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Dellacqua LO, Gomes PM, Batista JS, Michelini LC, Antunes VR. Exercise-induced neuroplasticity in autonomic nuclei restores the cardiac vagal tone and baroreflex dysfunction in aged hypertensive rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:189-198. [PMID: 38059293 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00433.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by considerable deterioration of homeostatic systems, such as autonomic imbalance characterized by heightened sympathetic activity, lower parasympathetic tone, and depressed heart rate (HR) variability, which are aggravated by hypertension. Here, we hypothesized that these age-related deficits in aged hypertensive rats can be ameliorated by exercise training, with benefits to the cardiovascular system. Therefore, male 22-mo-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and age-matched Wistar Kyoto (WKY) submitted to moderate-intensity exercise training (T) or kept sedentary (S) for 8 wk were evaluated for hemodynamic/autonomic parameters, baroreflex sensitivity, cardiac sympathetic/parasympathetic tone and analysis of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH+) and oxytocin (OT+) pathways of autonomic brain nuclei. Aged SHR-S versus WKY-S exhibited elevated mean arterial pressure (MAP: +51%) and HR (+20%), augmented pressure/HR variability, no cardiac vagal tone, and depressed reflex control of the heart (HR range, -28%; gain, -49%). SHR-T exhibited a lower resting HR, a partial reduction in the MAP (-14%), in the pressure/HR variabilities, and restored parasympathetic modulation, with improvement of baroreceptor reflex control when compared with SHR-S. Exercise training increased the ascending DBH+ projections conveying peripheral information to the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN), augmented the expression of OT+ neurons, and reduced the density of DBH+ neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of SHR-T. Data indicate that exercise training induces beneficial neuroplasticity in brain autonomic circuitry, and it is highly effective to restore the parasympathetic tone, and attenuation of age-related autonomic imbalance and baroreflex dysfunction, thus conferring long-term benefits for cardiovascular control in aged hypertensive individuals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercise training reduces high blood pressure and cardiovascular autonomic modulation in aged hypertensive rats. The dysfunction in the baroreflex sensitivity and impaired parasympathetic tone to the heart of aged hypertensive rats are restored by exercise training. Exercise induces beneficial neuroplasticity in the brain nuclei involved with autonomic control of cardiovascular function of aged hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais Oliveira Dellacqua
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Magalhães Gomes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia Santos Batista
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lisete Compagno Michelini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vagner Roberto Antunes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Wang L, Liu Y, Xu T. Aerobic Exercise Improves Depressive-like Behavior in CUMS-Induced Rats via the SIRT3/ROS/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1711. [PMID: 37629568 PMCID: PMC10456012 DOI: 10.3390/life13081711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise on depressive-like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in rats and to explore the role of the SIRT3/ROS/NLRP3 signaling pathway in this process. METHODS Twenty-nine male 8-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into a control group (CON) (nine rats) and a model group (twenty rats). Thirteen chronic stress stimuli were randomly applied once or twice per day for 35 days to induce depression in the model group rats. After the model was established, the model group rats were randomly divided into the CUMS group (CUMS) and the aerobic exercise + CUMS group (EX + CUMS). The EX + CUMS group received 8 weeks of aerobic exercise intervention for 6 days per week. Behavioral assessments were performed using the sucrose preference test and forced swimming test. The expression of SIRT3, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18 in the hippocampus was detected using RT-PCR. The ROS level in the hippocampus was detected using immunofluorescence. The protein levels of SIRT3 and NLRP3 in the hippocampus were detected using western blotting. The protein levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in the hippocampus were measured using ELISA. RESULTS After 5 weeks of chronic stress stimuli, the hippocampal function of rats in the CUMS model group was impaired, and their sucrose preference was reduced, while their forced swimming time was prolonged. The expression of SIRT3 decreased, ROS increased, and the expression of NLRP3 and the levels of IL-1β and IL-18 increased. Aerobic exercise increased the sucrose preference of rats, shortened their immobility time, increased the expression of SIRT3, and reduced the levels of ROS, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18. CONCLUSION Exercise can improve the depressive behavior of CUMS model rats, and its mechanism may be related to the upregulation of SIRT3 in the hippocampus, which plays an anti-inflammatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
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Fu LW, Gong YD, Nguyen AT, Guo ZL, Tjen-A-Looi SC, Malik S. Sympathoinhibitory electroacupuncture (EA) interacts positively with anti-inflammatory EA alleviating blood pressure in hypertensive rats. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1140255. [PMID: 37324636 PMCID: PMC10262041 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1140255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated sympathetic activity and chronic inflammation are known contributory factors observed in hypertension. We have observed that sympathoinhibitory electroacupuncture (SI-EA) at acupoints ST36-37 alleviates sympathetic activity and hypertension. Additionally, EA at acupoints SP6-7 exerts anti-inflammatory (AI-EA) effects. However, it is not known whether simultaneous stimulation of this combination of acupoints attenuates or enhances individual effects. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to test the hypothesis that combining SI-EA and AI-EA (cEA) leads to greater reduction of hypertension by decreasing sympathetic activity and inflammation in hypertensive rats than either set of acupoints alone. Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive (DSSH) rats were treated with four EA regimens including cEA, SI-EA, AI-EA, and sham-EA twice weekly for five weeks. A group of normotensive (NTN) rats served as control. Systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured non-invasively by tail-cuff. Plasma norepinephrine (NE), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentrations were determined with ELISA at the completion of treatments. DSSH rats on high salt diet progressively developed moderate hypertension within five weeks. DSSH rats treated with sham-EA showed continuous increase in SBP and DBP and elevations in plasma NE, hs-CRP, and IL-6 levels relative to NTN control. Both SI-EA and cEA decreased SBP and DBP, and had corresponding changes in biomarkers (NE, hs-CRP, and IL-6) compared with sham-EA. AI-EA prevented SBP and DBP elevation and decreased IL-6 and hs-CRP relative to sham-EA. Importantly in DSSH rats that received repetitive cEA treatment, SI-EA interacted positively with AI-EA leading to greater reduction of SBP, DBP, NE, hs-CRP, and IL-6 than SI-EA or AI-EA alone. These data suggest that by targeting both elevated sympathetic activity and chronic inflammation, cEA regimen results in a greater reduction of BP effects in treating hypertension compared to using individual SI-EA or AI-EA alone.
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Li M, Zhang L, Liu X, Wang G, Lu J, Guo J, Wang H, Xu J, Zhang Y, Li N, Zhou Y. Inhibition of Rho/ROCK signaling pathway participates in the cardiac protection of exercise training in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17903. [PMID: 36284153 PMCID: PMC9596711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise training (ExT) is capable of improving the heart function of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. This study was aimed to investigate whether inhibition of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway contributes to the cardiac protection by low-intensity ExT in SHRs. The results demonstrated that, compared with Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, SHRs obviously exhibited higher blood pressure, increased heart weight index and thickness of left ventricular wall, decreased left ventricular function, damaged myocardial construction, and increased collagen fiber of left ventricle (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Meanwhile, the mRNA and protein expression levels of RhoA and ROCK in the heart of SHRs were significantly increased, compared with those of WKY rats (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Interestingly, the pathological changes of heart aforementioned were all improved in SHR-ExT rats compared with SHR-Sed rats (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), indicating the cardiac protection of exercise training. In addition, the cardiac protective effect of exercise training could be blocked by LPA, an activator of Rho/ROCK signaling, and the protective effect in SHR rats could be mimicked by Fasudil, an inhibitor of Rho/ROCK signaling. The results strongly suggest that low-intensity ExT can protect heart against structure and function through inhibiting Rho/ROCK signaling pathway in hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Li
- grid.256885.40000 0004 1791 4722Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, 342 Yu Hu Dong Rd., Baoding, 071000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Limei Zhang
- grid.256885.40000 0004 1791 4722Clinical School of Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000 People’s Republic of China ,Hengshui People’s Hospital, Hengshui, 053000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Liu
- grid.256885.40000 0004 1791 4722Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, 342 Yu Hu Dong Rd., Baoding, 071000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- grid.256885.40000 0004 1791 4722Clinical School of Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Lu
- grid.256885.40000 0004 1791 4722Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, 342 Yu Hu Dong Rd., Baoding, 071000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- grid.256885.40000 0004 1791 4722Clinical School of Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- grid.256885.40000 0004 1791 4722Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, 342 Yu Hu Dong Rd., Baoding, 071000 People’s Republic of China ,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Skeletal Metabolic Physiology of Chronic Kidney Disease, Baoding, 071000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinpeng Xu
- grid.256885.40000 0004 1791 4722Clinical School of Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- grid.256885.40000 0004 1791 4722Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, 342 Yu Hu Dong Rd., Baoding, 071000 People’s Republic of China ,grid.256883.20000 0004 1760 8442Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 05000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- grid.256885.40000 0004 1791 4722Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, 342 Yu Hu Dong Rd., Baoding, 071000 People’s Republic of China ,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Skeletal Metabolic Physiology of Chronic Kidney Disease, Baoding, 071000 People’s Republic of China
| | - You Zhou
- grid.256885.40000 0004 1791 4722Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, 342 Yu Hu Dong Rd., Baoding, 071000 People’s Republic of China
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Rossi BRO, Philbois SV, Maida KD, Sánchez-Delgado JC, Veiga AC, Souza HCD. Role of aerobic physical training on cardiac autonomic and morphophysiological dysfunction in hypertensive rats subjected to ovarian hormone deprivation. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e11916. [PMID: 35584451 PMCID: PMC9113528 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e11916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we investigated the effects of physical training on cardiovascular autonomic control and cardiac morphofunctional parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) subjected to ovarian hormone deprivation. Forty-eight 10-week-old SHRs were divided into two groups: ovariectomized (OVX, n=24) and sham (SHAM, n=24). Half of each group (n=12) was trained by swimming for 12 weeks (OVX-T and SHAM-T). Cardiac morphology and functionality were assessed using echocardiography, and autonomic parameters were assessed using double pharmacological autonomic block, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and analyses of heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure variability (BPV). Ovariectomy did not influence the cardiac autonomic tonus balance unlike physical training, which favored greater participation of the vagal autonomic tonus. Ovariectomy and aerobic physical training did not modify HRV and BRS, unlike BPV, for which both methods reduced low-frequency oscillations, suggesting a reduction in sympathetic vascular modulation. Untrained ovariectomized animals showed a reduced relative wall thickness (RWT) and increased diastolic and systolic volumes and left ventricular diameters, resulting in increased stroke volume. Trained ovariectomized animals presented reduced posterior wall thickness and RWT as well as increased final diastolic diameter, left ventricular mass, and stroke volume. Ovarian hormone deprivation in SHRs promoted morphofunctional adaptations but did not alter the evaluation of cardiac autonomic parameters. In turn, aerobic physical training contributed to a more favorable cardiac autonomic balance to the vagal autonomic component and promoted morphological adaptations but had little effect on cardiac functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R O Rossi
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício e Fisioterapia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Ciência da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - S V Philbois
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício e Fisioterapia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Ciência da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - K D Maida
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício e Fisioterapia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Ciência da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - J C Sánchez-Delgado
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Sports and Recreation, University Santo Tomás, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - A C Veiga
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício e Fisioterapia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Ciência da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - H C D Souza
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício e Fisioterapia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Ciência da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Huntula S, Lalert L, Punsawad C. The Effects of Exercise on Aging-Induced Exaggerated Cytokine Responses: An Interdisciplinary Discussion. SCIENTIFICA 2022; 2022:3619362. [PMID: 35106183 PMCID: PMC8801319 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3619362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aging is generally known to be associated with dynamic biological changes, physiological dysfunction, and environmental and psychological decline. Several studies have suggested that aging is associated with increased inflammatory cytokines, causing several diseases. However, the effect of exercise on aging has been less delineated, and the relationships between cytokine activation, aging, and exercise also need further study. Here, we discuss some ideas about the effect of exercise on aging-induced exaggerated cytokine responses and discuss the possible roles of the aging-induced exaggerated cytokine response following exercise. Evidence from these findings suggests that exercise is a beneficially applicable model to use in studies on the mechanisms underlying the age-associated gradated cytokine response, and these results may provide guidelines for health professionals with diverse backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soontaraporn Huntula
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Laddawan Lalert
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
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Xia WJ, Xu ML, Yu XJ, Du MM, Li XH, Yang T, Li L, Li Y, Kang KB, Su Q, Xu JX, Shi XL, Wang XM, Li HB, Kang YM. Antihypertensive effects of exercise involve reshaping of gut microbiota and improvement of gut-brain axis in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-24. [PMID: 33382364 PMCID: PMC7781639 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1854642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise (Ex) has long been recognized to produce beneficial effects on hypertension (HTN). This coupled with evidence of gut dysbiosis and an impaired gut-brain axis led us to hypothesize that reshaping of gut microbiota and improvement in impaired gut-brain axis would, in part, be associated with beneficial influence of exercise. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were randomized into sedentary, trained, and detrained groups. Trained rats underwent moderate-intensity exercise for 12 weeks, whereas, detrained groups underwent 8 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise followed by 4 weeks of detraining. Fecal microbiota, gut pathology, intestinal inflammation, and permeability, brain microglia and neuroinflammation were analyzed. We observed that exercise training resulted in a persistent decrease in systolic blood pressure in the SHR. This was associated with increase in microbial α diversity, altered β diversity, and enrichment of beneficial bacterial genera. Furthermore, decrease in the number of activated microglia, neuroinflammation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, improved gut pathology, inflammation, and permeability were also observed in the SHR following exercise. Interestingly, short-term detraining did not abolish these exercise-mediated improvements. Finally, fecal microbiota transplantation from exercised SHR into sedentary SHR resulted in attenuated SBP and an improved gut-brain axis. These observations support our concept that an impaired gut-brain axis is linked to HTN and exercise ameliorates this impairment to induce antihypertensive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi’anChina,CONTACT Hong-Bao Li, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Meng-Lu Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’anChina,CONTACT Hong-Bao Li, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi’anChina,CONTACT Hong-Bao Li, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Meng-Meng Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi’anChina
| | - Xu-Hui Li
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’anChina
| | - Tao Yang
- Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OHUSA
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’anChina
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi’anChina
| | - Kai B. Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi’anChina
| | - Jia-Xi Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi’anChina
| | - Xiao-Lian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’anChina
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi’anChina
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi’anChina,CONTACT Hong-Bao Li, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi’anChina,CONTACT Hong-Bao Li, Xi’an 710061, China
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Souza HCD, Philbois SV, Veiga AC, Aguilar BA. Heart Rate Variability and Cardiovascular Fitness: What We Know so Far. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2021; 17:701-711. [PMID: 34803382 PMCID: PMC8598208 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s279322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuation analysis in intervals between heartbeats provides important indices related to autonomic modulation of heart rate variability (HRV). These indices are considered predictors of morbidity and mortality as they are frequently altered in patients with chronic degenerative diseases, especially in those with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Similarly, a reduction in HRV is common with aging. In all cases, cardiovascular fitness is often reduced to below the predicted values. In turn, increases in cardiovascular fitness through regular physical exercise, especially aerobic exercise, represent an important therapeutic tool capable of promoting positive adjustments in cardiac autonomic modulation. These adjustments are characterized by reduced sympathetic modulatory influence and/or increased vagal modulatory influence on the heart, increasing the HRV. Therefore, several methodological tools have been used to assess the degree of impairment of autonomic modulation and the therapeutic effects of physical exercise. In contrast, establishment of strict protocols in experimental design is a main challenge in establishing HRV analysis as a robust parameter for evaluating cardiovascular homeostasis. Thus, this review aimed to contribute to the understanding of autonomic modulation of HRV and its relationship with cardiovascular fitness, highlighting the advances made thus far, the applicability of analysis tools, and the confounding factors observed frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Celso Dutra Souza
- Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stella Vieira Philbois
- Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Catarine Veiga
- Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Augusto Aguilar
- Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Teixeira RB, Dos Santos Amorim PR, Marins JCB, de L X Martins Y, de Souza Magalhães Marques S, Aguiar VPR, Palotás A, Lima LM. Physical Inactivity is Liable to the Increased Cardiovascular Risk and Impaired Cognitive Profile. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:365-372. [PMID: 32442085 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200522205646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sedentary life-style is a significant public health issue. It increases the incidence of type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), which in turn may impair physical and mental health. In fact, disrupted glucose metabolism is characteristic of Alzheimer's dementia, and it is often dubbed as type-3 diabetes. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the level of activity, body composition, cardiovascular risk and cognitive profile of patients with DM2 and/or SAH. The study was cross-sectional design. METHOD The sample consisted of 120 individuals which 35% men and 65% women, with an average of 64±9 years old and 60±11 years old, respectively. Various parameters were evaluated such as anthropometric variables, pedometer recordings and brief cognitive screening battery (BCSB), which assesses the immediate memory, verbal fluency, learning, late memory and recognition. Chi-square and Fisher's exact test were applied to observe possible differences between men and women. In addition to Kruskall-Wallis, in the comparison between patients with SAH; DM2 and SAH + DM2. RESULTS A high rate of physical inactivity was found among those enrolled in this project. Females were characterized by increased body fat, whereas men displayed visceral fat excess. BCSB demonstrated reduced verbal fluency, late memory and recognition, with women presenting significantly worse results. CONCLUSION Low level of daily physical activity is apparently correlated with obesity, elevated cardiovascular risk, and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - João C B Marins
- Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa (Minas Gerais), Brazil
| | | | | | | | - András Palotás
- Asklepios-Med (Private Medical Practice and Research Center), Szeged, Hungary.,Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Luciana M Lima
- Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa (Minas Gerais), Brazil
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Activation of Paraventricular Melatonin Receptor 2 Mediates Melatonin-Conferred Cardioprotection Against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 76:197-206. [PMID: 32433359 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that melatonin (Mel) can effectively ameliorate myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury, but the mechanism is yet to be fully elucidated. Mel receptors are expressed in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which is also involved in regulating cardiac sympathetic nerve activity. The aim of this study was to examine whether Mel receptors in the PVN are involved in the protective effects of Mel against MI/R injury. The results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunofluorescence assays indicated that Mel receptor 2 (MT2) expression in the PVN was upregulated after MI/R. Intraperitoneal administration of Mel significantly improved post-MI/R cardiac function and reduced the infarct size, whereas shRNA silencing of MT2 in the PVN partially blocked this effect. Intraperitoneal administration of Mel reduced sympathetic nerve overexcitation caused by MI/R, whereas shRNA silencing of MT2 in the PVN partially diminished this effect. Furthermore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot results indicated that intraperitoneal administration of Mel lowered the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the PVN after MI/R injury, whereas the application of sh-MT2 in the PVN reduced this effect of Mel. Mel significantly reduced the levels of NF-κB after astrocyte oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation injury, and this effect was offset when MT2 was silenced. The above experimental results suggest that MT2 in the PVN partially mediated the protective effects of Mel against MI/R injury, and its underlying mechanisms may be related to postactivation amelioration of PVN inflammation and reduction of cardiac sympathetic nerve overexcitation.
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da Costa TSR, Masson GS, Eichler RADS, Silva JCDS, Lacchini S, Michelini LC. Training-Induced Deactivation of the AT 1 Receptor Pathway Drives Autonomic Control and Heart Remodeling During the Transition From the Pre- to Hypertensive Phase in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Circ J 2020; 84:1294-1303. [PMID: 32522899 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-19-1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of hypertension and exercise training (T) on the sequential interplay between renin-angiotensin system (RAS), autonomic control and heart remodeling during the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), was evaluated.Methods and Results:Time course changes of these parameters were recorded in 4-week-old SHR submitted to a T or sedentary (S) protocol. Wistar Kyoto rats served as controls. Hemodynamic recordings were obtained in conscious rats at experimental weeks 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8. The left ventricle (LV) was collected to evaluate RAS gene and protein expression, cardiomyocytes' hypertrophy and collagen accumulation. Pre-hypertensive SHR exhibited augmented AT1R gene expression; at 5 weeks, they presented with elevated pressure, increased LV angiotensinogen and ACE mRNA expression, followed by sympathoexcitation (from the 8thweek onwards). Marked AT1R protein content, myocytes's hypertrophy, collagen deposition and increased pressure variability were observed in 12-week-old sedentary SHR. In addition to attenuating all these effects, T activated Mas receptor expression augmented parasympathetic modulation of the heart, and delayed the onset and reduced the magnitude, but did not block the development of genetic hypertension. CONCLUSIONS The close temporal relationship between changes in the LV ACE-Ang II-AT1R axis, autonomic control and cardiac remodeling at both the establishment of hypertension and during exercise training reveals the essential role played by the AT1R pathway in driving cardiac remodeling and autonomic modulation during the transition from the pre- to hypertensive phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo Santos Masson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo
| | | | | | - Silvia Lacchini
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo
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12
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Ferreira-Junior NC, Ruggeri A, Silva SD, Zampieri TT, Ceroni A, Michelini LC. Exercise training increases GAD65 expression, restores the depressed GABA A receptor function within the PVN and reduces sympathetic modulation in hypertension. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14107. [PMID: 31264387 PMCID: PMC6603325 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic inhibitory input within the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) plays a key role in restraining sympathetic outflow. Although experimental evidence has shown depressed GABAA receptor function plus sympathoexcitation in hypertension and augmented GABA levels with reduced sympathetic activity after exercise training (T), the mechanisms underlying T‐induced effects remain unclear. Here we investigated in T and sedentary (S) SHR and WKY: (1) time‐course changes of hemodynamic parameters and PVN glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) isoforms’ expression; (2) arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) responses, sympathetic/parasympathetic modulation of heart and vessels and baroreflex sensitivity to GABAA receptor blockade within the PVN. SHR‐S versus WKY‐S exhibited higher AP and HR, increased sympathetic reduced parasympathetic modulation, smaller baroreflex sensitivity, and reduced PVN GAD65 immunoreactivity. SHR‐T and WKY‐T showed prompt maintained increase (2–8 weeks) in GAD65 expression (responsible for GABA vesicular pool synthesis), which occurred simultaneously with HR reduction in SHR‐T and preceded MAP fall in SHR‐T and resting bradycardia in WKY‐T. There was no change in GAD67 expression (mainly involved with GABA metabolic pool). Resting HR in both groups and basal MAP in SHR were negatively correlated with PVN GAD65 expression. Normalized baroreflex sensitivity and autonomic control observed only in SHR‐T were due to recovery of GABAA receptor function into the PVN since bicuculline administration abolished these effects. Data indicated that training augments in both groups the expression/activity of GABAergic neurotransmission within presympathetic PVN neurons and restores GABAA receptors′ function specifically in the SHR, therefore strengthening GABAergic modulation of sympathetic outflow in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilson C Ferreira-Junior
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Ruggeri
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sebastião D Silva
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais T Zampieri
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ceroni
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lisete C Michelini
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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13
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Tofas T, Draganidis D, Deli CK, Georgakouli K, Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ. Exercise-Induced Regulation of Redox Status in Cardiovascular Diseases: The Role of Exercise Training and Detraining. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 9:antiox9010013. [PMID: 31877965 PMCID: PMC7023632 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are beneficial for the organism ensuring normal cell and vascular function, the overproduction of ROS and increased oxidative stress levels play a significant role in the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This paper aims at providing a thorough review of the available literature investigating the effects of acute and chronic exercise training and detraining on redox regulation, in the context of CVDs. An acute bout of either cardiovascular or resistance exercise training induces a transient oxidative stress and inflammatory response accompanied by reduced antioxidant capacity and enhanced oxidative damage. There is evidence showing that these responses to exercise are proportional to exercise intensity and inversely related to an individual’s physical conditioning status. However, when chronically performed, both types of exercise amplify the antioxidant defense mechanism, reduce oxidative stress and preserve redox status. On the other hand, detraining results in maladaptations within a time-frame that depends on the exercise training intensity and mode, as high-intensity training is superior to low-intensity and resistance training is superior to cardiovascular training in preserving exercise-induced adaptations during detraining periods. Collectively, these findings suggest that exercise training, either cardiovascular or resistance or even a combination of them, is a promising, safe and efficient tool in the prevention and treatment of CVDs.
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14
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Elsaafien K, Korim WS, Setiadi A, May CN, Yao ST. Chemoattraction and Recruitment of Activated Immune Cells, Central Autonomic Control, and Blood Pressure Regulation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:984. [PMID: 31427987 PMCID: PMC6688384 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators play a critical role in the regulation of sympathetic outflow to cardiovascular organs in hypertension. Emerging evidence highlights the involvement of immune cells in the regulation of blood pressure. However, it is still unclear how these immune cells are activated and recruited to key autonomic brain regions to regulate sympathetic outflow to cardiovascular organs. Chemokines such as C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), are upregulated both peripherally and centrally in hypertension. More specifically, they are upregulated in key autonomic brain regions that control sympathetic activity and blood pressure such as the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Furthermore, this upregulation of inflammatory mediators is associated with the infiltration of immune cells to these brain areas. Thus, expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines is a potential mechanism promoting invasion of immune cells into key autonomic brain regions. In pathophysiological conditions, this can result in abnormal activation of brain circuits that control sympathetic nerve activity to cardiovascular organs and ultimately in increases in blood pressure. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence that helps explain how immune cells are chemoattracted to autonomic nuclei and contribute to changes in sympathetic outflow and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Elsaafien
- Discovery Science, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Willian S. Korim
- Discovery Science, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Setiadi
- Discovery Science, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Clive N. May
- Discovery Science, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Song T. Yao
- Discovery Science, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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15
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Prehypertension exercise training attenuates hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy accompanied by temporal changes in the levels of angiotensin II and angiotensin (1-7). Hypertens Res 2019; 42:1745-1756. [DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Małkiewicz MA, Szarmach A, Sabisz A, Cubała WJ, Szurowska E, Winklewski PJ. Blood-brain barrier permeability and physical exercise. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:15. [PMID: 30678702 PMCID: PMC6345022 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this narrative review, a theoretical framework on the crosstalk between physical exercise and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is presented. We discuss the influence of physical activity on the factors affecting BBB permeability such as systemic inflammation, the brain renin-angiotensin and noradrenergic systems, central autonomic function and the kynurenine pathway. The positive role of exercise in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease is described. Finally, the potential role of conditioning as well as the effect of exercise on BBB tight junctions is outlined. There is a body of evidence that regular physical exercise diminishes BBB permeability as it reinforces antioxidative capacity, reduces oxidative stress and has anti-inflammatory effects. It improves endothelial function and might increase the density of brain capillaries. Thus, physical training can be emphasised as a component of prevention programs developed for patients to minimise the risk of the onset of neuroinflammatory diseases as well as an augmentation of existing treatment. Unfortunately, despite a sound theoretical background, it remains unclear as to whether exercise training is effective in modulating BBB permeability in several specific diseases. Further research is needed as the impact of exercise is yet to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Małkiewicz
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Tuwima Str. 15, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Szarmach
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sabisz
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wiesław J Cubała
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Edyta Szurowska
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł J Winklewski
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Tuwima Str. 15, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland. .,2-nd Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. .,Department of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland.
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17
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Maglione AV, Taranto P, Hamermesz B, Souza JS, Cafarchio EM, Ogihara CA, Maciel RMB, Giannocco G, Sato MA. Impact of swimming exercise on inflammation in medullary areas of sympathetic outflow control in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1649-1660. [PMID: 29946957 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exercise reduces sympathetic activity (SA), arterial pressure and heart rate in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Exercise increases oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation is implicated in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and progression of hypertension. To unravel these effects of exercise and considering that SA is driven by medullary areas, we hypothesized that swimming exercise (SW) affects the gene expression (g.e.) of proteins involved in inflammation and OS in the commissural Nucleus of the Solitary Tract (cNTS) and Rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), which control the sympathetic outflow in SHR. We used male SHR and Wistar rats (14-16wks-old) which were maintained sedentary (SED) or submitted to SW (1 h/day, 5 days/wk./6wks). The g.e. of cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), AT-1 receptor (AT-1r), neuroglobin (Ngb) and cytoglobin (Ctb) in cNTS and RVLM was carried out by qPCR. We observed that COX-2 g.e. increased in SW-SHR in cNTS and RVLM compared to SED-SHR. The IL-6 g.e. reduced in RVLM in SW-SHR, whereas IL-10 g.e. increased in SW-SHR in comparison to SED-SHR. The AT-1r g.e. decreased in SW-SHR in cNTS and RVLM compared to SED-SHR. The Ngb and Ctb g.e. in cNTS neurons increased in SHR and Wistar rats submitted to SW compared to SED, but only Ctb g.e. increased in RVLM in SW-SHR and Wistar in comparison to SED. Therefore, the SW altered the g.e. in cNTS and RVLM for reducing the inflammation and ROS formation, which is increased particularly in SHR, consequently decreasing the OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea V Maglione
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, 2000 Lauro Gomes Ave., Vila Sacadura Cabral, Santo Andre, SP, 09060-870, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Taranto
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, 2000 Lauro Gomes Ave., Vila Sacadura Cabral, Santo Andre, SP, 09060-870, Brazil
| | - Bruno Hamermesz
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, 2000 Lauro Gomes Ave., Vila Sacadura Cabral, Santo Andre, SP, 09060-870, Brazil
| | - Janaina S Souza
- Department of Medicine, Federal Univesity of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Cafarchio
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, 2000 Lauro Gomes Ave., Vila Sacadura Cabral, Santo Andre, SP, 09060-870, Brazil
| | - Cristiana A Ogihara
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, 2000 Lauro Gomes Ave., Vila Sacadura Cabral, Santo Andre, SP, 09060-870, Brazil
| | - Rui M B Maciel
- Department of Medicine, Federal Univesity of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Giannocco
- Department of Medicine, Federal Univesity of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Monica A Sato
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, 2000 Lauro Gomes Ave., Vila Sacadura Cabral, Santo Andre, SP, 09060-870, Brazil.
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18
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Wang ML, Kang YM, Li XG, Su Q, Li HB, Liu KL, Fu LY, Saahene RO, Li Y, Tan H, Yu XJ. Central blockade of NLRP3 reduces blood pressure via regulating inflammation microenvironment and neurohormonal excitation in salt-induced prehypertensive rats. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:95. [PMID: 29573749 PMCID: PMC5866519 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease. We determined whether nod-like receptor with pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) involved in the process of prehypertension, central blockade of NLRP3 decreased inflammation reaction, regulated neurohormonal excitation, and delayed the progression of prehypertension. METHODS Prehypertensive rats were induced by 8% salt diet. The rats on high-salt diet for 1 month were administered a specific NLRP3 blocker in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) for 4 weeks. ELISA, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry were used to measure NLRP3 cascade proteins, pro-inflammation cytokines (PICs), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 (CXCR3), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), neurotransmitters, and leukocytes count detection, respectively. RESULTS NLRP3 expression in PVN was increased significantly in prehypertensive rats, accompanied by increased number of microglia, CD4+, CD8+ T cell, and CD8+ microglia. Expressions of PICs, CCL2, CXCR3, and VCAM-1 significantly increased. The balance between 67-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was damaged. Plasma norepinephrine (NE) in prehypertensive rats was increased and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was reduced. NLRP3 blockade significantly decreased blood pressure, reduced PICs, CCL2, VCAM-1 expression in PVN, and restored neurotransmitters. Blood pressure and inflammatory markers were upregulated after termination of central blockage NLRP3. CONCLUSIONS Salt-induced prehypertension is partly due to the role of NLRP3 in PVN. Blockade of brain NLRP3 attenuates prehypertensive response, possibly via downregulating the cascade reaction triggered by inflammation and restoring the balance of neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Lin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, People's Hospital of Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Li-Yan Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Roland Osei Saahene
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hong Tan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Pathology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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19
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Sedentary lifestyle in middle-aged women is associated with severe menopausal symptoms and obesity. Menopause 2018; 23:488-93. [PMID: 26818013 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between sedentary lifestyle and the severity of menopausal symptoms and obesity in middle-aged women. METHODS The Menopause Rating Scale, the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Athens Insomnia Scale were administered to 6,079 Latin American women aged 40 to 59 years. Sedentary lifestyle was defined as fewer than three weekly, 30-minute periods of physical activity. RESULTS Sedentary women had more severe menopausal symptoms (total Menopause Rating Scale score: 9.57 ± 6.71 vs 8.01 ± 6.27 points, P < 0.0001) and more depressive symptoms (Goldberg), anxiety (Goldberg), and insomnia (Athens Scale) compared with non-sedentary women. They also had greater mean waist circumference (86.2 ± 12.3 vs 84.3 ± 1.8 cm, P < 0.0001) and a higher prevalence of obesity (20.9% vs 14.3%, P < 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis showed that both obesity (odds ratio [OR] 1.52; 95% CI, 1.32-1.76) and severe menopausal symptoms (OR 1.28; 95% CI, 1.06-1.53), including insomnia and depressive mood, were positively associated with a sedentary lifestyle. Having a stable partner (OR 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76-0.96), using hormone therapy (OR 0.75; 95% CI, 0.64-0.87) and having a higher educational level (OR 0.66; 95% CI, 0.60-0.74) were negatively related to sedentary lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS There was a high prevalence of sedentary lifestyle in this middle-aged Latin American female sample which was associated with more severe menopausal symptoms and obesity.
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20
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Da Silva LA, Menguer L, Motta J, Dieke B, Mariano S, Tasca G, Zacaron RP, Silveira PCL, Aurino PR. Effect of aquatic exercise on mental health, functional autonomy, and oxidative dysfunction in hypertensive adults. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 40:547-553. [DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2017.1407331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorhan Menguer
- Laboratory of Exercise Psychophysiology, Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group
| | - Janaina Motta
- Laboratory of Exercise Psychophysiology, Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group
| | - Beatriz Dieke
- Laboratory of Exercise Psychophysiology, Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group
| | - Sindianra Mariano
- Laboratory of Exercise Psychophysiology, Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group
| | - Gladson Tasca
- Laboratory of Exercise Psychophysiology, Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group
| | - Rubya Pereira Zacaron
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Programme in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica do Exercício/UNESC, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Lock Silveira
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Programme in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica do Exercício/UNESC, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Pinho Ricardo Aurino
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Programme in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica do Exercício/UNESC, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Saavedra MJ, Romero F, Roa J, Rodríguez-Núñez I. Exercise training to reduce sympathetic nerve activity in heart failure patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Braz J Phys Ther 2017; 22:97-104. [PMID: 28733092 PMCID: PMC5883962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of exercise training on sympathetic nerve activity in heart failure patients. METHODS A systematic review was performed. An electronic search of MEDLINE, ProQuest, SciELO, SPORTDiscus, Rehabilitation and Sport Medicine Source, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Tripdatabase, Science Direct and PEDrO was performed from their inception to February 2017. Clinical trials and quasi-experimental studies were considered for primary article selection. The studies should include patients diagnosed with chronic heart failure that performed exercise training for at least 4 weeks. Sympathetic nerve activity should be measured by microneurography before and after the intervention. The Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias Tool was used to evaluate risk of bias, and the quality of evidence was rated following the GRADE approach. Standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated for control and experimental groups. Meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model. RESULTS Five trials were included. Overall, the trials had moderate risk of bias. The experimental group indicated a significant decrease in the number of bursts per minute (SMD -2.48; 95% CI -3.55 to -1.41) when compared to the control group. Meanwhile, a significant decrease was also observed in the prevalence of bursts per 100 beats in the experimental group when compared to the control group (SMD -2.66; 95% CI -3.64 to -1.69). CONCLUSION Exercise training could be effective in reducing sympathetic nerve activity in patients with heart failure. The quality of evidence across the studies was moderate. Future studies are necessary to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Javiera Saavedra
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Cirugía y CEMyQ, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Fernando Romero
- Centro de Neurociencias y Biología de Péptidos - CEBIOR, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Departamento de Cirugía y CEMyQ, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jorge Roa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Cirugía y CEMyQ, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Iván Rodríguez-Núñez
- Laboratorio de Biología del Ejercicio, Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Cirugía y CEMyQ, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
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Li Y, Zhao Z, Cai J, Gu B, Lv Y, Zhao L. The Frequency-Dependent Aerobic Exercise Effects of Hypothalamic GABAergic Expression and Cardiovascular Functions in Aged Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:212. [PMID: 28713263 PMCID: PMC5491914 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A decline in cardiovascular modulation is a feature of the normal aging process and associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as hypertension and stroke. Exercise training is known to promote cardiovascular adaptation in young animals and positive effects on motor and cognitive capabilities, as well as on brain plasticity for all ages in mice. Here, we examine the question of whether aerobic exercise interventions may impact the GABAergic neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in aged rats which have been observed to have a decline in cardiovascular integration function. In the present study, young (2 months) and old (24 months) male Wistar rats were divided into young control (YC), old sedentary, old low frequency exercise (20 m/min, 60 min/day, 3 days/week, 12 weeks) and old high frequency exercise (20 m/min, 60 min/day, 5 days/week, 12 weeks). Exercise training indexes were obtained, including resting heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), plasma norepinephrine (NE), and heart weight (HW)-to-body weight (BW) ratios. The brain was removed and processed according to the immunofluorescence staining and western blot used to analyze the GABAergic terminal density, the proteins of GAD67, GABAA receptor and gephyrin in the PVN. There were significant changes in aged rats compared with those in the YC. Twelve weeks aerobic exercise training has volume-dependent ameliorated effects on cardiovascular parameters, autonomic nervous activities and GABAergic system functions. These data suggest that the density of GABAergic declines in the PVN is associated with imbalance in autonomic nervous activities in normal aging. Additionally, aerobic exercise can rescue aging-related an overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and induces modifications the resting BP and HR to lower values via improving the GABAergic system in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Ziqi Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jiajia Cai
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Boya Gu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport UniversityBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport UniversityBeijing, China
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Zhang Y, Yu XJ, Chen WS, Gao HL, Liu KL, Shi XL, Fan XY, Jia LL, Cui W, Zhu GQ, Liu JJ, Kang YM. Exercise training attenuates renovascular hypertension partly via RAS- ROS- glutamate pathway in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37467. [PMID: 27881877 PMCID: PMC5121597 DOI: 10.1038/srep37467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise training (ExT) has been reported to benefit hypertension; however, the exact mechanisms involved are unclear. We hypothesized that ExT attenuates hypertension, in part, through the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and glutamate in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) renovascular hypertensive rats were assigned to sedentary (Sed) or treadmill running groups for eight weeks. Dizocilpine (MK801), a glutamate receptor blocker, or losartan (Los), an angiotensin II type1 receptor (AT1-R) blocker, were microinjected into the PVN at the end of the experiment. We found that 2K1C rats had higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). These rats also had excessive oxidative stress and overactivated RAS in PVN. Eight weeks of ExT significantly decreased MAP and RSNA in 2K1C hypertensive rats. ExT inhibited angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), AT1-R, and glutamate in the PVN, and angiotensin II (ANG II) in the plasma. Moreover, ExT attenuated ROS by augmenting copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and decreasing p47phox and gp91phox in the PVN. MK801or Los significantly decreased blood pressure in rats. Together, these findings suggest that the beneficial effects of ExT on renovascular hypertension may be, in part, through the RAS-ROS-glutamate pathway in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hong-Li Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Lian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Fan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Lin-Lin Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jin-Jun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
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Pomegranate extract decreases oxidative stress and alleviates mitochondrial impairment by activating AMPK-Nrf2 in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34246. [PMID: 27713551 PMCID: PMC5054377 DOI: 10.1038/srep34246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High blood pressure, or “hypertension,” is associated with high levels of oxidative stress in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. While pomegranate extract is a known antioxidant that is thought to have antihypertensive effects, the mechanism whereby pomegranate extract lowers blood pressure and the tissue that mediates its antihypertensive effects are currently unknown. We have used a spontaneously hypertensive rat model to investigate the antihypertensive properties of pomegranate extract. We found that chronic treatment of hypertensive rats with pomegranate extract significantly reduced blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy. Furthermore, pomegranate extract reduced oxidative stress, increased the antioxidant defense system, and decreased inflammation in the paraventricular nucleus of hypertensive rats. We determined that pomegranate extract reduced mitochondrial superoxide anion levels and increased mitochondrial function in the paraventricular nucleus of hypertensive rats by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and improving mitochondrial dynamics and clearance. We went on to identify the AMPK-nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway as a mechanism whereby pomegranate extract reduces oxidative stress in the paraventricular nucleus to relieve hypertension. Our findings demonstrate that pomegranate extract alleviates hypertension by reducing oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial function in the paraventricular nucleus, and reveal multiple novel targets for therapeutic treatment of hypertension.
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Gao HL, Yu XJ, Qi J, Yi QY, Jing WH, Sun WY, Cui W, Mu JJ, Yuan ZY, Zhao XF, Liu KL, Zhu GQ, Shi XL, Liu JJ, Kang YM. Oral CoQ10 attenuates high salt-induced hypertension by restoring neurotransmitters and cytokines in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30301. [PMID: 27452860 PMCID: PMC4958989 DOI: 10.1038/srep30301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
High salt intake leads to an increase in some proinflammatory cytokines and neurotransmitters involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The purpose of this work was to know if oral administration of anti-oxidant and free-radical scavenger CoQ10 may attenuate high salt-induced hypertension via regulating neurotransmitters and cytokines in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed with a normal salt diet (NS, 0.3% NaCl) or a high salt diet (HS, 8% NaCl) for 15 weeks to induce hypertension. These rats received CoQ10 (10 mg/kg/day) dissolved in olive oil was given by gavage (10 mg/kg/day) for 15 weeks. HS resulted in higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). These HS rats had higher PVN levels of norepinephrine (NE), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), interleukin (IL)-1β, NOX2 and NOX4, lower PVN levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), IL-10, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and the 67-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67), as compared with NS group. CoQ10 supplementation reduced NE, TH, IL-1β, NOX2 and NOX4 in the PVN, and induced IL-10, Cu/Zn-SOD and GAD67 in the PVN. These findings suggest that CoQ10 supplementation restores neurotransmitters and cytokines in the PVN, thereby attenuating high salt-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Yi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wang-Hui Jing
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wen-Yan Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jian-Jun Mu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zu-Yi Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiao-Lian Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jin-Jun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
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26
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Klippel BF, Duemke LB, Leal MA, Friques AGF, Dantas EM, Dalvi RF, Gava AL, Pereira TMC, Andrade TU, Meyrelles SS, Campagnaro BP, Vasquez EC. Effects of Kefir on the Cardiac Autonomic Tones and Baroreflex Sensitivity in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Front Physiol 2016; 7:211. [PMID: 27375490 PMCID: PMC4895057 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: It has been previously shown that the probiotic kefir (a symbiotic matrix containing acid bacteria and yeasts) attenuated the hypertension and the endothelial dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In the present study, the effect of chronic administration of kefir on the cardiac autonomic control of heart rate (HR) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in SHR was evaluated. Methods: SHR were treated with kefir (0.3 mL/100 g body weight) for 60 days and compared with non-treated SHR and with normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. Cardiac autonomic vagal (VT) and sympathetic (ST) tones were estimated through the blockade of the cardiac muscarinic receptors (methylatropine) and the blockade of β1−adrenoceptor (atenolol). The BRS was evaluated by the tachycardia and bradycardia responses to vasoactive drug-induced decreases and increases in arterial blood pressure (BP), respectively. Additionally, spontaneous BRS was estimated by autoregressive spectral analysis. Results: Kefir-treated SHR exhibited significant attenuation of basal BP, HR, and cardiac hypertrophy compared to non-treated SHR (12, 13, and 21%, respectively). Cardiac VT and ST were significantly altered in the SHR (~40 and ~90 bpm) compared with Wistar rats (~120 and ~30 bpm) and were partially recovered in SHR-kefir (~90 and ~25 bpm). SHR exhibited an impaired bradycardic BRS (~50%) compared with Wistar rats, which was reduced to ~40% in the kefir-treated SHR and abolished by methylatropine in all groups. SHR also exhibited a significant impairment of the tachycardic BRS (~23%) compared with Wistar rats and this difference was reduced to 8% in the SHR-kefir. Under the action of atenolol the residual reflex tachycardia was smaller in SHR than in Wistar rats and kefir attenuated this abnormality. Spectral analysis revealed increased low frequency components of BP (~3.5-fold) and pulse interval (~2-fold) compared with Wistar rats and these differences were reduced by kefir-treatment to ~1.6- and ~1.5-fold, respectively. Spectral analysis also showed an impairment of spontaneous BRS in SHR, but kefir-treatment caused only a tendency to reverse this result. Conclusions: The novelty of this study is that daily chronic consumption of a low dose of kefir reduced the impairment of the cardiac autonomic control of HR and of the impaired BRS in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunella F Klippel
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Licia B Duemke
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Marcos A Leal
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Andreia G F Friques
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Dantas
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Vale Sao Francisco Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo F Dalvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Education, Science and Technology Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Agata L Gava
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Thiago M C Pereira
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha UniversityVila Velha, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Education, Science and TechnologyVila Velha, Brazil
| | - Tadeu U Andrade
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Silvana S Meyrelles
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Bianca P Campagnaro
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Elisardo C Vasquez
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito SantoVitoria, Brazil; Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha UniversityVila Velha, Brazil
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27
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Fonseca S, Mendonça V, Teles M, Ribeiro V, Tossige-Gomes R, Neves C, Rocha-Vieira E, Leite L, Soares D, Coimbra C, Lacerda A. Inflammatory cytokines and plasma redox status responses in hypertensive subjects after heat exposure. Braz J Med Biol Res 2016; 49:S0100-879X2016000300701. [PMID: 26840715 PMCID: PMC4763820 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20155026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is characterized by a pro-inflammatory status, including redox imbalance and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which may be exacerbated after heat exposure. However, the effects of heat exposure, specifically in individuals with inflammatory chronic diseases such as hypertension, are complex and not well understood. This study compared the effects of heat exposure on plasma cytokine levels and redox status parameters in 8 hypertensive (H) and 8 normotensive (N) subjects (age: 46.5±1.3 and 45.6±1.4 years old, body mass index: 25.8±0.8 and 25.6±0.6 kg/m2, mean arterial pressure: 98.0±2.8 and 86.0±2.3 mmHg, respectively). They remained at rest in a sitting position for 10 min in a thermoneutral environment (22°C) followed by 30 min in a heated environmental chamber (38°C and 60% relative humidity). Blood samples were collected before and after heat exposure. Plasma cytokine levels were measured using sandwich ELISA kits. Plasma redox status was determined by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). Hypertensive subjects showed higher plasma levels of IL-10 at baseline (P<0.05), although levels of this cytokine were similar between groups after heat exposure. Moreover, after heat exposure, hypertensive individuals showed higher plasma levels of soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR1) and lower TBARS (P<0.01) and FRAP (P<0.05) levels. Controlled hypertensive subjects, who use angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitors), present an anti-inflammatory status and balanced redox status. Nevertheless, exposure to a heat stress condition seems to cause an imbalance in the redox status and an unregulated inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.F. Fonseca
- Centro Integrado de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade
Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas,
Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - V.A. Mendonça
- Centro Integrado de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade
Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas,
Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M.C. Teles
- Centro Integrado de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade
Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas,
Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - V.G.C. Ribeiro
- Centro Integrado de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade
Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas,
Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R. Tossige-Gomes
- Centro Integrado de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade
Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas,
Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - C.D.C. Neves
- Centro Integrado de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade
Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas,
Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - E. Rocha-Vieira
- Centro Integrado de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade
Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas,
Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L.H.R. Leite
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de
Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - D.D. Soares
- Escola de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo
Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - C.C. Coimbra
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas
Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - A.C.R. Lacerda
- Centro Integrado de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade
Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas,
Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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28
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Sex differences in drug addiction and response to exercise intervention: From human to animal studies. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 40:24-41. [PMID: 26182835 PMCID: PMC4712120 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated research supports the idea that exercise could be an option of potential prevention and treatment for drug addiction. During the past few years, there has been increased interest in investigating of sex differences in exercise and drug addiction. This demonstrates that sex-specific exercise intervention strategies may be important for preventing and treating drug addiction in men and women. However, little is known about how and why sex differences are found when doing exercise-induced interventions for drug addiction. In this review, we included both animal and human that pulled subjects from a varied age demographic, as well as neurobiological mechanisms that may highlight the sex-related differences in these potential to assess the impact of sex-specific roles in drug addiction and exercise therapies.
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Teixeira RB, Marins JCB, de Sá Junior AR, de Carvalho CJ, da Silva Moura TA, Lade CG, Rizvanov AA, Kiyasov AP, Mukhamedyarov MA, Zefirov AL, Palotás A, Lima LM. Improved cognitive, affective and anxiety measures in patients with chronic systemic disorders following structured physical activity. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2015; 12:445-54. [PMID: 26410835 DOI: 10.1177/1479164115602651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental illnesses are frequent co-morbid conditions in chronic systemic diseases. High incidences of depression, anxiety and cognitive impairment complicate cardiovascular and metabolic disorders such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Lifestyle changes including regular exercise have been advocated to reduce blood pressure and improve glycaemic control. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effect of physical training on the most prevalent corollary psychiatric problems in patients with chronic organic ailments. This longitudinal study assessed the mental health of hypertensive (age: 57 ± 8 years) and/or diabetic (age: 53 ± 8 years) patients using mini-mental state examination, Beck's depression inventory, Beck's anxiety inventory and self-reporting questionnaire-20 before and after a 3-month supervised resistance and aerobic exercise programme comprising structured physical activity three times a week. Clinically relevant improvement was observed in the Beck's depression inventory and Beck's anxiety inventory scores following the 12-week training (61%, p = 0.001, and 53%, p = 0.02, respectively). Even though statistically not significant (p = 0.398), the cognitive performance of this relatively young patient population also benefited from the programme. These results demonstrate positive effects of active lifestyle on non-psychotic mental disorders in patients with chronic systemic diseases, recommending exercise as an alternative treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - András Palotás
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia Asklepios-Med (Private Medical Practice and Research Center), Szeged, Hungary
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30
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NMDA Receptor Plasticity in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Contributes to the Elevated Blood Pressure Produced by Angiotensin II. J Neurosci 2015; 35:9558-67. [PMID: 26134639 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2301-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) is associated with glutamate-dependent dysregulation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Many forms of glutamate-dependent plasticity are mediated by NMDA receptor GluN1 subunit expression and the distribution of functional receptor to the plasma membrane of dendrites. Here, we use a combined ultrastructural and functional analysis to examine the relationship between PVN NMDA receptors and the blood pressure increase induced by chronic infusion of a low dose of Ang II. We report that the increase in blood pressure produced by a 2 week administration of a subpressor dose of Ang II results in an elevation in plasma membrane GluN1 in dendrites of PVN neurons in adult male mice. The functional implications of these observations are further demonstrated by the finding that GluN1 deletion in PVN neurons attenuated the Ang II-induced increases in blood pressure. These results indicate that NMDA receptor plasticity in PVN neurons significantly contributes to the elevated blood pressure mediated by Ang II.
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Ding L, Gao R, Xiong XQ, Gao XY, Chen Q, Li YH, Kang YM, Zhu GQ. GABA in Paraventricular Nucleus Regulates Adipose Afferent Reflex in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136983. [PMID: 26317425 PMCID: PMC4552845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical stimulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) induces adipose afferent reflex (AAR), and thereby causes a general sympathetic activation. Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is important in control of sympathetic outflow. This study was designed to investigate the role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in PVN in regulating the AAR. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Experiments were carried out in anesthetized rats. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were continuously recorded. AAR was evaluated by the RSNA and MAP responses to electrical stimulation of the right epididymal WAT (eWAT) afferent nerve. Electrical stimulation of eWAT afferent nerve increase RSNA. Bilateral microinjection of the GABAA receptor agonist isoguvacine or the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen attenuated the AAR. The effect of isoguvacine on the AAR was greater than that of baclofen. The GABAA receptor antagonist gabazine enhanced the AAR, while the GABAB receptor antagonist CGP-35348 had no significant effect on the AAR. Bilateral PVN microinjection of vigabatrin, a selective GABA-transaminase inhibitor, to increase endogenous GABA levels in the PVN abolished the AAR. The inhibitory effect of vigabatrin on the AAR was attenuated by the pretreatment with gabazine or CGP-35348. Pretreatment with combined gabazine and CGP-35348 abolished the effects of vigabatrin. CONCLUSIONS Activation of GABAA or GABAB receptors in the PVN inhibits the AAR. Blockade of GABAA receptors in the PVN enhances the AAR. Endogenous GABA in the PVN plays an important role in regulating the AAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Run Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xing-Ya Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yue-Hua Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- * E-mail:
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Li HB, Qin DN, Cheng K, Su Q, Miao YW, Guo J, Zhang M, Zhu GQ, Kang YM. Central blockade of salusin β attenuates hypertension and hypothalamic inflammation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11162. [PMID: 26220637 PMCID: PMC4518230 DOI: 10.1038/srep11162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salusin β is a multifunctional bioactive peptide and is considered as a promising candidate biomarker for predicting atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the roles and mechanisms of salusin β in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in attenuating hypertension and hypothalamic inflammation and whether central salusin β blockade has protective effects in essential hypertension. Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were used in this study. The rats were chronic PVN infusion either specific salusin β blocker, antisalusin β IgG (SIgG), or control IgG (CIgG) for 2 weeks. Hypertensive rats had significantly increased salusin β expression compared with normotensive rats. Central blockade of salusin β attenuated hypertension, reduced circulating norepinephrine (NE) levels, and improved cardiac hypertrophy and function in hypertensive rats. Salusin β blockade significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines (PICs), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and altered renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components in the PVN of hypertensive rats. These findings suggest that the beneficial effects of salusin β blockade in essential hypertension are possibly due to down-regulate of inflammatory molecules and ROS in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Da-Nian Qin
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Kang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yu-Wang Miao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
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Aerobic exercise training improves oxidative stress and ubiquitin proteasome system activity in heart of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 402:193-202. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Xu T, Tang H, Zhang B, Cai C, Liu X, Han Q, Zou L. Exercise preconditioning attenuates pressure overload-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:530-540. [PMID: 25755743 PMCID: PMC4348918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy, a common response of the heart to a variety of cardiovascular diseases, is typically associated with myocytes remodeling and fibrotic replacement, cardiac dysfunction. Exercise preconditioning (EP) increases the myocardial mechanical load and enhances tolerance of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), however, is less reported in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. To determine the effect of EP in pathological cardiac hypertrophy, Male 10-wk-old Sprague-Dawley rats (n=30) were subjected to 4 weeks of EP followed by 4-8 weeks of pressure overload (transverse aortic constriction, TAC) to induce pathological remodeling. TAC in untrained controls (n=30) led to pathological cardiac hypertrophy, depressed systolic function. We observed that left ventricular wall thickness in end diastole, heart size, heart weight-to-body weight ratio, heart weight-to-tibia length ratio, cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes and the reactivation of fetal genes (atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide) were markedly increased, meanwhile left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole, systolic function were significantly decreased by TAC at 4 wks after operation (P < 0.01), all of which were effectively inhibited by EP treatment (P < 0.05), but the differences of these parameters were decreased at 8 wks after operation. Furthermore, EP treatment inhibited degradation of IκBα, and decreased NF-κB p65 subunit levels in the nuclear fraction, and then reduced IL2 levels in the myocardium of rats subject to TAC. EP can effectively attenuate pathological cardiac hypertrophic responses induced by TAC possibly through inhibition of degradation of IκB and blockade of the NF-κB signaling pathway in the early stage of pathological cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyi Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, No.401 Hospital of PLAQingdao, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Ben Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Chengliang Cai
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Qingqi Han
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Liangjian Zou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
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Pro-inflammatory cytokines in paraventricular nucleus mediate the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in hypertension. Auton Neurosci 2014; 186:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Apostolopoulos V, Borkoles E, Polman R, Stojanovska L. Physical and immunological aspects of exercise in chronic diseases. Immunotherapy 2014; 6:1145-57. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyles are believed to be independent risk factors for the occurrence of numerous diseases, including, obesity, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, cancer and mental health, all leading to substantial morbidity and/or premature death. It has been found that regular exercise, is associated with better quality of life and health outcomes, and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Here, we review the effects regular exercise has on mental health and well-being, on the immune system and in cancer, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and metabolic syndrome. Is exercise the new immunotherapy to treat diseases?
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
- VA Consulting Services, PO Box 6437, Melbourne, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Erika Borkoles
- College of Sport & Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Remco Polman
- College of Sport & Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Lily Stojanovska
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
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