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Yasamineh S, Mehrabani FJ, Derafsh E, Danihiel Cosimi R, Forood AMK, Soltani S, Hadi M, Gholizadeh O. Potential Use of the Cholesterol Transfer Inhibitor U18666A as a Potent Research Tool for the Study of Cholesterol Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3503-3527. [PMID: 37995080 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03798-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of mammalian cell membranes and a precursor for crucial signaling molecules. The brain contains the highest level of cholesterol in the body, and abnormal cholesterol metabolism links to many neurodegenerative disorders. The results indicate that faulty cholesterol metabolism is a common feature among people living with neurodegenerative conditions. The researchers suggest that restoring cholesterol levels may become a beneficial new strategy in treating certain neurodegenerative conditions. Several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease, and Parkinson's disease (PD), have been connected to abnormalities in brain cholesterol metabolism. Consequently, using a lipid research tool is vital to study further and understand the effect of lipids in neurodegenerative disorders such as NPC, AD, PD, and Huntington's disease (HD). U18666A, also known as 3-(2-(diethylamino) ethoxy) androst-5-en-17-one, is a pharmaceutical drug that suppresses cholesterol trafficking and is a well-known class-2 amphiphile. U18666A has performed many functions, allowing for essential discoveries in lipid studies and shedding light on the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, U18666A prevented the downregulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors that are induced by LDL and led to the buildup of cholesterol in lysosomes. Numerous studies show that U18666A impacts the function of cholesterol trafficking to control the metabolism and transport of amyloid precursor proteins (APPs). Treating cortical neurons with U18666A may provide a new in vitro model system for studying the underlying molecular process of NPC, AD, HD, and PD. In this article, we review the mechanism and function of U18666A as a vital tool for studying cholesterol mechanisms in neurological diseases related to abnormal cholesterol metabolism, such as AD, NPC, HD, and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ehsan Derafsh
- Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | | | | | - Siamak Soltani
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meead Hadi
- Department Of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tehran Central Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Ahmad I, Fatemi SN, Ghaheri M, Rezvani A, Khezri DA, Natami M, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O, Bahmanyar Z. An overview of the role of Niemann-pick C1 (NPC1) in viral infections and inhibition of viral infections through NPC1 inhibitor. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:352. [PMID: 38098077 PMCID: PMC10722723 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses communicate with their hosts through interactions with proteins, lipids, and carbohydrate moieties on the plasma membrane (PM), often resulting in viral absorption via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Many viruses cannot multiply unless the host's cholesterol level remains steady. The large endo/lysosomal membrane protein (MP) Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), which is involved in cellular cholesterol transport, is a crucial intracellular receptor for viral infection. NPC1 is a ubiquitous housekeeping protein essential for the controlled cholesterol efflux from lysosomes. Its human absence results in Niemann-Pick type C disease, a deadly lysosomal storage disorder. NPC1 is a crucial viral receptor and an essential host component for filovirus entrance, infection, and pathogenesis. For filovirus entrance, NPC1's cellular function is unnecessary. Furthermore, blocking NPC1 limits the entry and replication of the African swine fever virus by disrupting cholesterol homeostasis. Cell entrance of quasi-enveloped variants of hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus has also been linked to NPC1. By controlling cholesterol levels, NPC1 is also necessary for the effective release of reovirus cores into the cytoplasm. Drugs that limit NPC1's activity are effective against several viruses, including SARS-CoV and Type I Feline Coronavirus (F-CoV). These findings reveal NPC1 as a potential therapeutic target for treating viral illnesses and demonstrate its significance for several viral infections. This article provides a synopsis of NPC1's function in viral infections and a review of NPC1 inhibitors that may be used to counteract viral infections. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Ghaheri
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Rezvani
- Anesthesiology Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Dorsa Azizi Khezri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Natami
- Department of Urology, Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | | | | | - Zahra Bahmanyar
- School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Kunkel TJ, Townsend A, Sullivan KA, Merlet J, Schuchman EH, Jacobson DA, Lieberman AP. The cholesterol transporter NPC1 is essential for epigenetic regulation and maturation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3964. [PMID: 37407594 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular cholesterol transporter NPC1 functions in late endosomes and lysosomes to efflux unesterified cholesterol, and its deficiency causes Niemann-Pick disease Type C, an autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and early death. Here, we use single-nucleus RNA-seq on the forebrain of Npc1-/- mice at P16 to identify cell types and pathways affected early in pathogenesis. Our analysis uncovers significant transcriptional changes in the oligodendrocyte lineage during developmental myelination, accompanied by diminished maturation of myelinating oligodendrocytes. We identify upregulation of genes associated with neurogenesis and synapse formation in Npc1-/- oligodendrocyte lineage cells, reflecting diminished gene silencing by H3K27me3. Npc1-/- oligodendrocyte progenitor cells reproduce impaired maturation in vitro, and this phenotype is rescued by treatment with GSK-J4, a small molecule inhibitor of H3K27 demethylases. Moreover, mobilizing stored cholesterol in Npc1-/- mice by a single administration of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin at P7 rescues myelination, epigenetic marks, and oligodendrocyte gene expression. Our findings highlight an important role for NPC1 in oligodendrocyte lineage maturation and epigenetic regulation, and identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus J Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alice Townsend
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Kyle A Sullivan
- Computational and Predictive Biology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jean Merlet
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Edward H Schuchman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel A Jacobson
- Computational and Predictive Biology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Andrew P Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Bremova-Ertl T, Schneider S. Current advancements in therapy for Niemann-Pick disease: progress and pitfalls. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023; 24:1229-1247. [PMID: 37211769 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2023.2215386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare, autosomal recessive, lysosomal storage disorder. To combat the progressive neurodegeneration in NPC, disease-modifying treatment needs to be introduced early in the course of the disease. The only approved, disease-modifying treatment is a substrate-reduction treatment, miglustat. Given miglustat's limited efficacy, new compounds are under development, including gene therapy; however, many are still far from clinical use. Moreover, the phenotypic heterogeneity and variable course of the disease can impede the development and approval of new agents. AREAS COVERED Here, we offer an expert review of these therapeutic candidates, with a broad scope not only on the main pharmacotherapies, but also on experimental approaches, gene therapies, and symptomatic strategies. The National Institute of Health (NIH) database PubMed has been searched for the combination of the words 'Niemann-Pick type C'+ 'treatment' or 'therapy' or 'trial.' The website clinicaltrials.gov has also been consulted. EXPERT OPINION We conclude a combination of treatment strategies should be sought, with a holistic approach, to improve the quality of life of affected individuals and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Bremova-Ertl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern (Inselspital) and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Center for Rare Diseases, University Hospital Bern (Inselspital) and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Schneider
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Pfrieger FW. The Niemann-Pick type diseases – A synopsis of inborn errors in sphingolipid and cholesterol metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 90:101225. [PMID: 37003582 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances of lipid homeostasis in cells provoke human diseases. The elucidation of the underlying mechanisms and the development of efficient therapies represent formidable challenges for biomedical research. Exemplary cases are two rare, autosomal recessive, and ultimately fatal lysosomal diseases historically named "Niemann-Pick" honoring the physicians, whose pioneering observations led to their discovery. Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) and Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) are caused by specific variants of the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) and NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1) or NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2 (NPC2) genes that perturb homeostasis of two key membrane components, sphingomyelin and cholesterol, respectively. Patients with severe forms of these diseases present visceral and neurologic symptoms and succumb to premature death. This synopsis traces the tortuous discovery of the Niemann-Pick diseases, highlights important advances with respect to genetic culprits and cellular mechanisms, and exposes efforts to improve diagnosis and to explore new therapeutic approaches.
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Campbell K, Cawley NX, Luke R, Scott KEJ, Johnson N, Farhat NY, Alexander D, Wassif CA, Li W, Cologna SM, Berry-Kravis E, Do AD, Dale RK, Porter FD. Identification of cerebral spinal fluid protein biomarkers in Niemann-Pick disease, type C1. Biomark Res 2023; 11:14. [PMID: 36721240 PMCID: PMC9887810 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is an ultrarare, recessive, lethal, lysosomal disease characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia and cognitive impairment. Although the NPC1 phenotype is heterogeneous with variable age of onset, classical NPC1 is a pediatric disorder. Currently there are no therapies approved by the FDA and therapeutics trials for NPC1 are complicated by disease rarity, heterogeneity, and the relatively slow rate of neurological decline. Thus, identification of disease relevant biomarkers is necessary to provide tools that can support drug development efforts for this devastating neurological disease. METHODS Proximal extension assays (O-link® Explore 1536) were used to compare cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from individuals with NPC1 enrolled in a natural history study and non-NPC1 comparison samples. Relative expression levels of 1467 proteins were determined, and candidate protein biomarkers were identified by evaluating fold-change and adjusted Kruskal-Wallis test p-values. Selected proteins were orthogonally confirmed using ELISA. To gain insight into disease progression and severity we evaluated the altered protein expression with respect to clinically relevant phenotypic aspects: NPC Neurological Severity Score (NPC1 NSS), Annual Severity Increment Score (ASIS) and age of neurological onset. RESULTS This study identified multiple proteins with altered levels in CSF from individuals with NPC1 compared to non-NPC1 samples. These included proteins previously shown to be elevated in NPC1 (NEFL, MAPT, CHIT1, CALB1) and additional proteins confirmed by orthogonal assays (PARK7, CALB2/calretinin, CHI3L1/YKL-40, MIF, CCL18 and ENO2). Correlations with clinically relevant phenotypic parameters demonstrated moderate negative (p = 0.0210, r = -0.41) and possible moderate positive (p = 0.0631, r = 0.33) correlation of CSF CALB2 levels with age of neurological onset and ASIS, respectively. CSF CHI3L1 levels showed a moderate positive (p = 0.0183, r = 0.40) correlation with the concurrent NPC1 NSS. A strong negative correlation (p = 0.0016, r = -0.648) was observed between CSF CCL18 and age of neurological onset for childhood/adolescent cases. CSF CCL18 levels also showed a strong positive correlation (p = 0.0017, r = 0.61) with ASIS. CONCLUSION Our study identified and validated multiple proteins in CSF from individuals with NPC1 that are candidates for further investigation in a larger cohort. These analytes may prove to be useful as supportive data in therapeutic trials. TRIAL REGISTRATIONS NCT00344331, NCT00001721, NCT02931682.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten Campbell
- grid.420089.70000 0000 9635 8082Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 10CRC, Rm. 1-3330, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20879 USA
| | - Niamh X. Cawley
- grid.420089.70000 0000 9635 8082Section On Molecular Dysmorphology, Division of Translational Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Rachel Luke
- grid.420089.70000 0000 9635 8082Section On Molecular Dysmorphology, Division of Translational Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Katelin E. J. Scott
- grid.420089.70000 0000 9635 8082Section On Molecular Dysmorphology, Division of Translational Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- grid.420089.70000 0000 9635 8082Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 10CRC, Rm. 1-3330, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20879 USA
| | - Nicole Y. Farhat
- grid.420089.70000 0000 9635 8082Section On Molecular Dysmorphology, Division of Translational Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Derek Alexander
- grid.420089.70000 0000 9635 8082Section On Molecular Dysmorphology, Division of Translational Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Christopher A. Wassif
- grid.420089.70000 0000 9635 8082Section On Molecular Dysmorphology, Division of Translational Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Wenping Li
- grid.185648.60000 0001 2175 0319Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Stephanie M. Cologna
- grid.185648.60000 0001 2175 0319Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - An Dang Do
- grid.420089.70000 0000 9635 8082Unit On Cellular Stress in Development and Diseases, Division of Translational Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Ryan K. Dale
- grid.420089.70000 0000 9635 8082Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 10CRC, Rm. 1-3330, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20879 USA
| | - Forbes D. Porter
- grid.420089.70000 0000 9635 8082Section On Molecular Dysmorphology, Division of Translational Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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Secondary Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Cause of Neurodegenerative Dysfunction in Lysosomal Storage Diseases and an Overview of Potential Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810573. [PMID: 36142486 PMCID: PMC9503973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been recognised a major contributory factor to the pathophysiology of a number of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). The cause of mitochondrial dysfunction in LSDs is as yet uncertain, but appears to be triggered by a number of different factors, although oxidative stress and impaired mitophagy appear to be common inhibitory mechanisms shared amongst this group of disorders, including Gaucher’s disease, Niemann–Pick disease, type C, and mucopolysaccharidosis. Many LSDs resulting from defects in lysosomal hydrolase activity show neurodegeneration, which remains challenging to treat. Currently available curative therapies are not sufficient to meet patients’ needs. In view of the documented evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in the neurodegeneration of LSDs, along with the reciprocal interaction between the mitochondrion and the lysosome, novel therapeutic strategies that target the impairment in both of these organelles could be considered in the clinical management of the long-term neurodegenerative complications of these diseases. The purpose of this review is to outline the putative mechanisms that may be responsible for the reported mitochondrial dysfunction in LSDs and to discuss the new potential therapeutic developments.
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Experience of the NPC Brazil Network with a Comprehensive Program for the Screening and Diagnosis of Niemann-Pick Disease Type C. Int J Neonatal Screen 2022; 8:ijns8030039. [PMID: 35892469 PMCID: PMC9326630 DOI: 10.3390/ijns8030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a lysosomal disorder caused by impaired cholesterol metabolism. Levels of lysosphingomyelin 509 (LysoSM509) have been shown elevated in dried blood spots (DBS) of NPC and acid sphingomyelinase deficiency patients. In this study, we report our experience using a two-tier approach (1st tier is the quantification of lysoSM509 by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry followed by the 2nd tier with next-generation sequencing of the NPC1 and NPC2 genes). DBS samples from 450 suspected patients were received by the NPC Brazil network. Of these, 33 samples had elevated levels of lysoSM509, and in 25 of them, variants classified as pathogenic, likely pathogenic, or of unknown significance were identified in the NPC1 or NPC2 genes by next-generation sequencing. The quantification of lysoSM509 in DBS as a first-tier test for the diagnosis of NPC followed by molecular analysis of the NPC1 and NPC2 genes almost doubled the detection rate when compared to the performance of chitotriosidase activity as a first-tier biomarker, and it could likely be increased with the addition of a third tier with MLPA of the two genes involved. This strategy seems suitable for the neonatal screening (NBS) of NPC if this disease is eventually adopted by NBS programs.
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Bernardo A, De Nuccio C, Visentin S, Martire A, Minghetti L, Popoli P, Ferrante A. Myelin Defects in Niemann-Pick Type C Disease: Mechanisms and Possible Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168858. [PMID: 34445564 PMCID: PMC8396228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) disease is a wide-spectrum clinical condition classified as a neurovisceral disorder affecting mainly the liver and the brain. It is caused by mutations in one of two genes, NPC1 and NPC2, coding for proteins located in the lysosomes. NPC proteins are deputed to transport cholesterol within lysosomes or between late endosome/lysosome systems and other cellular compartments, such as the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane. The first trait of NPC is the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and other lipids, like sphingosine and glycosphingolipids, in the late endosomal and lysosomal compartments, which causes the blockade of autophagic flux and the impairment of mitochondrial functions. In the brain, the main consequences of NPC are cerebellar neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and myelin defects. This review will focus on myelin defects and the pivotal importance of cholesterol for myelination and will offer an overview of the molecular targets and the pharmacological strategies so far proposed, or an object of clinical trials for NPC. Finally, it will summarize recent data on a new and promising pharmacological perspective involving A2A adenosine receptor stimulation in genetic and pharmacological NPC dysmyelination models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Bernardo
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Chiara De Nuccio
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.D.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Sergio Visentin
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Alberto Martire
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Luisa Minghetti
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.D.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Patrizia Popoli
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Antonella Ferrante
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-49902050
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Liedtke M, Völkner C, Jürs AV, Peter F, Rabenstein M, Hermann A, Frech MJ. Pathophysiological In Vitro Profile of Neuronal Differentiated Cells Derived from Niemann-Pick Disease Type C2 Patient-Specific iPSCs Carrying the NPC2 Mutations c.58G>T/c.140G>T. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084009. [PMID: 33924575 PMCID: PMC8069078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C2 (NP-C2) disease is a rare hereditary disease caused by mutations in the NPC2 gene. NPC2 is a small, soluble protein consisting of 151 amino acids, primarily expressed in late endosomes and lysosomes (LE/LY). Together with NPC1, a transmembrane protein found in these organelles, NPC2 accomplishes the exclusion of cholesterol; thus, both proteins are essential to maintain cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Consequently, mutations in the NPC2 or NPC1 gene result in pathophysiological accumulation of cholesterol and sphingolipids in LE/LY. The vast majority of Niemann-Pick type C disease patients, 95%, suffer from a mutation of NPC1, and only 5% display a mutation of NPC2. The biochemical phenotype of NP-C1 and NP-C2 appears to be indistinguishable, and both diseases share several commonalities in the clinical manifestation. Studies of the pathological mechanisms underlying NP-C2 are mostly based on NP-C2 animal models and NP-C2 patient-derived fibroblasts. Recently, we established induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), derived from a donor carrying the NPC2 mutations c.58G>T/c.140G>T. Here, we present a profile of pathophysiological in vitro features, shared by NP-C1 and NP-C2, of neural differentiated cells obtained from the patient specific iPSCs. Profiling comprised a determination of the NPC2 protein level, detection of cholesterol accumulation by filipin staining, analysis of oxidative stress, and determination of autophagy. As expected, the NPC2-deficient cells displayed a significantly reduced amount of NPC2 protein, and, accordingly, we observed a significantly increased amount of cholesterol. Most notably, NPC2-deficient cells displayed only a slight increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that they do not suffer from oxidative stress and express catalase at a high level. As a site note, comparable NPC1-deficient cells suffer from a lack of catalase and display an increased level of ROS. In summary, this cell line provides a valuable tool to gain deeper understanding, not only of the pathogenic mechanism of NP-C2, but also of NP-C1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Liedtke
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.L.); (C.V.); (A.V.J.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Christin Völkner
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.L.); (C.V.); (A.V.J.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Alexandra V. Jürs
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.L.); (C.V.); (A.V.J.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Franziska Peter
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.L.); (C.V.); (A.V.J.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Michael Rabenstein
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.L.); (C.V.); (A.V.J.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.L.); (C.V.); (A.V.J.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (A.H.)
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Moritz J. Frech
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.L.); (C.V.); (A.V.J.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (A.H.)
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Kaya E, Smith DA, Smith C, Morris L, Bremova-Ertl T, Cortina-Borja M, Fineran P, Morten KJ, Poulton J, Boland B, Spencer J, Strupp M, Platt FM. Acetyl-leucine slows disease progression in lysosomal storage disorders. Brain Commun 2020; 3:fcaa148. [PMID: 33738443 PMCID: PMC7954382 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-dl-leucine is a derivative of the branched chain amino acid leucine. In observational clinical studies, acetyl-dl-leucine improved symptoms of ataxia, in particular in patients with the lysosomal storage disorder, Niemann-Pick disease type C1. Here, we investigated acetyl-dl-leucine and its enantiomers acetyl-l-leucine and acetyl-d-leucine in symptomatic Npc1-/- mice and observed improvement in ataxia with both individual enantiomers and acetyl-dl-leucine. When acetyl-dl-leucine and acetyl-l-leucine were administered pre-symptomatically to Npc1-/- mice, both treatments delayed disease progression and extended life span, whereas acetyl-d-leucine did not. These data are consistent with acetyl-l-leucine being the neuroprotective enantiomer. Altered glucose and antioxidant metabolism were implicated as one of the potential mechanisms of action of the l-enantiomer in Npc1-/- mice. When the standard of care drug miglustat and acetyl-dl-leucine were used in combination significant synergy resulted. In agreement with these pre-clinical data, when Niemann-Pick disease type C1 patients were evaluated after 12 months of acetyl-dl-leucine treatment, rates of disease progression were slowed, with stabilization or improvement in multiple neurological domains. A beneficial effect of acetyl-dl-leucine on gait was also observed in this study in a mouse model of GM2 gangliosidosis (Sandhoff disease) and in Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease patients in individual-cases of off-label-use. Taken together, we have identified an unanticipated neuroprotective effect of acetyl-l-leucine and underlying mechanisms of action in lysosomal storage diseases, supporting its further evaluation in clinical trials in lysosomal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Kaya
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - David A Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Claire Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Lauren Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Tatiana Bremova-Ertl
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Mario Cortina-Borja
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Paul Fineran
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Karl J Morten
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK
| | - Joanna Poulton
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK
| | - Barry Boland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, T12XF62, Ireland
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH UK
| | - Michael Strupp
- Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
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12
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Jürs AV, Völkner C, Liedtke M, Huth K, Lukas J, Hermann A, Frech MJ. Oxidative Stress and Alterations in the Antioxidative Defense System in Neuronal Cells Derived from NPC1 Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207667. [PMID: 33081384 PMCID: PMC7593914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) represents a state of an imbalanced amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or a hampered efficacy of the antioxidative defense system. Cells of the central nervous system are particularly sensitive to OS, as they have a massive need of oxygen to maintain proper function. Consequently, OS represents a common pathophysiological hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases and is discussed to contribute to the neurodegeneration observed amongst others in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. In this context, accumulating evidence suggests that OS is involved in the pathophysiology of Niemann-Pick type C1 disease (NPC1). NPC1, a rare hereditary neurodegenerative disease, belongs to the family of lysosomal storage disorders. A major hallmark of the disease is the accumulation of cholesterol and other glycosphingolipids in lysosomes. Several studies describe OS both in murine in vivo and in vitro NPC1 models. However, studies based on human cells are limited to NPC1 patient-derived fibroblasts. Thus, we analyzed OS in a human neuronal model based on NPC1 patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Higher ROS levels, as determined by DCF (dichlorodihydrofluorescein) fluorescence, indicated oxidative stress in all NPC1-deficient cell lines. This finding was further supported by reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The analysis of mRNA and protein levels of SOD1 and SOD2 did not reveal any difference between control cells and NPC1-deficient cells. Interestingly, we observed a striking decrease in catalase mRNA and protein levels in all NPC1-deficient cell lines. As catalase is a key enzyme of the cellular antioxidative defense system, we concluded that the lack of catalase contributes to the elevated ROS levels observed in NPC1-deficient cells. Thus, a restitution of a physiological catalase level may pose an intervention strategy to rescue NPC1-deficient cells from the repercussions of oxidative stress contributing to the neurodegeneration observed in NPC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V. Jürs
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section Albrecht Kossel, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (A.V.J.); (C.V.); (M.L.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Christin Völkner
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section Albrecht Kossel, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (A.V.J.); (C.V.); (M.L.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Maik Liedtke
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section Albrecht Kossel, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (A.V.J.); (C.V.); (M.L.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Katharina Huth
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section Albrecht Kossel, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (A.V.J.); (C.V.); (M.L.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Jan Lukas
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section Albrecht Kossel, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (A.V.J.); (C.V.); (M.L.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (A.H.)
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section Albrecht Kossel, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (A.V.J.); (C.V.); (M.L.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (A.H.)
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Moritz J. Frech
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section Albrecht Kossel, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (A.V.J.); (C.V.); (M.L.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (A.H.)
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence:
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13
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Colaco A, Fernández-Suárez ME, Shepherd D, Gal L, Bibi C, Chuartzman S, Diot A, Morten K, Eden E, Porter FD, Poulton J, Platt N, Schuldiner M, Platt FM. Unbiased yeast screens identify cellular pathways affected in Niemann-Pick disease type C. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:e201800253. [PMID: 32487688 PMCID: PMC7283134 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in either the NPC1 or NPC2 genes. Mutations in the NPC1 gene lead to the majority of clinical cases (95%); however, the function of NPC1 remains unknown. To gain further insights into the biology of NPC1, we took advantage of the homology between the human NPC1 protein and its yeast orthologue, Niemann-Pick C-related protein 1 (Ncr1). We recreated the NCR1 mutant in yeast and performed screens to identify compensatory or redundant pathways that may be involved in NPC pathology, as well as proteins that were mislocalized in NCR1-deficient yeast. We also identified binding partners of the yeast Ncr1 orthologue. These screens identified several processes and pathways that may contribute to NPC pathogenesis. These included alterations in mitochondrial function, cytoskeleton organization, metal ion homeostasis, lipid trafficking, calcium signalling, and nutrient sensing. The mitochondrial and cytoskeletal abnormalities were validated in patient cells carrying mutations in NPC1, confirming their dysfunction in NPC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dawn Shepherd
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lihi Gal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Chen Bibi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Silvia Chuartzman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alan Diot
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karl Morten
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily Eden
- Institute of Ophthalmology-Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joanna Poulton
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nick Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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14
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Gläser A, Hammerl F, Gräler MH, Coldewey SM, Völkner C, Frech MJ, Yang F, Luo J, Tönnies E, von Bohlen und Halbach O, Brandt N, Heimes D, Neßlauer AM, Korenke GC, Owczarek-Lipska M, Neidhardt J, Rolfs A, Wree A, Witt M, Bräuer AU. Identification of Brain-Specific Treatment Effects in NPC1 Disease by Focusing on Cellular and Molecular Changes of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124502. [PMID: 32599915 PMCID: PMC7352403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) is a lysosomal storage disorder, inherited as an autosomal-recessive trait. Mutations in the Npc1 gene result in malfunction of the NPC1 protein, leading to an accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and glycosphingolipids. Beside visceral symptoms like hepatosplenomegaly, severe neurological symptoms such as ataxia occur. Here, we analyzed the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)/S1P receptor (S1PR) axis in different brain regions of Npc1-/- mice and evaluated specific effects of treatment with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) together with the iminosugar miglustat. Using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), mass spectrometry, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot analyses, we studied lipid metabolism in an NPC1 mouse model and human skin fibroblasts. Lipid analyses showed disrupted S1P metabolism in Npc1-/- mice in all brain regions, together with distinct changes in S1pr3/S1PR3 and S1pr5/S1PR5 expression. Brains of Npc1-/- mice showed only weak treatment effects. However, side effects of the treatment were observed in Npc1+/+ mice. The S1P/S1PR axis seems to be involved in NPC1 pathology, showing only weak treatment effects in mouse brain. S1pr expression appears to be affected in human fibroblasts, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived neural progenitor and neuronal differentiated cells. Nevertheless, treatment-induced side effects make examination of further treatment strategies indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gläser
- Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (A.G.); (F.H.); (N.B.)
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (D.H.); (A.-M.N.); (A.W.); (M.W.)
| | - Franziska Hammerl
- Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (A.G.); (F.H.); (N.B.)
| | - Markus H. Gräler
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Sina M. Coldewey
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Septomics Research Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - Christin Völkner
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (C.V.); (M.J.F.); (F.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Moritz J. Frech
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (C.V.); (M.J.F.); (F.Y.); (J.L.)
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Fan Yang
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (C.V.); (M.J.F.); (F.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiankai Luo
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (C.V.); (M.J.F.); (F.Y.); (J.L.)
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Eric Tönnies
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany; (E.T.); (O.v.B.u.H.)
| | - Oliver von Bohlen und Halbach
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany; (E.T.); (O.v.B.u.H.)
| | - Nicola Brandt
- Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (A.G.); (F.H.); (N.B.)
| | - Diana Heimes
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (D.H.); (A.-M.N.); (A.W.); (M.W.)
| | - Anna-Maria Neßlauer
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (D.H.); (A.-M.N.); (A.W.); (M.W.)
| | | | - Marta Owczarek-Lipska
- Human Genetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (M.O.-L.); (J.N.)
- Junior Research Group, Genetics of childhood brain malformations, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - John Neidhardt
- Human Genetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (M.O.-L.); (J.N.)
- Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg,26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Wree
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (D.H.); (A.-M.N.); (A.W.); (M.W.)
| | - Martin Witt
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (D.H.); (A.-M.N.); (A.W.); (M.W.)
| | - Anja Ursula Bräuer
- Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (A.G.); (F.H.); (N.B.)
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (D.H.); (A.-M.N.); (A.W.); (M.W.)
- Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg,26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-441-798-3995
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15
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Adenosine and Adenosine A 2AReceptors as Targets for the Treatment of Niemann Pick Type C Disease. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2019.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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16
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Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Cholesterol Binding to the NPC1 and NPC2 Proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1135:139-160. [PMID: 31098815 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14265-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a growing number of studies have implicated the coordinated action of NPC1 and NPC2 in intralysosomal transport and efflux of cholesterol. Our current understanding of this process developed with just over two decades of research. Since the cloning of the genes encoding the NPC1 and NPC2 proteins, studies of the biochemical defects observed when either gene is mutated along with computational and structural studies have unraveled key steps in the underlying mechanism. Here, we summarize the major contributions to our understanding of the proposed cholesterol transport controlled by NPC1 and NPC2, and briefly discuss recent findings of cholesterol binding and transport proteins beyond NPC1 and NPC2. We conclude with key questions and major challenges for future research on cholesterol transport by the NPC1 and NPC2 proteins.
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17
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De Nuccio C, Bernardo A, Ferrante A, Pepponi R, Martire A, Falchi M, Visentin S, Popoli P, Minghetti L. Adenosine A 2A receptor stimulation restores cell functions and differentiation in Niemann-Pick type C-like oligodendrocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9782. [PMID: 31278313 PMCID: PMC6611770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann Pick type C (NPC) disease is a rare neurovisceral disorder. Mutations in npc1 gene induce an intracellular accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in the endosomal/lysosomal system causing cell death. We recently showed that stimulation of adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) restores cholesterol accumulation in late endosomes/lysosomes in human NPC fibroblasts and neural cell lines transiently transfected with NPC1 siRNA, suggesting that these receptors might be targeted to contrast the disease. Since NPC1 disease is characterized by dysmyelination and maturational arrest of oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPs), in this study, we investigated whether A2AR stimulation could promote oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin formation, thus overcoming these important neurological abnormalities. We developed a NPC1 pharmacological model, in which primary cultures of OPs are exposed to a cholesterol transport inhibitor to induce a NPC1-like phenotype characterized by several typical features such as (i) cholesterol accumulation, (ii) altered mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential, (iii) defect of autophagy and (iv) maturation arrest. The A2AR agonist CGS21680 normalized all NPC1-like features. The ability of CGS21680 of rescuing OP from maturational arrest and promoting their differentiation to mature OL, suggests that A2AR stimulation might be exploited to correct dysmyelination in NPC1, further supporting their therapeutic potential in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Nuccio
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonietta Bernardo
- National Center for Research and Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of Drugs, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Ferrante
- National Center for Research and Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of Drugs, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Pepponi
- National Center for Research and Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of Drugs, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Martire
- National Center for Research and Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of Drugs, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Falchi
- National Research Center on HIV/AIDS, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Visentin
- National Center for Research and Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of Drugs, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Popoli
- National Center for Research and Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of Drugs, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Minghetti
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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18
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Neßlauer AM, Gläser A, Gräler M, Engelmann R, Müller-Hilke B, Frank M, Burstein C, Rolfs A, Neidhardt J, Wree A, Witt M, Bräuer AU. A therapy with miglustat, 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin and allopregnanolone restores splenic cholesterol homeostasis in Niemann-pick disease type C1. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:146. [PMID: 31248418 PMCID: PMC6598286 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is an autosomal-recessive lipid-storage disorder with an estimated minimal incidence of 1/120,000 live births. Besides other neuronal and visceral symptoms, NPC1 patients develop spleen dysfunction, isolated spleno- or hepatosplenomegaly and infections. The mechanisms of splenomegaly and alterations of lipid metabolism-related genes in NPC1 disease are still poorly understood. METHODS Here, we used an NPC1 mouse model to study a splenoprotective effect of a treatment with miglustat, 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin and allopregnanolone and showed that this treatment has a positive effect on spleen morphology and lipid metabolism. RESULTS Disease progress can be halted and blocked at the molecular level. Mutant Npc1 (Npc1-/-) mice showed increased spleen weight and increased lipid accumulation that could be avoided by our treatment. Also, FACS analyses showed that the increased number of splenic myeloid cells in Npc1-/- mice was normalized by the treatment. Treated Npc1-/- mice showed decreased numbers of cytotoxic T cells and increased numbers of T helper cells. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the treatment promotes normal spleen morphology, stabilization of lipid homeostasis and blocking of inflammation, but alters the composition of T cell subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Neßlauer
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Gläser
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany.,Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department für Humanmedizin, Abteilung Anatomie, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Markus Gräler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), and the Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Robby Engelmann
- Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Müller-Hilke
- Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marcus Frank
- Medical Biology and Electron Microscopy Center, Rostock University Medical Center, Strempelstraße 14, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christine Burstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Centogene AG, Am Strande 7, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - John Neidhardt
- Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wree
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Witt
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anja U Bräuer
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany. .,Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department für Humanmedizin, Abteilung Anatomie, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany. .,Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
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19
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McKenna MC, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC. Fundamentals of CNS energy metabolism and alterations in lysosomal storage diseases. J Neurochem 2018; 148:590-599. [PMID: 30144055 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The brain has a very high requirement for energy. Adult brain relies on glucose as an energy substrate, whereas developing brain can utilize alternative substrates as well as glucose for energy and for the biosynthesis of lipids and proteins required for brain development. Metabolism provides the energy required to support all cellular functions and brain development and building blocks for macromolecules. Lysosomes are organelles involved in breakdown of biological compounds including proteins and complex lipids in the body and brain. Recent studies suggest that lysosomal dysfunction can damage neurons and/or alter neurotransmitter homeostasis. Several studies also implicate mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of brain damage in lysosomal storage diseases. This manuscript provides a brief review of energy metabolism and the key pathways involved in metabolism in brain. Roles of lysosomes related to metabolism and neurotransmission are discussed, and evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in several lysosomal storage diseases is presented. This article is part of the Special Issue "Lysosomal Storage Disorders".
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C McKenna
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia F Schuck
- School of Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Ferreira
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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20
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Wos M, Komiażyk M, Pikula S, Tylki-Szymanska A, Bandorowicz-Pikula J. Activation of mammalian terget of rapamycin kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3β accompanies abnormal accumulation of cholesterol in fibroblasts from Niemann-Pick type C patients. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:6580-6588. [PMID: 30390318 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann Pick type C (NPC) lysosomal disorder is linked to the disruption of cholesterol transport. Recent data suggest that the molecular background of this disease is more complex. It was found that accumulation of cholesterol and glycolipids in the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment of NPC1 cells may affect mitochondrial functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, primary skin fibroblasts derived from skin biopsies of two anonymous patients with NPC-carrying mutations in the NPC1 gene, characterized by a high total cholesterol content, as well as two healthy donors were used. The presence of signaling proteins in the whole cell lysates and mitochondrial fractions were examined by Western blotting assay. RESULTS In this report, we provide experimental evidence that in NPC1 cells, dysfunction of mitochondria and cellular metabolism, as reported by Wos et al in 2016, coexist with alterations in signal transduction pathways, such as the mammalian target of rapamycin, AKT, phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1, glycogen synthase kinase-3 β, and Jun amino-terminal kinase, leading to abnormal cholesterol accumulation and distribution. CONCLUSION Differences in signal transduction between control and NPC1 cells may suggest that the latter cells experienced significant alterations in the complex molecular mechanisms that control cellular energy metabolism and vesicular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wos
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Komiażyk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Pikula
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Tylki-Szymanska
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Meyer A, Gläser A, Bräuer AU, Wree A, Strotmann J, Rolfs A, Witt M. Olfactory Performance as an Indicator for Protective Treatment Effects in an Animal Model of Neurodegeneration. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:35. [PMID: 30154701 PMCID: PMC6102364 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neurodegenerative diseases are often accompanied by olfactory deficits. Here we use a rare neurovisceral lipid storage disorder, Niemann–Pick disease C1 (NPC1), to illustrate disease-specific dynamics of olfactory dysfunction and its reaction upon therapy. Previous findings in a transgenic mouse model (NPC1-/-) showed severe morphological and electrophysiological alterations of the olfactory epithelium (OE) and the olfactory bulb (OB) that ameliorated under therapy with combined 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPßCD)/allopregnanolone/miglustat or HPßCD alone. Methods: A buried pellet test was conducted to assess olfactory performance. qPCR for olfactory key markers and several olfactory receptors was applied to determine if their expression was changed under treatment conditions. In order to investigate the cell dynamics of the OB, we determined proliferative and apoptotic activities using a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) protocol and caspase-3 (cas-3) activity. Further, we performed immunohistochemistry and western blotting for microglia (Iba1), astroglia (GFAP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Results: The buried pellet test revealed a significant olfactory deterioration in NPC1-/- mice, which reverted to normal levels after treatment. At the OE level, mRNA for olfactory markers showed no changes; the mRNA level of classical olfactory receptor (ORs) was unaltered, that of unique ORs was reduced. In the OB of untreated NPC1-/- mice, BrdU and cas-3 data showed increased proliferation and apoptotic activity, respectively. At the protein level, Iba1 and GFAP in the OB indicated increased microgliosis and astrogliosis, which was prevented by treatment. Conclusion: Due to the unique plasticity especially of peripheral olfactory components the results show a successful treatment in NPC1 condition with respect to normalization of olfaction. Unchanged mRNA levels for olfactory marker protein and distinct olfactory receptors indicate no effects in the OE in NPC1-/- mice. Olfactory deficits are thus likely due to central deficits at the level of the OB. Further studies are needed to examine if olfactory performance can also be changed at a later onset and interrupted treatment of the disease. Taken together, our results demonstrate that olfactory testing in patients with NPC1 may be successfully used as a biomarker during the monitoring of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Meyer
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Gläser
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anja U Bräuer
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wree
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jörg Strotmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Witt
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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22
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Ebner L, Gläser A, Bräuer A, Witt M, Wree A, Rolfs A, Frank M, Vollmar B, Kuhla A. Evaluation of Two Liver Treatment Strategies in a Mouse Model of Niemann-Pick-Disease Type C1. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040972. [PMID: 29587349 PMCID: PMC5979582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann–Pick-disease type C1 (NPC1) is an autosomal-recessive cholesterol-storage disorder. Besides other symptoms, NPC1 patients develop liver dysfunction and hepatosplenomegaly. The mechanisms of hepatomegaly and alterations of lipid metabolism-related genes in NPC1 disease are still poorly understood. Here, we used an NPC1 mouse model to study an additive hepatoprotective effect of a combination of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), miglustat and allopregnanolone (combination therapy) with the previously established monotherapy using HPβCD. We examined transgene effects as well as treatment effects on liver morphology and hepatic lipid metabolism, focusing on hepatic cholesterol transporter genes. Livers of Npc1−/− mice showed hepatic cholesterol sequestration with consecutive liver injury, an increase of lipogenetic gene expression, e.g., HMG-CoA, a decrease of lipolytic gene expression, e.g., pparα and acox1, and a decrease of lipid transporter gene expression, e.g., acat1, abca1 and fatp2. Both, combination therapy and monotherapy, led to a reduction of hepatic lipids and an amelioration of NPC1 liver disease symptoms. Monotherapy effects were related to pparα- and acox1-associated lipolysis/β-oxidation and to fatp2-induced fatty acid transport, whereas the combination therapy additionally increased the cholesterol transport via abca1 and apoE. However, HPβCD monotherapy additionally increased cholesterol synthesis as indicated by a marked increase of the HMG-CoA and srebp-2 mRNA expression, probably as a result of increased hepatocellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Ebner
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69a, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Anne Gläser
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Anja Bräuer
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Martin Witt
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Andreas Wree
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Albrecht Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Marcus Frank
- Medical Biology and Electron Microscopy Center, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69a, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Angela Kuhla
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69a, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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23
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Kennedy BE, Charman M, Karten B. Measurement of Mitochondrial Cholesterol Import Using a Mitochondria-Targeted CYP11A1 Fusion Construct. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1583:163-184. [PMID: 28205173 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6875-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
All animal membranes require cholesterol as an essential regulator of biophysical properties and function, but the levels of cholesterol vary widely among different subcellular compartments. Mitochondria, and in particular the inner mitochondrial membrane, have the lowest levels of cholesterol in the cell. Nevertheless, mitochondria need cholesterol for membrane maintenance and biogenesis, as well as oxysterol, steroid, and hepatic bile acid production. Alterations in mitochondrial cholesterol have been associated with a range of pathological conditions, including cancer, hepatosteatosis, cardiac ischemia, Alzheimer's, and Niemann-Pick Type C Disease. The mechanisms of mitochondrial cholesterol import are not fully elucidated yet, and may vary in different cell types and environmental conditions. Measuring cholesterol trafficking to the mitochondrial membranes is technically challenging because of its low abundance; for example, traditional pulse-chase experiments with isotope-labeled cholesterol are not feasible. Here, we describe improvements to a method first developed by the Miller group at the University of California to measure cholesterol trafficking to the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) through the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. This method uses a mitochondria-targeted, ectopically expressed fusion construct of CYP11A1, ferredoxin reductase and ferredoxin. Pregnenolone is formed exclusively from cholesterol at the IMM, and can be analyzed with high sensitivity and specificity through ELISA or radioimmunoassay of the medium/buffer to reflect mitochondrial cholesterol import. This assay can be used to investigate the effects of genetic or pharmacological interventions on mitochondrial cholesterol import in cultured cells or isolated mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry E Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building 9G, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Mark Charman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building 9G, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Barbara Karten
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building 9G, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2.
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24
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Saffari A, Kölker S, Hoffmann GF, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D. Linking mitochondrial dysfunction to neurodegeneration in lysosomal storage diseases. J Inherit Metab Dis 2017; 40:631-640. [PMID: 28477283 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) are inborn errors of metabolism resulting in multisystem disease. Central nervous system involvement, often with progressive neurodegeneration, accounts for a large portion of the morbidity and mortality seen in many LSD. Available treatments fail to prevent or correct neurologic symptoms and decline. Emerging evidence points to an important role for mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis and progression of LSD-associated neurodegeneration. Mitochondrial dysfunction in LSD is characterized by alterations in mitochondrial mass, morphology and function. Disturbed mitochondrial metabolism in the CNS may lead to excessive production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and dysregulated calcium homeostasis. These metabolic disturbances ultimately result in mitochondria-induced apoptosis and neuronal degeneration. Here, we review the current evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in neuronal models of seven LSD, including GM1-gangliosidosis, mucopolysaccharidosis IIIC, multiple sulfatase deficiency, Krabbe disease, Gaucher disease, Niemann Pick disease type C and the neural ceroid lipofuscinoses and outline current experimental therapies aimed at restoring mitochondrial function and neuroprotection in LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Saffari
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLS 14060, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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25
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Subramanian K, Rauniyar N, Lavalleé-Adam M, Yates JR, Balch WE. Quantitative Analysis of the Proteome Response to the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor (HDACi) Vorinostat in Niemann-Pick Type C1 disease. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1938-1957. [PMID: 28860124 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.064949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is an inherited, progressive neurodegenerative disorder principally caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene. NPC disease is characterized by the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in the late endosomes (LE) and lysosomes (Ly) (LE/Ly). Vorinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), restores cholesterol homeostasis in fibroblasts derived from NPC patients; however, the exact mechanism by which Vorinostat restores cholesterol level is not known yet. In this study, we performed comparative proteomic profiling of the response of NPC1I1061T fibroblasts to Vorinostat. After stringent statistical criteria to filter identified proteins, we observed 202 proteins that are differentially expressed in Vorinostat-treated fibroblasts. These proteins are members of diverse cellular pathways including the endomembrane dependent protein folding-stability-degradation-trafficking axis, energy metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Our study shows that treatment of NPC1I1061T fibroblasts with Vorinostat not only enhances pathways promoting the folding, stabilization and trafficking of NPC1 (I1061T) mutant to the LE/Ly, but alters the expression of lysosomal proteins, specifically the lysosomal acid lipase (LIPA) involved in the LIPA->NPC2->NPC1 based flow of cholesterol from the LE/Ly lumen to the LE/Ly membrane. We posit that the Vorinostat may modulate numerous pathways that operate in an integrated fashion through epigenetic and post-translational modifications reflecting acetylation/deacetylation balance to help manage the defective NPC1 fold, the function of the LE/Ly system and/or additional cholesterol metabolism/distribution pathways, that could globally contribute to improved mitigation of NPC1 disease in the clinic based on as yet uncharacterized principles of cellular metabolism dictating cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanagaraj Subramanian
- From the ‡Department of Chemical Physiology and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Navin Rauniyar
- §Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Mathieu Lavalleé-Adam
- §Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - John R Yates
- §Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - William E Balch
- From the ‡Department of Chemical Physiology and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037;
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26
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Probert F, Ruiz-Rodado V, Vruchte DT, Nicoli ER, Claridge TDW, Wassif CA, Farhat N, Porter FD, Platt FM, Grootveld M. NMR analysis reveals significant differences in the plasma metabolic profiles of Niemann Pick C1 patients, heterozygous carriers, and healthy controls. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6320. [PMID: 28740230 PMCID: PMC5524790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) disease is a rare autosomal recessive, neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder, which presents with a range of clinical phenotypes and hence diagnosis remains a challenge. In view of these difficulties, the search for a novel, NPC1-specific biomarker (or set of biomarkers) is a topic of much interest. Here we employed high-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy coupled with advanced multivariate analysis techniques in order to explore and seek differences between blood plasma samples acquired from NPC1 (untreated and miglustat treated), heterozygote, and healthy control subjects. Using this approach, we were able to identify NPC1 disease with 91% accuracy confirming that there are significant differences in the NMR plasma metabolic profiles of NPC1 patients when compared to healthy controls. The discrimination between NPC1 (both miglustat treated and untreated) and healthy controls was dominated by lipoprotein triacylglycerol 1H NMR resonances and isoleucine. Heterozygote plasma samples displayed also increases in the intensities of selected lipoprotein triacylglycerol 1H NMR signals over those of healthy controls. The metabolites identified could represent useful biomarkers in the future and provide valuable insight in to the underlying pathology of NPC1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay Probert
- Department of Pharmacology, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher A Wassif
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Section of Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Farhat
- Section of Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Section of Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Grootveld
- Department of Pharmacology, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
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27
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Luo J, Jiang L, Yang H, Song BL. Routes and mechanisms of post-endosomal cholesterol trafficking: A story that never ends. Traffic 2017; 18:209-217. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Luyi Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Hongyuan Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; The University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
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28
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration in Lysosomal Storage Disorders. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:116-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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29
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Role of Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Prognostication and Treatment Monitoring in Niemann-Pick Disease Type C1. Diseases 2016; 4:diseases4030029. [PMID: 28933409 PMCID: PMC5456286 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick Disease, type C1 (NPC1) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cholesterol sequestration within late endosomes and lysosomes, for which no reliable imaging marker exists for prognostication and management. Cerebellar volume deficits are found to correlate with disease severity and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the corpus callosum and brainstem, which has shown that microstructural disorganization is associated with NPC1 severity. This study investigates the utility of cerebellar DTI in clinical severity assessment. We hypothesize that cerebellar volume, fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) negatively correlate with NIH NPC neurological severity score (NNSS) and motor severity subscores. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained for thirty-nine NPC1 subjects, ages 1–21.9 years (mean = 11.1, SD = 6.1). Using an atlas-based automated approach, the cerebellum of each patient was measured for FA, MD and volume. Additionally, each patient was given an NNSS. Decreased cerebellar FA and volume, and elevated MD correlate with higher NNSS. The cognition subscore and motor subscores for eye movement, ambulation, speech, swallowing, and fine motor skills were also statistically significant. Microstructural disorganization negatively correlated with motor severity in subjects. Additionally, Miglustat therapy correlated with lower severity scores across ranges of FA, MD and volume in all regions except the inferior peduncle, where a paradoxical effect was observed at high FA values. These findings suggest that DTI is a promising prognostication tool.
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30
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Ruiz-Rodado V, Nicoli ER, Probert F, Smith DA, Morris L, Wassif CA, Platt FM, Grootveld M. 1H NMR-Linked Metabolomics Analysis of Liver from a Mouse Model of NP-C1 Disease. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3511-3527. [PMID: 27503774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical manifestations of Niemann-Pick type C1 (NP-C1) disease include neonatal hepatosplenomegaly and in some patients progressive liver dysfunction and failure. This study involved a 1H NMR-linked metabolomics analysis of liver samples collected from a NP-C1 disease mutant mouse model in order to explore time-dependent imbalances in metabolic pathways associated with NP-C1 liver dysfunction, including fibrosis. NP-C1 mutant (Npc1-/-; NP-C1), control (Npc1+/+; WT), and NP-C1 heterozygous mice (Npc1+/-; HET) were generated from heterozygote matings. Aqueous extracts of these liver samples collected at time points of 3, 6, 9, and 11 weeks were subjected to high-resolution NMR analysis, and multivariate (MV) metabolomics analyses of data sets acquired were performed. A MV random forests (RFs) model effectively discriminated between NP-C1 and a combined WT/HET hepatic NMR profiles with very high predictive accuracy and reliability. Key distinguishing features included significant upregulations in the hepatic concentrations of phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate, lysine/ornithine, valine, threonine, and hypotaurine/methionine, and diminished levels of nicotinate/niacinamide, inosine, phosphoenolpyruvate, and 3-hydroxyphenylacetate. Quantitative pathway topological analysis confirmed that imbalances in tyrosine biosynthesis, and hepatic phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/glutamine, and nicotinate/niacinamide metabolism were involved in the pathogenesis of NP-C1 disease-associated liver dysfunction/damage. 1H NMR-linked metabolomics analysis provides valuable biomarker information regarding hepatic dysfunction or damage in NP-C1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ruiz-Rodado
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University , The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, United Kingdom
| | - Elena-Raluca Nicoli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Fay Probert
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University , The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, United Kingdom
| | - David A Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Wassif
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom.,Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Grootveld
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University , The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, United Kingdom
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31
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Elustondo P, Martin LA, Karten B. Mitochondrial cholesterol import. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:90-101. [PMID: 27565112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All animal subcellular membranes require cholesterol, which influences membrane fluidity and permeability, fission and fusion processes, and membrane protein function. The distribution of cholesterol among subcellular membranes is highly heterogeneous and the cholesterol content of each membrane must be carefully regulated. Compared to other subcellular membranes, mitochondrial membranes are cholesterol-poor, particularly the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). As a result, steroidogenesis can be controlled through the delivery of cholesterol to the IMM, where it is converted to pregnenolone. The low basal levels of cholesterol also make mitochondria sensitive to changes in cholesterol content, which can have a relatively large impact on the biophysical and functional characteristics of mitochondrial membranes. Increased mitochondrial cholesterol levels have been observed in diverse pathological conditions including cancer, steatohepatitis, Alzheimer disease and Niemann-Pick Type C1-deficiency, and are associated with increased oxidative stress, impaired oxidative phosphorylation, and changes in the susceptibility to apoptosis, among other alterations in mitochondrial function. Mitochondria are not included in the vesicular trafficking network; therefore, cholesterol transport to mitochondria is mostly achieved through the activity of lipid transfer proteins at membrane contact sites or by cytosolic, diffusible lipid transfer proteins. Here we will give an overview of the main mechanisms involved in mitochondrial cholesterol import, focusing on the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein StAR/STARD1 and other members of the StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain protein family, and we will discuss how changes in mitochondrial cholesterol levels can arise and affect mitochondrial function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Elustondo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Laura A Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Barbara Karten
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Hamatani M, Jingami N, Uemura K, Nakasone N, Kinoshita H, Yamakado H, Ninomiya H, Takahashi R. [A case of variant biochemical phenotype of Niemann-Pick disease type C accompanying savant syndrome]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2016; 56:424-429. [PMID: 27181747 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-000846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A 40-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of vertical supranuclear gaze palsy, frequent sudden loss of muscle tonus and ataxia for several years. He had a history of prolonged neonatal jaundice. He was given a diagnosis of autism in his childhood, followed by a diagnosis of schizophrenia in his teenage. He also developed a savant skill of calendar calculating. (123)I-IMP-SPECT showed decreased cerebral blood flow in the left frontotemporal lobe as often seen in savant syndrome. Although genetic analysis of NPC1 and NPC2 revealed no pathogenic mutation, filipin staining of cultured fibroblasts from his biopsied skin revealed a certain amount of intracellular cholesterol storage pattern, indicating a variant biochemical phenotype of Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC). The diagnosis of adulthood onset NPC is difficult and challenging, especially for neurologists, because the symptoms and signs are not as clear as those in the classical childhood onset NPC and this subtype is not yet widely known. However, the diagnosis can be made by a combination of filipin staining of fibroblast and/or gene analysis. As a disease-specific therapy for NPC has been approved in Japan, the diagnosis of NPC is of significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Hamatani
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine
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Kennedy BE, Hundert AS, Goguen D, Weaver ICG, Karten B. Presymptomatic Alterations in Amino Acid Metabolism and DNA Methylation in the Cerebellum of a Murine Model of Niemann-Pick Type C Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1582-97. [PMID: 27083515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The fatal neurodegenerative disorder Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) is caused in most cases by mutations in NPC1, which encodes the late endosomal NPC1 protein. Loss of NPC1 disrupts cholesterol trafficking from late endosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane, causing cholesterol accumulation in late endosomes/lysosomes. Neurons are particularly vulnerable to this cholesterol trafficking defect, but the pathogenic mechanisms through which NPC1 deficiency causes neuronal dysfunction remain largely unknown. Herein, we have investigated amino acid metabolism in cerebella of NPC1-deficient mice at different stages of NPC disease. Imbalances in amino acid metabolism were evident from increased branched chain amino acid and asparagine levels and altered expression of key enzymes of glutamine/glutamate metabolism in presymptomatic and early symptomatic NPC1-deficient cerebellum. Increased levels of several amino acid intermediates of one-carbon metabolism indicated disturbances in folate and methylation pathways. Alterations in DNA methylation were apparent in decreased expression of DNA methyltransferase 3a and methyl-5'-cytosine-phosphodiester-guanine-domain binding proteins, reduced 5-methylcytosine immunoreactivity in the molecular and Purkinje cell layers, demethylation of genome-wide repetitive LINE-1 elements, and hypermethylation in specific promoter regions of single-copy genes in NPC1-deficient cerebellum at early stages of the disease. Alterations in amino acid metabolism and epigenetic changes in the cerebellum at presymptomatic stages of NPC disease represent previously unrecognized mechanisms of NPC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry E Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Amos S Hundert
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Donna Goguen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian C G Weaver
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Barbara Karten
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Abstract
Cerebellar disorders trigger the symptoms of movement problems, imbalance, incoordination, and frequent fall. Cerebellar disorders are shown in various CNS illnesses including a drinking disorder called alcoholism. Alcoholism is manifested as an inability to control drinking in spite of adverse consequences. Human and animal studies have shown that cerebellar symptoms persist even after complete abstinence from drinking. In particular, the abrupt termination (ethanol withdrawal) of long-term excessive ethanol consumption has shown to provoke a variety of neuronal and mitochondrial damage to the cerebellum. Upon ethanol withdrawal, excitatory neurotransmitter molecules such as glutamate are overly released in brain areas including cerebellum. This is particularly relevant to the cerebellar neuronal network as glutamate signals are projected to Purkinje neurons through granular cells that are the most populated neuronal type in CNS. This excitatory neuronal signal may be elevated by ethanol withdrawal stress, which promotes an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) level and a decrease in a Ca(2+)-binding protein, both of which result in the excessive entry of Ca(2+) to the mitochondria. Subsequently, mitochondria undergo a prolonged opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and the overproduction of harmful free radicals, impeding adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-generating function. This in turn provokes the leakage of mitochondrial molecule cytochrome c to the cytosol, which triggers a cascade of adverse cytosol reactions. Upstream to this pathway, cerebellum under the condition of ethanol withdrawal has shown aberrant gene modifications through altered DNA methylation, histone acetylation, or microRNA expression. Interplay between these events and molecules may result in functional damage to cerebellar mitochondria and consequent neuronal degeneration, thereby contributing to motoric deficit. Mitochondria-targeting research may help develop a powerful new therapy to manage cerebellar disorders associated with hyperexcitatory CNS disorders like ethanol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA,
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Rauniyar N, Subramanian K, Lavallée-Adam M, Martínez-Bartolomé S, Balch WE, Yates JR. Quantitative Proteomics of Human Fibroblasts with I1061T Mutation in Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) Protein Provides Insights into the Disease Pathogenesis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1734-49. [PMID: 25873482 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.045609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in the late endosomal/lysosomal compartments. Mutations in the NPC1 protein are implicated in 95% of patients with NPC disease. The most prevalent mutation is the missense mutation I1061T that occurs in ∼ 15-20% of the disease alleles. In our study, an isobaric labeling-based quantitative analysis of proteome of NPC1(I1061T) primary fibroblasts when compared with wild-type cells identified 281 differentially expressed proteins based on stringent data analysis criteria. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that these proteins play important roles in diverse cellular processes such as protein maturation, energy metabolism, metabolism of reactive oxygen species, antioxidant activity, steroid metabolism, lipid localization, and apoptosis. The relative expression level of a subset of differentially expressed proteins (TOR4A, DHCR24, CLGN, SOD2, CHORDC1, HSPB7, and GAA) was independently and successfully substantiated by Western blotting. We observed that treating NPC1(I1061T) cells with four classes of seven different compounds that are potential NPC drugs increased the expression level of SOD2 and DHCR24. We have also shown an abnormal accumulation of glycogen in NPC1(I1061T) fibroblasts possibly triggered by defective processing of lysosomal alpha-glucosidase. Our study provides a starting point for future more focused investigations to better understand the mechanisms by which the reported dysregulated proteins triggers the pathological cascade in NPC, and furthermore, their effect upon therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanagaraj Subramanian
- §Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California-92037
| | | | | | - William E Balch
- §Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California-92037.
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Mitochondrial cholesterol: mechanisms of import and effects on mitochondrial function. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 48:137-51. [PMID: 25425472 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria require cholesterol for biogenesis and membrane maintenance, and for the synthesis of steroids, oxysterols and hepatic bile acids. Multiple pathways mediate the transport of cholesterol from different subcellular pools to mitochondria. In steroidogenic cells, the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) interacts with a mitochondrial protein complex to mediate cholesterol delivery to the inner mitochondrial membrane for conversion to pregnenolone. In non-steroidogenic cells, several members of a protein family defined by the presence of a StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain play key roles in the delivery of cholesterol to mitochondrial membranes. Subdomains of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), termed mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAM), form membrane contact sites with mitochondria and may contribute to the transport of ER cholesterol to mitochondria, either independently or in conjunction with lipid-transfer proteins. Model systems of mitochondria enriched with cholesterol in vitro and mitochondria isolated from cells with (patho)physiological mitochondrial cholesterol accumulation clearly demonstrate that mitochondrial cholesterol levels affect mitochondrial function. Increased mitochondrial cholesterol levels have been observed in several diseases, including cancer, ischemia, steatohepatitis and neurodegenerative diseases, and influence disease pathology. Hence, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms maintaining mitochondrial cholesterol homeostasis may reveal additional targets for therapeutic intervention. Here we give a brief overview of mitochondrial cholesterol import in steroidogenic cells, and then focus on cholesterol trafficking pathways that deliver cholesterol to mitochondrial membranes in non-steroidogenic cells. We also briefly discuss the consequences of increased mitochondrial cholesterol levels on mitochondrial function and their potential role in disease pathology.
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Vitamin E dietary supplementation improves neurological symptoms and decreases c-Abl/p73 activation in Niemann-Pick C mice. Nutrients 2014; 6:3000-17. [PMID: 25079853 PMCID: PMC4145291 DOI: 10.3390/nu6083000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C (NPC) disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of free cholesterol in lysosomes. We have previously reported that oxidative stress is the main upstream stimulus activating the proapoptotic c-Abl/p73 pathway in NPC neurons. We have also observed accumulation of vitamin E in NPC lysosomes, which could lead to a potential decrease of its bioavailability. Our aim was to determine if dietary vitamin E supplementation could improve NPC disease in mice. NPC mice received an alpha-tocopherol (α-TOH) supplemented diet and neurological symptoms, survival, Purkinje cell loss, α-TOH and nitrotyrosine levels, astrogliosis, and the c-Abl/p73 pathway functions were evaluated. In addition, the effect of α-TOH on the c-Abl/p73 pathway was evaluated in an in vitro NPC neuron model. The α-TOH rich diet delayed loss of weight, improved coordination and locomotor function and increased the survival of NPC mice. We found increased Purkinje neurons and α-TOH levels and reduced astrogliosis, nitrotyrosine and phosphorylated p73 in cerebellum. A decrease of c-Abl/p73 activation was also observed in the in vitro NPC neurons treated with α-TOH. In conclusion, our results show that vitamin E can delay neurodegeneration in NPC mice and suggest that its supplementation in the diet could be useful for the treatment of NPC patients.
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Spincemaille P, Matmati N, Hannun YA, Cammue BPA, Thevissen K. Sphingolipids and mitochondrial function in budding yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3131-7. [PMID: 24973565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingolipids (SLs) are not only key components of cellular membranes, but also play an important role as signaling molecules in orchestrating both cell growth and apoptosis. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, three complex SLs are present and hydrolysis of either of these species is catalyzed by the inositol phosphosphingolipid phospholipase C (Isc1p). Strikingly, mutants deficient in Isc1p display several hallmarks of mitochondrial dysfunction such as the inability to grow on a non-fermentative carbon course, increased oxidative stress and aberrant mitochondrial morphology. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we focus on the pivotal role of Isc1p in regulating mitochondrial function via SL metabolism, and on Sch9p as a central signal transducer. Sch9p is one of the main effectors of the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1), which is regarded as a crucial signaling axis for the regulation of Isc1p-mediated events. Finally, we describe the retrograde response, a signaling event originating from mitochondria to the nucleus, which results in the induction of nuclear target genes. Intriguingly, the retrograde response also interacts with SL homeostasis. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS All of the above suggests a pivotal signaling role for SLs in maintaining correct mitochondrial function in budding yeast. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Studies with budding yeast provide insight on SL signaling events that affect mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Spincemaille
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Nabil Matmati
- Department of Medicine and the Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine and the Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Bruno P A Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Spincemaille P, Cammue BP, Thevissen K. Sphingolipids and mitochondrial function, lessons learned from yeast. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2014; 1:210-224. [PMID: 28357246 PMCID: PMC5349154 DOI: 10.15698/mic2014.07.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, but also of cancer, diabetes and rare diseases such as Wilson's disease (WD) and Niemann Pick type C1 (NPC). Mitochondrial dysfunction underlying human pathologies has often been associated with an aberrant cellular sphingolipid metabolism. Sphingolipids (SLs) are important membrane constituents that also act as signaling molecules. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been pivotal in unraveling mammalian SL metabolism, mainly due to the high degree of conservation of SL metabolic pathways. In this review we will first provide a brief overview of the major differences in SL metabolism between yeast and mammalian cells and the use of SL biosynthetic inhibitors to elucidate the contribution of specific parts of the SL metabolic pathway in response to for instance stress. Next, we will discuss recent findings in yeast SL research concerning a crucial signaling role for SLs in orchestrating mitochondrial function, and translate these findings to relevant disease settings such as WD and NPC. In summary, recent research shows that S. cerevisiae is an invaluable model to investigate SLs as signaling molecules in modulating mitochondrial function, but can also be used as a tool to further enhance our current knowledge on SLs and mitochondria in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Spincemaille
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven,
Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bruno P. Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven,
Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052,
Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven,
Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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40
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Kennedy BE, Madreiter CT, Vishnu N, Malli R, Graier WF, Karten B. Adaptations of energy metabolism associated with increased levels of mitochondrial cholesterol in Niemann-Pick type C1-deficient cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16278-89. [PMID: 24790103 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.559914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) is a late endosomal transmembrane protein, which, together with NPC2 in the endosome lumen, mediates the transport of endosomal cholesterol to the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. Loss of function of NPC1 or NPC2 leads to cholesterol accumulation in late endosomes and causes neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Recent studies indicate that cholesterol also accumulates in mitochondria of NPC1-deficient cells and brain tissue and that NPC1 deficiency leads to alterations in mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. Here, we have investigated the effects of increased mitochondrial cholesterol levels on energy metabolism, using RNA interference to deplete Chinese hamster ovary cells of NPC1 alone or in combination with MLN64, which mediates endosomal cholesterol transport to mitochondria. Mitochondrial cholesterol levels were also altered by depletion of NPC2 in combination with the expression of NPC2 mutants. We found that the depletion of NPC1 increased lactate secretion, decreased glutamine-dependent mitochondrial respiration, and decreased ATP transport across mitochondrial membranes. These metabolic alterations did not occur when transport of endosomal cholesterol to mitochondria was blocked. In addition, the elevated mitochondrial cholesterol levels in NPC1-depleted cells and in NPC2-depleted cells expressing mutant NPC2 that allows endosomal cholesterol trafficking to mitochondria were associated with increased expression of the antioxidant response factor Nrf2. Antioxidant treatment not only prevented the increase in Nrf2 mRNA levels but also prevented the increased lactate secretion in NPC1-depleted cells. These results suggest that mitochondrial cholesterol accumulation can increase oxidative stress and in turn cause increased glycolysis to lactate and other metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry E Kennedy
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada and
| | - Corina T Madreiter
- the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Neelanjan Vishnu
- the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Malli
- the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang F Graier
- the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Karten
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada and
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Vance JE, Karten B. Niemann-Pick C disease and mobilization of lysosomal cholesterol by cyclodextrin. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1609-21. [PMID: 24664998 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r047837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a lysosomal storage disease in which endocytosed cholesterol becomes sequestered in late endosomes/lysosomes (LEs/Ls) because of mutations in either the NPC1 or NPC2 gene. Mutations in either of these genes can lead to impaired functions of the NPC1 or NPC2 proteins and progressive neurodegeneration as well as liver and lung disease. NPC1 is a polytopic protein of the LE/L limiting membrane, whereas NPC2 is a soluble protein in the LE/L lumen. These two proteins act in tandem and promote the export of cholesterol from LEs/Ls. Consequently, a defect in either NPC1 or NPC2 causes cholesterol accumulation in LEs/Ls. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms leading to NPC disease, particularly in the CNS. Recent exciting data on the mechanism by which the cholesterol-sequestering agent cyclodextrin can bypass the functions of NPC1 and NPC2 in the LEs/Ls, and mobilize cholesterol from LEs/Ls, will be highlighted. Moreover, the possible use of cyclodextrin as a valuable therapeutic agent for treatment of NPC patients will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean E Vance
- The Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Barbara Karten
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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