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Cochet M, Piumi F, Gorna K, Berry N, Gonzalez G, Danckaert A, Aulner N, Blanchet O, Zientara S, Donadeu FX, Munier-Lehmann H, Richardson J, Benchoua A, Coulpier M. An equine iPSC-based phenotypic screening platform identifies pro- and anti-viral molecules against West Nile virus. Vet Res 2024; 55:32. [PMID: 38493182 PMCID: PMC10943879 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of West Nile virus (WNV) occur periodically, affecting both human and equine populations. There are no vaccines for humans, and those commercialised for horses do not have sufficient coverage. Specific antiviral treatments do not exist. Many drug discovery studies have been conducted, but since rodent or primate cell lines are normally used, results cannot always be transposed to horses. There is thus a need to develop relevant equine cellular models. Here, we used induced pluripotent stem cells to develop a new in vitro model of WNV-infected equine brain cells suitable for microplate assay, and assessed the cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of forty-one chemical compounds. We found that one nucleoside analog, 2'C-methylcytidine, blocked WNV infection in equine brain cells, whereas other compounds were either toxic or ineffective, despite some displaying anti-viral activity in human cell lines. We also revealed an unexpected proviral effect of statins in WNV-infected equine brain cells. Our results thus identify a potential lead for future drug development and underscore the importance of using a tissue- and species-relevant cellular model for assessing the activity of antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Cochet
- UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, INRAE, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - François Piumi
- UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, INRAE, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Kamila Gorna
- UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, INRAE, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Noémie Berry
- UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, INRAE, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Gaëlle Gonzalez
- UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, INRAE, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Anne Danckaert
- UTechS Photonics Bioimaging/C2RT, Institut Pasteur Paris, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Aulner
- UTechS Photonics Bioimaging/C2RT, Institut Pasteur Paris, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Odile Blanchet
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques, BB-0033-00038, CHU Angers, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, INRAE, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Francesc Xavier Donadeu
- Division of Translational Bioscience, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Jennifer Richardson
- UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, INRAE, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Muriel Coulpier
- UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, INRAE, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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2
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Mundhra S, Bondre VP. Higher replication potential of West Nile virus governs apoptosis induction in human neuroblastoma cells. Apoptosis 2023:10.1007/s10495-023-01844-2. [PMID: 37186273 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The extent of neuronal cell damage caused by West Nile virus (WNV) infection governs the disease severity ranging from mild, febrile illness to fatal encephalitis. Availability of naturally occurring genetic variants is helpful to study viral factors governing differential pathogenesis. During WNV infection, apoptosis serves as a virulence determinant positively contributing to viral pathogenesis. We investigated the levels of apoptosis induced by a low neurovirulent WNV lineage 5 strain 804994 and a high neurovirulent lineage 1 strain 68856 in human neuroblastoma cells, IMR-32. Our investigations clearly show the correlation between higher multiplication capacities of 68856 with higher levels of cytopathology induced by apoptosis. We observed activation of both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways during WNV infection. Infection with higher neurovirulent strain resulted in higher upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins including death receptors (DR), adaptor protein, BH3-only regulatory proteins and higher cleavage of initiator caspases of both pathways. These results suggest that the virulence of a WNV strain may correlate with its higher replication fitness and ability to cause more cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Mundhra
- Encephalitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pashan - Sus Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
| | - Vijay P Bondre
- Encephalitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pashan - Sus Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India.
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Fiacre L, Pagès N, Albina E, Richardson J, Lecollinet S, Gonzalez G. Molecular Determinants of West Nile Virus Virulence and Pathogenesis in Vertebrate and Invertebrate Hosts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239117. [PMID: 33266206 PMCID: PMC7731113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), like the dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV), are major arboviruses belonging to the Flavivirus genus. WNV is emerging or endemic in many countries around the world, affecting humans and other vertebrates. Since 1999, it has been considered to be a major public and veterinary health problem, causing diverse pathologies, ranging from a mild febrile state to severe neurological damage and death. WNV is transmitted in a bird–mosquito–bird cycle, and can occasionally infect humans and horses, both highly susceptible to the virus but considered dead-end hosts. Many studies have investigated the molecular determinants of WNV virulence, mainly with the ultimate objective of guiding vaccine development. Several vaccines are used in horses in different parts of the world, but there are no licensed WNV vaccines for humans, suggesting the need for greater understanding of the molecular determinants of virulence and antigenicity in different hosts. Owing to technical and economic considerations, WNV virulence factors have essentially been studied in rodent models, and the results cannot always be transported to mosquito vectors or to avian hosts. In this review, the known molecular determinants of WNV virulence, according to invertebrate (mosquitoes) or vertebrate hosts (mammalian and avian), are presented and discussed. This overview will highlight the differences and similarities found between WNV hosts and models, to provide a foundation for the prediction and anticipation of WNV re-emergence and its risk of global spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Fiacre
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France; (N.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Nonito Pagès
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France; (N.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Albina
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France; (N.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Jennifer Richardson
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-43967376
| | - Gaëlle Gonzalez
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
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Long-term, West Nile virus-induced neurological changes: A comparison of patients and rodent models. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 7:100105. [PMID: 34589866 PMCID: PMC8474605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus that can cause severe neurological disease in those infected. Those surviving infection often present with long-lasting neurological changes that can severely impede their lives. The most common reported symptoms are depression, memory loss, and motor dysfunction. These sequelae can persist for the rest of the patients’ lives. The pathogenesis behind these changes is still being determined. Here, we summarize current findings in human cases and rodent models, and discuss how these findings indicate that WNV induces a state in the brain similar neurodegenerative diseases. Rodent models have shown that infection leads to persistent virus and inflammation. Initial infection in the hippocampus leads to neuronal dysfunction, synapse elimination, and astrocytosis, all of which contribute to memory loss, mimicking findings in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). WNV infection acts on pathways, such as ubiquitin-signaled protein degradation, and induces the production of molecules, including IL-1β, IFN-γ, and α-synuclein, that are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. These findings indicate that WNV induces neurological damage through similar mechanisms as neurodegenerative diseases, and that pursuing research into the similarities will help advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of WNV-induced neurological sequelae. In patients with and without diagnosed WNND, there are long-lasting neurological sequelae that can mimic neurodegenerative diseases. Some rodent models of WNV reproduce some of these changes with mechanisms similar to neurodegenerative diseases. There is significant overlap between WNV and ND pathogenesis and this has been understudied. Further research needs to be done to determine accuracy of animal models compared to human patients.
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Grygorczuk S, Osada J, Toczyłowski K, Sulik A, Czupryna P, Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Kondrusik M, Świerzbińska R, Dunaj J, Pancewicz S, Dąbrowska M. The lymphocyte populations and their migration into the central nervous system in tick-borne encephalitis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101467. [PMID: 32723646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytosis is dominated by T CD3+CD4+ and T CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes, but their pathogenetic roles and mechanisms of migration into central nervous system (CNS) are unclear. Currently, we have studied CSF lymphocyte subsets and chemotactic axes in TBE patients stratified according to the clinical presentation. Blood and CSF were obtained from 51 patients with TBE (presenting as meningitis in 30, meningoencephalitis in 18 and meningoencephalomyelitis in 3), 20 with non-TBE meningitis and 11 healthy controls. We have studied: (1) abundances of the main lymphocyte subsets and (2) CXCR3 and CCR5 expression on CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes cytometrically with fluorochrome-stained monoclonal antibodies; (3) concentrations of chemotactic cytokines: CCL5 (CCR5 ligand), CXCL10 (CXCR3 ligand), IL-16, CCL2, CCL20 and CXCL5 with ELISA. Cytokine concentrations were additionally studied in 8 pediatric TBE patients. Data were analyzed with non-parametric tests, p < 0.05 considered significant. The higher CSF lymphocyte counts were associated with symptoms of CNS involvement, especially with altered consciousness (B, Th and Tc cells) and focal neurologic deficits (B cells). The minor fraction of double-positive T CD4+CD8+ cells was unique in associating negatively with encephalitis and altered consciousness. CSF CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ lymphocyte population was enriched in CCR5-positive cells and CCL5 concentration in CSF was increased and associated with a milder presentation. Although CXCL10 was vividly up-regulated intrathecally and correlated with CSF T lymphocyte counts, the CXCR3 expression in CSF T lymphocytes was low. Serum and CSF concentrations of CCL2, CXCL5 and IL-16 were increased in adult TBE patients, CCL2 created a chemotactic gradient towards CSF and both CCL2 and IL-16 concentrations correlated positively with CSF lymphocyte counts. The particular lymphoid cell populations in CSF associate differently with the clinical presentation of TBE, suggesting their distinct roles in pathogenesis. CCR5/CCL5 axis probably contributes to T lymphocyte migration into CNS. CXCL10 mediates the intrathecal immune response, but is probably not directly responsible for T cell migration. Additional chemotactic factors must be involved, probably including CCL2 and IL-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambor Grygorczuk
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Joanna Osada
- Department of Hematologic Diagnostics, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Kacper Toczyłowski
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Artur Sulik
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Czupryna
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Maciej Kondrusik
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Renata Świerzbińska
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Justyna Dunaj
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Milena Dąbrowska
- Department of Hematologic Diagnostics, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Białystok, Poland.
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Viral Equine Encephalitis, a Growing Threat to the Horse Population in Europe? Viruses 2019; 12:v12010023. [PMID: 31878129 PMCID: PMC7019608 DOI: 10.3390/v12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders represent an important sanitary and economic threat for the equine industry worldwide. Among nervous diseases, viral encephalitis is of growing concern, due to the emergence of arboviruses and to the high contagiosity of herpesvirus-infected horses. The nature, severity and duration of the clinical signs could be different depending on the etiological agent and its virulence. However, definite diagnosis generally requires the implementation of combinations of direct and/or indirect screening assays in specialized laboratories. The equine practitioner, involved in a mission of prevention and surveillance, plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis of viral encephalitis. The general management of the horse is essentially supportive, focused on controlling pain and inflammation within the central nervous system, preventing injuries and providing supportive care. Despite its high medical relevance and economic impact in the equine industry, vaccines are not always available and there is no specific antiviral therapy. In this review, the major virological, clinical and epidemiological features of the main neuropathogenic viruses inducing encephalitis in equids in Europe, including rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae), Equid herpesviruses (Herpesviridae), Borna disease virus (Bornaviridae) and West Nile virus (Flaviviridae), as well as exotic viruses, will be presented.
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Vidaña B, Johnson N, Fooks AR, Sánchez‐Cordón PJ, Hicks DJ, Nuñez A. West Nile Virus spread and differential chemokine response in the central nervous system of mice: Role in pathogenic mechanisms of encephalitis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:799-810. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Vidaña
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency APHA‐Weybridge AddlestoneKT15 3NBUK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency APHA,‐Weybridge AddlestoneKT15 3NBUK
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency APHA,‐Weybridge AddlestoneKT15 3NBUK
| | | | - Daniel J. Hicks
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency APHA‐Weybridge AddlestoneKT15 3NBUK
| | - Alejandro Nuñez
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency APHA‐Weybridge AddlestoneKT15 3NBUK
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Furnon W, Fender P, Confort MP, Desloire S, Nangola S, Kitidee K, Leroux C, Ratinier M, Arnaud F, Lecollinet S, Boulanger P, Hong SS. Remodeling of the Actin Network Associated with the Non-Structural Protein 1 (NS1) of West Nile Virus and Formation of NS1-Containing Tunneling Nanotubes. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100901. [PMID: 31569658 PMCID: PMC6832617 DOI: 10.3390/v11100901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular response to the recombinant NS1 protein of West Nile virus (NS1WNV) was studied using three different cell types: Vero E6 simian epithelial cells, SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, and U-87MG human astrocytoma cells. Cells were exposed to two different forms of NS1WNV: (i) the exogenous secreted form, sNS1WNV, added to the extracellular milieu; and (ii) the endogenous NS1WNV, the intracellular form expressed in plasmid-transfected cells. The cell attachment and uptake of sNS1WNV varied with the cell type and were only detectable in Vero E6 and SH-SY5Y cells. Addition of sNS1WNV to the cell culture medium resulted in significant remodeling of the actin filament network in Vero E6 cells. This effect was not observed in SH-SY5Y and U-87MG cells, implying that the cellular uptake of sNS1WNV and actin network remodeling were dependent on cell type. In the three cell types, NS1WNV-expressing cells formed filamentous projections reminiscent of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs). These TNT-like projections were found to contain actin and NS1WNV proteins. Interestingly, similar actin-rich, TNT-like filaments containing NS1WNV and the viral envelope glycoprotein EWNV were also observed in WNV-infected Vero E6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Furnon
- Université de Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRA, EPHE, IVPC, UMR754, Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, Cedex 07, 69366 Lyon, France.
| | - Pascal Fender
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5075, 38042 Grenoble, France.
| | - Marie-Pierre Confort
- Université de Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRA, EPHE, IVPC, UMR754, Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, Cedex 07, 69366 Lyon, France.
| | - Sophie Desloire
- Université de Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRA, EPHE, IVPC, UMR754, Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, Cedex 07, 69366 Lyon, France.
| | - Sawitree Nangola
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand.
| | - Kuntida Kitidee
- Center for Research & Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Caroline Leroux
- Université de Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRA, EPHE, IVPC, UMR754, Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, Cedex 07, 69366 Lyon, France.
| | - Maxime Ratinier
- Université de Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRA, EPHE, IVPC, UMR754, Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, Cedex 07, 69366 Lyon, France.
- EPHE, PSL Research University, INRA, Université de Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR754, IVPC, Cedex 07, 69366 Lyon, France.
| | - Frédérick Arnaud
- Université de Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRA, EPHE, IVPC, UMR754, Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, Cedex 07, 69366 Lyon, France.
- EPHE, PSL Research University, INRA, Université de Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR754, IVPC, Cedex 07, 69366 Lyon, France.
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR-1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL on Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Pierre Boulanger
- Université de Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRA, EPHE, IVPC, UMR754, Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, Cedex 07, 69366 Lyon, France.
| | - Saw-See Hong
- Université de Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRA, EPHE, IVPC, UMR754, Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, Cedex 07, 69366 Lyon, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 101, rue de Tolbiac, Cedex 13, 75654 Paris, France.
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Type III Interferon-Mediated Signaling Is Critical for Controlling Live Attenuated Yellow Fever Virus Infection In Vivo. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.00819-17. [PMID: 28811340 PMCID: PMC5559630 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00819-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is an arthropod-borne flavivirus, infecting ~200,000 people worldwide annually and causing about 30,000 deaths. The live attenuated vaccine strain, YFV-17D, has significantly contributed in controlling the global burden of yellow fever worldwide. However, the viral and host contributions to YFV-17D attenuation remain elusive. Type I interferon (IFN-α/β) signaling and type II interferon (IFN-γ) signaling have been shown to be mutually supportive in controlling YFV-17D infection despite distinct mechanisms of action in viral infection. However, it remains unclear how type III IFN (IFN-λ) integrates into this antiviral system. Here, we report that while wild-type (WT) and IFN-λ receptor knockout (λR-/-) mice were largely resistant to YFV-17D, deficiency in type I IFN signaling resulted in robust infection. Although IFN-α/β receptor knockout (α/βR-/-) mice survived the infection, mice with combined deficiencies in both type I signaling and type III IFN signaling were hypersusceptible to YFV-17D and succumbed to the infection. Mortality was associated with viral neuroinvasion and increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). α/βR-/- λR-/- mice also exhibited distinct changes in the frequencies of multiple immune cell lineages, impaired T-cell activation, and severe perturbation of the proinflammatory cytokine balance. Taken together, our data highlight that type III IFN has critical immunomodulatory and neuroprotective functions that prevent viral neuroinvasion during active YFV-17D replication. Type III IFN thus likely represents a safeguard mechanism crucial for controlling YFV-17D infection and contributing to shaping vaccine immunogenicity.IMPORTANCE YFV-17D is a live attenuated flavivirus vaccine strain recognized as one of the most effective vaccines ever developed. However, the host and viral determinants governing YFV-17D attenuation and its potent immunogenicity are still unknown. Here, we analyzed the role of type III interferon (IFN)-mediated signaling, a host immune defense mechanism, in controlling YFV-17D infection and attenuation in different mouse models. We uncovered a critical role of type III IFN-mediated signaling in preserving the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and preventing viral brain invasion. Type III IFN also played a major role in regulating the induction of a potent but balanced immune response that prevented viral evasion of the host immune system. An improved understanding of the complex mechanisms regulating YFV-17D attenuation will provide insights into the key virus-host interactions that regulate host immune responses and infection outcomes as well as open novel avenues for the development of innovative vaccine strategies.
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Pérez-Ramírez E, Llorente F, del Amo J, Fall G, Sall AA, Lubisi A, Lecollinet S, Vázquez A, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ. Pathogenicity evaluation of twelve West Nile virus strains belonging to four lineages from five continents in a mouse model: discrimination between three pathogenicity categories. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:662-670. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pérez-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Carretera Algete-El casar s/n, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Llorente
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Carretera Algete-El casar s/n, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier del Amo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Carretera Algete-El casar s/n, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gamou Fall
- Unité des Arbovirus et Virus de Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP220, Senegal
| | - Amadou Alpha Sall
- Unité des Arbovirus et Virus de Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP220, Senegal
| | - Alison Lubisi
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, 0110 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virology, INRA, ANSES, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort 94706, France
| | - Ana Vázquez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Carretera Algete-El casar s/n, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Winkler CW, Myers LM, Woods TA, Messer RJ, Carmody AB, McNally KL, Scott DP, Hasenkrug KJ, Best SM, Peterson KE. Adaptive Immune Responses to Zika Virus Are Important for Controlling Virus Infection and Preventing Infection in Brain and Testes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3526-3535. [PMID: 28330900 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The recent association between Zika virus (ZIKV) and neurologic complications, including Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults and CNS abnormalities in fetuses, highlights the importance in understanding the immunological mechanisms controlling this emerging infection. Studies have indicated that ZIKV evades the human type I IFN response, suggesting a role for the adaptive immune response in resolving infection. However, the inability of ZIKV to antagonize the mouse IFN response renders the virus highly susceptible to circulating IFN in murine models. Thus, as we show in this article, although wild-type C57BL/6 mice mount cell-mediated and humoral adaptive immune responses to ZIKV, these responses were not required to prevent disease. However, when the type I IFN response of mice was suppressed, then the adaptive immune responses became critical. For example, when type I IFN signaling was blocked by Abs in Rag1-/- mice, the mice showed dramatic weight loss and ZIKV infection in the brain and testes. This phenotype was not observed in Ig-treated Rag1-/- mice or wild-type mice treated with anti-type I IFNR alone. Furthermore, we found that the CD8+ T cell responses of pregnant mice to ZIKV infection were diminished compared with nonpregnant mice. It is possible that diminished cell-mediated immunity during pregnancy could increase virus spread to the fetus. These results demonstrate an important role for the adaptive immune response in the control of ZIKV infection and imply that vaccination may prevent ZIKV-related disease, particularly when the type I IFN response is suppressed as it is in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Lara M Myers
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Ronald J Messer
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Kristin L McNally
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Dana P Scott
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Kim J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840;
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12
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Mentoor JLD, Lubisi AB, Gerdes T, Human S, Williams JH, Venter M. Full-Genome Sequence of a Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Strain from a Fatal Horse Infection in South Africa. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:e00740-16. [PMID: 27469963 PMCID: PMC4966467 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00740-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report here the complete genome sequence of a lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) strain that resulted in fatal neurological disease in a horse in South Africa. Several recent reports exist of neurological disease associated with lineage 2 WNV in humans and horses in South Africa and Europe; however, there are a lack of sequencing data from recent fatal cases in Southern Africa, where these strains likely originate. A better understanding of the genetic composition of highly neuroinvasive lineage 2 strains may facilitate the identification of putative genetic factors associated with increased virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet L D Mentoor
- Zoonosis Research Unit, Department Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alison B Lubisi
- Virology Molecular Epidemiology and Diagnostics Programme, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Truuska Gerdes
- Virology Molecular Epidemiology and Diagnostics Programme, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Stacey Human
- Zoonosis Research Unit, Department Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - June H Williams
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Zoonosis Research Unit, Department Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Centre for Global Disease Detection, South Africa, Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa
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13
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Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Beckham JD. West Nile Virus Encephalitis 16 Years Later. Brain Pathol 2016; 25:625-33. [PMID: 26276026 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses (Arthropod-borne viruses) include several families of viruses (Flaviviridae, Togaviradae, Bunyaviradae, Reoviradae) that are spread by arthropod vectors, most commonly mosquitoes, ticks and sandflies. The RNA genome allows these viruses to rapidly adapt to ever-changing host and environmental conditions. Thus, these virus families are largely responsible for the recent expansion in geographic range of emerging viruses including West Nile virus (WNV), dengue virus and Chikungunya virus. This review will focus on WNV, especially as it has progressively spread westward in North America since its introduction in New York in 1999. By 2003, WNV infections in humans had reached almost all lower 48 contiguous United States (US) and since that time, fluctuations in outbreaks have occurred. Cases decreased between 2008 and 2011, followed by a dramatic flair in 2012, with the epicenter in the Dallas-Fort Worth region of Texas. The 2012 outbreak was associated with an increase in reported neuroinvasive cases. Neuroinvasive disease continues to be a problem particularly in the elderly and immunocompromised populations, although WNV infections also represented the second most frequent cause of pediatric encephalitis in these same years. Neuropathological features in cases from the 2012 epidemic highlight the extent of viral damage that can occur in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bette K Kleinschmidt-DeMasters
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO.,Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO
| | - J David Beckham
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO
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14
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Bharucha T, Breuer J. Review: A neglected Flavivirus: an update on Zika virus in 2016 and the future direction of research. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 42:317-25. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tehmina Bharucha
- University College London; London UK
- Department of Virology; Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
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15
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Martín-Acebes MA, Gabandé-Rodríguez E, García-Cabrero AM, Sánchez MP, Ledesma MD, Sobrino F, Saiz JC. Host sphingomyelin increases West Nile virus infection in vivo. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:422-32. [PMID: 26764042 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m064212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses, such as the dengue virus and the West Nile virus (WNV), are arthropod-borne viruses that represent a global health problem. The flavivirus lifecycle is intimately connected to cellular lipids. Among the lipids co-opted by flaviviruses, we have focused on SM, an important component of cellular membranes particularly enriched in the nervous system. After infection with the neurotropic WNV, mice deficient in acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), which accumulate high levels of SM in their tissues, displayed exacerbated infection. In addition, WNV multiplication was enhanced in cells from human patients with Niemann-Pick type A, a disease caused by a deficiency of ASM activity resulting in SM accumulation. Furthermore, the addition of SM to cultured cells also increased WNV infection, whereas treatment with pharmacological inhibitors of SM synthesis reduced WNV infection. Confocal microscopy analyses confirmed the association of SM with viral replication sites within infected cells. Our results unveil that SM metabolism regulates flavivirus infection in vivo and propose SM as a suitable target for antiviral design against WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Departments of Virology and Microbiology Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | | | - Ana M García-Cabrero
- Laboratory of Neurology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Marina P Sánchez
- Laboratory of Neurology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - María Dolores Ledesma
- Molecular Neurobiology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Departments of Virology and Microbiology Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid 28040, Spain
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16
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Suen WW, Prow NA, Setoh YX, Hall RA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. End-point disease investigation for virus strains of intermediate virulence as illustrated by flavivirus infections. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:366-377. [PMID: 26614392 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses of intermediate virulence are defined as isolates causing an intermediate morbidity/mortality rate in a specific animal model system, involving specific host and inoculation parameters (e.g. dose and route). Therefore, variable disease phenotype may exist between animals that develop severe disease or die and those that are asymptomatic or survive after infection with these isolates. There may also be variability amongst animals within each of these subsets. Such potential variability may confound the use of time-point sacrifice experiments to investigate pathogenesis of this subset of virus strains, as uniformity in disease outcome is a fundamental assumption for time-course sacrifice experiments. In the current study, we examined the disease phenotype, neuropathology, neural infection and glial cell activity in moribund/dead and surviving Swiss white (CD-1) mice after intraperitoneal infection with various Australian flaviviruses, including West Nile virus (WNV) strains of intermediate virulence (WNVNSW2011 and WNVNSW2012), and highly virulent Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) isolates. We identified notable intragroup variation in the end-point disease in mice infected with either WNVNSW strain, but to a lesser extent in mice infected with MVEV strains. The variable outcomes associated with WNVNSW infection suggest that pathogenesis investigations using time-point sacrifice of WNVNSW-infected mice may not be the best approach, as the assumption of uniformity in outcomes is violated. Our study has therefore highlighted a previously unacknowledged challenge to investigating pathogenesis of virus isolates of intermediate virulence. We have also set a precedent for routine examination of the disease phenotype in moribund/dead and surviving mice during survival challenge experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy W Suen
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - Natalie A Prow
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yin X Setoh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
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17
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Rizzoli A, Jimenez-Clavero MA, Barzon L, Cordioli P, Figuerola J, Koraka P, Martina B, Moreno A, Nowotny N, Pardigon N, Sanders N, Ulbert S, Tenorio A. The challenge of West Nile virus in Europe: knowledge gaps and research priorities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20. [PMID: 26027485 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.20.21135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is continuously spreading across Europe, and other continents, i.e. North and South America and many other regions of the world. Despite the overall sporadic nature of outbreaks with cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) in Europe, the spillover events have increased and the virus has been introduced into new areas. The high genetic diversity of the virus, with remarkable phenotypic variation, and its endemic circulation in several countries, require an intensification of the integrated and multidisciplinary research efforts built under the 7th Framework Programme of the European Union (FP7). It is important to better clarify several aspects of WNV circulation in Europe, including its ecology, genomic diversity, pathogenicity, transmissibility, diagnosis and control options, under different environmental and socio-economic scenarios. Identifying WNV endemic as well as infection-free areas is becoming a need for the development of human vaccines and therapeutics and the application of blood and organs safety regulations. This review, produced as a joint initiative among European experts and based on analysis of 118 scientific papers published between 2004 and 2014, provides the state of knowledge on WNV and highlights the existing knowledge and research gaps that need to be addressed with high priority in Europe and neighbouring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rizzoli
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, San Michele all Adige (TN), Italy
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18
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Bingham J, Payne J, Harper J, Frazer L, Eastwood S, Wilson S, Lowther S, Lunt R, Warner S, Carr M, Hall RA, Durr PA. Evaluation of a mouse model for the West Nile virus group for the purpose of determining viral pathotypes. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1221-1232. [PMID: 24694397 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.063537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV; family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus) group members are an important cause of viral meningoencephalitis in some areas of the world. They exhibit marked variation in pathogenicity, with some viral lineages (such as those from North America) causing high prevalence of severe neurological disease, whilst others (such as Australian Kunjin virus) rarely cause disease. The aim of this study was to characterize WNV disease in a mouse model and to elucidate the pathogenetic features that distinguish disease variation. Tenfold dilutions of five WNV strains (New York 1999, MRM16 and three horse isolates of WNV-Kunjin: Boort and two isolates from the 2011 Australian outbreak) were inoculated into mice by the intraperitoneal route. All isolates induced meningoencephalitis in different proportions of infected mice. WNVNY99 was the most pathogenic, the three horse isolates were of intermediate pathogenicity and WNVKUNV-MRM16 was the least, causing mostly asymptomatic disease with seroconversion. Infectivity, but not pathogenicity, was related to challenge dose. Using cluster analysis of the recorded clinical signs, histopathological lesions and antigen distribution scores, the cases could be classified into groups corresponding to disease severity. Metrics that were important in determining pathotype included neurological signs (paralysis and seizures), meningoencephalitis, brain antigen scores and replication in extra-neural tissues. Whereas all mice infected with WNVNY99 had extra-neural antigen, those infected with the WNV-Kunjin viruses only occasionally had antigen outside the nervous system. We conclude that the mouse model could be a useful tool for the assessment of pathotype for WNVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bingham
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Jean Payne
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Jennifer Harper
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Leah Frazer
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Sarah Eastwood
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Susanne Wilson
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Sue Lowther
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Ross Lunt
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Simone Warner
- Biosciences Research Division, Department of Environment and Primary Industries Victoria, AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University Campus, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Mary Carr
- Biosecurity SA, Primary Industries and Regions South Australia, GPO Box 1671, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Peter A Durr
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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19
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Donadieu E, Bahuon C, Lowenski S, Zientara S, Coulpier M, Lecollinet S. Differential virulence and pathogenesis of West Nile viruses. Viruses 2013; 5:2856-80. [PMID: 24284878 PMCID: PMC3856419 DOI: 10.3390/v5112856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic flavivirus that cycles between mosquitoes and birds but that can also infect humans, horses, and other vertebrate animals. In most humans, WNV infection remains subclinical. However, 20%-40% of those infected may develop WNV disease, with symptoms ranging from fever to meningoencephalitis. A large variety of WNV strains have been described worldwide. Based on their genetic differences, they have been classified into eight lineages; the pathogenic strains belong to lineages 1 and 2. Ten years ago, Beasley et al. (2002) found that dramatic differences exist in the virulence and neuroinvasion properties of lineage 1 and lineage 2 WNV strains. Further insights on how WNV interacts with its hosts have recently been gained; the virus acts either at the periphery or on the central nervous system (CNS), and these observed differences could help explain the differential virulence and neurovirulence of WNV strains. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on factors that trigger WNV dissemination and CNS invasion as well as on the inflammatory response and CNS damage induced by WNV. Moreover, we will discuss how WNV strains differentially interact with the innate immune system and CNS cells, thus influencing WNV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Donadieu
- Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), UMR 1161 Virologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES) , Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), 7 avenue du Général De Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France.
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