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Hoving JJA, Harford-Wright E, Wingfield-Digby P, Cattin AL, Campana M, Power A, Morgan T, Torchiaro E, Quereda V, Lloyd AC. N-cadherin directs the collective Schwann cell migration required for nerve regeneration through Slit2/3-mediated contact inhibition of locomotion. eLife 2024; 13:e88872. [PMID: 38591541 PMCID: PMC11052573 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is fundamental for the development of organisms and in the adult for tissue regeneration and in pathological conditions such as cancer. Migration as a coherent group requires the maintenance of cell-cell interactions, while contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL), a local repulsive force, can propel the group forward. Here we show that the cell-cell interaction molecule, N-cadherin, regulates both adhesion and repulsion processes during Schwann cell (SC) collective migration, which is required for peripheral nerve regeneration. However, distinct from its role in cell-cell adhesion, the repulsion process is independent of N-cadherin trans-homodimerisation and the associated adherens junction complex. Rather, the extracellular domain of N-cadherin is required to present the repulsive Slit2/Slit3 signal at the cell surface. Inhibiting Slit2/Slit3 signalling inhibits CIL and subsequently collective SC migration, resulting in adherent, nonmigratory cell clusters. Moreover, analysis of ex vivo explants from mice following sciatic nerve injury showed that inhibition of Slit2 decreased SC collective migration and increased clustering of SCs within the nerve bridge. These findings provide insight into how opposing signals can mediate collective cell migration and how CIL pathways are promising targets for inhibiting pathological cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian JA Hoving
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Harford-Wright
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Patrick Wingfield-Digby
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anne-Laure Cattin
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mariana Campana
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex Power
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Toby Morgan
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Erica Torchiaro
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Victor Quereda
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alison C Lloyd
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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2
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Gossen S, Gerstner S, Borchers A. The RhoGEF Trio is transported by microtubules and affects microtubule stability in migrating neural crest cells. Cells Dev 2024; 177:203899. [PMID: 38160720 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Directed cell migration requires a local fine-tuning of Rho GTPase activity to control protrusion formation, cell-cell contraction, and turnover of cellular adhesions. The Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) TRIO is ideally suited to control RhoGTPase activity because it combines two distinct catalytic domains to control Rac1 and RhoA activity in one molecule. However, at the cellular level, this molecular feature also requires a tight spatiotemporal control of TRIO activity. Here, we analyze the dynamic localization of Trio in Xenopus cranial neural crest (NC) cells, where we have recently shown that Trio is required for protrusion formation and migration. Using live cell imaging, we find that the GEF2 domain, but not the GEF1 domain of Trio, dynamically colocalizes with EB3 at microtubule plus-ends. Microtubule-mediated transport of Trio appears to be relevant for its function in NC migration, as a mutant GEF2 construct lacking the SxIP motif responsible for microtubule plus-end localization was significantly impaired in its ability to rescue the Trio loss-of-function phenotype compared to wild-type GEF2. Furthermore, by analyzing microtubule dynamics in migrating NC cells, we observed that loss of Trio function stabilized microtubules at cell-cell contact sites compared to controls, whereas they were destabilized at the leading edge of NC cells. Our data suggest that Trio is transported by microtubules to distinct subcellular locations where it has different functions in controlling microtubule stability, cell morphology, and cell-cell interaction during directed NC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Gossen
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Gerstner
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Annette Borchers
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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3
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Kuroda Y, Saito Y, Enomoto Y, Naruto T, Kurosawa K. A Japanese patient with Teebi hypertelorism syndrome and a novel CDH11 EC1 domain variant. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:94-99. [PMID: 37646430 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The gene CDH11 encodes cadherin-11, a Type II cadherin superfamily member that contains five extracellular cadherin (EC) domains. Cadherin-11 undergoes trans-dimerization via the EC1 domain to generate cadherin complexes. Compound heterozygous and homozygous loss-of-function CDH11 variants are observed in Elsahy-Waters syndrome (EWS), which shows characteristic craniofacial features, vertebral abnormalities, cutaneous syndactyly in 2-3 digits, genitourinary anomalies, and intellectual disability. Heterozygous CDH11 variants can cause Teebi hypertelorism syndrome (THS), which features widely spaced eyes and hypospadias. We report a THS patient with a novel CDH11 variant involving the EC1 domain. The patient was a 10-month-old male with normal developmental milestones, but had widely spaced eyes, strabismus, hypospadias, shawl scrotum, broad thumbs (right bifid thumb in x-ray), polysyndactyly of the left fourth finger, and cutaneous syndactyly of left third/fourth fingers. Exome sequencing identified a de novo heterozygous CDH11 variant (NM_001797.4:c.229C > T [p.Leu77Phe] NC_000016.9:g.64998856G > A). Clinical features were consistent with previously reported THS patients, but polysyndactyly, broad thumb, and cutaneous syndactyly overlapped phenotypic features of EWS. THS and EWS may represent a spectrum of CDH11-related disorders. Residue Leu77 in this novel CDH11 variant lines a large hydrophobic pocket where side chains of the partner cadherin-11 insert to trans-dimerize, suggesting that the cadherin-11 structure might be altered in this variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kuroda
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Saito
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yumi Enomoto
- Clinical Research Institute, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Naruto
- Clinical Research Institute, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Kurosawa
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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4
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Sharma M, Mukherjee S, Shaw AK, Mondal A, Behera A, Das J, Bose A, Sinha B, Sarma JD. Connexin 43 mediated collective cell migration is independent of Golgi orientation. Biol Open 2023; 12:bio060006. [PMID: 37815438 PMCID: PMC10629497 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is vital for multiple physiological functions and is involved in the metastatic dissemination of tumour cells in various cancers. For effective directional migration, cells often reorient their Golgi apparatus and, therefore, the secretory traffic towards the leading edge. However, not much is understood about the regulation of Golgi's reorientation. Herein, we address the role of gap junction protein Connexin 43 (Cx43), which connects cells, allowing the direct exchange of molecules. We utilized HeLa WT cells lacking Cx43 and HeLa 43 cells, stably expressing Cx43, and found that functional Cx43 channels affected Golgi morphology and reduced the reorientation of Golgi during cell migration. Although the migration velocity of the front was reduced in HeLa 43, the front displayed enhanced coherence in movement, implying an augmented collective nature of migration. On BFA treatment, Golgi was dispersed and the high heterogeneity in inter-regional front velocity of HeLa WT cells was reduced to resemble the HeLa 43. HeLa 43 had higher vimentin expression and stronger basal F-actin. Furthermore, non-invasive measurement of basal membrane height fluctuations revealed a lower membrane tension. We, therefore, propose that reorientation of Golgi is not the major determinant of migration in the presence of Cx43, which induces collective-like coherent migration in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, India
| | - Suvam Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, India
| | - Archana Kumari Shaw
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, India
| | - Anushka Mondal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, India
| | - Amrutamaya Behera
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, India
| | - Jibitesh Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, India
| | - Abhishek Bose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, India
| | - Bidisha Sinha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, India
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, India
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5
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Gouignard N, Bibonne A, Mata JF, Bajanca F, Berki B, Barriga EH, Saint-Jeannet JP, Theveneau E. Paracrine regulation of neural crest EMT by placodal MMP28. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002261. [PMID: 37590318 PMCID: PMC10479893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an early event in cell dissemination from epithelial tissues. EMT endows cells with migratory, and sometimes invasive, capabilities and is thus a key process in embryo morphogenesis and cancer progression. So far, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have not been considered as key players in EMT but rather studied for their role in matrix remodelling in later events such as cell migration per se. Here, we used Xenopus neural crest cells to assess the role of MMP28 in EMT and migration in vivo. We show that a catalytically active MMP28, expressed by neighbouring placodal cells, is required for neural crest EMT and cell migration. We provide strong evidence indicating that MMP28 is imported in the nucleus of neural crest cells where it is required for normal Twist expression. Our data demonstrate that MMP28 can act as an upstream regulator of EMT in vivo raising the possibility that other MMPs might have similar early roles in various EMT-related contexts such as cancer, fibrosis, and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Gouignard
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- New York University, College of Dentistry, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anne Bibonne
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - João F. Mata
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Mechanisms of Morphogenesis Lab, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Bajanca
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Bianka Berki
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Elias H. Barriga
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Mechanisms of Morphogenesis Lab, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet
- New York University, College of Dentistry, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric Theveneau
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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6
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Wu R, Guo L, Guo Y, Ma L, Xu K, Zhang B, Du L. The G2-Like gene family in Populus trichocarpa: identification, evolution and expression profiles. BMC Genom Data 2023; 24:37. [PMID: 37403017 PMCID: PMC10320924 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-023-01138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golden2-like (GLK) transcription factors are plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) that perform extensive and significant roles in regulating chloroplast development. Here, genome-wide identification, classification, conserved motifs, cis-elements, chromosomal locations, evolution and expression patterns of the PtGLK genes in the woody model plant Populus trichocarpa were analyzed in detail. In total, 55 putative PtGLKs (PtGLK1-PtGLK55) were identified and divided into 11 distinct subfamilies according to the gene structure, motif composition and phylogenetic analysis. Synteny analysis showed that 22 orthologous pairs and highly conservation between regions of GLK genes across P. trichocarpa and Arabidopsis were identified. Furthermore, analysis of the duplication events and divergence times provided insight into the evolutionary patterns of GLK genes. The previously published transcriptome data indicated that PtGLK genes exhibited distinct expression patterns in various tissues and different stages. Additionally, several PtGLKs were significantly upregulated under the responses of cold stress, osmotic stress, and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and gibberellic acid (GA) treatments, implying that they might take part in abiotic stress and phytohormone responses. Overall, our results provide comprehensive information on the PtGLK gene family and elucidate the potential functional characterization of PtGLK genes in P. trichocarpa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Wu
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lin Guo
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yueyang Guo
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lehang Ma
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kehang Xu
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Boyu Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liang Du
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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7
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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of G2-Like Transcription Factor Genes in Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175491. [PMID: 36080259 PMCID: PMC9457811 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
G2-like (GLK) transcription factors contribute significantly and extensively in regulating chloroplast growth and development in plants. This study investigated the genome-wide identification, phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, promoter cis-elements, MCScanX, divergence times, and expression profile analysis of PeGLK genes in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). Overall, 78 putative PeGLKs (PeGLK1–PeGLK78) were identified and divided into 13 distinct subfamilies. Each subfamily contains members displaying similar gene structure and motif composition. By synteny analysis, 42 orthologous pairs and highly conserved microsynteny between regions of GLK genes across moso bamboo and maize were found. Furthermore, an analysis of the divergence times indicated that PeGLK genes had a duplication event around 15 million years ago (MYA) and a divergence happened around 38 MYA between PeGLK and ZmGLK. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that PeGLK genes presented distinct expression profiles in various tissues, and many members were highly expressed in leaves. Additionally, several PeGLKs were significantly up-regulated under cold stress, osmotic stress, and MeJA and GA treatment, implying that they have a likelihood of affecting abiotic stress and phytohormone responses in plants. The results of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the moso bamboo GLK gene family, as well as elucidating the potential functional characterization of PeGLK genes.
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8
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Babaie S, Taghvimi A, Hong JH, Hamishehkar H, An S, Kim KH. Recent advances in pain management based on nanoparticle technologies. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:290. [PMID: 35717383 PMCID: PMC9206757 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is a vital sense that indicates the risk of injury at a particular body part. Successful control of pain is the principal aspect in medical treatment. In recent years, the advances of nanotechnology in pain management have been remarkable. In this review, we focus on literature and published data that reveal various applications of nanotechnology in acute and chronic pain management. METHODS The presented content is based on information collected through pain management publications (227 articles up to April 2021) provided by Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar services. RESULTS A comprehensive study of the articles revealed that nanotechnology-based drug delivery has provided acceptable results in pain control, limiting the side effects and increasing the efficacy of analgesic drugs. Besides the ability of nanotechnology to deliver drugs, sophisticated nanosystems have been designed to enhance imaging and diagnostics, which help in rapid diagnosis of diseases and have a significant impact on controlling pain. Furthermore, with the development of various tools, nanotechnology can accurately measure pain and use these measurements to display the efficiency of different interventions. CONCLUSIONS Nanotechnology has started a new era in the pain management and many promising results have been achieved in this regard. Nevertheless, there is still no substantial and adequate act of nanotechnology in this field. Therefore, efforts should be directed to broad investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Babaie
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center and Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arezou Taghvimi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Joo-Hyun Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Seongpil An
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Weng S, Huebner RJ, Wallingford JB. Convergent extension requires adhesion-dependent biomechanical integration of cell crawling and junction contraction. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110666. [PMID: 35476988 PMCID: PMC9119128 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Convergent extension (CE) is an evolutionarily conserved collective cell movement that elongates several organ systems during development. Studies have revealed two distinct cellular mechanisms, one based on cell crawling and the other on junction contraction. Whether these two behaviors collaborate is unclear. Here, using live-cell imaging, we show that crawling and contraction act both independently and jointly but that CE is more effective when they are integrated via mechano-reciprocity. We thus developed a computational model considering both crawling and contraction. This model recapitulates the biomechanical efficacy of integrating the two modes and further clarifies how the two modes and their integration are influenced by cell adhesion. Finally, we use these insights to understand the function of an understudied catenin, Arvcf, during CE. These data are significant for providing interesting biomechanical and cell biological insights into a fundamental morphogenetic process that is implicated in human neural tube defects and skeletal dysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinuo Weng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, The University of Texas at Austin, 2401 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Robert J Huebner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, The University of Texas at Austin, 2401 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, The University of Texas at Austin, 2401 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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10
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Roberto GM, Emery G. Directing with restraint: Mechanisms of protrusion restriction in collective cell migrations. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 129:75-81. [PMID: 35397972 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is necessary for morphogenesis, tissue homeostasis, wound healing and immune response. It is also involved in diseases. In particular, cell migration is inherent in metastasis. Cells can migrate individually or in groups. To migrate efficiently, cells need to be able to organize into a leading front that protrudes by forming membrane extensions and a trailing edge that contracts. This organization is scaled up at the group level during collective cell movements. If a cell or a group of cells is unable to limit its leading edge and hence to restrict the formation of protrusions to the front, directional movements are impaired or abrogated. Here we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms restricting protrusion formation in collective cell migration. We focus on three in vivo examples: the neural crest cell migration, the rotatory migration of follicle cells around the Drosophila egg chamber and the border cell migration during oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Molinari Roberto
- Vesicular Trafficking and Cell Signalling Research Unit, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Gregory Emery
- Vesicular Trafficking and Cell Signalling Research Unit, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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11
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Grund A, Till K, Giehl K, Borchers A. Ptk7 Is Dynamically Localized at Neural Crest Cell-Cell Contact Sites and Functions in Contact Inhibition of Locomotion. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179324. [PMID: 34502237 PMCID: PMC8431534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cells are highly migratory cells that contribute to various vertebrate tissues, and whose migratory behaviors resemble cancer cell migration and invasion. Information exchange via dynamic NC cell-cell contact is one mechanism by which the directionality of migrating NC cells is controlled. One transmembrane protein that is most likely involved in this process is protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7), an evolutionary conserved Wnt co-receptor that is expressed in cranial NC cells and several tumor cells. In Xenopus, Ptk7 is required for NC migration. In this study, we show that the Ptk7 protein is dynamically localized at cell-cell contact zones of migrating Xenopus NC cells and required for contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL). Using deletion constructs of Ptk7, we determined that the extracellular immunoglobulin domains of Ptk7 are important for its transient accumulation and that they mediate homophilic binding. Conversely, we found that ectopic expression of Ptk7 in non-NC cells was able to prevent NC cell invasion. However, deletion of the extracellular domains of Ptk7 abolished this effect. Thus, Ptk7 is sufficient at protecting non-NC tissue from NC cell invasion, suggesting a common role of PTK7 in contact inhibition, cell invasion, and tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Grund
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany; (A.G.); (K.T.)
| | - Katharina Till
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany; (A.G.); (K.T.)
| | - Klaudia Giehl
- Faculty of Medicine, Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine V, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Annette Borchers
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany; (A.G.); (K.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6421-2826587
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12
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Li D, March ME, Fortugno P, Cox LL, Matsuoka LS, Monetta R, Seiler C, Pyle LC, Bedoukian EC, Sánchez-Soler MJ, Caluseriu O, Grand K, Tam A, Aycinena ARP, Camerota L, Guo Y, Sleiman P, Callewaert B, Kumps C, Dheedene A, Buckley M, Kirk EP, Turner A, Kamien B, Patel C, Wilson M, Roscioli T, Christodoulou J, Cox TC, Zackai EH, Brancati F, Hakonarson H, Bhoj EJ. Pathogenic variants in CDH11 impair cell adhesion and cause Teebi hypertelorism syndrome. Hum Genet 2021; 140:1061-1076. [PMID: 33811546 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Teebi hypertelorism syndrome (THS; OMIM 145420) is a rare craniofacial disorder characterized by hypertelorism, prominent forehead, short nose with broad or depressed nasal root. Some cases of THS have been attributed to SPECC1L variants. Homozygous variants in CDH11 truncating the transmembrane and intracellular domains have been implicated in Elsahy-Waters syndrome (EWS; OMIM 211380) with hypertelorism. We report THS due to CDH11 heterozygous missense variants on 19 subjects from 9 families. All affected residues in the extracellular region of Cadherin-11 (CHD11) are highly conserved across vertebrate species and classical cadherins. Six of the variants that cluster around the EC2-EC3 and EC3-EC4 linker regions are predicted to affect Ca2+ binding that is required for cadherin stability. Two of the additional variants [c.164G > C, p.(Trp55Ser) and c.418G > A, p.(Glu140Lys)] are also notable as they are predicted to directly affect trans-homodimer formation. Immunohistochemical study demonstrates that CDH11 is strongly expressed in human facial mesenchyme. Using multiple functional assays, we show that five variants from the EC1, EC2-EC3 linker, and EC3 regions significantly reduced the cell-substrate trans adhesion activity and one variant from EC3-EC4 linker results in changes in cell morphology, focal adhesion, and migration, suggesting dominant negative effect. Characteristic features in this cohort included depressed nasal root, cardiac and umbilical defects. These features distinguished this phenotype from that seen in SPECC1L-related hypertelorism syndrome and CDH11-related EWS. Our results demonstrate heterozygous variants in CDH11, which decrease cell-cell adhesion and increase cell migratory behavior, cause a form of THS, as termed CDH11-related THS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Michael E March
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paola Fortugno
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Liza L Cox
- Departments of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Leticia S Matsuoka
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rosanna Monetta
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Christoph Seiler
- Zebrafish Core Facility, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Louise C Pyle
- Individualized Medical Genetics Center, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emma C Bedoukian
- Individualized Medical Genetics Center, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - María José Sánchez-Soler
- Sección de Genética Médica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, España
| | - Oana Caluseriu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.,The Stollery Pediatric Hospital, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Katheryn Grand
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allison Tam
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alicia R P Aycinena
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Letizia Camerota
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Yiran Guo
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick Sleiman
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Candy Kumps
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Dheedene
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Buckley
- NSW Health Pathology Genomics Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Edwin P Kirk
- NSW Health Pathology Genomics Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne Turner
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Kamien
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Chirag Patel
- Genetic Health Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Meredith Wilson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tony Roscioli
- NSW Health Pathology Genomics Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - John Christodoulou
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Timothy C Cox
- Departments of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Francesco Brancati
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Bhoj
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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13
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Ichikawa T, Stuckenholz C, Davidson LA. Non-junctional role of Cadherin3 in cell migration and contact inhibition of locomotion via domain-dependent, opposing regulation of Rac1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17326. [PMID: 33060598 PMCID: PMC7567069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical cadherins are well-known adhesion molecules responsible for physically connecting neighboring cells and signaling this cell-cell contact. Recent studies have suggested novel signaling roles for "non-junctional" cadherins (NJCads); however, the function of cadherin signaling independent of cell-cell contacts remains unknown. In this study, mesendodermal cells and tissues from gastrula stage Xenopus laevis embryos demonstrate that deletion of extracellular domains of Cadherin3 (Cdh3; formerly C-cadherin in Xenopus) disrupts contact inhibition of locomotion. In both bulk Rac1 activity assays and spatio-temporal FRET image analysis, the extracellular and cytoplasmic Cdh3 domains disrupt NJCad signaling and regulate Rac1 activity in opposing directions. Stabilization of the cytoskeleton counteracted this regulation in single cell migration assays. Our study provides novel insights into adhesion-independent signaling by Cadherin3 and its role in regulating single and collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ichikawa
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 5059-BST3, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Carsten Stuckenholz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 5059-BST3, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Lance A Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 5059-BST3, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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14
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Hansen AH, Hippenmeyer S. Non-Cell-Autonomous Mechanisms in Radial Projection Neuron Migration in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:574382. [PMID: 33102480 PMCID: PMC7545535 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.574382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerted radial migration of newly born cortical projection neurons, from their birthplace to their final target lamina, is a key step in the assembly of the cerebral cortex. The cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the specific sequential steps of radial neuronal migration in vivo are however still unclear, let alone the effects and interactions with the extracellular environment. In any in vivo context, cells will always be exposed to a complex extracellular environment consisting of (1) secreted factors acting as potential signaling cues, (2) the extracellular matrix, and (3) other cells providing cell–cell interaction through receptors and/or direct physical stimuli. Most studies so far have described and focused mainly on intrinsic cell-autonomous gene functions in neuronal migration but there is accumulating evidence that non-cell-autonomous-, local-, systemic-, and/or whole tissue-wide effects substantially contribute to the regulation of radial neuronal migration. These non-cell-autonomous effects may differentially affect cortical neuron migration in distinct cellular environments. However, the cellular and molecular natures of such non-cell-autonomous mechanisms are mostly unknown. Furthermore, physical forces due to collective migration and/or community effects (i.e., interactions with surrounding cells) may play important roles in neocortical projection neuron migration. In this concise review, we first outline distinct models of non-cell-autonomous interactions of cortical projection neurons along their radial migration trajectory during development. We then summarize experimental assays and platforms that can be utilized to visualize and potentially probe non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. Lastly, we define key questions to address in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi H Hansen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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15
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Kratzer MC, Becker SFS, Grund A, Merks A, Harnoš J, Bryja V, Giehl K, Kashef J, Borchers A. The Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor Trio is required for neural crest cell migration and interacts with Dishevelled. Development 2020; 147:dev.186338. [PMID: 32366678 DOI: 10.1242/dev.186338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Directional migration during embryogenesis and tumor progression faces the challenge that numerous external signals need to converge to precisely control cell movement. The Rho guanine exchange factor (GEF) Trio is especially well suited to relay signals, as it features distinct catalytic domains to activate Rho GTPases. Here, we show that Trio is required for Xenopus cranial neural crest (NC) cell migration and cartilage formation. Trio cell-autonomously controls protrusion formation of NC cells and Trio morphant NC cells show a blebbing phenotype. Interestingly, the Trio GEF2 domain is sufficient to rescue protrusion formation and migration of Trio morphant NC cells. We show that this domain interacts with the DEP/C-terminus of Dishevelled (DVL). DVL - but not a deletion construct lacking the DEP domain - is able to rescue protrusion formation and migration of Trio morphant NC cells. This is likely mediated by activation of Rac1, as we find that DVL rescues Rac1 activity in Trio morphant embryos. Thus, our data provide evidence for a novel signaling pathway, whereby Trio controls protrusion formation of cranial NC cells by interacting with DVL to activate Rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Kratzer
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sarah F S Becker
- Department of Development and Stem Cells, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U1258, Université de Strasbourg, F-67400 Illkirch, CU Strasbourg, France
| | - Anita Grund
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anne Merks
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakub Harnoš
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic.,Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Klaudia Giehl
- Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine V, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jubin Kashef
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Annette Borchers
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, 35043 Marburg, Germany .,DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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16
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Shellard A, Mayor R. Integrating chemical and mechanical signals in neural crest cell migration. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 57:16-24. [PMID: 31306988 PMCID: PMC6838680 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a multipotent embryonic stem cell population that migrate large distances to contribute a variety of tissues. The cranial neural crest, which contribute to tissues of the face and skull, undergo collective migration whose movement has been likened to cancer metastasis. Over the last few years, a variety of mechanisms for the guidance of collective cranial neural crest cell migration have been described: mostly chemical, but more recently mechanical. Here we review these different mechanisms and attempt to integrate them to provide a unified model of collective cranial neural crest cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shellard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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17
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Corsinovi D, Giannetti K, Cericola A, Naef V, Ori M. PDGF-B: The missing piece in the mosaic of PDGF family role in craniofacial development. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:603-612. [PMID: 31070827 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family consists of four ligands (PDGF-A, PDGF-B, PDGF-C, PDGF-D) and two tyrosine kinase receptors (PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β). In vertebrates, PDGF signaling influences cell proliferation, migration, and matrix deposition, and its up-regulation is implicated in cancer progression. Despite this evidence, the role of each family member during embryogenesis is still incomplete and partially controversial. In particular, study of the role of pdgf signaling during craniofacial development has been focused on pdgf-a, while the role of pdgf-b is almost unknown due to the lethal phenotypes of pdgf-b-null mice. RESULTS By using a pdgf-b splice-blocking morpholino approach, we highlighted impairment of neural crest cell (NCC) migration in Xenopus laevis morphants, leading to alteration of NCC derivatives formation, such as cranial nerves and cartilages. We also uncovered a possible link between pdgf-b and the expression of cadherin superfamily members cdh6 and cdh11, which mediate cell-cell adhesion promoting NCC migration. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that pdgf-b signaling is involved in cranial NCC migration and it is required for proper formation of craniofacial NCC derivatives. Taken together, these data unveiled a new role for pdgf-b during vertebrate development, contributing to complete the picture of pdgf signaling role in craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michela Ori
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
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18
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Kindberg AA, Bush JO. Cellular organization and boundary formation in craniofacial development. Genesis 2019; 57:e23271. [PMID: 30548771 PMCID: PMC6503678 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial morphogenesis is a highly dynamic process that requires changes in the behaviors and physical properties of cells in order to achieve the proper organization of different craniofacial structures. Boundary formation is a critical process in cellular organization, patterning, and ultimately tissue separation. There are several recurring cellular mechanisms through which boundary formation and cellular organization occur including, transcriptional patterning, cell segregation, cell adhesion and migratory guidance. Disruption of normal boundary formation has dramatic morphological consequences, and can result in human craniofacial congenital anomalies. In this review we discuss boundary formation during craniofacial development, specifically focusing on the cellular behaviors and mechanisms underlying the self-organizing properties that are critical for craniofacial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A. Kindberg
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey O. Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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19
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Coordination of cell migration mediated by site-dependent cell-cell contact. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10678-10683. [PMID: 30275335 PMCID: PMC6196508 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807543115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL), the repulsive response of cells upon cell-cell contact, has been the predominant paradigm for contact-mediated responses. However, it is difficult for CIL alone to account for the complex behavior of cells within a multicellular environment, where cells often migrate in cohorts such as sheets, clusters, and streams. Although cell-cell adhesion and mechanical interactions play a role, how individual cells coordinate their migration within a multicellular environment remains unclear. Using micropatterned substrates to guide cell migration and manipulate cell-cell contact, we show that contacts between different regions of cells elicit different responses. Repulsive responses were limited to interaction with the head of a migrating cell, while contact with the tail of a neighboring cell promoted migration toward the tail. The latter behavior, termed contact following of locomotion (CFL), required the Wnt signaling pathway. Inhibition of the Wnt pathway disrupted not only CFL but also collective migration of epithelial cells, without affecting the migration of individual cells. In contrast, inhibition of myosin II with blebbistatin disrupted the migration of both individual epithelial cells and collectives. We propose that CFL, in conjunction with CIL, plays a major role in guiding and coordinating cell migration within a multicellular environment.
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20
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TBC1d24-ephrinB2 interaction regulates contact inhibition of locomotion in neural crest cell migration. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3491. [PMID: 30154457 PMCID: PMC6113226 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Eph-ephrin signalling has been implicated in the migration of cranial neural crest (CNC) cells, it is still unclear how ephrinB transduces signals regulating this event. We provide evidence that TBC1d24, a putative Rab35-GTPase activating protein (Rab35 GAP), complexes with ephrinB2 via the scaffold Dishevelled (Dsh) and mediates a signal affecting contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) in CNC cells. Moreover, we found that, in migrating CNC, the interaction between ephrinB2 and TBC1d24 negatively regulates E-cadherin recycling in these cells via Rab35. Upon engagement of the cognate Eph receptor, ephrinB2 is tyrosine phosphorylated, which disrupts the ephrinB2/Dsh/TBC1d24 complex. The dissolution of this complex leads to increasing E-cadherin levels at the plasma membrane, resulting in loss of CIL and disrupted CNC migration. Our results indicate that TBC1d24 is a critical player in ephrinB2 control of CNC cell migration via CIL.
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21
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Wislet S, Vandervelden G, Rogister B. From Neural Crest Development to Cancer and Vice Versa: How p75 NTR and (Pro)neurotrophins Could Act on Cell Migration and Invasion? Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:244. [PMID: 30190671 PMCID: PMC6115613 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), also known as low-affinity nerve growth factor, belongs to the tumor necrosis factor family of receptors. p75NTR is widely expressed in the nervous system during the development, as well as, in the neural crest population, since p75NTR has been described as ubiquitously expressed and considered as a neural crest marker. Neural crest cells (NCCs) constitute an transient population accurately migrating and invading, with precision, defined sites of the embryo. During migration, NCCs are guided along distinct migratory pathways by specialized molecules present in the extracellular matrix or on the surfaces of those cells. Two main processes direct NCC migration during the development: (1) an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and (2) a process known as contact inhibition of locomotion. In adults, p75NTR remains expressed by NCCs and has been identified in an increasing number of cancer cells. Nonetheless, the regulation of the expression of p75NTR and the underlying mechanisms in stem cell biology or cancer cells have not yet been sufficiently addressed. The main objective of this review is therefore to analyze elements of our actual knowledge regarding p75NTR roles during the development (mainly focusing on neural crest development) and see how we can transpose that information from development to cancer (and vice versa) to better understand the link between p75NTR and cell migration and invasion. In this review, we successively analyzed the molecular mechanisms of p75NTR when it interacts with several coreceptors and/or effectors. We then analyzed which signaling pathways are the most activated or linked to NCC migration during the development. Regarding cancer, we analyzed the described molecular pathways underlying cancer cell migration when p75NTR was correlated to cancer cell migration and invasion. From those diverse sources of information, we finally summarized potential molecular mechanisms underlying p75NTR activation in cell migration and invasion that could lead to new research areas to develop new therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Wislet
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Bernard Rogister
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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22
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Olson HM, Nechiporuk AV. Using Zebrafish to Study Collective Cell Migration in Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:83. [PMID: 30175096 PMCID: PMC6107837 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular migration is necessary for proper embryonic development as well as maintenance of adult health. Cells can migrate individually or in groups in a process known as collective cell migration. Collectively migrating cohorts maintain cell-cell contacts, group polarization, and exhibit coordinated behavior. This mode of migration is important during numerous developmental processes including tracheal branching, blood vessel sprouting, neural crest cell migration and others. In the adult, collective cell migration is important for proper wound healing and is often misappropriated during cancer cell invasion. A variety of genetic model systems are used to examine and define the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind collective cell migration including border cell migration and tracheal branching in Drosophila melanogaster, neural crest cell migration in chick and Xenopus embryos, and posterior lateral line primordium (pLLP) migration in zebrafish. The pLLP is a group of about 100 cells that begins migrating around 22 hours post-fertilization along the lateral aspect of the trunk of the developing embryo. During migration, clusters of cells are deposited from the trailing end of the pLLP; these ultimately differentiate into mechanosensory organs of the lateral line system. As zebrafish embryos are transparent during early development and the pLLP migrates close to the surface of the skin, this system can be easily visualized and manipulated in vivo. These advantages together with the amenity to advance genetic methods make the zebrafish pLLP one of the premier model systems for studying collective cell migration. This review will describe the cellular behaviors and signaling mechanisms of the pLLP and compare the pLLP to collective cell migration in other popular model systems. In addition, we will examine how this type of migration is hijacked by collectively invading cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Olson
- Department Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, The Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alex V Nechiporuk
- Department Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, The Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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23
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Roycroft A, Szabó A, Bahm I, Daly L, Charras G, Parsons M, Mayor R. Redistribution of Adhesive Forces through Src/FAK Drives Contact Inhibition of Locomotion in Neural Crest. Dev Cell 2018; 45:565-579.e3. [PMID: 29870718 PMCID: PMC5988567 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion is defined as the behavior of cells to cease migrating in their former direction after colliding with another cell. It has been implicated in multiple developmental processes and its absence has been linked to cancer invasion. Cellular forces are thought to govern this process; however, the exact role of traction through cell-matrix adhesions and tension through cell-cell adhesions during contact inhibition of locomotion remains unknown. Here we use neural crest cells to address this and show that cell-matrix adhesions are rapidly disassembled at the contact between two cells upon collision. This disassembly is dependent upon the formation of N-cadherin-based cell-cell adhesions and driven by Src and FAK activity. We demonstrate that the loss of cell-matrix adhesions near the contact leads to a buildup of tension across the cell-cell contact, a step that is essential to drive cell-cell separation after collision. Focal adhesions disassemble at cell-cell contacts in contact inhibition of locomotion FA disassembly at the cell contact during CIL requires N-cadherin/Src/FAK signaling Cell separation during CIL involves a buildup of tension across the cell contact
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Roycroft
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - András Szabó
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Isabel Bahm
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Liam Daly
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Guillaume Charras
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, London WC1H 0AH, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Kings College London, London SE11UL, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Gouignard N, Andrieu C, Theveneau E. Neural crest delamination and migration: Looking forward to the next 150 years. Genesis 2018; 56:e23107. [PMID: 29675839 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cells were described for the first time in 1868 by Wilhelm His. Since then, this amazing population of migratory stem cells has been intensively studied. It took a century to fully unravel their incredible abilities to contribute to nearly every organ of the body. Yet, our understanding of the cell and molecular mechanisms controlling their migration is far from complete. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on epithelial-mesenchymal transition and collective behavior of NC cells and propose further stops at which the NC train might be calling in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Gouignard
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - Cyril Andrieu
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - Eric Theveneau
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
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25
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Abstract
The cranial neural crest (CNC) explant assay was originally designed to assess the basic requirements for CNC migration in vitro. This protocol describes the key parameters of CNC explants in Xenopus laevis, with a focus on how to extirpate CNC cells and assay their migration in vitro. The protocol can be adapted according to the needs of the experimenter, some examples of which are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Cousin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Dominique Alfandari
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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26
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Rashid D, Puettmann P, Roy E, Bradley RS. Neural crest development in Xenopus requires Protocadherin 7 at the lateral neural crest border. Mech Dev 2018; 149:41-52. [PMID: 29366801 PMCID: PMC5820198 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the neural crest is a unique population of pluripotent cells whose development is dependent on signaling from neighboring tissues. Cadherin family members, including protocadherins, are emerging as major players in neural crest development, largely through their roles in cell adhesion and sorting in embryonic tissues. Here, we show that Protocadherin 7 (Pcdh7), previously shown to function in sensorial layer integrity and neural tube closure in Xenopus, is also involved in neural crest specification and survival. Pcdh7 expression partly overlaps the neural crest domain at the lateral neural crest border. Pcdh7 knockdown in embryos does not alter neural crest induction; however, neural crest specification markers, including Snail2 and Sox9, are lost, due to apoptosis of the neural crest starting after stage 13. Pcdh7 knockdown also results in downregulation of Wnt11b; both of which are co-expressed in the sensorial layer lateral to the neural crest, suggestive of a role for Wnt11b in the neural crest apoptosis. Confirming this role, apoptosis, Snail2 expression and the developmental fate of the neural crest can be partially rescued by ectopic expression of Wnt11b. These results indicate that Pcdh7 plays an important role in maintaining the sensorial layer at the lateral neural crest border, which is necessary for the secretion of survival factors, including Wnt11b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Rashid
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Paul Puettmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Ethan Roy
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Roger S. Bradley
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
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27
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Cousin H. Cadherins function during the collective cell migration of Xenopus Cranial Neural Crest cells: revisiting the role of E-cadherin. Mech Dev 2017; 148:79-88. [PMID: 28467887 PMCID: PMC5662486 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is a process whereby cells move while keeping contact with other cells. The Xenopus Cranial Neural Crest (CNC) is a population of cells that emerge during early embryogenesis and undergo extensive migration from the dorsal to ventral part of the embryo's head. These cells migrate collectively and require cadherin mediated cell-cell contact. In this review, we will describe the key features of Xenopus CNC migration including the key molecules driving their migration. We will also review the role of the various cadherins during Xenopus CNC emergence and migration. Lastly, we will discuss the recent and seemingly controversial findings showing that E-cadherin presence is essential for CNC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Cousin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
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28
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Rezaei M, Cao J, Friedrich K, Kemper B, Brendel O, Grosser M, Adrian M, Baretton G, Breier G, Schnittler HJ. The expression of VE-cadherin in breast cancer cells modulates cell dynamics as a function of tumor differentiation and promotes tumor-endothelial cell interactions. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 149:15-30. [PMID: 29143117 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The cadherin switch has profound consequences on cancer invasion and metastasis. The endothelial-specific vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) has been demonstrated in diverse cancer types including breast cancer and is supposed to modulate tumor progression and metastasis, but underlying mechanisms need to be better understood. First, we evaluated VE-cadherin expression by tissue microarray in 392 cases of breast cancer tumors and found a diverse expression and distribution of VE-cadherin. Experimental expression of fluorescence-tagged VE-cadherin (VE-EGFP) in undifferentiated, fibroblastoid and E-cadherin-negative MDA-231 (MDA-VE-EGFP) as well as in differentiated E-cadherin-positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-VE-EGFP), respectively, displayed differentiation-dependent functional differences. VE-EGFP expression reversed the fibroblastoid MDA-231 cells to an epithelial-like phenotype accompanied by increased β-catenin expression, actin and vimentin remodeling, increased cell spreading and barrier function and a reduced migration ability due to formation of VE-cadherin-mediated cell junctions. The effects were largely absent in both MDA-VE-EGFP and in control MCF-EGFP cell lines. However, MCF-7 cells displayed a VE-cadherin-independent planar cell polarity and directed cell migration that both developed in MDA-231 only after VE-EGFP expression. Furthermore, VE-cadherin expression had no effect on tumor cell proliferation in monocultures while co-culturing with endothelial cells enhanced tumor cell proliferation due to integration of the tumor cells into monolayer where they form VE-cadherin-mediated cell contacts with the endothelium. We propose an interactive VE-cadherin-based crosstalk that might activate proliferation-promoting signals. Together, our study shows a VE-cadherin-mediated cell dynamics and an endothelial-dependent proliferation in a differentiation-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rezaei
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jiahui Cao
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Katrin Friedrich
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Björn Kemper
- Biomedical Technology Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Brendel
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marianne Grosser
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuela Adrian
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gustavo Baretton
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Georg Breier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Cadherin-11 promotes neural crest cell spreading by reducing intracellular tension-Mapping adhesion and mechanics in neural crest explants by atomic force microscopy. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 73:95-106. [PMID: 28919310 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During development cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) display a striking transition from collective to single-cell migration, but the mechanisms enabling individual NCCs to separate from the neural crest tissue are still incompletely understood. In this study we have employed atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate potential adhesive and mechanical changes associated with the dissociation of individual cells from cohesive Xenopus NCC explants at early stages of migration. AFM-based single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) revealed a uniform distribution of cell-cell adhesion forces within NCC explants, including semi-detached leader cells in the process of delaminating from the explant edge. This suggested that dissociation from the cell sheet may not require prior weakening of cell-cell contacts. However, mapping NCC sheet elasticity by AFM microbead indentation demonstrated strongly reduced cell stiffness in semi-detached leader cells compared to neighbouring cells in the NCC sheet periphery. Reduced leader cell stiffness coincided with enhanced cell spreading and high substrate traction, indicating a possible mechano-regulation of leader cell delamination. In support, AFM elasticity measurements of individual NCCs in optical side view mode demonstrated that reducing cell tension by inhibiting actomyosin contractility induces rapid spreading, possibly maximizing cell-substrate interactions as a result. Depletion of cadherin-11, a classical cadherin with an essential role in NCC migration and substrate adhesion, prevented the tension reduction necessary for NCC spreading, both in individual cells and at the edge of explanted sheets. In contrast, overexpression of cadherin-11 accelerated spreading of both individual cells and delaminating leader cells. As cadherin-11 expression increases strongly during NCC migration, this suggests an important role of cadherin-11 in regulating NCC elasticity and spreading at later stages of NCC migration. We therefore propose a model in which high tension at the NCC sheet periphery prevents premature NCC spreading and delamination during early stages of migration, while a cadherin-11-dependent local decrease in cell tension promotes leader cell spreading and delamination at later stages of migration.
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30
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Toro-Tapia G, Villaseca S, Leal JI, Beyer A, Fuentealba J, Torrejón M. Xenopus as a model organism to study heterotrimeric G-protein pathway during collective cell migration of neural crest. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28095644 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is essential in many fundamental aspects of normal development, like morphogenesis, organ formation, wound healing, and immune responses, as well as in the etiology of severe pathologies, like cancer metastasis. In spite of the huge amount of data accumulated on cell migration, such a complex process involves many molecular actors, some of which still remain to be functionally characterized. One of these signals is the heterotrimeric G-protein pathway that has been studied mainly in gastrulation movements. Recently we have reported that Ric-8A, a GEF for Gα proteins, plays an important role in neural crest migration in Xenopus development. Xenopus neural crest cells, a highly migratory embryonic cell population induced at the border of the neural plate that migrates extensively in order to differentiate in other tissues during development, have become a good model to understand the dynamics that regulate cell migration. In this review, we aim to provide sufficient evidence supporting how useful Xenopus model with its different tools, such as explants and transplants, paired with improved in vivo imaging techniques, will allow us to tackle the multiple signaling mechanisms involved in neural crest cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Toro-Tapia
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - S Villaseca
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - J I Leal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - A Beyer
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - J Fuentealba
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - M Torrejón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
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31
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Taneyhill LA, Schiffmacher AT. Should I stay or should I go? Cadherin function and regulation in the neural crest. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28253541 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our increasing comprehension of neural crest cell development has reciprocally advanced our understanding of cadherin expression, regulation, and function. As a transient population of multipotent stem cells that significantly contribute to the vertebrate body plan, neural crest cells undergo a variety of transformative processes and exhibit many cellular behaviors, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), motility, collective cell migration, and differentiation. Multiple studies have elucidated regulatory and mechanistic details of specific cadherins during neural crest cell development in a highly contextual manner. Collectively, these results reveal that gradual changes within neural crest cells are accompanied by often times subtle, yet important, alterations in cadherin expression and function. The primary focus of this review is to coalesce recent data on cadherins in neural crest cells, from their specification to their emergence as motile cells soon after EMT, and to highlight the complexities of cadherin expression beyond our current perceptions, including the hypothesis that the neural crest EMT is a transition involving a predominantly singular cadherin switch. Further advancements in genetic approaches and molecular techniques will provide greater opportunities to integrate data from various model systems in order to distinguish unique or overlapping functions of cadherins expressed at any point throughout the ontogeny of the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Taneyhill
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Andrew T Schiffmacher
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
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Kitazawa M, Hida S, Fujii C, Taniguchi S, Ito K, Matsumura T, Okada N, Sakaizawa T, Kobayashi A, Takeoka M, Miyagawa SI. ASC Induces Apoptosis via Activation of Caspase-9 by Enhancing Gap Junction-Mediated Intercellular Communication. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169340. [PMID: 28056049 PMCID: PMC5215782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD) is a key adaptor molecule of inflammasomes that mediates inflammatory and apoptotic signals. Aberrant methylation-induced silencing of ASC has been observed in a variety of cancer cells, thus implicating ASC in tumor suppression, although this role remains incompletely defined especially in the context of closely neighboring cell proliferation. As ASC has been confirmed to be silenced by abnormal methylation in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells as well, this cell line was investigated to characterize the precise role and mechanism of ASC in tumor progression. The effects of ASC were examined using in vitro cell cultures based on comparisons between low and high cell density conditions as well as in a xenograft murine model. ASC overexpression was established by insertion of the ASC gene into pcDNA3 and pMX-IRES-GFP vectors, the latter being packed into a retrovirus and subjected to reproducible competitive assays using parental cells as an internal control, for evaluation of cell viability. p21 and p53 were silenced using shRNA. Cell viability was suppressed in ASC-expressing transfectants as compared with control cells at high cell density conditions in in vitro culture and colony formation assays and in in vivo ectopic tumor formation trials. This suppression was not detected in low cell density conditions. Furthermore, remarkable progression of apoptosis was observed in ASC-introduced cells at a high cell density, but not at a low one. ASC-dependent apoptosis was mediated not by p21, p53, or caspase-1, but rather by cleavage of caspase-9 as well as by suppression of the NF-κB-related X-linked inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein. Caspase-9 cleavage was observed to be dependent on gap junction formation. The remarkable effect of ASC on the induction of apoptosis through caspase-9 and gap junctions revealed in this study may lead to promising new approaches in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kitazawa
- Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shigeaki Hida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chifumi Fujii
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shun’ichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Kensuke Ito
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tomio Matsumura
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Nagisa Okada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakaizawa
- Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Akira Kobayashi
- Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Michiko Takeoka
- Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Miyagawa
- Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Stramer B, Mayor R. Mechanisms and in vivo functions of contact inhibition of locomotion. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 18:43-55. [PMID: 27677859 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) is a process whereby a cell ceases motility or changes its trajectory upon collision with another cell. CIL was initially characterized more than half a century ago and became a widely studied model system to understand how cells migrate and dynamically interact. Although CIL fell from interest for several decades, the scientific community has recently rediscovered this process. We are now beginning to understand the precise steps of this complex behaviour and to elucidate its regulatory components, including receptors, polarity proteins and cytoskeletal elements. Furthermore, this process is no longer just in vitro phenomenology; we now know from several different in vivo models that CIL is essential for embryogenesis and in governing behaviours such as cell dispersion, boundary formation and collective cell migration. In addition, changes in CIL responses have been associated with other physiological processes, such as cancer cell dissemination during metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Stramer
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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34
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Schille C, Bayerlová M, Bleckmann A, Schambony A. Ror2 signaling is required for local upregulation of GDF6 and activation of BMP signaling at the neural plate border. Development 2016; 143:3182-94. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.135426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 is a major Wnt receptor that activates β-catenin-independent signaling and plays a conserved role in the regulation of convergent extension movements and planar cell polarity in vertebrates. Mutations in the ROR2 gene cause recessive Robinow syndrome in humans, a short-limbed dwarfism associated with craniofacial malformations. Here, we show that Ror2 is required for local upregulation of gdf6 at the neural plate border in Xenopus embryos. Ror2 morphant embryos fail to upregulate neural plate border genes and show defects in the induction of neural crest cell fate. These embryos lack the spatially restricted activation of BMP signaling at the neural plate border at early neurula stages, which is required for neural crest induction. Ror2-dependent planar cell polarity signaling is required in the dorsolateral marginal zone during gastrulation indirectly to upregulate the BMP ligand Gdf6 at the neural plate border and Gdf6 is sufficient to rescue neural plate border specification in Ror2 morphant embryos. Thereby, Ror2 links Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling to BMP signaling in neural plate border specification and neural crest induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Schille
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Michaela Bayerlová
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Annalen Bleckmann
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37099, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schambony
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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35
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Liu F, Xu Y, Han G, Zhou L, Ali A, Zhu S, Li X. Molecular Evolution and Genetic Variation of G2-Like Transcription Factor Genes in Maize. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161763. [PMID: 27560803 PMCID: PMC4999087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) depends on the development of chloroplasts, and G2-like transcription factors play a central role in regulating chloroplast development. In this study, we identified 59 G2-like genes in the B73 maize genome and systematically analyzed these genes at the molecular and evolutionary levels. Based on gene structure character, motif compositions and phylogenetic analysis, maize G2-like genes (ZmG1- ZmG59) were divided into seven groups (I-VII). By synteny analysis, 18 collinear gene pairs and strongly conserved microsyntny among regions hosting G2-like genes across maize and sorghum were found. Here, we showed that the vast majority of ZmG gene duplications resulted from whole genome duplication events rather than tandem duplications. After gene duplication events, some ZmG genes were silenced. The functions of G2-like genes were multifarious and most genes that are expressed in green tissues may relate to maize photosynthesis. The qRT-PCR showed that the expression of these genes was sensitive to low temperature and drought. Furthermore, we analyzed differences of ZmGs specific to cultivars in temperate and tropical regions at the population level. Interestingly, the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis revealed that nucleotide polymorphism associated with different temperature zones. Above all, G2-like genes were highly conserved during evolution, but polymorphism could be caused due to a different geographical location. Moreover, G2-like genes might be related to cold and drought stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yunjian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Guomin Han
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lingyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Asif Ali
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Suwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- * E-mail:
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36
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Sung DC, Bowen CJ, Vaidya KA, Zhou J, Chapurin N, Recknagel A, Zhou B, Chen J, Kotlikoff M, Butcher JT. Cadherin-11 Overexpression Induces Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Calcification in Mature Aortic Valves. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1627-37. [PMID: 27312222 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcific aortic valve (AoV) disease is a significant clinical problem for which the regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Enhanced cell-cell adhesion is a common mechanism of cellular aggregation, but its role in calcific lesion formation is not known. Cadherin-11 (Cad-11) has been associated with lesion formation in vitro, but its function during adult valve homeostasis and pathogenesis is not known. This study aims to elucidate the specific functions of Cad-11 and its downstream targets, RhoA and Sox9, in extracellular matrix remodeling and AoV calcification. APPROACH AND RESULTS We conditionally overexpressed Cad-11 in murine heart valves using a novel double-transgenic Nfatc1(Cre);R26-Cad11(TglTg) mouse model. These mice developed hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis with prominent calcific lesions in the AoV leaflets. Cad-11 overexpression upregulated downstream targets, RhoA and Sox9, in the valve interstitial cells, causing calcification and extensive pathogenic extracellular matrix remodeling. AoV interstitial cells overexpressing Cad-11 in an osteogenic environment in vitro rapidly form calcific nodules analogous to in vivo lesions. Molecular analyses revealed upregulation of osteoblastic and myofibroblastic markers. Treatment with a Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor attenuated nodule formation, further supporting that Cad-11-driven calcification acts through the small GTPase RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies one of the underlying molecular mechanisms of heart valve calcification and demonstrates that overexpression of Cad-11 upregulates RhoA and Sox9 to induce calcification and extracellular matrix remodeling in adult AoV pathogenesis. The findings provide a potential molecular target for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Sung
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Caitlin J Bowen
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Kiran A Vaidya
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Nikita Chapurin
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Andrew Recknagel
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Jonathan Chen
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Michael Kotlikoff
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.).
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37
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Langhe RP, Gudzenko T, Bachmann M, Becker SF, Gonnermann C, Winter C, Abbruzzese G, Alfandari D, Kratzer MC, Franz CM, Kashef J. Cadherin-11 localizes to focal adhesions and promotes cell-substrate adhesion. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10909. [PMID: 26952325 PMCID: PMC4786774 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin receptors have a well-established role in cell–cell adhesion, cell polarization and differentiation. However, some cadherins also promote cell and tissue movement during embryonic development and tumour progression. In particular, cadherin-11 is upregulated during tumour and inflammatory cell invasion, but the mechanisms underlying cadherin-11 stimulated cell migration are still incompletely understood. Here, we show that cadherin-11 localizes to focal adhesions and promotes adhesion to fibronectin in Xenopus neural crest, a highly migratory embryonic cell population. Transfected cadherin-11 also localizes to focal adhesions in different mammalian cell lines, while endogenous cadherin-11 shows focal adhesion localization in primary human fibroblasts. In focal adhesions, cadherin-11 co-localizes with β1-integrin and paxillin and physically interacts with the fibronectin-binding proteoglycan syndecan-4. Adhesion to fibronectin mediated by cadherin-11/syndecan-4 complexes requires both the extracellular domain of syndecan-4, and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of cadherin-11. These results reveal an unexpected role of a classical cadherin in cell–matrix adhesion during cell migration. Cadherins are typically involved in cell-cell adhesion, however cadherin-11 promotes cell migration through an undefined mechanism. Langhe et al. show that cadherin-11 mediates adhesion to the cell matrix at focal adhesions through interaction with syndecan-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul P Langhe
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tetyana Gudzenko
- Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Neurobiology Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Haid-und-Neu-Strasse 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sarah F Becker
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carina Gonnermann
- Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Winter
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Genevieve Abbruzzese
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Dominique Alfandari
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Marie-Claire Kratzer
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesser Straße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Clemens M Franz
- Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jubin Kashef
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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38
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Roycroft A, Mayor R. Molecular basis of contact inhibition of locomotion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1119-30. [PMID: 26585026 PMCID: PMC4761371 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) is a complex process, whereby cells undergoing a collision with another cell cease their migration towards the colliding cell. CIL has been identified in numerous cells during development including embryonic fibroblasts, neural crest cells and haemocytes and is the driving force behind a range of phenomenon including collective cell migration and dispersion. The loss of normal CIL behaviour towards healthy tissue has long been implicated in the invasion of cancer cells. CIL is a multi-step process that is driven by the tight coordination of molecular machinery. In this review, we shall breakdown CIL into distinct steps and highlight the key molecular mechanisms and components that are involved in driving each step of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Roycroft
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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39
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Huang C, Kratzer MC, Wedlich D, Kashef J. E-cadherin is required for cranial neural crest migration in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 2016; 411:159-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Hofmann R, Schober A, Hahn S, Moosmann J, Kashef J, Hertel M, Weinhardt V, Hänschke D, Helfen L, Sánchez Salazar IA, Guigay JP, Xiao X, Baumbach T. Gauging low-dose X-ray phase-contrast imaging at a single and large propagation distance. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:4331-4348. [PMID: 26907079 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.004331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of a beam of hard and spatio-temporally coherent X-rays with a soft-matter sample primarily induce a transverse distribution of exit phase variations δϕ (retardations or advancements in pieces of the wave front exiting the object compared to the incoming wave front) whose free-space propagation over a distance z gives rise to intensity contrast gz. For single-distance image detection and |δϕ| ≪ 1 all-order-in-z phase-intensity contrast transfer is linear in δϕ. Here we show that ideal coherence implies a decay of the (shot-)noise-to-signal ratio in gz and of the associated phase noise as z(-1/2) and z(-1), respectively. Limits on X-ray dose thus favor large values of z. We discuss how a phase-scaling symmetry, exact in the limit δϕ → 0 and dynamically unbroken up to |δϕ| ∼ 1, suggests a filtering of gz in Fourier space, preserving non-iterative quasi-linear phase retrieval for phase variations up to order unity if induced by multi-scale objects inducing phase variations δϕ of a broad spatial frequency spectrum. Such an approach continues to be applicable under an assumed phase-attenuation duality. Using synchrotron radiation, ex and in vivo microtomography on frog embryos exemplifies improved resolution compared to a conventional single-distance phase-retrieval algorithm.
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41
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Mayor R, Etienne-Manneville S. The front and rear of collective cell migration. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:97-109. [PMID: 26726037 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration has a key role during morphogenesis and during wound healing and tissue renewal in the adult, and it is involved in cancer spreading. In addition to displaying a coordinated migratory behaviour, collectively migrating cells move more efficiently than if they migrated separately, which indicates that a cellular interplay occurs during collective cell migration. In recent years, evidence has accumulated confirming the importance of such intercellular communication and exploring the molecular mechanisms involved. These mechanisms are based both on direct physical interactions, which coordinate the cellular responses, and on the collective cell behaviour that generates an optimal environment for efficient directed migration. The recent studies have described how leader cells at the front of cell groups drive migration and have highlighted the importance of follower cells and cell-cell communication, both between followers and between follower and leader cells, to improve the efficiency of collective movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3691, Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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42
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Podleschny M, Grund A, Berger H, Rollwitz E, Borchers A. A PTK7/Ror2 Co-Receptor Complex Affects Xenopus Neural Crest Migration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145169. [PMID: 26680417 PMCID: PMC4683079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a highly migratory pluripotent cell population that generates a wide array of different cell types and failure in their migration can result in severe birth defects and malformation syndromes. Neural crest migration is controlled by various means including chemotaxis, repellent guidance cues and cell-cell interaction. Non-canonical Wnt PCP (planar cell polarity) signaling has previously been shown to control cell-contact mediated neural crest cell guidance. PTK7 (protein tyrosine kinase 7) is a transmembrane pseudokinase and a known regulator of Wnt/PCP signaling, which is expressed in Xenopus neural crest cells and required for their migration. PTK7 functions as a Wnt co-receptor; however, it remains unclear by which means PTK7 affects neural crest migration. Expressing fluorescently labeled proteins in Xenopus neural crest cells we find that PTK7 co-localizes with the Ror2 Wnt-receptor. Further, co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that PTK7 interacts with Ror2. The PTK7/Ror2 interaction is likely relevant for neural crest migration, because Ror2 expression can rescue the PTK7 loss of function migration defect. Live cell imaging of explanted neural crest cells shows that PTK7 loss of function affects the formation of cell protrusions as well as cell motility. Co-expression of Ror2 can rescue these defects. In vivo analysis demonstrates that a kinase dead Ror2 mutant cannot rescue PTK7 loss of function. Thus, our data suggest that Ror2 can substitute for PTK7 and that the signaling function of its kinase domain is required for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Podleschny
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anita Grund
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Berger
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Erik Rollwitz
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Annette Borchers
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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43
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Scarpa E, Szabó A, Bibonne A, Theveneau E, Parsons M, Mayor R. Cadherin Switch during EMT in Neural Crest Cells Leads to Contact Inhibition of Locomotion via Repolarization of Forces. Dev Cell 2015; 34:421-34. [PMID: 26235046 PMCID: PMC4552721 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) is the process through which cells move away from each other after cell-cell contact, and it contributes to malignant invasion and developmental migration. Various cell types exhibit CIL, whereas others remain in contact after collision and may form stable junctions. To investigate what determines this differential behavior, we study neural crest cells, a migratory stem cell population whose invasiveness has been likened to cancer metastasis. By comparing pre-migratory and migratory neural crest cells, we show that the switch from E- to N-cadherin during EMT is essential for acquisition of CIL behavior. Loss of E-cadherin leads to repolarization of protrusions, via p120 and Rac1, resulting in a redistribution of forces from intercellular tension to cell-matrix adhesions, which break down the cadherin junction. These data provide insight into the balance of physical forces that contributes to CIL in cells in vivo. Neural crest cells acquire contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) during EMT An E- to N-cadherin switch controls CIL E-cadherin represses CIL by controlling Rac1-dependent protrusions via p120 During CIL, forces are redistributed from intercellular junctions to cell matrix
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Scarpa
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - András Szabó
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anne Bibonne
- Centre de Biologie du Développement-UMR5547, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Eric Theveneau
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Centre de Biologie du Développement-UMR5547, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Kings College London, London SE11UL, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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44
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Abbruzzese G, Becker SF, Kashef J, Alfandari D. ADAM13 cleavage of cadherin-11 promotes CNC migration independently of the homophilic binding site. Dev Biol 2015. [PMID: 26206614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cranial neural crest (CNC) is a highly motile population of cells that is responsible for forming the face and jaw in all vertebrates and perturbing their migration can lead to craniofacial birth defects. Cell motility requires a dynamic modification of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. In the CNC, cleavage of the cell adhesion molecule cadherin-11 by ADAM13 is essential for cell migration. This cleavage generates a shed extracellular fragment of cadherin-11 (EC1-3) that possesses pro-migratory activity via an unknown mechanism. Cadherin-11 plays an important role in modulating contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) in the CNC to regulate directional cell migration. Here, we show that while the integral cadherin-11 requires the homophilic binding site to promote CNC migration in vivo, the EC1-3 fragment does not. In addition, we show that increased ADAM13 activity or expression of the EC1-3 fragment increases CNC invasiveness in vitro and blocks the repulsive CIL response in colliding cells. This activity requires the presence of an intact homophilic binding site on the EC1-3 suggesting that the cleavage fragment may function as a competitive inhibitor of cadherin-11 adhesion in CIL but not to promote cell migration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Abbruzzese
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sarah F Becker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Cu Strasbourg, France
| | - Jubin Kashef
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dominique Alfandari
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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45
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Bowen CJ, Zhou J, Sung DC, Butcher JT. Cadherin-11 coordinates cellular migration and extracellular matrix remodeling during aortic valve maturation. Dev Biol 2015; 407:145-57. [PMID: 26188246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proper remodeling of the endocardial cushions into thin fibrous valves is essential for gestational progression and long-term function. This process involves dynamic interactions between resident cells and their local environment, much of which is not understood. In this study, we show that deficiency of the cell-cell adhesion protein cadherin-11 (Cad-11) results in significant embryonic and perinatal lethality primarily due to valve related cardiac dysfunction. While endocardial to mesenchymal transformation is not abrogated, mesenchymal cells do not homogeneously cellularize the cushions. These cushions remain thickened with disorganized ECM, resulting in pronounced aortic valve insufficiency. Mice that survive to adulthood maintain thickened and stenotic semilunar valves, but interestingly do not develop calcification. Cad-11 (-/-) aortic valve leaflets contained reduced Sox9 activity, β1 integrin expression, and RhoA-GTP activity, suggesting that remodeling defects are due to improper migration and/or cellular contraction. Cad-11 deletion or siRNA knockdown reduced migration, eliminated collective migration, and impaired 3D matrix compaction by aortic valve interstitial cells (VIC). Cad-11 depleted cells in culture contained few filopodia, stress fibers, or contact inhibited locomotion. Transfection of Cad-11 depleted cells with constitutively active RhoA restored cell phenotypes. Together, these results identify cadherin-11 mediated adhesive signaling for proper remodeling of the embryonic semilunar valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States
| | - Derek C Sung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States.
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46
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Kashef J, Franz CM. Quantitative methods for analyzing cell–cell adhesion in development. Dev Biol 2015; 401:165-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Alimperti S, Andreadis ST. CDH2 and CDH11 act as regulators of stem cell fate decisions. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:270-82. [PMID: 25771201 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the mechanical and biochemical signals originating from cell-cell adhesion are critical for stem cell lineage specification. In this review, we focus on the role of cadherin mediated signaling in development and stem cell differentiation, with emphasis on two well-known cadherins, cadherin-2 (CDH2) (N-cadherin) and cadherin-11 (CDH11) (OB-cadherin). We summarize the existing knowledge regarding the role of CDH2 and CDH11 during development and differentiation in vivo and in vitro. We also discuss engineering strategies to control stem cell fate decisions by fine-tuning the extent of cell-cell adhesion through surface chemistry and microtopology. These studies may be greatly facilitated by novel strategies that enable monitoring of stem cell specification in real time. We expect that better understanding of how intercellular adhesion signaling affects lineage specification may impact biomaterial and scaffold design to control stem cell fate decisions in three-dimensional context with potential implications for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Alimperti
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Stelios T Andreadis
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA; Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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48
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Barriga EH, Mayor R. Embryonic cell-cell adhesion: a key player in collective neural crest migration. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:301-23. [PMID: 25733144 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for morphogenesis, adult tissue remodeling, wound healing, and cancer cell migration. Cells can migrate as individuals or groups. When cells migrate in groups, cell-cell interactions are crucial in order to promote the coordinated behavior, essential for collective migration. Interestingly, recent evidence has shown that cell-cell interactions are also important for establishing and maintaining the directionality of these migratory events. We focus on neural crest cells, as they possess extraordinary migratory capabilities that allow them to migrate and colonize tissues all over the embryo. Neural crest cells undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition at the same time than perform directional collective migration. Cell-cell adhesion has been shown to be an important source of planar cell polarity and cell coordination during collective movement. We also review molecular mechanisms underlying cadherin turnover, showing how the modulation and dynamics of cell-cell adhesions are crucial in order to maintain tissue integrity and collective migration in vivo. We conclude that cell-cell adhesion during embryo development cannot be considered as simple passive resistance to force, but rather participates in signaling events that determine important cell behaviors required for cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Barriga
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Embryonic cell migration patterns are amazingly complex in the timing and spatial distribution of cells throughout the vertebrate landscape. However, advances in in vivo visualization, cell interrogation, and computational modeling are extracting critical features that underlie the mechanistic nature of these patterns. The focus of this review highlights recent advances in the study of the highly invasive neural crest cells and their migratory patterns during embryonic development. We discuss these advances within three major themes and include a description of computational models that have emerged to more rapidly integrate and test hypothetical mechanisms of neural crest migration. We conclude with technological advances that promise to reveal new insights and help translate results to human neural crest-related birth defects and metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Kulesa
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research1000 E. 50 St, Kansas City, MO 64110USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of MedicineKansas City, KS, 66160USA
| | - Rebecca McLennan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research1000 E. 50 St, Kansas City, MO 64110USA
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50
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Abbruzzese G, Cousin H, Salicioni AM, Alfandari D. GSK3 and Polo-like kinase regulate ADAM13 function during cranial neural crest cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:4072-82. [PMID: 25298404 PMCID: PMC4263450 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-05-0970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAMs are cell surface metalloproteases that control multiple biological processes by cleaving signaling and adhesion molecules. ADAM13 controls cranial neural crest (CNC) cell migration both by cleaving cadherin-11 to release a promigratory extracellular fragment and by controlling expression of multiple genes via its cytoplasmic domain. The latter activity is regulated by γ-secretase cleavage and the translocation of the cytoplasmic domain into the nucleus. One of the genes regulated by ADAM13, the protease calpain8, is essential for CNC migration. Although the nuclear function of ADAM13 is evolutionarily conserved, it is unclear whether the transcriptional regulation is also performed by other ADAMs and how this process may be regulated. We show that ADAM13 function to promote CNC migration is regulated by two phosphorylation events involving GSK3 and Polo-like kinase (Plk). We further show that inhibition of either kinase blocks CNC migration and that the respective phosphomimetic forms of ADAM13 can rescue these inhibitions. However, these phosphorylations are not required for ADAM13 proteolysis of its substrates, γ-secretase cleavage, or nuclear translocation of its cytoplasmic domain. Of significance, migration of the CNC can be restored in the absence of Plk phosphorylation by expression of calpain-8a, pointing to impaired nuclear activity of ADAM13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Abbruzzese
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Hélène Cousin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Ana Maria Salicioni
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Dominique Alfandari
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
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