1
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Heß L, Aliar K, Grünwald BT, Griffin R, Lozan A, Knöller M, Khokha R, Brummer T, Reinheckel T. Dipeptidyl-peptidase 9 regulates the dynamics of tumorigenesis and metastasis in breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167133. [PMID: 38531482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The cytosolic dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase 9 (DPP9) cleaves protein N-termini post-proline or -alanine. Our analysis of DPP9 mRNA expression from the TCGA 'breast cancer' data set revealed that low/intermediate DPP9 levels are associated with poor overall survival of breast cancer patients. To unravel the impact of DPP9 on breast cancer development and progression, the transgenic MMTV-PyMT mouse model of metastasizing breast cancer was used. In addition, tissue- and time-controlled genetic deletion of DPP9 by the Cre-loxP recombination system was done. Despite a delay of tumor onset, a higher number of lung metastases were measured in DPP9-deficient mice compared to controls. In human mammary epithelial cells with oncogenic RAS pathway activation, DPP9 deficiency delayed tumorigenic transformation and accelerated TGF-β1 induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of spheroids. For further analysis of the mechanism, primary breast tumor cells were isolated from the MMTV-PyMT model. DPP9 deficiency in these cells caused cancer cell migration and invasion accompanied by EMT. In absence of DPP9, the EMT transcription factor ZEB1 was stabilized due to insufficient degradation by the proteasome. In summary, low expression of DPP9 appears to decelerate mammary tumorigenesis but favors EMT and metastasis, which establishes DPP9 as a novel dynamic regulator of breast cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Heß
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kazeera Aliar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, ON M5G 2G4, Toronto, Canada
| | - Barbara T Grünwald
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, ON M5G 2G4, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ricarda Griffin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alina Lozan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mariel Knöller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rama Khokha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, ON M5G 2G4, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON M5G 2G4, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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2
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Espadinha M, De Loose J, Corthaut S, Thys S, Van Rymenant Y, Verhulst E, Benramdane S, Filippi N, Augustyns K, Van Wielendaele P, Pintelon I, De Meester I, Van der Veken P. Active site-directed probes targeting dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 270:116389. [PMID: 38593588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidases (DPP) 8 and 9 are intracellular serine proteases that play key roles in various biological processes and recent findings highlight DPP8 and DPP9 as potential therapeutic targets for hematological and inflammasome-related diseases. Despite the substantial progress, the precise biological functions of these proteases remain elusive, and the lack of selective chemical tools hampers ongoing research. In this paper, we describe the synthesis and biochemical evaluation of the first active site-directed DPP8/9 probes which are derived from DPP8/9 inhibitors developed in-house. Specifically, we synthesized fluorescent inhibitors containing nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD), dansyl (DNS) and cyanine-3 (Cy3) reporters to visualize intracellular DPP8/9. We demonstrate that the fluorescent inhibitors have high affinity and selectivity towards DPP8/9 over related S9 family members. The NBD-labeled DPP8/9 inhibitors were nominated as the best in class compounds to visualize DPP8/9 in human cells. Furthermore, a method has been developed for selective labeling and visualization of active DPP8/9 in vitro by fluorescence microscopy. A collection of potent and selective biotinylated DPP8/9-targeting probes was also prepared by replacing the fluorescent reporter with a biotin group. The present work provides the first DPP8/9-targeting fluorescent compounds as useful chemical tools for the study of DPP8 and DPP9's biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joni De Loose
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sam Corthaut
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sofie Thys
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Emile Verhulst
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Siham Benramdane
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicolò Filippi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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3
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Zolg S, Donzelli L, Geiss-Friedlander R. N-terminal processing by dipeptidyl peptidase 9: Cut and Go! Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00052-X. [PMID: 38461970 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is an intracellular amino-dipeptidase with physiological roles in the immune system, DNA repair and mitochondria homeostasis, while its deregulation is linked to cancer progression and immune-associated defects. Through its rare ability to cleave a peptide bond following the imino-acid proline, DPP9 acts as a molecular switch that regulates key proteins, such as the tumor-suppressor BRCA2. In this review we will discuss key concepts underlying the outcomes of protein processing by DPP9, including substrate turn-over by the N-degron pathway. Additionally, we will review non-enzymatic roles and the regulation of DPP9 by discussing the interactome of this protease, which includes SUMO1, Filamin A, NLRP1 and CARD8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Zolg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Donzelli
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ruth Geiss-Friedlander
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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4
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Chang K, Chen Y, Zhang X, Zhang W, Xu N, Zeng B, Wang Y, Feng T, Dai B, Xu F, Ye D, Wang C. DPP9 Stabilizes NRF2 to Suppress Ferroptosis and Induce Sorafenib Resistance in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2023; 83:3940-3955. [PMID: 37713596 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-4001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The KEAP1-NRF2 axis is the principal regulator of cellular responses to oxidative and electrophilic stressors. NRF2 hyperactivation is frequently observed in many types of cancer and promotes cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and resistance to various therapies. Here, we determined that dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is a regulator of the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). DPP9 was markedly overexpressed at the mRNA and protein levels in ccRCC, and high DPP9 expression levels correlated with advanced tumor stage and poor prognosis in patients with ccRCC. Protein affinity purification to identify functional partners of DPP9 revealed that it bound to KEAP1 via a conserved ESGE motif. DPP9 disrupted KEAP1-NRF2 binding by competing with NRF2 for binding to KEAP1 in an enzyme-independent manner. Upregulation of DPP9 led to stabilization of NRF2, driving NRF2-dependent transcription and thereby decreasing cellular reactive oxygen species levels. Moreover, DPP9 overexpression suppressed ferroptosis and induced resistance to sorafenib in ccRCC cells, which was largely dependent on the NRF2 transcriptional target SLC7A11. Collectively, these findings indicate that the accumulation of DPP9 results in hyperactivation of the NRF2 pathway to promote tumorigenesis and intrinsic drug resistance in ccRCC. SIGNIFICANCE DPP9 overcomes oxidative stress and suppresses ferroptosis in ccRCC by binding to KEAP1 and promoting NRF2 stability, which drives tumor development and sorafenib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yingji Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xuanzhi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bohan Zeng
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bo Dai
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Fujiang Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dingwei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chenji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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5
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Kikuchi S, Wada A, Kamihara Y, Okazaki K, Jawaid P, Rehman MU, Kobayashi E, Susukida T, Minemura T, Nabe Y, Iwao N, Ozawa T, Hatano R, Yamada M, Kishi H, Matsuya Y, Mizuguchi M, Hayakawa Y, Dang NH, Sakamoto Y, Morimoto C, Sato T. DPP8 Selective Inhibitor Tominostat as a Novel and Broad-Spectrum Anticancer Agent against Hematological Malignancies. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071100. [PMID: 37048172 PMCID: PMC10093441 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
DPP8/9 inhibition induces either pyroptotic or apoptotic cell death in hematological malignancies. We previously reported that treatment with the DPP8/9 inhibitor 1G244 resulted in apoptotic cell death in myeloma, and our current study further evaluates the mechanism of action of 1G244 in different blood cancer cell lines. Specifically, 1G244 inhibited DPP9 to induce GSDMD-mediated-pyroptosis at low concentrations and inhibited DPP8 to cause caspase-3-mediated-apoptosis at high concentrations. HCK expression is necessary to induce susceptibility to pyroptosis but does not participate in the induction of apoptosis. To further characterize this DPP8-dependent broad-spectrum apoptosis induction effect, we evaluated the potential antineoplastic role for an analog of 1G244 with higher DPP8 selectivity, tominostat (also known as 12 m). In vitro studies demonstrated that the cytotoxic effect of 1G244 at high concentrations was enhanced in tominostat. Meanwhile, in vivo work showed tominostat exhibited antitumor activity that was more effective on a cell line sensitive to 1G244, and at higher doses, it was also effective on a cell line resistant to 1G244. Importantly, the weight loss morbidity associated with increasing doses of 1G244 was not observed with tominostat. These results suggest the possible development of novel drugs with antineoplastic activity against selected hematological malignancies by refining and increasing the DPP8 selectivity of tominostat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Kikuchi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Akinori Wada
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kamihara
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kosuke Okazaki
- Center for Clinical Research, Toyama University Hospital, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Paras Jawaid
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mati Ur Rehman
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takeshi Susukida
- Section of Host Defences, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tomoki Minemura
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Nabe
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Noriaki Iwao
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, 1129 Nagaoka, Izunokuni City, Shizuoka 410-2295, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ryo Hatano
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Yamada
- JEM Utilization Center Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba-shi 305-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsuya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mineyuki Mizuguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Section of Host Defences, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Nam H Dang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yasumitsu Sakamoto
- School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba 028-3694, Japan
| | - Chikao Morimoto
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sato
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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6
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Donzelli L, Bolgi O, Geiss-Friedlander R. The amino-dipeptidyl peptidases DPP8 and DPP9: Purification and enzymatic assays. Methods Enzymol 2023; 684:289-323. [PMID: 37230592 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Proline residues highly impact protein stability when present either in the first or second N-terminal position. While the human genome encodes for more than 500 proteases, only few proteases are capable of hydrolyzing a proline-containing peptide bond. The two intra-cellular amino-dipeptidyl peptidases DPP8 and DPP9 are exceptional as they possess the rare ability to cleave post-proline. By removing N-terminal Xaa-Pro dipeptides, DPP8 and DPP9 expose a neo N-terminus of their substates, which can consequently alter inter- or intra-molecular interactions of the modified protein. Both DPP8 and DPP9 play key roles in the immune response and are linked to cancer progression, emerging as attractive drug targets. DPP9 is more abundant than DPP8 and is rate limiting for cleavage of cytosolic proline-containing peptides. Only few DPP9 substrates have been characterized; these include Syk, a central kinase for B-cell receptor mediated signaling; Adenylate Kinase 2 (AK2) which is important for cellular energy homeostasis; and the tumor suppressor Breast cancer type 2 susceptibility protein (BRCA2) that is critical for repair of DNA double strand breaks. N-terminal processing of these proteins by DPP9 triggers their rapid turn-over by the proteasome, highlighting a role for DPP9 as upstream components of the N-degron pathway. Whether N-terminal processing by DPP9 leads to substrate-degradation in all cases, or whether additional outcomes are possible, remains to be tested. In this chapter we will describe methods for purification of DPP8 and DPP9 as well as protocols for biochemical and enzymatic characterization of these proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Donzelli
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oguz Bolgi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ruth Geiss-Friedlander
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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7
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Bolgi O, Silva-Garcia M, Ross B, Pilla E, Kari V, Killisch M, Spitzner M, Stark N, Lenz C, Weiss K, Donzelli L, Gorrell MD, Grade M, Riemer J, Urlaub H, Dobbelstein M, Huber R, Geiss-Friedlander R. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 triggers BRCA2 degradation and promotes DNA damage repair. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54136. [PMID: 35912982 PMCID: PMC9535758 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
N-terminal sequences are important sites for post-translational modifications that alter protein localization, activity, and stability. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is a serine aminopeptidase with the rare ability to cleave off N-terminal dipeptides with imino acid proline in the second position. Here, we identify the tumor-suppressor BRCA2 as a DPP9 substrate and show this interaction to be induced by DNA damage. We present crystallographic structures documenting intracrystalline enzymatic activity of DPP9, with the N-terminal Met1-Pro2 of a BRCA21-40 peptide captured in its active site. Intriguingly, DPP9-depleted cells are hypersensitive to genotoxic agents and are impaired in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination. Mechanistically, DPP9 targets BRCA2 for degradation and promotes the formation of RAD51 foci, the downstream function of BRCA2. N-terminal truncation mutants of BRCA2 that mimic a DPP9 product phenocopy reduced BRCA2 stability and rescue RAD51 foci formation in DPP9-deficient cells. Taken together, we present DPP9 as a regulator of BRCA2 stability and propose that by fine-tuning the cellular concentrations of BRCA2, DPP9 alters the BRCA2 interactome, providing a possible explanation for DPP9's role in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Bolgi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Silva-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Breyan Ross
- Max Planck Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany.,Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Esther Pilla
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vijayalakshmi Kari
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Killisch
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Spitzner
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Stark
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christof Lenz
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Weiss
- Institute of Biochemistry, Redox Biochemistry, and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura Donzelli
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marian Grade
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Riemer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Redox Biochemistry, and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Dobbelstein
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Huber
- Max Planck Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany.,Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Ruth Geiss-Friedlander
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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8
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Harapas CR, Robinson KS, Lay K, Wong J, Traspas RM, Nabavizadeh N, Rass-Rothschild A, Boisson B, Drutman SB, Laohamonthonkul P, Bonner D, Xiong JR, Gorrell MD, Davidson S, Yu CH, Fleming MD, Gudera J, Stein J, Ben-Harosh M, Groopman E, Shimamura A, Tamary H, Kayserili H, Hatipoğlu N, Casanova JL, Bernstein JA, Zhong FL, Masters SL, Reversade B. DPP9 deficiency: An inflammasomopathy that can be rescued by lowering NLRP1/IL-1 signaling. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabi4611. [PMID: 36112693 PMCID: PMC9844213 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abi4611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is a direct inhibitor of NLRP1, but how it affects inflammasome regulation in vivo is not yet established. Here, we report three families with immune-associated defects, poor growth, pancytopenia, and skin pigmentation abnormalities that segregate with biallelic DPP9 rare variants. Using patient-derived primary cells and biochemical assays, these variants were shown to behave as hypomorphic or knockout alleles that failed to repress NLRP1. The removal of a single copy of Nlrp1a/b/c, Asc, Gsdmd, or Il-1r, but not Il-18, was sufficient to rescue the lethality of Dpp9 mutant neonates in mice. Similarly, dpp9 deficiency was partially rescued by the inactivation of asc, an obligate downstream adapter of the NLRP1 inflammasome, in zebrafish. These experiments suggest that the deleterious consequences of DPP9 deficiency were mostly driven by the aberrant activation of the canonical NLRP1 inflammasome and IL-1β signaling. Collectively, our results delineate a Mendelian disorder of DPP9 deficiency driven by increased NLRP1 activity as demonstrated in patient cells and in two animal models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra R. Harapas
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim S. Robinson
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), A*STAR, Singapore
- Skin Research Laboratories (ASRL), A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Lay
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Jasmine Wong
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Ricardo Moreno Traspas
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Nasrin Nabavizadeh
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Annick Rass-Rothschild
- The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Disease, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Scott B. Drutman
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Pawat Laohamonthonkul
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Devon Bonner
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophia Davidson
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chien-Hsiung Yu
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark D. Fleming
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonas Gudera
- Dana Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU Klinikum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jerry Stein
- The Rina Zaizov Hematology-Oncology Division, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Felsenstain Medical Research Center, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Miriam Ben-Harosh
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Emily Groopman
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akiko Shimamura
- Dana Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Tamary
- The Rina Zaizov Hematology-Oncology Division, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Felsenstain Medical Research Center, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine (KUSOM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nevin Hatipoğlu
- Department of Pediatric Infection, Health Science University, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Disease, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, USA
| | | | - Franklin L. Zhong
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), A*STAR, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Seth L. Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, Singapore
- Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine (KUSOM), Istanbul, Turkey
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore
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9
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Cui C, Tian X, Wei L, Wang Y, Wang K, Fu R. New insights into the role of dipeptidyl peptidase 8 and dipeptidyl peptidase 9 and their inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1002871. [PMID: 36172198 PMCID: PMC9510841 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1002871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 8 (DPP8) and 9 (DPP9) are widely expressed in mammals including humans, mainly locate in the cytoplasm. The DPP8 and DPP9 (DPP8/9) belong to serine proteolytic enzymes, they can recognize and cleave N-terminal dipeptides of specific substrates if proline is at the penultimate position. Because the localization of DPP8/9 is different from that of DPP4 and the substrates for DPP8/9 are not yet completely clear, their physiological and pathological roles are still being further explored. In this article, we will review the recent research advances focusing on the expression, regulation, and functions of DPP8/9 in physiology and pathology status. Emerging research results have shown that DPP8/9 is involved in various biological processes such as cell behavior, energy metabolism, and immune regulation, which plays an essential role in maintaining normal development and physiological functions of the body. DPP8/9 is also involved in pathological processes such as tumorigenesis, inflammation, and organ fibrosis. In recent years, related research on immune cell pyroptosis has made DPP8/9 a new potential target for the treatment of hematological diseases. In addition, DPP8/9 inhibitors also have great potential in the treatment of tumors and chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenkai Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuefei Tian
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Linting Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yinhong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rongguo Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Rongguo Fu,
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10
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Dipeptidyl Peptidase Inhibition Enhances CD8 T Cell Recruitment and Activates Intrahepatic Inflammasome in a Murine Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215495. [PMID: 34771657 PMCID: PMC8583374 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study reported, for the first time, on the expression and activity of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) family during the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We also demonstrated that the pan-DPP inhibitory compound ARI-4175 significantly reduced the number of macroscopic liver nodules in a mouse HCC model. ARI-4175 increased intrahepatic inflammatory cell infiltration, CD8+ T cell numbers and caspase-1-mediated inflammasome activation in the HCC-bearing liver. Thus, this study provides promising data on the efficacy of ARI-4175 in the treatment of early-stage HCC. Targeting the DPP4 family may be a novel and effective approach to promote anti-tumour immunity in HCC via caspase-1 activation. Abstract The mRNA expression of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) gene family is highly upregulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is associated with poor survival in HCC patients. Compounds that inhibit the DPP4 enzyme family, such as talabostat and ARI-4175, can mediate tumour regression by immune-mediated mechanisms that are believed to include NLRP1 activation. This study investigated the expression and activity of the DPP4 family during the development of HCC and evaluated the efficacy of ARI-4175 in the treatment of early HCC in mice. This first report on this enzyme family in HCC-bearing mice showed DPP9 upregulation in HCC, whereas intrahepatic DPP8/9 and DPP4 enzyme activity levels decreased with age. We demonstrated that ARI-4175 significantly lowered the total number of macroscopic liver nodules in these mice. In addition, ARI-4175 increased intrahepatic inflammatory cell infiltration, including CD8+ T cell numbers, into the HCC-bearing livers. Furthermore, ARI-4175 activated a critical component of the inflammasome pathway, caspase-1, in these HCC-bearing livers. This is the first evidence of caspase-1 activation by a pan-DPP inhibitor in the liver. Our data suggest that targeting the DPP4 enzyme family may be a novel and effective approach to promote anti-tumour immunity in HCC via caspase-1 activation.
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11
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Qian XK, Zhang J, Li XD, Song PF, Zou LW. Research Progress on Dipeptidyl Peptidase Family: Structure, Function and Xenobiotic Metabolism. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2167-2188. [PMID: 34525910 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210915103431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl-specific peptidases or proteases, including Dipeptidyl Peptidase 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, Fibroblast Activation Protein, prolyl endopeptidase and prolyl carboxypeptidase, belong to the dipeptidyl peptidase family. In human physiology and anatomy, they have homology amino acid sequences, similarities in structure, but play distinct functions and roles. Some of them also play important roles in the metabolism of drugs containing endogenous peptides, xenobiotics containing peptides, and exogenous peptides. The major functions of these peptidases in both the metabolism of human health and bioactive peptides are of significant importance in the development of effective inhibitors to control the metabolism of endogenous bioactive peptides. The structural characteristics, distribution of tissue, endogenous substrates, and biological functions were summarized in this review. Furthermore, the xenobiotics metabolism of the dipeptidyl peptidase family is illustrated. All the evidence and information summarized in this review would be very useful for researchers to extend the understanding of the proteins of these families and offer advice and assistance in physiology and pathology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Kai Qian
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai. China
| | - Pei-Fang Song
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai. China
| | - Li-Wei Zou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai. China
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12
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Huang JC, Emran AA, Endaya JM, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD, Zhang HE. DPP9: Comprehensive In Silico Analyses of Loss of Function Gene Variants and Associated Gene Expression Signatures in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1637. [PMID: 33915844 PMCID: PMC8037973 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 9, DPP8, DPP4 and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) are the four enzymatically active members of the S9b protease family. Associations of DPP9 with human liver cancer, exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DPP9 and loss of function (LoF) variants have not been explored. Human genomic databases, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), were interrogated to identify DPP9 LoF variants and associated cancers. Survival and gene signature analyses were performed on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) data. We found that DPP9 and DPP8 are intolerant to LoF variants. DPP9 exonic LoF variants were most often associated with uterine carcinoma and lung carcinoma. All four DPP4-like genes were overexpressed in liver tumors and their joint high expression was associated with poor survival in HCC. Increased DPP9 expression was associated with obesity in HCC patients. High expression of genes that positively correlated with overexpression of DPP4, DPP8, and DPP9 were associated with very poor survival in HCC. Enriched pathways analysis of these positively correlated genes featured Toll-like receptor and SUMOylation pathways. This comprehensive data mining suggests that DPP9 is important for survival and that the DPP4 protease family, particularly DPP9, is important in the pathogenesis of human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Carrie Huang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.C.H.); (A.A.E.); (J.M.E.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Abdullah Al Emran
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.C.H.); (A.A.E.); (J.M.E.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Justine Moreno Endaya
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.C.H.); (A.A.E.); (J.M.E.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Geoffrey W. McCaughan
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.C.H.); (A.A.E.); (J.M.E.); (G.W.M.)
- AW Morrow GE & Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.C.H.); (A.A.E.); (J.M.E.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.C.H.); (A.A.E.); (J.M.E.); (G.W.M.)
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13
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Zou H, Zhu N, Li S. The emerging role of dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 as a therapeutic target in lung disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:147-153. [PMID: 31971463 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1721468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a surface bound ectopeptidase that is commonly known as CD26 or adenosine deaminase binding protein. DPP-4 is membrane anchored but it can be cleaved by numerous proteases including matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs). DPP-4 is expressed by endothelial and epithelial cells, the kidney, intestine and cells of the immune system; it has a broad spectrum of biological functions in immune regulation, cancer biology and glucose metabolism.Areas covered: This article sheds light on the functions of DPP-4, the molecular mechanisms that govern its expression, it's role in the pathogenesis of common respiratory illnesses and potential as a therapeutic target.Expert opinion: DPP-4 has a deleterious role in respiratory disease. Its biological functions, key molecular pathways, interactions and associations are slowly being elucidated. Progressing our knowledge of the role of this multi-faceted molecule may yield vital and novel therapies for respiratory diseases such as lung cancer, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengqing Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Gall MG, Zhang HE, Lee Q, Jolly CJ, McCaughan GW, Cook A, Roediger B, Gorrell MD. Immune regeneration in irradiated mice is not impaired by the absence of DPP9 enzymatic activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7292. [PMID: 31086209 PMCID: PMC6513830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43739-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous intracellular protease dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) has roles in antigen presentation and B cell signaling. To investigate the importance of DPP9 in immune regeneration, primary and secondary chimeric mice were created in irradiated recipients using fetal liver cells and adult bone marrow cells, respectively, using wild-type (WT) and DPP9 gene-knockin (DPP9S729A) enzyme-inactive mice. Immune cell reconstitution was assessed at 6 and 16 weeks post-transplant. Primary chimeric mice successfully regenerated neutrophils, natural killer, T and B cells, irrespective of donor cell genotype. There were no significant differences in total myeloid cell or neutrophil numbers between DPP9-WT and DPP9S729A-reconstituted mice. In secondary chimeric mice, cells of DPP9S729A-origin cells displayed enhanced engraftment compared to WT. However, we observed no differences in myeloid or lymphoid lineage reconstitution between WT and DPP9S729A donors, indicating that hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) engraftment and self-renewal is not diminished by the absence of DPP9 enzymatic activity. This is the first report on transplantation of bone marrow cells that lack DPP9 enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret G Gall
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Quintin Lee
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher J Jolly
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam Cook
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben Roediger
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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15
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Enz N, Vliegen G, De Meester I, Jungraithmayr W. CD26/DPP4 - a potential biomarker and target for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:135-159. [PMID: 30822465 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)4 is a membrane-bound protein found in many cell types of the body, and a soluble form is present in body fluids. There is longstanding evidence that various primary tumors and also metastases express CD26/DPP4 to a variable extent. By cleaving dipeptides from peptides with a proline or alanine in the penultimate position at the N-terminus, it regulates the activity of incretin hormones, chemokines and many other peptides. Due to these effects and interactions with other molecules, a tumor promoting or suppressing role can be attributed to CD26/DPP4. In this review, we discuss the existing evidence on the expression of soluble or membrane-bound CD26/DPP4 in malignant diseases, along with the most recent findings on CD26/DPP4 as a therapeutic target in specific malignancies. The expression and possible involvement of the related DPP8 and DPP9 in cancer are also reviewed. A higher expression of CD26/DPP4 is found in a wide variety of tumor entities, however more research on CD26/DPP4 in the tumor microenvironment is needed to fully explore its use as a tumor biomarker. Circulating soluble CD26/DPP4 has also been studied as a cancer biomarker, however, the observed decrease in most cancer patients does not seem to be cancer specific. Encouraging results from experimental work and a recently reported first phase clinical trial targeting CD26/DPP4 in mesothelioma, renal and urological tumors pave the way for follow-up clinical studies, also in other tumor entities, possibly leading to the development of more effective complementary therapies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njanja Enz
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Gwendolyn Vliegen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Wolfgang Jungraithmayr
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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16
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Zhang HE, Hamson EJ, Koczorowska MM, Tholen S, Chowdhury S, Bailey CG, Lay AJ, Twigg SM, Lee Q, Roediger B, Biniossek ML, O'Rourke MB, McCaughan GW, Keane FM, Schilling O, Gorrell MD. Identification of Novel Natural Substrates of Fibroblast Activation Protein-alpha by Differential Degradomics and Proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:65-85. [PMID: 30257879 PMCID: PMC6317473 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein-alpha (FAP) is a cell-surface transmembrane-anchored dimeric protease. This unique, constitutively active serine protease has both dipeptidyl aminopeptidase and endopeptidase activities and can hydrolyze the post-proline bond. FAP expression is very low in adult organs but is upregulated by activated fibroblasts in sites of tissue remodeling, including fibrosis, atherosclerosis, arthritis and tumors. To identify the endogenous substrates of FAP, we immortalized primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from FAP gene knockout embryos and then stably transduced them to express either enzymatically active or inactive FAP. The MEF secretomes were then analyzed using degradomic and proteomic techniques. Terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS)-based degradomics identified cleavage sites in collagens, many other extracellular matrix (ECM) and associated proteins, and lysyl oxidase-like-1, CXCL-5, CSF-1, and C1qT6, that were confirmed in vitro In addition, differential metabolic labeling coupled with quantitative proteomic analysis also implicated FAP in ECM-cell interactions, as well as with coagulation, metabolism and wound healing associated proteins. Plasma from FAP-deficient mice exhibited slower than wild-type clotting times. This study provides a significant expansion of the substrate repertoire of FAP and provides insight into the physiological and potential pathological roles of this enigmatic protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Emma Zhang
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Hamson
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | | | - Stefan Tholen
- ¶Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sumaiya Chowdhury
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Angelina J Lay
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen M Twigg
- §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia;; ‖Charles Perkins Centre, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Quintin Lee
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Ben Roediger
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Martin L Biniossek
- ¶Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthew B O'Rourke
- ‖Charles Perkins Centre, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia;; **Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Oliver Schilling
- ‡‡Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;; §§BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;; ¶¶German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia;; ‖Charles Perkins Centre, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia;.
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17
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Zhong FL, Robinson K, Teo DET, Tan KY, Lim C, Harapas CR, Yu CH, Xie WH, Sobota RM, Au VB, Hopkins R, D'Osualdo A, Reed JC, Connolly JE, Masters SL, Reversade B. Human DPP9 represses NLRP1 inflammasome and protects against autoinflammatory diseases via both peptidase activity and FIIND domain binding. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18864-18878. [PMID: 30291141 PMCID: PMC6295727 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is a critical molecular complex that activates interleukin-1 driven inflammation in response to pathogen- and danger-associated signals. Germline mutations in the inflammasome sensor NLRP1 cause Mendelian systemic autoimmunity and skin cancer susceptibility, but its endogenous regulation remains less understood. Here we use a proteomics screen to uncover dipeptidyl dipeptidase DPP9 as a novel interacting partner with human NLRP1 and a related inflammasome regulator, CARD8. DPP9 functions as an endogenous inhibitor of NLRP1 inflammasome in diverse primary cell types from human and mice. DPP8/9 inhibition via small molecule drugs and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic deletion specifically activate the human NLRP1 inflammasome, leading to ASC speck formation, pyroptotic cell death, and secretion of cleaved interleukin-1β. Mechanistically, DPP9 interacts with a unique autoproteolytic domain (Function to Find Domain (FIIND)) found in NLRP1 and CARD8. This scaffolding function of DPP9 and its catalytic activity act synergistically to maintain NLRP1 in its inactive state and repress downstream inflammasome activation. We further identified a single patient-derived germline missense mutation in the NLRP1 FIIND domain that abrogates DPP9 binding, leading to inflammasome hyperactivation seen in the Mendelian autoinflammatory disease Autoinflammation with Arthritis and Dyskeratosis. These results unite recent findings on the regulation of murine Nlrp1b by Dpp8/9 and uncover a new regulatory mechanism for the NLRP1 inflammasome in primary human cells. Our results further suggest that DPP9 could be a multifunctional inflammasome regulator involved in human autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin L Zhong
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Proteos, Singapore 138673,
- the Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Immunos, Singapore 138648
- the Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Immunos, Singapore 138648
- the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921
| | - Kim Robinson
- the Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Immunos, Singapore 138648
- the Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Daniel Eng Thiam Teo
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Proteos, Singapore 138673
- the Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Immunos, Singapore 138648
- the Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Kiat-Yi Tan
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Proteos, Singapore 138673
| | - Chrissie Lim
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Proteos, Singapore 138673
| | - Cassandra R Harapas
- the Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Chien-Hsiung Yu
- the Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - William H Xie
- the Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Radoslaw M Sobota
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Proteos, Singapore 138673
| | - Veonice Bijin Au
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Proteos, Singapore 138673
| | - Richard Hopkins
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Proteos, Singapore 138673
| | - Andrea D'Osualdo
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - John C Reed
- the Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - John E Connolly
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Proteos, Singapore 138673
- the Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76712
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545
| | - Seth L Masters
- the Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Bruno Reversade
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Proteos, Singapore 138673,
- the Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Immunos, Singapore 138648
- the Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam-Zuidoost, The Netherlands
- the Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
- the Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey, and
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18
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Henderson JM, Polak N, Chen J, Roediger B, Weninger W, Kench JG, McCaughan GW, Zhang HE, Gorrell MD. Multiple liver insults synergize to accelerate experimental hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10283. [PMID: 29980757 PMCID: PMC6035229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The urgent unmet need for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapies is addressed here by characterising a novel mouse model of HCC in the context of ongoing liver damage and overnutrition. Male C57Bl/6J mice were treated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and thioacetamide (TAA), and some were provided with an atherogenic high fat diet (HFD). Inflammation, steatosis, fibrosis, 87 genes, liver lesions and intratumoural leukocyte subsets were quantified up to 24 weeks of age. Adding HFD to DEN/TAA increased fibrosis, steatosis and inflammation, and the incidence of both HCC and non-HCC dysplastic lesions. All lesions contained α-SMA positive fibroblasts. Macrophage marker F4/80 was not significantly different between treatment groups, but the macrophage-associated genes Arg-1 and Cd47 were differentially expressed. Fibrosis, cancer and cell death associated genes were upregulated in DEN/TAA/HFD livers. Fewer Kupffer cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were in tumours compared to control liver. In conclusion, combining a hepatotoxin with an atherogenic diet produced more intrahepatic tumours, dysplastic lesions and fibrosis compared to hepatotoxin alone. This new HCC model provides a relatively rapid means of examining primary HCC and potential therapies in the context of multiple hepatotoxins including those derived from overnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Henderson
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia.,The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Natasa Polak
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia.,The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Jinbiao Chen
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia.,The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Ben Roediger
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia.,The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia.,The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - James G Kench
- The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia.,The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia.,The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia. .,The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia. .,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
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19
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Kim M, Ksiazek I. Response to Letter to the Editor. Dev Biol 2018; 439:2. [PMID: 29248438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Munkyung Kim
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iwona Ksiazek
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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20
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Kim M, von Muenchow L, Le Meur T, Kueng B, Gapp B, Weber D, Dietrich W, Kovarik J, Rolink AG, Ksiazek I. DPP9 enzymatic activity in hematopoietic cells is dispensable for mouse hematopoiesis. Immunol Lett 2018; 198:60-65. [PMID: 29709545 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is a ubiquitously expressed intracellular prolyl peptidase implicated in immunoregulation. However, its physiological relevance in the immune system remains largely unknown. We investigated the role of DPP9 enzyme in immune system by characterizing DPP9 knock-in mice expressing a catalytically inactive S729A mutant of DPP9 enzyme (DPP9ki/ki mice). DPP9ki/ki mice show reduced number of lymphoid and myeloid cells in fetal liver and postnatal blood but their hematopoietic cells are fully functional and able to reconstitute lymphoid and myeloid lineages even in competitive mixed chimeras. These studies demonstrate that inactivation of DPP9 enzymatic activity does not lead to any perturbations in mouse hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkyung Kim
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lilly von Muenchow
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Le Meur
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Kueng
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Berangere Gapp
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Weber
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jiri Kovarik
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonius G Rolink
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iwona Ksiazek
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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21
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Ojeda-Montes MJ, Gimeno A, Tomas-Hernández S, Cereto-Massagué A, Beltrán-Debón R, Valls C, Mulero M, Pujadas G, Garcia-Vallvé S. Activity and selectivity cliffs for DPP-IV inhibitors: Lessons we can learn from SAR studies and their application to virtual screening. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1874-1915. [PMID: 29660786 DOI: 10.1002/med.21499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) has emerged over the last decade as one of the most effective treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus, and consequently (a) 11 DPP-IV inhibitors have been on the market since 2006 (three in 2015), and (b) 74 noncovalent complexes involving human DPP-IV and drug-like inhibitors are available at the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The present review aims to (a) explain the most important activity cliffs for DPP-IV noncovalent inhibition according to the binding site structure of DPP-IV, (b) explain the most important selectivity cliffs for DPP-IV noncovalent inhibition in comparison with other related enzymes (i.e., DPP8 and DPP9), and (c) use the information deriving from this activity/selectivity cliff analysis to suggest how virtual screening protocols might be improved to favor the early identification of potent and selective DPP-IV inhibitors in molecular databases (because they have not succeeded in identifying selective DPP-IV inhibitors with IC50 ≤ 100 nM). All these goals are achieved with the help of available homology models for DPP8 and DPP9 and an analysis of the structure-activity studies used to develop the noncovalent inhibitors that form part of some of the complexes with human DPP-IV available at the PDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Ojeda-Montes
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Aleix Gimeno
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sarah Tomas-Hernández
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Adrià Cereto-Massagué
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Raúl Beltrán-Debón
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristina Valls
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel Mulero
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Gerard Pujadas
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain.,EURECAT, TECNIO, CEICS, Avinguda Universitat 1, Reus, Spain
| | - Santiago Garcia-Vallvé
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain.,EURECAT, TECNIO, CEICS, Avinguda Universitat 1, Reus, Spain
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22
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Structures and mechanism of dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9, important players in cellular homeostasis and cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1437-E1445. [PMID: 29382749 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717565115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9 are intracellular N-terminal dipeptidyl peptidases (preferentially postproline) associated with pathophysiological roles in immune response and cancer biology. While the DPP family member DPP4 is extensively characterized in molecular terms as a validated therapeutic target of type II diabetes, experimental 3D structures and ligand-/substrate-binding modes of DPP8 and DPP9 have not been reported. In this study we describe crystal and molecular structures of human DPP8 (2.5 Å) and DPP9 (3.0 Å) unliganded and complexed with a noncanonical substrate and a small molecule inhibitor, respectively. Similar to DPP4, DPP8 and DPP9 molecules consist of one β-propeller and α/β hydrolase domain, forming a functional homodimer. However, they differ extensively in the ligand binding site structure. In intriguing contrast to DPP4, where liganded and unliganded forms are closely similar, ligand binding to DPP8/9 induces an extensive rearrangement at the active site through a disorder-order transition of a 26-residue loop segment, which partially folds into an α-helix (R-helix), including R160/133, a key residue for substrate binding. As vestiges of this helix are also seen in one of the copies of the unliganded form, conformational selection may contributes to ligand binding. Molecular dynamics simulations support increased flexibility of the R-helix in the unliganded state. Consistently, enzyme kinetics assays reveal a cooperative allosteric mechanism. DPP8 and DPP9 are closely similar and display few opportunities for targeted ligand design. However, extensive differences from DPP4 provide multiple cues for specific inhibitor design and development of the DPP family members as therapeutic targets or antitargets.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute and the Medical School of The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Margaret G Gall
- Centenary Institute and the Medical School of The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute and the Medical School of The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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24
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Kim M, Minoux M, Piaia A, Kueng B, Gapp B, Weber D, Haller C, Barbieri S, Namoto K, Lorenz T, Wirsching J, Bassilana F, Dietrich W, Rijli FM, Ksiazek I. DPP9 enzyme activity controls survival of mouse migratory tongue muscle progenitors and its absence leads to neonatal lethality due to suckling defect. Dev Biol 2017; 431:297-308. [PMID: 28887018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is an intracellular N-terminal post-proline-cleaving enzyme whose physiological function remains largely unknown. We investigated the role of DPP9 enzyme in vivo by characterizing knock-in mice expressing a catalytically inactive mutant form of DPP9 (S729A; DPP9ki/ki mice). We show that DPP9ki/ki mice die within 12-18h after birth. The neonatal lethality can be rescued by manual feeding, indicating that a suckling defect is the primary cause of neonatal lethality. The suckling defect results from microglossia, and is characterized by abnormal formation of intrinsic muscles at the distal tongue. In DPP9ki/ki mice, the number of occipital somite-derived migratory muscle progenitors, forming distal tongue intrinsic muscles, is reduced due to increased apoptosis. In contrast, intrinsic muscles of the proximal tongue and extrinsic tongue muscles, which derive from head mesoderm, develop normally in DPP9ki/ki mice. Thus, lack of DPP9 activity in mice leads to impaired tongue development, suckling defect and subsequent neonatal lethality due to impaired survival of a specific subset of migratory tongue muscle progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkyung Kim
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maryline Minoux
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Piaia
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Kueng
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Berangere Gapp
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Weber
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Haller
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Barbieri
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenji Namoto
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Lorenz
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johann Wirsching
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Filippo M Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iwona Ksiazek
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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25
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Zapletal E, Cupic B, Gabrilovac J. Expression, subcellular localisation, and possible roles of dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) in murine macrophages. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 35:124-137. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilija Zapletal
- Laboratory for Experimental Haematology, Immunology and Oncology, Division of Molecular Medicine; Rudjer Boskovic Institute; Zagreb Croatia
| | - Barbara Cupic
- Laboratory for Experimental Haematology, Immunology and Oncology, Division of Molecular Medicine; Rudjer Boskovic Institute; Zagreb Croatia
| | - Jelka Gabrilovac
- Laboratory for Experimental Haematology, Immunology and Oncology, Division of Molecular Medicine; Rudjer Boskovic Institute; Zagreb Croatia
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26
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Vliegen G, Raju TK, Adriaensen D, Lambeir AM, De Meester I. The expression of proline-specific enzymes in the human lung. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:130. [PMID: 28462210 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.03.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of lung diseases is very complex and proteolytic enzymes may play a role or could be used as biomarkers. In this review, the literature was searched to make an overview of what is known on the expression of the proline-specific peptidases dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 4, 8, 9, prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) and fibroblast activation protein α (FAP) in the healthy and diseased lung. Search terms included asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, fibrosis, ischemia reperfusion injury and pneumonia. Knowledge on the loss or gain of protein expression and activity during disease might tie these enzymes to certain cell types, substrates or interaction partners that are involved in the pathophysiology of the disease, ultimately leading to the elucidation of their functional roles and a potential therapeutic target. Most data could be found on DPP4, while the other enzymes are less explored. Published data however often appear to be conflicting, the applied methods divers and the specificity of the assays used questionable. In conclusion, information on the expression of the proline-specific peptidases in the healthy and diseased lung is lacking, begging for further well-designed research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn Vliegen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Tom K Raju
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dirk Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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27
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Tang Z, Li J, Shen Q, Feng J, Liu H, Wang W, Xu L, Shi G, Ye X, Ge M, Zhou X, Ni S. Contribution of upregulated dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) in promoting tumoregenicity, metastasis and the prediction of poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Int J Cancer 2017; 140:1620-1632. [PMID: 27943262 PMCID: PMC5324565 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is encoded by DPP9, which belongs to the DPP4 gene family. Proteins encoded by these genes have unique peptidase and extra‐enzymatic functions that have been linked to various diseases including cancers. Here, we describe the expression pattern and biological function of DPP9 in non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The repression of DPP9 expression by small interfering RNA inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Moreover, we explored the role of DPP9 in regulating epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). The epithelial markers E‐cadherin and MUC1 were significantly increased, while mesenchymal markers vimentin and S100A4 were markedly decreased in DPP9 knockdown cells. The downregulation of DPP9 in the NSCLC cells induced the expression of apoptosis‐associated proteins both in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the protein expression levels of DPP9 by tissue microarray immunohistochemical assay (TMA‐IHC) (n = 217). Further we found mRNA expression levels of DPP9 in 30 pairs of clinical NSCLC tissues were significantly lower than in the adjacent non‐cancerous tissues. Survival analysis showed that the overexpression of DPP9 was a significant independent factor for poor 5‐year overall survival in patients with NSCLC (p = 0.003). Taken together, DPP9 expression correlates with poor overall survival in NSCLC. What's new? Non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with multiple genetic and epigenetic changes. Nonetheless, mechanisms underlying its initiation and progression are not well understood. The present study identifies a role for dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9), a DPP4 family member with suspected influence on tumor initiation and metastasis. In lung cancer cells in vitro, DPP9 repression inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while its repression in vivo dramatically slowed tumor growth, greatly reducing tumor volume in DPP9 knockdown mice. In clinical NSCLC specimens, DPP9 upregulation was significantly associated with advanced TNM stage and was negatively prognostic for overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Shen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liqin Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanglin Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xumei Ye
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Ge
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Songshi Ni
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
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28
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Gabrilovac J, Čupić B, Zapletal E, Kraus O, Jakić-Razumović J. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) in human skin cells. Immunobiology 2017; 222:327-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Justa-Schuch D, Silva-Garcia M, Pilla E, Engelke M, Kilisch M, Lenz C, Möller U, Nakamura F, Urlaub H, Geiss-Friedlander R. DPP9 is a novel component of the N-end rule pathway targeting the tyrosine kinase Syk. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27614019 PMCID: PMC5039030 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aminopeptidase DPP9 removes dipeptides from N-termini of substrates having a proline or alanine in second position. Although linked to several pathways including cell survival and metabolism, the molecular mechanisms underlying these outcomes are poorly understood. We identified a novel interaction of DPP9 with Filamin A, which recruits DPP9 to Syk, a central kinase in B-cell signalling. Syk signalling can be terminated by degradation, requiring the ubiquitin E3 ligase Cbl. We show that DPP9 cleaves Syk to produce a neo N-terminus with serine in position 1. Pulse-chases combined with mutagenesis studies reveal that Ser1 strongly influences Syk stability. Furthermore, DPP9 silencing reduces Cbl interaction with Syk, suggesting that DPP9 processing is a prerequisite for Syk ubiquitination. Consistently, DPP9 inhibition stabilizes Syk, thereby modulating Syk signalling. Taken together, we demonstrate DPP9 as a negative regulator of Syk and conclude that DPP9 is a novel integral aminopeptidase of the N-end rule pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Justa-Schuch
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maria Silva-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Esther Pilla
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Engelke
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Markus Kilisch
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christof Lenz
- Department of Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Möller
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Fumihiko Nakamura
- Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Department of Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Geiss-Friedlander
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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30
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Wilson CH, Zhang HE, Gorrell MD, Abbott CA. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 substrates and their discovery: current progress and the application of mass spectrometry-based approaches. Biol Chem 2016; 397:837-56. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The enzyme members of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) gene family have the very unusual capacity to cleave the post-proline bond to release dipeptides from the N-terminus of peptide/protein substrates. DPP4 and related enzymes are current and potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of type II diabetes, inflammatory conditions and cancer. Despite this, the precise biological function of individual dipeptidyl peptidases (DPPs), other than DPP4, and knowledge of their in vivo substrates remains largely unknown. For many years, identification of physiological DPP substrates has been difficult due to limitations in the available tools. Now, with advances in mass spectrometry based approaches, we can discover DPP substrates on a system wide-scale. Application of these approaches has helped reveal some of the in vivo natural substrates of DPP8 and DPP9 and their unique biological roles. In this review, we provide a general overview of some tools and approaches available for protease substrate discovery and their applicability to the DPPs with a specific focus on DPP9 substrates. This review provides comment upon potential approaches for future substrate elucidation.
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31
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Wagner L, Klemann C, Stephan M, von Hörsten S. Unravelling the immunological roles of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) activity and/or structure homologue (DASH) proteins. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 184:265-83. [PMID: 26671446 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 4 (CD26, DPP4) is a multi-functional protein involved in T cell activation by co-stimulation via its association with adenosine deaminase (ADA), caveolin-1, CARMA-1, CD45, mannose-6-phosphate/insulin growth factor-II receptor (M6P/IGFII-R) and C-X-C motif receptor 4 (CXC-R4). The proline-specific dipeptidyl peptidase also modulates the bioactivity of several chemokines. However, a number of enzymes displaying either DPP4-like activities or representing structural homologues have been discovered in the past two decades and are referred to as DPP4 activity and/or structure homologue (DASH) proteins. Apart from DPP4, DASH proteins include fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP), DPP8, DPP9, DPP4-like protein 1 (DPL1, DPP6, DPPX L, DPPX S), DPP4-like protein 2 (DPL2, DPP10) from the DPP4-gene family S9b and structurally unrelated enzyme DPP2, displaying DPP4-like activity. In contrast, DPP6 and DPP10 lack enzymatic DPP4-like activity. These DASH proteins play important roles in the immune system involving quiescence (DPP2), proliferation (DPP8/DPP9), antigen-presenting (DPP9), co-stimulation (DPP4), T cell activation (DPP4), signal transduction (DPP4, DPP8 and DPP9), differentiation (DPP4, DPP8) and tissue remodelling (DPP4, FAP). Thus, they are involved in many pathophysiological processes and have therefore been proposed for potential biomarkers or even drug targets in various cancers (DPP4 and FAP) and inflammatory diseases (DPP4, DPP8/DPP9). However, they also pose the challenge of drug selectivity concerning other DASH members for better efficacy and/or avoidance of unwanted side effects. Therefore, this review unravels the complex roles of DASH proteins in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wagner
- Deutschsprachige Selbsthilfegruppe für Alkaptonurie (DSAKU) e.V, Stuttgart.,Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Klemann
- Centre of Paediatric Surgery.,Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
| | - M Stephan
- Clinic for Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
| | - S von Hörsten
- Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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32
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Chen Y, Gall MG, Zhang H, Keane FM, McCaughan GW, Yu DMT, Gorrell MD. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 enzymatic activity influences the expression of neonatal metabolic genes. Exp Cell Res 2016; 342:72-82. [PMID: 26930324 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The success of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibition as a type 2 diabetes therapy has encouraged deeper examination of the post-proline DPP enzymes. DPP9 has been implicated in immunoregulation, disease pathogenesis and metabolism. The DPP9 enzyme-inactive (Dpp9 gene knock-in; Dpp9 gki) mouse displays neonatal lethality, suggesting that DPP9 enzyme activity is essential in neonatal development. Here we present gene expression patterns in these Dpp9 gki neonatal mice. Taqman PCR arrays and sequential qPCR assays on neonatal liver and gut revealed differential expression of genes involved in cell growth, innate immunity and metabolic pathways including long-chain-fatty-acid uptake and esterification, long-chain fatty acyl-CoA binding, trafficking and transport into mitochondria, lipoprotein metabolism, adipokine transport and gluconeogenesis in the Dpp9 gki mice compared to wild type. In a liver cell line, Dpp9 knockdown increased AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, which suggests a potential mechanism. DPP9 protein levels in liver cells were altered by treatment with EGF, HGF, insulin or palmitate, suggesting potential natural DPP9 regulators. These gene expression analyses of a mouse strain deficient in DPP9 enzyme activity show, for the first time, that DPP9 enzyme activity regulates metabolic pathways in neonatal liver and gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Chen
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret G Gall
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui Zhang
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Denise M T Yu
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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33
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Wong PF, Gall MG, Bachovchin WW, McCaughan GW, Keane FM, Gorrell MD. Neuropeptide Y is a physiological substrate of fibroblast activation protein: Enzyme kinetics in blood plasma and expression of Y2R and Y5R in human liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Peptides 2016; 75:80-95. [PMID: 26621486 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) and endopeptidase that is weakly expressed in normal adult human tissues but is greatly up-regulated in activated mesenchymal cells of tumors and chronically injured tissue. The identities and locations of target substrates of FAP are poorly defined, in contrast to the related protease DPP4. This study is the first to characterize the physiological substrate repertoire of the DPP activity of endogenous FAP present in plasma. Four substrates, neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY, B-type natriuretic peptide and substance P, were analyzed by mass spectrometry following proteolysis in human or mouse plasma, and by in vivo localization in human liver tissues with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NPY was the most efficiently cleaved substrate of both human and mouse FAP, whereas all four peptides were efficiently cleaved by endogenous DPP4, indicating that the in vivo degradomes of FAP and DPP4 differ. All detectable DPP-specific proteolysis and C-terminal processing of these neuropeptides was attributable to FAP and DPP4, and plasma kallikrein, respectively, highlighting their combined physiological significance in the regulation of these neuropeptides. In cirrhotic liver and HCC, NPY and its receptor Y2R, but not Y5R, were increased in hepatocytes near the parenchymal-stromal interface where there is an opportunity to interact with FAP expressed on nearby activated mesenchymal cells in the stroma. These novel findings provide insights into the substrate specificity of FAP, which differs greatly from DPP4, and reveal a potential function for FAP in neuropeptide regulation within liver and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pok Fai Wong
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Margaret G Gall
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - William W Bachovchin
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Heirbaut L, van Goethem S, Jansen K, de Winter H, Lamoen N, Joossens J, Cheng J, Chen X, Lambeir AM, de Meester I, Augustyns K, van der Veken P. Probing for improved selectivity with dipeptide-derived inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9: the impact of P1-variation. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00454c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of P1-variation on DPP8/9 inhibitor selectivity is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Heirbaut
- Medicinal Chemistry/UAMC
- University of Antwerp
- B-2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp
- Belgium
| | | | - Koen Jansen
- Medicinal Chemistry/UAMC
- University of Antwerp
- B-2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp
- Belgium
| | - Hans de Winter
- Medicinal Chemistry/UAMC
- University of Antwerp
- B-2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp
- Belgium
| | - Nicole Lamoen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry
- University of Antwerp
- B-2610 Wirijk-Antwerp
- Belgium
| | - Jurgen Joossens
- Medicinal Chemistry/UAMC
- University of Antwerp
- B-2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp
- Belgium
| | | | - Xin Chen
- National Health Research Institutes
- Zhunan
- Taiwan
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry
- University of Antwerp
- B-2610 Wirijk-Antwerp
- Belgium
| | - Ingrid de Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry
- University of Antwerp
- B-2610 Wirijk-Antwerp
- Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Medicinal Chemistry/UAMC
- University of Antwerp
- B-2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp
- Belgium
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35
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Waumans Y, Baerts L, Kehoe K, Lambeir AM, De Meester I. The Dipeptidyl Peptidase Family, Prolyl Oligopeptidase, and Prolyl Carboxypeptidase in the Immune System and Inflammatory Disease, Including Atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:387. [PMID: 26300881 PMCID: PMC4528296 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research from over the past 20 years has implicated dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV and its family members in many processes and different pathologies of the immune system. Most research has been focused on either DPPIV or just a few of its family members. It is, however, essential to consider the entire DPP family when discussing any one of its members. There is a substantial overlap between family members in their substrate specificity, inhibitors, and functions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive discussion on the role of prolyl-specific peptidases DPPIV, FAP, DPP8, DPP9, dipeptidyl peptidase II, prolyl carboxypeptidase, and prolyl oligopeptidase in the immune system and its diseases. We highlight possible therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, a condition that lies at the frontier between inflammation and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Waumans
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Lesley Baerts
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Kaat Kehoe
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
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36
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Zhang H, Maqsudi S, Rainczuk A, Duffield N, Lawrence J, Keane FM, Justa-Schuch D, Geiss-Friedlander R, Gorrell MD, Stephens AN. Identification of novel dipeptidyl peptidase 9 substrates by two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis. FEBS J 2015; 282:3737-57. [PMID: 26175140 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is a member of the S9B/DPPIV (DPP4) serine protease family, which cleaves N-terminal dipeptides at an Xaa-Pro consensus motif. Cytoplasmic DPP9 has roles in epidermal growth factor signalling and in antigen processing, whilst the role of the recently discovered nuclear form of DPP9 is unknown. Mice lacking DPP9 proteolytic activity die as neonates. We applied a modified 2D differential in-gel electrophoresis approach to identify novel DPP9 substrates, using mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking endogenous DPP9 activity. A total of 111 potential new DPP9 substrates were identified, with nine proteins/peptides confirmed as DPP9 substrates by MALDI-TOF or immunoblotting. Moreover, we also identified the dipeptide Val-Ala as a consensus site for DPP9 cleavage that was not recognized by DPP8, suggesting different in vivo roles for these closely related enzymes. The relative kinetics for the cleavage of these nine candidate substrates by DPP9, DPP8 and DPP4 were determined. This is the first identification of DPP9 substrates from cells lacking endogenous DPP9 activity. These data greatly expand the potential roles of DPP9 and suggest different in vivo roles for DPP9 and DPP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Molecular Hepatology, Liver Injury and Cancer Group, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Sadiqa Maqsudi
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Adam Rainczuk
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nadine Duffield
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Josie Lawrence
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- Molecular Hepatology, Liver Injury and Cancer Group, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniela Justa-Schuch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Geiss-Friedlander
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Molecular Hepatology, Liver Injury and Cancer Group, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew N Stephens
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Epworth Research Institute, Epworth HealthCare, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
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37
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Zhang H, Chen Y, Wadham C, McCaughan GW, Keane FM, Gorrell MD. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 subcellular localization and a role in cell adhesion involving focal adhesion kinase and paxillin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:470-80. [PMID: 25486458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the DPP4 gene and protease family. Deciphering the biological functions of DPP9 and its roles in pathogenesis has implicated DPP9 in tumor biology, the immune response, apoptosis, intracellular epidermal growth factor-dependent signaling and cell adhesion and migration. We investigated the intracellular distribution of DPP9 chimeric fluorescent proteins and consequent functions of DPP9. We showed that while some DPP9 is associated with mitochondria, the strongest co-localization was with microtubules. Under steady state conditions, DPP9 was not seen at the plasma membrane, but upon stimulation with either phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or epidermal growth factor, some DPP9 re-distributed towards the ruffling membrane. DPP9 was seen at the leading edge of the migrating cell and co-localized with the focal adhesion proteins, integrin-β1 and talin. DPP9 gene silencing and treatment with a DPP8/DPP9 specific inhibitor both reduced cell adhesion and migration. Expression of integrin-β1 and talin was decreased in DPP9-deficient and DPP9-enzyme-inactive cells. There was a concomitant decrease in the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin, indicating that DPP9 knockdown or enzyme inhibition suppressed the associated adhesion signaling pathway, causing impaired cell movement. These novel findings provide mechanistic insights into the regulatory role of DPP9 in cell movement, and may thus implicate DPP9 in tissue and tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiqian Chen
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carol Wadham
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) is a widely expressed enzyme transducing actions through an anchored transmembrane molecule and a soluble circulating protein. Both membrane-associated and soluble DPP4 exert catalytic activity, cleaving proteins containing a position 2 alanine or proline. DPP4-mediated enzymatic cleavage alternatively inactivates peptides or generates new bioactive moieties that may exert competing or novel activities. The widespread use of selective DPP4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes has heightened interest in the molecular mechanisms through which DPP4 inhibitors exert their pleiotropic actions. Here we review the biology of DPP4 with a focus on: 1) identification of pharmacological vs physiological DPP4 substrates; and 2) elucidation of mechanisms of actions of DPP4 in studies employing genetic elimination or chemical reduction of DPP4 activity. We review data identifying the roles of key DPP4 substrates in transducing the glucoregulatory, anti-inflammatory, and cardiometabolic actions of DPP4 inhibitors in both preclinical and clinical studies. Finally, we highlight experimental pitfalls and technical challenges encountered in studies designed to understand the mechanisms of action and downstream targets activated by inhibition of DPP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Mulvihill
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
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39
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Justa-Schuch D, Möller U, Geiss-Friedlander R. The amino terminus extension in the long dipeptidyl peptidase 9 isoform contains a nuclear localization signal targeting the active peptidase to the nucleus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3611-26. [PMID: 24562348 PMCID: PMC11113674 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular prolyl peptidase DPP9 is implied to be involved in various cellular pathways including amino acid recycling, antigen maturation, cellular homeostasis, and viability. Interestingly, the major RNA transcript of DPP9 contains two possible translation initiation sites, which could potentially generate a longer (892 aa) and a shorter version (863 aa) of DPP9. Although the endogenous expression of the shorter DPP9 form has been previously verified, it is unknown whether the longer version is expressed, and what is its biological significance. By developing specific antibodies against the amino-terminal extension of the putative DPP9-long form, we demonstrate for the first time the endogenous expression of this longer isoform within cells. Furthermore, we show that DPP9-long represents a significant fraction of total DPP9 in cells, under steady-state conditions. Using biochemical cell fractionation assays in combination with immunofluorescence studies, we find the two isoforms localize to separate subcellular compartments. Whereas DPP9-short is present in the cytosol, DPP9-long localizes preferentially to the nucleus. This differential localization is attributed to a classical monopartite nuclear localization signal (K(K/R)X(K/R)) in the N-terminal extension of DPP9-long. Furthermore, we detect prolyl peptidase activity in nuclear fractions, which can be inhibited by specific DPP8/9 inhibitors. In conclusion, a considerable fraction of DPP9, which was previously considered as a purely cytosolic peptidase, localizes to the nucleus and is active there, raising the intriguing possibility that the longer DPP9 isoform may regulate the activity or stability of nuclear proteins, such as transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Justa-Schuch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Möller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Geiss-Friedlander
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
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