, as the causal agent of blue mould and a main producer of mycotoxin patulin, is a global concern for economic and food safety. To date, the nutritional requirements of the pathogen during infection and patulin biosynthesis are poorly understood. Here, we genetically characterized the role of the bZIP transcription factor PeMetR in sulfur metabolism, virulence and patulin biosynthesis of P. expansum. The PeMetR regulator is crucial for normal germination and growth on inorganic S-sources but dispensable for utilization of organic S-sources. Accordingly, it is involved in regulating the expression of genes in sulfur assimilation pathway rather than methionine metabolic processes. Disruption of PeMetR resulted in a complete loss of virulence on various fruits. Additionally, the mutant showed a remarkably reduced ability to produce patulin. Exogenous methionine could partially or completely rescue the impaired phenotypes of the mutant. Inactivation of the sulfur assimilation pathway genes, PesA, PesB, PesC, PesF, generated growth, virulence and patulin production defects similar to those of ΔPeMetR. Overall, our study provides evidence that PeMetR-mediated sulfur assimilation is essential for growth and infection and shows for the first time that regulation of sulfur assimilation affects biosynthesis of an important mycotoxin patulin in P. expansum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhanquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, China.,The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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17
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Aron O, Wang M, Mabeche AW, Wajjiha B, Li M, Yang S, You H, Cai Y, Zhang T, Li Y, Wang B, Zhang D, Wang Z, Tang W. MoCpa1-mediated arginine biosynthesis is crucial for fungal growth, conidiation, and plant infection of Magnaporthe oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5915-5929. [PMID: 34292355 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Arginine is an important amino acid involved in processes such as cell signal transduction, protein synthesis, and sexual reproduction. To understand the biological roles of arginine biosynthesis in pathogenic fungi, we used Cpa1, the carbamoyl phosphate synthase arginine-specific small chain subunit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a query to identify its ortholog in the Magnaporthe oryzae genome and named it MoCpa1. MoCpa1 is a 471-amino acid protein containing a CPSase_sm_chain domain and a GATase domain. MoCpa1 transcripts were highly expressed at the conidiation, early-infection, and late-infection stages of the fungus. Targeted deletion of the MoCPA1 gene resulted in a ΔMocpa1 mutant exhibiting arginine auxotrophy on minimum culture medium (MM), confirming its role in de novo arginine biosynthesis. The ΔMocpa1 mutant presented significantly decreased sporulation with some of its conidia being defective in morphology. Furthermore, the ΔMocpa1 mutant was nonpathogenic on rice and barley leaves, which was a result of defects in appressorium-mediated penetration and restricted invasive hyphal growth within host cells. Addition of exogenous arginine partially rescued conidiation and pathogenicity defects on the barley and rice leaves, while introduction of the MoCPA1 gene into the ΔMocpa1 mutant fully complemented the lost phenotype. Further confocal microscopy examination revealed that MoCpa1 is localized in the mitochondria. In summary, our results demonstrate that MoCpa1-mediated arginine biosynthesis is crucial for fungal development, conidiation, appressorium formation, and infection-related morphogenesis in M. oryzae, thus serving as an attractive target for mitigating obstinate fungal plant pathogens. KEY POINTS: • MoCpa1 is important for aerial hyphal growth and arginine biosynthesis. • MoCpa1 is pivotal for conidial morphogenesis and appressorium formation. • MoCpa1 is crucial for full virulence in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osakina Aron
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Anjago Wilfred Mabeche
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Batool Wajjiha
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Meiqin Li
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Haixia You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yunxi Li
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Baohua Wang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Wei Tang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Aron O, Wang M, Lin L, Batool W, Lin B, Shabbir A, Wang Z, Tang W. MoGLN2 Is Important for Vegetative Growth, Conidiogenesis, Maintenance of Cell Wall Integrity and Pathogenesis of Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:463. [PMID: 34201222 PMCID: PMC8229676 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid that acts as a principal source of nitrogen and nucleic acid biosynthesis in living organisms. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, glutamine synthetase catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine. To determine the role of glutamine synthetase in the development and pathogenicity of plant fungal pathogens, we used S. cerevisiae Gln1 amino acid sequence to identify its orthologs in Magnaporthe oryzae and named them MoGln1, MoGln2, and MoGln3. Deletion of MoGLN1 and MoGLN3 showed that they are not involved in the development and pathogenesis of M. oryzae. Conversely, ΔMogln2 was reduced in vegetative growth, experienced attenuated growth on Minimal Medium (MM), and exhibited hyphal autolysis on oatmeal and straw decoction and corn media. Exogenous l-glutamine rescued the growth of ΔMogln2 on MM. The ΔMogln2 mutant failed to produce spores and was nonpathogenic on barley leaves, as it was unable to form an appressorium-like structure from its hyphal tips. Furthermore, deletion of MoGLN2 altered the fungal cell wall integrity, with the ΔMogln2 mutant being hypersensitive to H2O2. MoGln1, MoGln2, and MoGln3 are located in the cytoplasm. Taken together, our results shows that MoGLN2 is important for vegetative growth, conidiation, appressorium formation, maintenance of cell wall integrity, oxidative stress tolerance and pathogenesis of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osakina Aron
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (O.A.); (L.L.); (W.B.); (A.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Lianyu Lin
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (O.A.); (L.L.); (W.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Wajjiha Batool
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (O.A.); (L.L.); (W.B.); (A.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Birong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Ammarah Shabbir
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (O.A.); (L.L.); (W.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (O.A.); (L.L.); (W.B.); (A.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.W.); (B.L.)
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (O.A.); (L.L.); (W.B.); (A.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.W.); (B.L.)
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Höfer AM, Harting R, Aßmann NF, Gerke J, Schmitt K, Starke J, Bayram Ö, Tran VT, Valerius O, Braus-Stromeyer SA, Braus GH. The velvet protein Vel1 controls initial plant root colonization and conidia formation for xylem distribution in Verticillium wilt. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009434. [PMID: 33720931 PMCID: PMC7993770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved fungal velvet family regulatory proteins link development and secondary metabolite production. The velvet domain for DNA binding and dimerization is similar to the structure of the Rel homology domain of the mammalian NF-κB transcription factor. A comprehensive study addressed the functions of all four homologs of velvet domain encoding genes in the fungal life cycle of the soil-borne plant pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae. Genetic, cell biological, proteomic and metabolomic analyses of Vel1, Vel2, Vel3 and Vos1 were combined with plant pathogenicity experiments. Different phases of fungal growth, development and pathogenicity require V. dahliae velvet proteins, including Vel1-Vel2, Vel2-Vos1 and Vel3-Vos1 heterodimers, which are already present during vegetative hyphal growth. The major novel finding of this study is that Vel1 is necessary for initial plant root colonization and together with Vel3 for propagation in planta by conidiation. Vel1 is needed for disease symptom induction in tomato. Vel1, Vel2, and Vel3 control the formation of microsclerotia in senescent plants. Vel1 is the most important among all four V. dahliae velvet proteins with a wide variety of functions during all phases of the fungal life cycle in as well as ex planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalena M. Höfer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Harting
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nils F. Aßmann
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Gerke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schmitt
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jessica Starke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Özgür Bayram
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Van-Tuan Tran
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanna A. Braus-Stromeyer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard H. Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
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Fatty Acid Synthase Beta Dehydratase in the Lipid Biosynthesis Pathway Is Required for Conidiogenesis, Pigmentation and Appressorium Formation in Magnaporthe oryzae S6. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197224. [PMID: 33007862 PMCID: PMC7582888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid biosynthesis produces glycerol, which is important in fueling turgor pressure necessary for germination and penetration of plant host by fungi. As the relationship between pathogenicity and the lipid biosynthetic pathway is not fully understood, we have elucidated the role of the fatty acid synthase beta subunit dehydratase (FAS1) gene in lipid biosynthesis. The FAS1 gene was silenced through homologous double crossover in Magnaporthe oryzae strain S6 to study the effect on lipid biosynthesis. The vegetative growth of Δfas1 mutants show the highest drop on oleic acid (between 10 and 50%), while the mycelial dry weight of mutants dropped significantly on all media. Conidiation of FAS1 mutants show a ~10- and ~5-fold reduction on oatmeal and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), respectively. Mutants formed mycelium that were mildly pigmented, indicating that the deletion of FAS1 may have affected melanin biosynthesis. Biochemical and gene expression studies concluded that the fatty acid degradation pathway might have been interrupted by FAS1 deletion. FAS1 mutants showed no enzyme activity on glucose or olive oil, suggesting that the mutants may lack functional peroxisomes and be defective in β-oxidation of fatty acids, hence explaining the reduced lipid deposits in the spores.
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21
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PoMet3 and PoMet14 associated with sulfate assimilation are essential for conidiogenesis and pathogenicity in Pyricularia oryzae. Curr Genet 2020; 66:765-774. [PMID: 32125494 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pyricularia oryzae is the causal agent of blast disease on staple gramineous crops. Sulphur is an essential element for the biosynthesis of cysteine and methionine in fungi. Here, we targeted the P. oryzae PoMET3 encoding the enzyme ATP sulfurylase, and PoMET14 encoding the APS (adenosine-5'-phosphosulphate) kinase that are involved in sulfate assimilation and sulphur-containing amino acids biosynthesis. In P. oryzae, deletion of PoMET3 or PoMET14 separately results in defects of conidiophore formation, significant impairments in conidiation, methionine and cysteine auxotrophy, limited invasive hypha extension, and remarkably reduced virulence on rice and barley. Furthermore, the defects of the null mutants could be restored by supplementing with exogenous cysteine or methionine. Our study explored the biological functions of sulfur assimilation and sulphur-containing amino acids biosynthesis in P. oryzae.
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Wei YY, Yu Q, Dong B, Zhang Y, Liu XH, Lin FC, Liang S. MoLEU1, MoLEU2, and MoLEU4 regulated by MoLEU3 are involved in leucine biosynthesis, fungal development, and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 11:784-796. [PMID: 31621205 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are vital components in cell metabolism. Leucine is a regulatory factor that generates significant impact on protein synthesis/turnover, modulates diverse cellular signalling pathways and participates in oxidative processes and immune responses. Here, we identified and characterized the functions of a leucine-associated Zn2 Cys6 -type transcription factor, MoLeu3. Disruption of MoLEU3 resulted in significantly reduced pathogenicity in barley and rice. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that the expression levels of the putative leucine biosynthesis-related genes, MoLEU1, MoLEU2 and MoLEU4 were downregulated in the ΔMoleu3 mutant. We used high-throughput gene knockout method to generate the null mutants of MoLEU1, MoLEU2 and MoLEU4 respectively. The ΔMoleu1, ΔMoleu2 and ΔMoleu4 mutants are leucine auxotroph and showed similar phenotypic characterizations, including reduced conidiation, delayed mobilization and degradation of glycogen and lipid droplets, limited appressorium-mediated penetration, and restricted invasive hyphae growth within host cells. Collectively, MoLEU1, MoLEU2, and MoLEU4 regulated by MoLEU3 play crucial roles in fungal development and infectious processes through modulation of leucine biosynthesis in Magnaporthe oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Quzhou Municipal Plant Protection and Quarantine Station, Quzhou Municipal Bureau of Agriculture, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Laboratory of Proteomic Big Data, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
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23
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Que Y, Yue X, Yang N, Xu Z, Tang S, Wang C, Lv W, Xu L, Talbot NJ, Wang Z. Leucine biosynthesis is required for infection-related morphogenesis and pathogenicity in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Curr Genet 2019; 66:155-171. [PMID: 31263943 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-01009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae causes one of the most devastating crop diseases world-wide and new control strategies for blast disease are urgently required. We have used insertional mutagenesis in M. oryzae to define biological processes that are critical for blast disease. Here, we report the identification of LEU2A by T-DNA mutagenesis, which putatively encodes 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (3-IPMDH) required for leucine biosynthesis, implicating that synthesis of this amino acid is required for fungal pathogenesis. M. oryzae contains a further predicted 3-IPMDH gene (LEU2B), two 2-isopropylmalate synthase (2-IPMS) genes (LEU4 and LEU9) and an isopropylmalate isomerase (IPMI) gene (LEU1). Targeted gene deletion mutants of LEU1, LEU2A or LEU4 are leucine auxotrophs, and severely defective in pathogenicity. All phenotypes associated with mutants lacking LEU1, LEU2A or LEU4 could be overcome by adding exogenous leucine. The expression levels of LEU1, LEU2A or LEU4 genes were significantly down-regulated by deletion of the transcription factor gene LEU3, an ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae LEU3. We also functionally characterized leucine biosynthesis genes in the wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum and found that FgLEU1, FgLEU3 and FgLEU4 are essential for wheat head blight disease, suggesting that leucine biosynthesis in filamentous fungal pathogens may be a conserved factor for fungal pathogenicity and, therefore, a potential target for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Que
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Yue
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuyun Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Zhengyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Yang L, Ru Y, Cai X, Yin Z, Liu X, Xiao Y, Zhang H, Zheng X, Wang P, Zhang Z. MoImd4 mediates crosstalk between MoPdeH-cAMP signalling and purine metabolism to govern growth and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:500-518. [PMID: 30426699 PMCID: PMC6422694 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The high-affinity cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase MoPdeH is important not only for cAMP signalling and pathogenicity, but also for cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. To explore the underlying mechanism, we identified MoImd4 as an inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) homologue that interacts with MoPdeH. Targeted deletion of MoIMD4 resulted in reduced de novo purine biosynthesis and growth, as well as attenuated pathogenicity, which were suppressed by exogenous xanthosine monophosphate (XMP). Treatment with mycophenolic acid (MPA), which specifically inhibits MoImd4 activity, resulted in reduced growth and virulence attenuation. Intriguingly, further analysis showed that MoImd4 promotes the phosphodiesterase activity of MoPdeH, thereby decreasing intracellular cAMP levels, and MoPdeH also promotes the IMPDH activity of MoImd4. Our studies revealed the presence of a novel crosstalk between cAMP regulation and purine biosynthesis in M. oryzae, and indicated that such a link is also important in the pathogenesis of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Yanyan Ru
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Xingjia Cai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Ziyi Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Yuhan Xiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Ping Wang
- Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology, Immunology, and ParasitologyLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLA70112USA
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
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Li Y, Li H, Li YF, Zhao J, Guo J, Wang R, Li B, Zhang Z, Gao Y. Evidence for molecular antagonistic mechanism between mercury and selenium in rice (Oryza sativa L.): A combined study using 1, 2-dimensional electrophoresis and SR-XRF techniques. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 50:435-440. [PMID: 29066364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a hazardous chemical in the environment and can accumulate in the food chain. Selenium (Se) is a necessary element for human health and has antagonistic effects on Hg toxicity. In this work, we investigated the effect of Se on Hg containing and Hg-responsive proteins in rice using 1, 2-dimensional electrophoresis combined with SR-XRF techniques. Two weeks old rice seedlings were exposed to Hg and/or Se compounds. After 21days proteins in the rice roots were separated by electrophoresis and their metal contents were determined by X-ray fluorescence to identify Hg and Se responsive biomolecules. The results show that under Hg stress alone Hg is bound to proteins with molecular weights of 15-25kDa. With the addition of Se, a new Hg-containing protein band in the 55-70kDa range was also found, while the content of Hg in the 15-25kDa proteins decreased. Ten and nine new protein spots were identified after adding Se to inorganic Hg and methylmercury exposed roots, respectively. Adding Se regulates the abundance of proteins associated with carbohydrate and energy metabolism, stress response, cell cycle, and DNA replication indicating that these proteins mediate the antagonism of Se against Hg toxicity. This study helps us to better understand the molecular mechanism of Hg tolerance as well as the molecular antagonism between Hg and Se in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China; College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Jiating Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China.
| | - Jingxia Guo
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Ru Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Bai Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Yuxi Gao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China.
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Liu T, Zou LJ, Tian DW, Can QY, Zhu ML, Mo MH, Zhang KQ. Proteomic changes in Arthrobotrys oligospora conidia in response to benzaldehyde-induced fungistatic stress. J Proteomics 2018; 192:358-365. [PMID: 30282050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Soil fungistasis limits the effect of fungal agents designed to control plant-parasitic nematodes. Benzaldehyde is a fungistatic factor produced by soil microorganisms that can suppress conidial germination, but the molecular mechanism of this suppression is unknown. In this study, three conidial proteomes of Arthrobotrys oligospora ATCC24927, a nematode-trapping fungus, were obtained, quantified, and compared. Under benzaldehyde fungistatic stress, conidial protein expression profile changed significantly. Screening with a twofold selection criterion revealed 164 up-regulated and 110 down-regulated proteins. 17 proteins related to protein translation were down-regulated and gene transcription analysis suggested that the repression of proteins translation might be one mechanism by which benzaldehyde inhibites conidial germination. Benzaldehyde also resulted in the down-regulation of respiratory chain proteins and mitochondrial processes, as well as the repression of conidial DNA synthesis. In addition, the conidia up-regulated several proteins that enable it to resist benzaldehyde-induced fungistatis, and this was confirmed by a functional assessment of two knockout mutants. This study reveals putative mechanisms by which benzaldehyde causes fungistasis as well as the proteomic response of conidia to benzaldehyde. SIGNIFICANCE: Soil fungistasis limits the effect of fungal agents designed to control plant-parasitic nematodes. Benzaldehyde is one of fungistatic factors produced by soil microorganisms that can suppress conidial germination. In this study, we found that conidial protein expression profile changed significantly under benzaldehyde fungistatic stress. This research revealed new mechanistic data that describe how benzaldehyde is responsible for fungiststis by inhibiting conidial germination. Moreover, we also found that conidia can resist benzaldehyde by up-regulating proteins such as benzaldehyde dehydrogenase and heat shock proteins. This study also showed that proteomics methods play important roles in addressing soil fungistatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Li-Juan Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Dong-Wei Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Qi-Yan Can
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Ming-Liang Zhu
- Yunnan of China National Tobacco Corporation, Kunming 650202, PR China
| | - Ming-He Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol of Plant Disease & Pest, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
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Quantitative proteomics revealed partial fungistatic mechanism of ammonia against conidial germination of nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora ATCC24927. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 98:104-112. [PMID: 29544894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia is one of the fungistatic factors in soil that can suppress conidial germination, but the molecular mechanism underlying the suppression is unknown. In this study, the proteomes of fungistatic conidia, fresh conidia and germinated conidia of Arthrobotrys oligospora ATCC24927 were determined and quantified. The protein expression profile of fungistatic conidia was significantly different from those in the other two conditions. 281 proteins were down expressed in fungistatic conidia and characterized by GO annotation. Gene transcription analysis and inhibition of puromycin (a protein translation inhibitor) on conidial germination suggested that down expression of 33 protein translation related proteins might well result in repression of protein synthesis and inhibition of conidial germination. In addition, 16 down-expressed proteins were mapped to the Ras/mitogen-activated protein (Ras/MAP) regulatory networks which regulate conidial DNA synthesis. The conidial DNA synthesis was found to be definitely inhibited under by ammonia, and function studies of two Ras/MAP proteins by using knock-out strains provided partial evidence that Ras/MAP pathway regulate the conidial germination. These results suggested that down-expression of Ras/MAP related proteins might result in inhibition of DNA synthesis and finally result in inhibition conidial germination. This study revealed partial fungistatic mechanism of ammonia against conidial germination.
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Zhou W, Shi W, Xu X, Li Z, Yin C, Peng J, Pan S, Chen X, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Yang J, Peng Y. Glutamate synthase MoGlt1-mediated glutamate homeostasis is important for autophagy, virulence and conidiation in the rice blast fungus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:564-578. [PMID: 28142220 PMCID: PMC6638184 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate homeostasis plays a vital role in central nitrogen metabolism and coordinates several key metabolic functions. However, its function in fungal pathogenesis and development has not been investigated in detail. In this study, we identified and characterized a glutamate synthase gene MoGLT1 in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae that was important to glutamate homeostasis. MoGLT1 was constitutively expressed, but showed the highest expression level in appressoria. Deletion of MoGLT1 resulted in a significant reduction in conidiation and virulence. The ΔMoglt1 mutants were defective in appressorial penetration and the differentiation and spread of invasive hyphae in penetrated plant cells. The addition of exogenous glutamic acid partially rescued the defects of the ΔMoglt1 mutants in conidiation and plant infection. Assays for MoAtg8 expression and localization showed that the ΔMoglt1 mutants were defective in autophagy. The ΔMoglt1 mutants were delayed in the mobilization of glycogens and lipid bodies from conidia to developing appressoria. Taken together, our results show that glutamate synthase MoGlt1-mediated glutamate homeostasis is important for pathogenesis and development in the rice blast fungus, possibly via the regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- School of Food ScienceHenan Institute of Science and TechnologyXinxiangHenan453003China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Xiao‐Wen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhi‐Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Chang‐Fa Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jun‐Bo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Song Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Xiao‐Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Wen‐Sheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - You‐Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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Cai X, Zhang X, Li X, Liu M, Liu X, Wang X, Zhang H, Zheng X, Zhang Z. The Atypical Guanylate Kinase MoGuk2 Plays Important Roles in Asexual/Sexual Development, Conidial Septation, and Pathogenicity in the Rice Blast Fungus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2467. [PMID: 29321770 PMCID: PMC5732230 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanylate kinases (GKs), which convert guanosine monophosphate into guanosine diphosphate (GDP), are important for growth and mannose outer chain elongation of cell wall N-linked glycoproteins in yeast. Here, we identified the ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae GK Guk1, named MoGuk1 and a novel family of fungal GKs MoGuk2 in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. MoGuk1 contains 242 aa with an C-terminal GuKc domain that very similar to yeast Guk1. MoGuk2 contains 810 amino acids with a C-terminal GuKc domain and an additional N-terminal efThoc1 domain. Expression of either MoGuk1 or MoGuk2 in heterozygote yeast guk1 mutant could increase its GDP level. To investigate the biological role of MoGuk1 and MoGuk2 in M. oryzae, the gene replacement vectors were constructed. We obtained the ΔMoguk2 but not ΔMoguk1 mutant by screening over 1,000 transformants, indicating MoGuk1 might be essential for M. oryzae. The ΔMoguk2 mutant showed weak reductions in vegetative growth, conidial germination, appressorial formation, and appressorial turgor, and showed significant reductions in sporulation and pathogenicity. Moreover, the ΔMoguk2 mutant failed to produce perithecia and was sensitive to neomycin and a mixture of neomycin-tunicamycin. Exogenous GDP and ATP partially rescued the defects in conidial germination, appressorial formation, and infectious growth of the mutant. Further analysis revealed that intracellular GDP and GTP level was decreased, and GMP level was increased in the mutant, suggesting that MoGuk2 exhibits enzymatic activity. Structural analysis proved that the efThoc1, GuKc, and P-loop domains are essential for the full function of MoGuk2. Taken together, our data suggest that the guanylate kinase MoGuk2 is involved in the de novo GTP biosynthesis pathway and is important for infection-related morphogenesis in the rice blast fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjia Cai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinrui Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
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Sun X, Li Z, Liu H, Yang J, Liang W, Peng YL, Huang J. Large-scale identification of lysine acetylated proteins in vegetative hyphae of the rice blast fungus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15316. [PMID: 29127393 PMCID: PMC5681509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a major post-translational modification that plays important regulatory roles in diverse biological processes to perform various cellular functions in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. However, roles of lysine acetylation in plant fungal pathogens were less studied. Here, we provided the first lysine acetylome of vegetative hyphae of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae through a combination of highly sensitive immune-affinity purification and high-resolution LC-MS/MS. This lysine acetylome had 2,720 acetylation sites in 1,269 proteins. The lysine acetylated proteins were involved indiverse cellular functions, and located in 820 nodes and 7,709 edges among the protein-protein interaction network. Several amino acid residues nearby the lysine acetylation sites were conserved, including KacR, KacK, and KacH. Importantly, dozens of lysine acetylated proteins are found to be important to vegetative hyphal growth and fungal pathogenicity. Taken together, our results provided the first comprehensive view of lysine acetylome of M.oryzae and suggested protein lysine acetylation played important roles to fungal development and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Sun
- College of Animation and Communication, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinguang Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Liu X, Cai Y, Zhang X, Zhang H, Zheng X, Zhang Z. Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase Subunit MoCpa2 Affects Development and Pathogenicity by Modulating Arginine Biosynthesis in Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2023. [PMID: 28066349 PMCID: PMC5166579 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid that affects physiological and biochemical functions. The CPA2 gene in yeast encodes a large subunit of arginine-specific carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) and is involved in arginine biosynthesis. Here, an ortholog of yeast CPA2 was identified in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, and was named MoCPA2. MoCpa2 is an 1180-amino acid protein which contains an ATP grasp domain and two CPSase domains. Targeted deletion of MoCPA2 supported its role in de novo arginine biosynthesis in M. oryzae as mutant phenotypes were complemented by arginine but not ornithine. The ΔMocpa2 mutant exhibited defects in asexual development and pathogenicity but not appressorium formation. Further examination revealed that the invasive hyphae of the ΔMocpa2 mutant were restricted mainly to the primary infected cells. In addition, the ΔMocpa2 mutant was unable to induce a plant defense response and had the ability to scavenge ROS during pathogen-plant interactions. Structure analysis revealed that the ATP grasp domain and each CPS domain were indispensable for the proper localization and full function of MoCpa2. In summary, our results indicate that MoCpa2 plays an important role in arginine biosynthesis, and affects growth, conidiogenesis, and pathogenicity. These results suggest that research into metabolism and processes that mediate amino acid synthesis are valuable for understanding M. oryzae pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Yongchao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
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Lv Y, Zhang S, Wang J, Hu Y. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Wheat Seeds during Artificial Ageing and Priming Using the Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162851. [PMID: 27632285 PMCID: PMC5025167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important crop worldwide. The physiological deterioration of seeds during storage and seed priming is closely associated with germination, and thus contributes to plant growth and subsequent grain yields. In this study, wheat seeds during different stages of artificial ageing (45°C; 50% relative humidity; 98%, 50%, 20%, and 1% Germination rates) and priming (hydro-priming treatment) were subjected to proteomics analysis through a proteomic approach based on the isobaric tandem mass tag labeling. A total of 162 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) mainly involved in metabolism, energy supply, and defense/stress responses, were identified during artificial ageing and thus validated previous physiological and biochemical studies. These DEPs indicated that the inability to protect against ageing leads to the incremental decomposition of the stored substance, impairment of metabolism and energy supply, and ultimately resulted in seed deterioration. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the up-regulated proteins involved in seed ageing were mainly enriched in ribosome, whereas the down-regulated proteins were mainly accumulated in energy supply (starch and sucrose metabolism) and stress defense (ascorbate and aldarate metabolism). Proteins, including hemoglobin 1, oleosin, agglutinin, and non-specific lipid-transfer proteins, were first identified in aged seeds and might be regarded as new markers of seed deterioration. Of the identified proteins, 531 DEPs were recognized during seed priming compared with unprimed seeds. In contrast to the up-regulated DEPs in seed ageing, several up-regulated DEPs in priming were involved in energy supply (tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, and fatty acid oxidation), anabolism (amino acids, and fatty acid synthesis), and cell growth/division. KEGG and protein-protein interaction analysis indicated that the up-regulated proteins in seed priming were mainly enriched in amino acid synthesis, stress defense (plant-pathogen interactions, and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism), and energy supply (oxidative phosphorylation and carbon metabolism). Therefore, DEPs associated with seed ageing and priming can be used to characterize seed vigor and optimize germination enhancement treatments. This work reveals new proteomic insights into protein changes that occur during seed deterioration and priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyong Lv
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuaibing Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinshui Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuansen Hu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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Paolinelli-Alfonso M, Villalobos-Escobedo JM, Rolshausen P, Herrera-Estrella A, Galindo-Sánchez C, López-Hernández JF, Hernandez-Martinez R. Global transcriptional analysis suggests Lasiodiplodia theobromae pathogenicity factors involved in modulation of grapevine defensive response. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:615. [PMID: 27514986 PMCID: PMC4981995 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2952-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a fungus of the Botryosphaeriaceae that causes grapevine vascular disease, especially in regions with hot climates. Fungi in this group often remain latent within their host and become virulent under abiotic stress. Transcriptional regulation analysis of L. theobromae exposed to heat stress (HS) was first carried out in vitro in the presence of grapevine wood (GW) to identify potential pathogenicity genes that were later evaluated for in planta expression. RESULTS A total of 19,860 de novo assembled transcripts were obtained, forty-nine per cent of which showed homology to the Botryosphaeriaceae fungi, Neofusicoccum parvum or Macrophomina phaseolina. Three hundred ninety-nine have homology with genes involved in pathogenic processes and several belonged to expanded gene families in others fungal grapevine vascular pathogens. Gene expression analysis showed changes in fungal metabolism of phenolic compounds; where genes encoding for enzymes, with the ability to degrade salicylic acid (SA) and plant phenylpropanoid precursors, were up-regulated during in vitro HS response, in the presence of GW. These results suggest that the fungal L-tyrosine catabolism pathway could help the fungus to remove phenylpropanoid precursors thereby evading the host defense response. The in planta up-regulation of salicylate hydroxylase, intradiol ring cleavage dioxygenase and fumarylacetoacetase encoding genes, further supported this hypothesis. Those genes were even more up-regulated in HS-stressed plants, suggesting that fungus takes advantage of the increased phenylpropanoid precursors produced under stress. Pectate lyase was up-regulated while a putative amylase was down-regulated in planta, this could be associated with an intercellular growth strategy during the first stages of colonization. CONCLUSIONS L. theobromae transcriptome was established and validated. Its usefulness was demonstrated through the identification of genes expressed during the infection process. Our results support the hypothesis that heat stress facilitates fungal colonization, because of the fungus ability to use the phenylpropanoid precursors and SA, both compounds known to control host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Paolinelli-Alfonso
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, BC 22860 Mexico
| | - José Manuel Villalobos-Escobedo
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I. P. N., Irapuato, Gto 36821 Mexico
| | - Philippe Rolshausen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences,University of California Riverside, Riverside, 92521 CA USA
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I. P. N., Irapuato, Gto 36821 Mexico
| | - Clara Galindo-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, BC 22860 Mexico
| | - José Fabricio López-Hernández
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I. P. N., Irapuato, Gto 36821 Mexico
| | - Rufina Hernandez-Martinez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, BC 22860 Mexico
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Shao W, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Lv C, Ren W, Chen C. Involvement of BcStr2 in methionine biosynthesis, vegetative differentiation, multiple stress tolerance and virulence in Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:438-47. [PMID: 26176995 PMCID: PMC6638451 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Str2 gene encodes a cystathionine γ-synthase that is a key enzyme in methionine (Met) biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Met plays a critical role in protein synthesis and diverse cellular processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In this study, we characterized the Str2 orthologue gene BcStr2 in Botrytis cinerea. The BcStr2 mutant was unable to grow on minimal medium (MM). In addition, conidia of the mutant were unable to germinate in water-agar medium within 15 h of incubation. Supplementation with 1 mm Met or 0.5 mg/mL homocysteine, but not 1 mm cysteine or 0.5 mg/mL glutathione, rescued the defect in mycelial growth of the BcStr2 deletion mutant. These results indicate that the enzyme encoded by BcStr2 is involved in the conversion of cysteine into homocysteine. The mutant exhibited decreased conidiation and impaired sclerotium development. In addition, the BcStr2 mutant exhibited increased sensitivity to osmotic and oxidative stresses, cell wall-damaging agents and thermal stress. The mutant demonstrated dramatically decreased virulence on host plant tissues. All of the defects were restored by genetic complementation of the mutant with wild-type BcStr2. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that BcStr2 plays a critical role in the regulation of various cellular processes in B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyong Shao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yalan Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chiyuan Lv
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weichao Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Changjun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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35
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Lv Y, Zhang S, Wang J, Hu Y. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Wheat Seeds during Artificial Ageing and Priming Using the Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling. PLoS One 2016. [PMID: 27632285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.016285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important crop worldwide. The physiological deterioration of seeds during storage and seed priming is closely associated with germination, and thus contributes to plant growth and subsequent grain yields. In this study, wheat seeds during different stages of artificial ageing (45°C; 50% relative humidity; 98%, 50%, 20%, and 1% Germination rates) and priming (hydro-priming treatment) were subjected to proteomics analysis through a proteomic approach based on the isobaric tandem mass tag labeling. A total of 162 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) mainly involved in metabolism, energy supply, and defense/stress responses, were identified during artificial ageing and thus validated previous physiological and biochemical studies. These DEPs indicated that the inability to protect against ageing leads to the incremental decomposition of the stored substance, impairment of metabolism and energy supply, and ultimately resulted in seed deterioration. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the up-regulated proteins involved in seed ageing were mainly enriched in ribosome, whereas the down-regulated proteins were mainly accumulated in energy supply (starch and sucrose metabolism) and stress defense (ascorbate and aldarate metabolism). Proteins, including hemoglobin 1, oleosin, agglutinin, and non-specific lipid-transfer proteins, were first identified in aged seeds and might be regarded as new markers of seed deterioration. Of the identified proteins, 531 DEPs were recognized during seed priming compared with unprimed seeds. In contrast to the up-regulated DEPs in seed ageing, several up-regulated DEPs in priming were involved in energy supply (tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, and fatty acid oxidation), anabolism (amino acids, and fatty acid synthesis), and cell growth/division. KEGG and protein-protein interaction analysis indicated that the up-regulated proteins in seed priming were mainly enriched in amino acid synthesis, stress defense (plant-pathogen interactions, and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism), and energy supply (oxidative phosphorylation and carbon metabolism). Therefore, DEPs associated with seed ageing and priming can be used to characterize seed vigor and optimize germination enhancement treatments. This work reveals new proteomic insights into protein changes that occur during seed deterioration and priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyong Lv
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuaibing Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinshui Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuansen Hu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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Zhang Y, Shi H, Liang S, Ning G, Xu N, Lu J, Liu X, Lin F. MoARG1, MoARG5,6 and MoARG7 involved in arginine biosynthesis are essential for growth, conidiogenesis, sexual reproduction, and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. Microbiol Res 2015; 180:11-22. [PMID: 26505307 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Arginine is one of the most versatile amino acids in eukaryote cells, which plays important roles in a multitude of processes such as protein synthesis, nitrogen metabolism, nitric oxide (NO) and urea biosynthesis. The de novo arginine biosynthesis pathway is conserved among fungal kingdom, but poorly understood in plant pathogenic fungi. Here, we characterized the functions of three synthetic enzyme-encoding genes MoARG1, MoARG5,6, and MoARG7, which involved the seventh step, second-third step and fifth step of arginine biosynthesis in Magnaporthe oryzae, respectively. Deletion of MoARG1 or MoARG5,6, resulted in arginine auxotrophic mutants, which had a strict requirement for arginine on minimal medium (MM). Both ΔMoarg1 and ΔMoarg5,6 severely reduced in aerial hyphal growth, pigmentation, conidiogenesis, sexual reproduction and pathogenicity. Interestingly, like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, deletion of MoARG7 caused a leaky arginine auxotrophy, and attenuated pathogenicity. Limited appressorium-mediated penetration and restricted invasive hyphae growth in host cells are responsible for the severely attenuated pathogenicity of the Arg(-) mutants. Additionally, we monitored the NO generation during conidial germination and appressorial formation in both Arg(-) mutants and wild type, and demonstrated that NO generation may not occur via arginine-dependent pathway in M. oryzae. In summary, MoARG1, MoARG5,6, and MoARG7 are required for growth, conidiogenesis, sexual reproduction, and pathogenicity in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Quzhou Municipal Plant Protection and Quarantine Station, Quzhou Municipal Bureau of Agriculture, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Huanbin Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guoao Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nanchang Xu
- Quzhou Municipal Plant Protection and Quarantine Station, Quzhou Municipal Bureau of Agriculture, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Fucheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Saint-Macary ME, Barbisan C, Gagey MJ, Frelin O, Beffa R, Lebrun MH, Droux M. Methionine biosynthesis is essential for infection in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0111108. [PMID: 25856162 PMCID: PMC4391826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine is a sulfur amino acid standing at the crossroads of several biosynthetic pathways. In fungi, the last step of methionine biosynthesis is catalyzed by a cobalamine-independent methionine synthase (Met6, EC 2.1.1.14). In the present work, we studied the role of Met6 in the infection process of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. To this end MET6 null mutants were obtained by targeted gene replacement. On minimum medium, MET6 null mutants were auxotrophic for methionine. Even when grown in presence of excess methionine, these mutants displayed developmental defects, such as reduced mycelium pigmentation, aerial hypha formation and sporulation. They also displayed characteristic metabolic signatures such as increased levels of cysteine, cystathionine, homocysteine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine while methionine and glutathione levels remained unchanged. These metabolic perturbations were associated with the over-expression of MgCBS1 involved in the reversed transsulfuration pathway that metabolizes homocysteine into cysteine and MgSAM1 and MgSAHH1 involved in the methyl cycle. This suggests a physiological adaptation of M. oryzae to metabolic defects induced by the loss of Met6, in particular an increase in homocysteine levels. Pathogenicity assays showed that MET6 null mutants were non-pathogenic on both barley and rice leaves. These mutants were defective in appressorium-mediated penetration and invasive infectious growth. These pathogenicity defects were rescued by addition of exogenous methionine and S-methylmethionine. These results show that M. oryzae cannot assimilate sufficient methionine from plant tissues and must synthesize this amino acid de novo to fulfill its sulfur amino acid requirement during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Crystel Barbisan
- Biochemistry Department, Bayer CropScience, F-69263, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Josèphe Gagey
- UMR 5240 MAP, UMR 5240 CNRS-UCB-INSA-BCS, Bayer CropScience, F-69263, Lyon, France
| | - Océane Frelin
- UMR 5240 MAP, UMR 5240 CNRS-UCB-INSA-BCS, Bayer CropScience, F-69263, Lyon, France
| | - Roland Beffa
- Biochemistry Department, Bayer CropScience, F-69263, Lyon, France
| | - Marc Henri Lebrun
- UMR 5240 MAP, UMR 5240 CNRS-UCB-INSA-BCS, Bayer CropScience, F-69263, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Michel Droux
- UMR 5240 MAP, UMR 5240 CNRS-UCB-INSA-BCS, Bayer CropScience, F-69263, Lyon, France
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Kong S, Park SY, Lee YH. Systematic characterization of the bZIP transcription factor gene family in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:1425-43. [PMID: 25314920 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory roles of the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors (TFs) in fungi have been identified in diverse cellular processes such as development, nutrient utilization and various stress responses. In this study, the 22 Magnaporthe oryzae genes encoding bZIP TFs were systematically characterized. Phylogenetic analysis of fungal bZIP TFs revealed that seven MobZIPs are Magnaporthe-specific, while others belongs to 15 clades of orthologous Ascomycota genes. Expression patterns of MobZIPs under various conditions showed that they are highly stress responsive. We generated deletion mutants for 13 MobZIPs: nine with orthologues in other fungal species and four Magnaporthe-specific ones. Seven of them exhibited defects in mycelial growth, development and/or pathogenicity. Consistent with the conserved functions of the orthologues, MobZIP22 and MobZIP13 played a role in sulfur metabolism and iron homeostasis respectively. Along with MobZIP22 and MobZIP13, one Magnaporthe-specific gene, MobZIP11 is essential for pathogenicity in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner. Taken together, our results will contribute to understanding the regulatory mechanisms of the bZIP TF gene family in fungal development, adaptation to environmental stresses and pathogenicity in the rice blast fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyung Kong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Chen Y, Zuo R, Zhu Q, Sun Y, Li M, Dong Y, Ru Y, Zhang H, Zheng X, Zhang Z. MoLys2 is necessary for growth, conidiogenesis, lysine biosynthesis, and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 67:51-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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