1
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Dotiwala F, Upadhyay AK. Next Generation Mucosal Vaccine Strategy for Respiratory Pathogens. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1585. [PMID: 37896988 PMCID: PMC10611113 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducing humoral and cytotoxic mucosal immunity at the sites of pathogen entry has the potential to prevent the infection from getting established. This is different from systemic vaccination, which protects against the development of systemic symptoms. The field of mucosal vaccination has seen fewer technological advances compared to nucleic acid and subunit vaccine advances for injectable vaccine platforms. The advent of the next-generation adenoviral vectors has given a boost to mucosal vaccine research. Basic research into the mechanisms regulating innate and adaptive mucosal immunity and the discovery of effective and safe mucosal vaccine adjuvants will continue to improve mucosal vaccine design. The results from clinical trials of inhaled COVID-19 vaccines demonstrate their ability to induce the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells and the production of secreted IgA and IgG antibodies locally, unlike intramuscular vaccinations. However, these mucosal vaccines induce systemic immune responses at par with systemic vaccinations. This review summarizes the function of the respiratory mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and the advantages that the adenoviral vectors provide as inhaled vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farokh Dotiwala
- Ocugen Inc., 11 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
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2
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Xing Y, Clark JR, Chang JD, Chirman DM, Green S, Zulk JJ, Jelinski J, Patras KA, Maresso AW. Broad protective vaccination against systemic Escherichia coli with autotransporter antigens. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011082. [PMID: 36800400 PMCID: PMC9937491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is the leading cause of adult life-threatening sepsis and urinary tract infections (UTI). The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) ExPEC strains result in a considerable amount of treatment failure and hospitalization costs, and contribute to the spread of drug resistance amongst the human microbiome. Thus, an effective vaccine against ExPEC would reduce morbidity and mortality and possibly decrease carriage in healthy or diseased populations. A comparative genomic analysis demonstrated a gene encoding an invasin-like protein, termed sinH, annotated as an autotransporter protein, shows high prevalence in various invasive ExPEC phylogroups, especially those associated with systemic bacteremia and UTI. Here, we evaluated the protective efficacy and immunogenicity of a recombinant SinH-based vaccine consisting of either domain-3 or domains-1,2, and 3 of the putative extracellular region of surface-localized SinH. Immunization of a murine host with SinH-based antigens elicited significant protection against various strains of the pandemic ExPEC sequence type 131 (ST131) as well as multiple sequence types in two distinct models of infection (colonization and bacteremia). SinH immunization also provided significant protection against ExPEC colonization in the bladder in an acute UTI model. Immunized cohorts produced significantly higher levels of vaccine-specific serum IgG and urinary IgG and IgA, findings consistent with mucosal protection. Collectively, these results demonstrate that autotransporter antigens such as SinH may constitute promising ExPEC phylogroup-specific and sequence-type effective vaccine targets that reduce E. coli colonization and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikun Xing
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- TAILOR Labs, Vaccine Development Group, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Justin R. Clark
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- TAILOR Labs, Vaccine Development Group, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James D. Chang
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- TAILOR Labs, Vaccine Development Group, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dylan M. Chirman
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- TAILOR Labs, Vaccine Development Group, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sabrina Green
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- TAILOR Labs, Vaccine Development Group, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jacob J. Zulk
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- TAILOR Labs, Vaccine Development Group, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joseph Jelinski
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- TAILOR Labs, Vaccine Development Group, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. Patras
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anthony W. Maresso
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- TAILOR Labs, Vaccine Development Group, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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3
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Ritter K, Behrends J, Erdmann H, Rousseau J, Hölscher A, Volz J, Prinz I, Lindenstrøm T, Hölscher C. Interleukin-23 instructs protective multifunctional CD4 T cell responses after immunization with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis subunit vaccine H1 DDA/TDB independently of interleukin-17A. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1585-1602. [PMID: 34351501 PMCID: PMC8541990 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17A-producing T helper (Th)17 cells are increasingly being acknowledged to be associated with protective immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Subunit vaccines potently promote protective immune responses against Mtb infection that correlate with an expansion of IL-23-dependent Th17 cells. Previous studies revealed that after vaccination, IL-23 is required for protection against challenge with Mtb but the underlying IL-23-dependent-and possibly IL-17A-mediated-mechanisms remain elusive. Therefore, we here analyzed the early outcome of Mtb infection in C57BL/6, IL-23p19-deficient (-/-), and IL-17A-/- mice after vaccination with the subunit vaccine H1-DDA/TDB to investigate the role of the IL-23-Th17 immune axis for the instruction of vaccine-induced protection. While in IL-23p19-/- mice the protective effect was reduced, protection after vaccination was maintained in IL-17A-/- animals for the course of infection of 6 weeks, indicating that after vaccination with H1-DDA/TDB early protection against Mtb is-although dependent on IL-23-not mediated by IL-17A. In contrast, IL-17A deficiency appears to have an impact on maintaining long-term protection. In fact, IL-23 instructed the vaccine-induced memory immunity in the lung, in particular the sustained expansion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)+IL-2+ multifunctional T cells, independently of IL-17A. Altogether, a targeted induction of IL-23 during vaccination against Mtb might improve the magnitude and quality of vaccine-induced memory immune responses. KEY MESSAGES: After subunit Mtb vaccination with H1-DDA/TDB, IL-23 but not IL-17A contributes to vaccine-induced early protection against infection with Mtb. IL-17F does not compensate for IL-17A deficiency in terms of H1-DDA/TDB-induced protection against Mtb infection. IL 23 promotes the H1-DDA/TDB-induced accumulation of effector memory T cells independently of IL 17A. IL-23 arbitrates the induction of H1-specific IFN-γ-TNF+IL-2+ double-positive multifunctional CD4 T cells after subunit Mtb vaccination in an IL-17A-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ritter
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jochen Behrends
- Fluorescence Cytometry Core Unit, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Hanna Erdmann
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jasmin Rousseau
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Johanna Volz
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Eppendorf University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Nemes E, Khader SA, Swanson RV, Hanekom WA. Targeting Unconventional Host Components for Vaccination-Induced Protection Against TB. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1452. [PMID: 32793199 PMCID: PMC7393005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The current tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), is effective in preventing TB in young children but was developed without a basic understanding of human immunology. Most modern TB vaccine candidates have targeted CD4+ T cell responses, thought to be important for protection against TB disease, but not known to be sufficient or critical for protection. Advances in knowledge of host responses to TB afford opportunities for developing TB vaccines that target immune components not conventionally considered. Here, we describe the potential of targeting NK cells, innate immune training, B cells and antibodies, and Th17 cells in novel TB vaccine development. We also discuss attempts to target vaccine immunity specifically to the lung, the primary disease site in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Nemes
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Rosemary V Swanson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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5
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Stylianou E, Paul MJ, Reljic R, McShane H. Mucosal delivery of tuberculosis vaccines: a review of current approaches and challenges. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:1271-1284. [PMID: 31876199 PMCID: PMC6961305 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1692657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health threat and it is now clear that the current vaccine, BCG, is unable to arrest the global TB epidemic. A new vaccine is needed to either replace or boost BCG so that a better level of protection could be achieved. The route of entry of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative organism, is via inhalation making TB primarily a respiratory disease. There is therefore good reason to hypothesize that a mucosally delivered vaccine against TB could be more effective than one delivered via the systemic route. Areas covered: This review summarizes the progress that has been made in the area of TB mucosal vaccines in the last few years. It highlights some of the strengths and shortcomings of the published evidence and aims to discuss immunological and practical considerations in the development of mucosal vaccines. Expert opinion: There is a growing body of evidence that the mucosal approach to vaccination against TB is feasible and should be pursued. However, further key studies are necessary to both improve our understanding of the protective immune mechanisms operating in the mucosa and the technical aspects of aerosolized delivery, before such a vaccine could become a feasible, deployable strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stylianou
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Tooting, London, UK
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Tooting, London, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Mucosal boosting of H56:CAF01 immunization promotes lung-localized T cells and an accelerated pulmonary response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection without enhancing vaccine protection. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:816-826. [PMID: 30760832 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T cell-mediated protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is dependent upon the ability to localize within the site of pulmonary infection and directly interact with infected cells. In turn, vaccine strategies to improve rapid T cell targeting of Mtb-infected cells after pulmonary exposure are being actively pursued. Given parenterally, the subunit vaccine H56:CAF01 elicits polyfunctional CD4 T cells that localize to the lung parenchyma and confer durable protection. Here, we find that airway mucosal boosting of parenteral H56:CAF01 immunization greatly enhances the population of long-lived lung-resident T cells (Trm) and increases early vaccine T cell responses to pulmonary Mtb challenge in multiple mouse models. However, mucosal boosting does not alter the Th1/17 vaccine signature typical of H56:CAF01 and does not further improve durable control of pulmonary infection following aerosol Mtb-challenge. Additional mucosal boosting with H56:CAF01 further enhances the Trm response without further improving protection, while blocking the recruitment of non-Trm with FTY720-treatment failed to exposed Trm-mediated protection in mucosally boosting animals. These results demonstrate the limitations of maximizing lung-localized Trm in vaccine control of pulmonary Mtb infection, especially within an immunization protocol that is already optimized for the induction of mucosal-homing Th17 cells.
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7
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Islam MA, Firdous J, Badruddoza AZM, Reesor E, Azad M, Hasan A, Lim M, Cao W, Guillemette S, Cho CS. M cell targeting engineered biomaterials for effective vaccination. Biomaterials 2018; 192:75-94. [PMID: 30439573 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the greatest medical interventions of all time and have been successful in controlling and eliminating a myriad of diseases over the past two centuries. Among several vaccination strategies, mucosal vaccines have wide clinical applications and attract considerable interest in research, showing potential as innovative and novel therapeutics. In mucosal vaccination, targeting (microfold) M cells is a frontline prerequisite for inducing effective antigen-specific immunostimulatory effects. In this review, we primarily focus on materials engineered for use as vaccine delivery platforms to target M cells. We also describe potential M cell targeting areas, methods to overcome current challenges and limitations of the field. Furthermore, we present the potential of biomaterials engineering as well as various natural and synthetic delivery technologies to overcome the challenges of M cell targeting, all of which are absent in current literature. Finally, we briefly discuss manufacturing and regulatory processes to bring a robust perspective on the feasibility and potential of this next-generation vaccine technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ariful Islam
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jannatul Firdous
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emma Reesor
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Mohammad Azad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Wuji Cao
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Simon Guillemette
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Chong Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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8
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Ahmed M, Smith DM, Hamouda T, Rangel-Moreno J, Fattom A, Khader SA. A novel nanoemulsion vaccine induces mucosal Interleukin-17 responses and confers protection upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge in mice. Vaccine 2017; 35:4983-4989. [PMID: 28774560 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is contracted via aerosol infection, typically affecting the lungs. Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only licensed vaccine and has variable efficacy in protecting against pulmonary TB. Additionally, chemotherapy is associated with low compliance contributing to development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mtb. Thus, there is an urgent need for the design of more effective vaccines against TB. Experimental vaccines delivered through the mucosal route induce robust T helper type 17 (Th17)/ Interleukin (IL) -17 responses and provide superior protection against Mtb infection. Thus, the development of safe mucosal adjuvants for human use is critical. In this study, we demonstrate that nanoemulsion (NE)-based adjuvants when delivered intranasally along with Mtb specific immunodominant antigens (NE-TB vaccine) induce potent mucosal IL-17T-cell responses. Additionally, the NE-TB vaccine confers significant protection against Mtb infection, and when delivered along with BCG, is associated with decreased disease severity. These findings strongly support the development of a NE-TB vaccine as a novel, safe and effective, first-of-kind IL-17 inducing mucosal vaccine for potential use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | | | - Tarek Hamouda
- NanoBio Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14624, United States
| | - Ali Fattom
- NanoBio Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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9
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Ahmed M, Jiao H, Domingo-Gonzalez R, Das S, Griffiths KL, Rangel-Moreno J, Nagarajan UM, Khader SA. Rationalized design of a mucosal vaccine protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge in mice. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 101:1373-1381. [PMID: 28258153 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0616-270r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. The only licensed TB vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), has variable efficacy in protecting against pulmonary TB. Thus, the development of more effective TB vaccines is critical to control the TB epidemic. Specifically, vaccines delivered through the mucosal route are known to induce Th17 responses and provide superior protection against Mtb infection. However, already tested Th17-inducing mucosal adjuvants, such as heat-labile enterotoxins and cholera toxins, are not considered safe for use in humans. In the current study, we rationally screened adjuvants for their ability to induce Th17-polarizing cytokines in dendritic cells (DCs) and determined whether they could be used in a protective mucosal TB vaccine. Our new studies show that monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), when used in combination with chitosan, potently induces Th17-polarizing cytokines in DCs and downstream Th17/Th1 mucosal responses and confers significant protection in mice challenged with a clinical Mtb strain. Additionally, we show that both TLRs and the inflammasome pathways are activated in DCs by MPL-chitosan to mediate induction of Th17-polarizing cytokines. Together, our studies put forward the potential of a new, protective mucosal TB vaccine candidate, which incorporates safe adjuvants already approved for use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hongmei Jiao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Racquel Domingo-Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shibali Das
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kristin L Griffiths
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA; and
| | - Uma M Nagarajan
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology/Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA;
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10
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Risso GS, Carabajal MV, Bruno LA, Ibañez AE, Coria LM, Pasquevich KA, Lee SJ, McSorley SJ, Briones G, Cassataro J. U-Omp19 from Brucella abortus Is a Useful Adjuvant for Vaccine Formulations against Salmonella Infection in Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:171. [PMID: 28261222 PMCID: PMC5313482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Most pathogens infect through mucosal surfaces, and parenteral immunization typically fails to induce effective immune responses at these sites. Development of oral-administered vaccines capable of inducing mucosal as well as systemic immunity while bypassing the issues of antigen degradation and immune tolerance could be crucial for the control of enteropathogens. This study demonstrates that U-Omp19, a bacterial protease inhibitor with immunostimulatory features, coadministered with Salmonella antigens by the oral route, enhances mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice. U-Omp19 was able to increase antigen-specific production of IFN-γ and IL-17 and mucosal (IgA) antibody response. Finally, oral vaccination with U-Omp19 plus Salmonella antigens conferred protection against virulent challenge with Salmonella Typhimurium, with a significant reduction in bacterial loads. These findings prove the efficacy of this novel adjuvant in the Salmonella infection model and support the potential of U-Omp19 as a suitable adjuvant in oral vaccine formulations against mucosal pathogens requiring T helper (Th)1-Th17 protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S Risso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Rodolfo Ugalde"-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Marianela V Carabajal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Rodolfo Ugalde"-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Laura A Bruno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Rodolfo Ugalde"-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Andrés E Ibañez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Rodolfo Ugalde"-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Lorena M Coria
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Rodolfo Ugalde"-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Karina A Pasquevich
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Rodolfo Ugalde"-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Seung-Joo Lee
- Center for Comparative Medicine (CCM), Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Center for Comparative Medicine (CCM), Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA
| | - Gabriel Briones
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Rodolfo Ugalde"-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Juliana Cassataro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Rodolfo Ugalde"-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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11
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Immunological memory is a central feature of the adaptive immune system and a prerequisite for generating effective vaccines. Understanding long-term memory responses to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
will thus provide us with valuable insights that can guide us in the search for a novel vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). For many years, triggering CD4 T cells and, in particular, those secreting interferon-γ has been the goal of most TB vaccine research, and numerous data from animals and humans support the key role of this subset in protective immunity. More recently, we have learned that the memory response required for effective control of
M. tuberculosis
is much more complex, probably involving several phenotypically different CD4 T cell subsets as well as other cell types that are yet to be defined. Herein, we describe recent insights into memory immunity to TB in the context of both animal models and the human infection. With the increasing amount of data generated from clinical testing of novel TB vaccines, we also summarize recent knowledge of vaccine-induced memory immunity.
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12
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Uranga S, Marinova D, Martin C, Aguilo N. Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27684521 DOI: 10.3791/54440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite global coverage of intradermal BCG vaccination, tuberculosis remains one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world. Preclinical data have encouraged pulmonary tuberculosis vaccines as a promising strategy to prevent pulmonary disease, which is responsible for transmission. In this work, we describe the methodology used to demonstrate in the mouse model the benefits of intranasal BCG vaccination when compared to subcutaneous. Our data revealed greater protective efficacy following intranasal BCG administration. In addition, our results indicate that pulmonary vaccination triggers a higher immune response in lungs, including Th1 and Th17 responses, as well as an increase of immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration in respiratory airways. Our data show correlation between protective efficacy and the presence of IL17-producing cells in lungs post-Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge, suggesting a role for this cytokine in the protective response conferred by pulmonary vaccination. Finally, we detail the global workflow we have developed to study respiratory vaccination in the mouse model, which could be extrapolated to other tuberculosis vaccines, apart from BCG, targeting the mucosal response or other pulmonary routes of administration such as the intratracheal or aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nacho Aguilo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Zaragoza;
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13
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Agger EM. Novel adjuvant formulations for delivery of anti-tuberculosis vaccine candidates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:73-82. [PMID: 26596558 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a new and improved vaccine against tuberculosis for controlling this disease that continues to pose a global health threat. The current research strategy is to replace the present BCG vaccine or boost BCG-immunity with subunit vaccines such as viral vectored- or protein-based vaccines. The use of recombinant proteins holds a number of production advantages including ease of scalability, but requires an adjuvant inducing cell-mediated immune responses. A number of promising novel adjuvant formulations have recently been designed and show evidence of induction of cellular immune responses in humans. A common trait of effective TB adjuvants including those already in current clinical testing is a two-component approach combining a delivery system with an appropriate immunomodulator. This review summarizes the status of current TB adjuvant research with a focus on the division of labor between delivery systems and immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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14
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Aguilo N, Alvarez-Arguedas S, Uranga S, Marinova D, Monzón M, Badiola J, Martin C. Pulmonary but Not Subcutaneous Delivery of BCG Vaccine Confers Protection to Tuberculosis-Susceptible Mice by an Interleukin 17-Dependent Mechanism. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:831-9. [PMID: 26494773 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the most promising novel tuberculosis vaccine strategies currently under development are based on respiratory vaccination, mimicking the natural route of infection. In this work, we have compared pulmonary and subcutaneous delivery of BCG vaccine in the tuberculosis-susceptible DBA/2 mouse strain, a model in which parenterally administered BCG vaccine does not protect against tuberculosis. Our data show that intranasally but not subcutaneously administered BCG confers robust protection against pulmonary tuberculosis challenge. In addition, our results indicate that pulmonary vaccination triggers a Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific mucosal immune response orchestrated by interleukin 17A (IL-17A). Thus, IL-17A neutralization in vivo reduces protection and abrogates M. tuberculosis-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion to respiratory airways and lung expression of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor induced following intranasal vaccination. Together, our results demonstrate that pulmonary delivery of BCG can overcome the lack of protection observed when BCG is given parenterally, suggesting that respiratory tuberculosis vaccines could have an advantage in tuberculosis-endemic countries, where intradermally administered BCG has inefficient effectiveness against pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacho Aguilo
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva, y Salud Pública CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel Alvarez-Arguedas
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva, y Salud Pública CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Uranga
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva, y Salud Pública CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dessislava Marinova
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva, y Salud Pública CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Universidad de Zaragoza
| | - Juan Badiola
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Universidad de Zaragoza
| | - Carlos Martin
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva, y Salud Pública Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, ISS Aragón, Zaragoza CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Monin L, Griffiths K, Slight S, Lin YY, Rangel-Moreno J, Khader SA. Immune requirements for protective Th17 recall responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:1099-109. [PMID: 25627812 PMCID: PMC4517980 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) vaccine development has focused largely on targeting T helper type 1 (Th1) cells. However, despite inducing Th1 cells, the recombinant TB vaccine MVA85A failed to enhance protection against TB disease in humans. In recent years, Th17 cells have emerged as key players in vaccine-induced protection against TB. However, the exact cytokine and immune requirements that enable Th17-induced recall protection remain unclear. In this study, we have investigated the requirements for Th17 cell-induced recall protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) challenge by utilizing a tractable adoptive transfer model in mice. We demonstrate that adoptive transfer of Mtb-specific Th17 cells into naive hosts, and upon Mtb challenge, results in Th17 recall responses that confer protection at levels similar to vaccination strategies. Importantly, although interleukin (IL)-23 is critical, IL-12 and IL-21 are dispensable for protective Th17 recall responses. Unexpectedly, we demonstrate that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) produced by adoptively transferred Th17 cells impairs long-lasting protective recall immunity against Mtb challenge. In contrast, CXCR5 expression is crucial for localization of Th17 cells near macrophages within well-formed B-cell follicles to mediate Mtb control. Thus, our data identify new immune characteristics that can be harnessed to improve Th17 recall responses for enhancing vaccine design against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Monin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kristin Griffiths
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Samantha Slight
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Yin-yao Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Shabaana A. Khader
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110,Corresponding Author: Shabaana A. Khader, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Campus Box 8230, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, Phone: (314) 286-1590 Fax: (314) 362-1232,
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16
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Nizard M, Diniz MO, Roussel H, Tran T, Ferreira LC, Badoual C, Tartour E. Mucosal vaccines: novel strategies and applications for the control of pathogens and tumors at mucosal sites. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2175-87. [PMID: 25424921 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system displays several adaptations reflecting the exposure to the external environment. The efficient induction of mucosal immune responses also requires specific approaches, such as the use of appropriate administration routes and specific adjuvants and/or delivery systems. In contrast to vaccines delivered via parenteral routes, experimental, and clinical evidences demonstrated that mucosal vaccines can efficiently induce local immune responses to pathogens or tumors located at mucosal sites as well as systemic response. At least in part, such features can be explained by the compartmentalization of mucosal B and T cell populations that play important roles in the modulation of local immune responses. In the present review, we discuss molecular and cellular features of the mucosal immune system as well as novel immunization approaches that may lead to the development of innovative and efficient vaccines targeting pathogens and tumors at different mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mevyn Nizard
- a INSERM U970; Universite Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France
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17
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Rahal EA, Hajjar H, Rajeh M, Yamout B, Abdelnoor AM. Epstein-Barr Virus and Human herpes virus 6 Type A DNA Enhance IL-17 Production in Mice. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:297-302. [PMID: 25870901 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown a potential association between the Herpesviridae members, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), and an increased risk of autoimmune disease development. Because of the ability of these viruses to cause recurrent infections, various viral antigens, including viral DNA, are consistently shed. These antigens may then play a role in triggering autoimmune processes or contributing to autoimmune mechanisms. Therefore, this study examined whether the DNA of EBV or that of HHV-6A is capable of triggering IL-17, the autoimmune-associated cytokine, in mice. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with various copy numbers of either EBV or HHV-6A DNA. One group was injected with sterile water (the DNA solvent), and another was left uninjected. A mouse group that was administered DNA obtained from Staphylococcus epidermidis was included to ensure that any observed effects would pertain to the viral DNA tested. Mice were sacrificed and their sera were examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IL-17 and IL-23, as pro-autoimmune cytokines, IL-10, as an anti-inflammatory cytokine, and IFN-γ, as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, on days 3, 6, and 9 post-injection. All mouse groups injected with different copy numbers of EBV DNA or HHV-6A DNA displayed higher IL-17 levels than did the group injected with water on days 3, 6, and 9 post-injection. The highest IL-17 levels appeared to coincide with a marked increase in IL-23 and a decrease in IL-10 levels. Unlike the S. epidermidis DNA, which increased IFN-γ levels but not IL-17 or IL-23 levels, the viral DNA tested increased all three mediators, indicating that triggering Th17 responses is a specific property of EBV and HHV-6A DNA. In conclusion, EBV and HHV-6A viral DNA are capable of enhancing the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17, which has been shown to play a role in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias A Rahal
- 1Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Helene Hajjar
- 1Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirna Rajeh
- 1Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bassem Yamout
- 2Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alexander M Abdelnoor
- 1Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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18
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Griffiths KL, Khader SA. Novel vaccine approaches for protection against intracellular pathogens. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 28:58-63. [PMID: 24608070 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against intracellular pathogens requires generation of a pool of memory T cells able to respond upon infection and mediate either killing of the infected cell or induce killing mechanisms in the infected cell. T cell-inducing vaccines must aim to target the antigen to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) so that it can be presented on MHC molecules on the cell surface. Methods to do this include making use of vectors such as plasmid DNA or viruses, live attenuated pathogens or subunit vaccines targeted and enhanced using adjuvants. The choice of approach should be guided by the phenotype and localization of the desired T cell response. This review will discuss current approaches in the pipeline for the development of T cell-inducing vaccines, including vectored, live attenuated, and subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Griffiths
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Campus Box 8230, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Campus Box 8230, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA.
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