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Hohenauer E, Bianchi G, Wellauer V, Taube W, Clijsen R. Acute physiological responses and muscle recovery in females: a randomised controlled trial of muscle damaging exercise in hypoxia. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:70. [PMID: 38520001 PMCID: PMC10960417 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have investigated the effects of training under hypoxia (HYP) after several weeks in a male population. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on the acute hypoxic effects on physiology and muscle recovery in a female population. METHODS This randomized-controlled trial aimed to investigate the acute effects of muscle damaging exercise, performed in HYP and normoxia (CON), on physiological responses and recovery characteristics in healthy females. Key inclusion criteria were recreationally active female participants between the age of 18 to 35 years without any previous surgeries and injuries, whilst key exclusion criteria were acute pain situations, pregnancy, and medication intake. The females conducted a muscle-damaging protocol, comprising 5 × 20 drop-jumps, in either HYP (FiO2: 12%) or CON (FiO2: 21%). Physiological responses, including capillary oxygenation (SpO2), muscle oxygenation (SmO2), heart rate (HR), core- (Tcore) and skin- (Tskin) temperature were assessed at the end of each exercise set. Recovery characteristics were quantified by taking venous blood samples (serum creatine-kinase [CK], C-reactive protein [CRP] and blood sedimentation rate [BSR]), assessing muscle swelling of the quadriceps femoris muscle, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the knee extensor muscles, countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and muscle soreness ratings (DOMS) at 24-, 48- and 72-hrs post-exercise. RESULTS SpO2 (HYP: 76.7 ± 3.8%, CON: 95.5 ± 1.7%, p < 0.001) and SmO2 (HYP: 60.0 ± 9.3, CON: 73.4 ± 5.8%, p = 0.03) values were lower (p < 0.05) in HYP compared to CON at the end of the exercise-protocol. No physiological differences between HYP and CON were observed for HR, Tcore, and Tskin (all p > 0.05). There were also no differences detected for any recovery variable (CK, CRP, BSR, MVIC, CMJ, and DOMS) during the 72-hrs follow-up period between HYP and CON (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, our results showed that muscle damaging exercise under HYP leads to reduced capillary and muscle oxygenation levels compared to normoxia with no difference in inflammatory response and muscle recovery during 72 h post-exercise. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04902924, May 26th 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Hohenauer
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland.
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland.
- University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - G Bianchi
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - V Wellauer
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - W Taube
- University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - R Clijsen
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Duraes M, Garbay M, Ferrer C, Duflos C, Rathat G. Effect of whole-body cryotherapy versus placebo cryotherapy on joint pain induced by aromatase inhibitors in women with early stage breast cancer: a randomised clinical trial. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071756. [PMID: 38070928 PMCID: PMC10729259 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hormone therapy (HT) is a major adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Despite their effectiveness, aromatase inhibitors can cause several side effects, including arthralgia in 35%-50% of patients. These side effects frequently lead to the premature discontinuation of HT. Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) can be used for managing arthritic pain. The primary objective of this study will be to evaluate the effect of WBC on aromatase-induced joint pain, compared with placebo cryotherapy, in patients with hormone-dependent breast cancer receiving adjuvant aromatase inhibitors. The secondary objectives will be to evaluate WBC safety and its effect on analgesic consumption, HT adherence and quality of life. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In this randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial, 56 patients with aromatase inhibitor-induced joint pain and a Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF) score ≥3 for the worst pain experienced in the previous week will be randomised into the WBC or placebo cryotherapy arm (10 sessions in each group). The primary outcome will be the BPI-SF score at week 6 post-treatment. The secondary outcomes will include the BPI-SF scores at months 3 and 6 post-treatment, the BPI-SF pain severity index and pain interference index, the Health Assessment Questionnaire score, the number of days of aromatase inhibitor treatment and analgesic consumption in the 15 days before the visits at week 6 and months 3 and 6 after cryotherapy. The incidence of adverse events will also be investigated. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee Est IV of Hospital Civil, Strasbourg, France. Protocol V.5 was approved in December 2022. The results will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at international congresses. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05315011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Duraes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Garbay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Ferrer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU Nimes, Nimes, France
| | - Claire Duflos
- Clinical Research and Epidemiology unit, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gauthier Rathat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Pokora I, Drzazga Z, Wyderka P, Binek M. Determination of the Effects of a Series of Ten Whole-Body Cryostimulation Sessions on Physiological Responses to Exercise and Skin Temperature Behavior following Exercise in Elite Athletes. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6159. [PMID: 37834804 PMCID: PMC10573447 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of a series of 10 whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) sessions (3 min; -110 °C) on physiological and thermal responses to a submaximal exercise test in 17 elite athletes. Participants performed an exercise test twice at similar levels of intensity before and after a series of ten WBC sessions. Before and during the test, each participant's oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), internal temperature (Ti), and skin temperature in selected areas of the skin were measured, and the mean arterial pressure (MAP), physiological strain index (PSI), and mean skin temperature (Tsk) were calculated. The results show that during exercise, increases in Ti and the PSI were significantly lower after the WBC sessions, and although there were no significant changes in HR or the MAP, the Tsk was significantly higher. Following exercise, an increase in skin temperature asymmetry over the lower-body muscles was detected. A series of WBC sessions induced a tendency toward a decrease in temperature asymmetry over the thigh muscles. In conclusion, a series of ten WBC sessions does not induce significant modifications in physiological variables but does influence the PSI and Ti during exercise. Moreover, a series of ten WBC sessions influences the distribution of skin temperature and the magnitude of temperature asymmetries in the early phase of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Pokora
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Zofia Drzazga
- The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Piotr Wyderka
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mariusz Binek
- The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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Theurot D, Dupuy O, Louis J, Douzi W, Morin R, Arc-Chagnaud C, Dugué B. Partial-body cryostimulation does not impact peripheral microvascular responsiveness but reduces muscular metabolic O 2 consumption (mV˙O 2) at rest. Cryobiology 2023; 112:104561. [PMID: 37499963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.104561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of partial-body cryostimulation (PBC) on microvascular responsiveness and muscular metabolic O2 consumption rate (mV˙O2). Twenty healthy young adults (ten males and ten females) underwent a post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) test at the flexor digitorum superficialis area before and after a 3-min PBC session and a 3-min control session. Using near-infrared spectroscopy, occlusion and reperfusion slopes were calculated: oxyhemoglobin ([HbO2]) decrease rate ([HbO2] slope 1), deoxyhaemoglobin ([HHb]) increase rate ([HHb] slope 1), [HbO2] increase rate ([HbO2] slope 2), and [HHb] increase rate ([HHb] slope 2. Using HbO2 kinetics during the occlusion, mV˙O2 was also calculated to characterize myocytes' metabolic O2 consumption. HbO2 slope 1 value was lower after PBC than before PBC (-0.15 ± 0.08 vs -0.24 ± 0.11 s-1; respectively; P < 0.05) in male participants only. A lower [HHb] slope 1 was also observed after PBC compared to before PBC (0.18 ± 0.10 vs 0.24 ± 0.16 s-1; P < 0.05) with no interaction for sex categories. mV˙O2 was significantly lower after PBC than before (pre values 14.75 ± 3.94 vs 18.47 ± 5.73 μMO2Hb.s-1; respectively; P < 0.01) with no interaction between sex categories. No changes in the calculated slope 2 were observed. These findings suggest that a single session of PBC reduces the muscular metabolic O2 needs at rest; however, it does not alter the vascular ability to provide O2 to the myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Theurot
- University of Poitiers, Laboratory MOVE (UR 20296), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Poitiers, France.
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- University of Poitiers, Laboratory MOVE (UR 20296), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Poitiers, France; Ecole de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique (EKSAP), Faculté de Medicine, Université de Montreal, Canada
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Wafa Douzi
- University of Poitiers, Laboratory MOVE (UR 20296), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Poitiers, France
| | - Renée Morin
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Coralie Arc-Chagnaud
- University of Poitiers, Laboratory MOVE (UR 20296), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Poitiers, France
| | - Benoit Dugué
- University of Poitiers, Laboratory MOVE (UR 20296), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Poitiers, France
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De Nardi M, Allemano S, Bisio A, Faelli E, La Torre A, Ruggeri P, Codella R. Thermal responses induced by nitrogen and forced convection based partial-body cryostimulation. J Therm Biol 2023; 115:103620. [PMID: 37364442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Partial Body Cryostimulation (PBC) involves a very cold air flow directed to the body of subjects with minimal clothing. PBC is performed in a rapid timeframe, inside an on-purposed designed cryo-cabin. Recently, cryo-cabins have been built with different energy systems, however a validation study on relative thermal responses is missing. This study was aimed at comparing thermal responses following a PBC in an electrically powered cryo-cabin based on forced convection or into a standard nitrogen-fueled cryo-cabin. In a randomized crossover fashion, thirty-six subjects (F=20; M=16) underwent both cryo-exposures lasting 150 s each. Thermal responses were assessed before and immediately after completing each PBC session. Mixed model analysis of variance revealed a significantly colder temperature after electric PBC in all the body regions (except for the thighs) with respect to a standard nitrogen based PBC (F: 16.4 ± 1.4 vs 18 ± 5.8 °C; M: 16.4 ± 1.7 vs 20.9 ± 4 °C). Moreover, a significant lower thermal discomfort was perceived at the end of electric PBC as compared to that one felt following standard PBC. For the first time, the safety and thermo-effectiveness of an electric cryo-cabin based on forced convection was ensured. This methodology can be viable for practitioners of PBC and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo De Nardi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Allemano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ambra Bisio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy; Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Faelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy; Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Piero Ruggeri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy; Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy.
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A single session of whole-body cryotherapy boosts maximal cycling performance and enhances vagal drive at rest. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:383-393. [PMID: 36544016 PMCID: PMC9895013 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) has been reported to maximize physical recovery after exercise and reduce the ensuing muscle damage. In addition, WBC triggers cardiovascular responses leading to an increased vagal drive. Here we tested whether WBC may boost exercise performance as well as post-exercise recovery. Moreover, we compared the effects of WBC and exercise on sympathovagal balance and tested whether these two factors may interact. ECG was recorded in 28 healthy adults who underwent rest, all-out effort on a cycloergometer, 5 min recovery and again rest. After 3-5 days, WBC (3 min exposure to - 150 °C air) was applied and the whole procedure repeated. Total exercise duration was split into the time needed to reach peak power output (tPEAK) and the time to exhaustion (tEXH). The post-exercise exponential decay of HR was characterized by its delay from exercise cessation (tDELAY) and by its time constant (τOFF). Sympathovagal balance was evaluated by measuring HR variability power in the low (LF) and high (HF) frequency bands, both before exercise and after recovery from it. Sympathetic vs. vagal predominance was assessed by the sympathovagal index LFnu. Paired t-tests indicated that WBC increased tEXH and reduced tDELAY, speeding up the HR recovery. These results suggest that WBC may be exploited to boost exercise performance by about 12-14%. ANOVA on HR variability confirmed that exercise shifted the sympathovagal balance towards sympathetic predominance, but it also highlighted that WBC enhanced vagal drive at rest, both before exercise and after full recovery, covering ~ 70% of the exercise effect.
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Timing of Preexercise Partial-Body Cryotherapy Exposure to Promote Jump Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:893-900. [PMID: 35235905 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the effect of partial-body cryotherapy (PBC) exposure 1, 2, or 3 hours before maximal-effort jump performance, salivary enzyme concentration, perceived readiness, and well-being. METHODS Male team-sport players (N = 27; 24.2 [3.6] y; 91.5 [13.2] kg) were exposed to a blinded bout of PBC (-135°C [6°C]) and control (-59°C [17°C]) either 1, 2, or 3 hours prior to countermovement jumps. Passive saliva samples were collected to determine α-amylase concentration. Self-reported performance readiness and well-being questionnaires were completed using a 1-5 Likert scale. RESULTS Differences in the change in mean countermovement jump velocity and absolute power between PBC and control were unclear at 1 hour (+1.9% [5.3%], P = .149; +0.7% [10.6%], P = .919; mean difference [90% confidence limits]), 2 hours (+3.3% [2.7%], P = .196; +7.8% [7.4%], P = .169), and 3 hours postexposure (+3.1% [3.3%], P = .467; +0.7% [4.8%], P = .327). Salivary α-amylase concentration was elevated 15 minutes postexposure in the 1-hour (+61% [14%], P = .008) and 2-hour groups (+55% [12%], P = .013). The increase in self-reported performance readiness was higher after PBC (+2.4 [1.2] units, P = .046) in the 2-hour group and by 1.4 (1.1) units (P = .023) after 3 hours. Mental fatigue was favorably decreased 2 hours after PBC exposure (+0.5 [0.1], P = .041). CONCLUSIONS An acute exposure of PBC elicits potentially favorable but unclear changes in countermovement jump performance. The PBC enhances salivary α-amylase concentration and perceived performance readiness, reduces mental fatigue, and could be useful in sport-specific training or competitions.
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Cold for centuries: a brief history of cryotherapies to improve health, injury and post-exercise recovery. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1153-1162. [PMID: 35195747 PMCID: PMC9012715 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04915-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, cold temperatures have been used by humans for therapeutic, health and sporting recovery purposes. This application of cold for therapeutic purposes is regularly referred to as cryotherapy. Cryotherapies including ice, cold-water and cold air have been popularised by an ability to remove heat, reduce core and tissue temperatures, and alter blood flow in humans. The resulting downstream effects upon human physiologies providing benefits that include a reduced perception of pain, or analgesia, and an improved sensation of well-being. Ultimately, such benefits have been translated into therapies that may assist in improving post-exercise recovery, with further investigations assessing the role that cryotherapies can play in attenuating the ensuing post-exercise inflammatory response. Whilst considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the mechanistic changes associated with adopting cryotherapies, research focus tends to look towards the future rather than to the past. It has been suggested that this might be due to the notion of progress being defined as change over time from lower to higher states of knowledge. However, a historical perspective, studying a subject in light of its earliest phase and subsequent evolution, could help sharpen one's vision of the present; helping to generate new research questions as well as look at old questions in new ways. Therefore, the aim of this brief historical perspective is to highlight the origins of the many arms of this popular recovery and treatment technique, whilst further assessing the changing face of cryotherapy. We conclude by discussing what lies ahead in the future for cold-application techniques.
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Guo X, Huang D, Li D, Zou L, Lv H, Wang Y, Tan M. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells with hypoxic preconditioning improve tenogenic differentiation. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:49. [PMID: 35090498 PMCID: PMC8796587 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs), as seed cells for tendon tissue engineering, are promising for tendon repair and regeneration. But for ADSCs, diverse oxygen tensions have different stimulatory effects. To explore this issue, we investigated the tenogenic differentiation capability of ADSCs under hypoxia condition (5% O2) and the possible signaling pathways correspondingly. The effects of different oxygen tensions on proliferation, migration, and tenogenic differentiation potential of ADSCs were investigated. Methods P4 ADSCs were divided into a hypoxic group and a normoxic group. The hypoxic group was incubated under a reduced O2 pressure (5% O2, 5% CO2, balanced N2). The normoxic group was cultured in 21% O2. Two groups were compared: HIF-1α inhibitor (2-MeOE2) in normoxic culturing conditions and hypoxic culturing conditions. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and VEGF were measured using RT-qPCR. Specific HIF-1α inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol (2-MeOE2) was applied to investigate whether HIF-1α involved in ADSCs tenogenesis under hypoxia. Results Hypoxia significantly reduced proliferation and migration of ADSCs. Continuous treatment of ADSCs at 5% O2 resulted in a remarkable decrease in HIF-1α expression in comparison with 20% O2. Additionally, ADSCs of hypoxia preconditioning exhibited higher mRNA expression levels of the related key tenogenic makers and VEGF than normoxia via RT-qPCR measurement (p ˂ 0.05). Furthermore, the effects of hypoxia on tenogenic differentiation of ADSCs were inhibited by 2-MeOE2. Hypoxia can also stimulate VEGF production in ADSCs. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that hypoxia preconditioning attenuates the proliferation and migration ability of ADSCs, but has positive impact on tenogenic differentiation through HIF-1α signaling pathway.
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Duñabeitia I, Arrieta H, Rodriguez-Larrad A, Gil J, Esain I, Gil SM, Irazusta J, Bidaurrazaga-Letona I. Effects of Massage and Cold Water Immersion After an Exhaustive Run on Running Economy and Biomechanics: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:149-155. [PMID: 31800477 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Duñabeitia, I, Arrieta, H, Rodriguez-Larrad, A, Gil, J, Esain, I, Gil, SM, Irazusta, J, and Bidaurrazaga-Letona, I. Effects of massage and cold water immersion after an exhaustive run on running economy and biomechanics: A randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 149-155, 2022-This study compares the effects of 2 common recovery interventions performed shortly after an exhausting interval running session on running economy (RE) and biomechanics. Forty-eight well-trained male runners performed an exhaustive interval running protocol and an incremental treadmill test 24 hours later at 3 speeds: 12, 14, and 16 km·h-1. Subjects randomly received either massage, cold water immersion (CWI), or passive rest (control). Runners repeated the treadmill test 48 hours after the first test. A two-way mixed analysis of variance was performed comparing groups and testing times. The massage group had significantly better recovery than the control group at 14 km·h-1 in RE (p < 0.05; η2 = 0.176) and greater stride height and angle changes at 16 km·h-1 (p < 0.05; η2 = 0.166 and p < 0.05; η2 = 0.208, respectively). No differences were observed between the CWI and control groups. The massage group had greater stride height and angle changes at 16 km·h-1 than the CWI group (p < 0.05; η2 = 0.139 and p < 0.05; η2 = 0.168, respectively). Moreover, differences in magnitude suggested moderate effects on RE (η2 = 0.076) and swing time (η2 = 0.110). These results suggest that massage intervention promotes faster recovery of RE and running biomechanics than CWI or passive rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iratxe Duñabeitia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Haritz Arrieta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.,Onkologikoa Fundazioa, Donostia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Ana Rodriguez-Larrad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Javier Gil
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Izaro Esain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Susana M Gil
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Jon Irazusta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Iraia Bidaurrazaga-Letona
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
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Bouzigon R, Dupuy O, Tiemessen I, De Nardi M, Bernard JP, Mihailovic T, Theurot D, Miller ED, Lombardi G, Dugué BM. Cryostimulation for Post-exercise Recovery in Athletes: A Consensus and Position Paper. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:688828. [PMID: 34901847 PMCID: PMC8652002 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.688828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery after exercise is a crucial key in preventing muscle injuries and in speeding up the processes to return to homeostasis level. There are several ways of developing a recovery strategy with the use of different kinds of traditional and up-to-date techniques. The use of cold has traditionally been used after physical exercise for recovery purposes. In recent years, the use of whole-body cryotherapy/cryostimulation (WBC; an extreme cold stimulation lasting 1-4 min and given in a cold room at a temperature comprised from -60 to -195°C) has been tremendously increased for such purposes. However, there are controversies about the benefits that the use of this technique may provide. Therefore, the main objectives of this paper are to describe what is whole body cryotherapy/cryostimulation, review and debate the benefits that its use may provide, present practical considerations and applications, and emphasize the need of customization depending on the context, the purpose, and the subject's characteristics. This review is written by international experts from the working group on WBC from the International Institute of Refrigeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Bouzigon
- Université de Franche-Comté, UFR STAPS Besançon, Laboratoire C3S (EA4660), Axe Sport Performance, Besançon, France
- Society Inside the Athletes 3.0, Sport Performance Optimization Complex (COPS25), Besançon, France
- Society Aurore Concept, Noisiel, France
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Poitiers, France
- Ecole de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Actvivité Physique (EKSAP), Faculté de Medecine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ivo Tiemessen
- ProCcare BVBA, Antwerp, Belgium
- Mobilito Sport, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Massimo De Nardi
- Krioplanet Ltd, Treviglio, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jean-Pierre Bernard
- Air Liquide Group International Expert in Cryogenic Applications Cryolor, Ennery, France
| | - Thibaud Mihailovic
- Université de Franche-Comté, UFR STAPS Besançon, Laboratoire C3S (EA4660), Axe Sport Performance, Besançon, France
- Society Inside the Athletes 3.0, Sport Performance Optimization Complex (COPS25), Besançon, France
| | - Dimitri Theurot
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Benoit Michel Dugué
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Poitiers, France
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12
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O’ Brien C, Pegg J. A Preliminary Investigation into Ridden Water Submersion Training as an Adjunct to Current Condition Training Protocols in Performance Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092629. [PMID: 34573594 PMCID: PMC8470757 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon (SDFT) injuries are the most common musculoskeletal injury reported in equestrian jumping disciplines. In an attempt to reduce incidences of injuries in elite event horses, Ridden Water Submersion Training (RWST) is a form of condition training that involves submerging the horse up to sternum height in water and trotting for set intervals. It is used by a small number of trainers to increase cardiovascular fitness whilst potentially minimising tendon temperature increase, which is typically reported during traditional condition training sessions. The results of this study suggest that RWST acted as a moderate sub-maximal intensity level of exercise in a group of elite international event horses whilst preventing the accompanying increase of distal limb temperature commonly associated with condition training on land. RWST could thus be a useful adjunct to current condition training protocols, particularly for horses that compete in disciplines that have high incidence rates of tendon injury. However, further research is required to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the workload imposed during RWST training. Abstract This observational study aimed to elucidate the effects of RWST on the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems of horses and concurrently determine whether RWST limits distal limb temperature increases previously reported during gallop training on land. A group of 15 clinically sound international event horses were recruited, and heart rate (HR), speed (km/h) and thermal images of the distal limb were analysed at set intervals during RWST training. Intervals of RWST produced a total mean HRmax value of 65.18 ± 3.76%, which is within the parameters for increased aerobic stamina. Mean HR increased significantly (p < 0.01) while mean distal limb temperature decreased significantly (p < 0.01) between warm-up and RWST, which contrasts with positive correlations previously reported during gallop training on land. These preliminary results suggest that RWST can be classed as a moderate submaximal intensity exercise in elite international event horses whilst restricting an increase in temperature of the distal limb that is commonly associated with tendon rupture. Horses competing at very elite levels of eventing only represent a small percentage of the total performance population; therefore, further research is needed to ascertain the physiological effects of RWST in non-elite performance horses, as well as horses competing across various equestrian disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire O’ Brien
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Josephine Pegg
- Higher Education Department, University Centre Sparsholt, Winchester SO21 2NF, UK;
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Impact of acute partial-body cryostimulation on cognitive performance, cerebral oxygenation, and cardiac autonomic activity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7793. [PMID: 33833278 PMCID: PMC8032750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the effects of a 3-min partial-body cryostimulation (PBC) exposure—where the whole body is exposed to extreme cold, except the head—on cognitive inhibition performance and the possible implications of parasympathetic cardiac control and cerebral oxygenation. In a randomized controlled counterbalanced cross-over design, eighteen healthy young adults (nine males and nine females) completed a cognitive Stroop task before and after one single session of PBC (3-min exposure at − 150 °C cold air) and a control condition (3 min at room temperature, 20 °C). During the cognitive task, heart rate variability (HRV) and cerebral oxygenation of the prefrontal cortex were measured using heart rate monitoring and near-infrared spectroscopy methods. We also recorded the cerebral oxygenation during the PBC session. Stroop performance after PBC exposure was enhanced (562.0 ± 40.2 ms) compared to pre-PBC (602.0 ± 56.4 ms; P < 0.042) in males only, accompanied by an increase (P < 0.05) in HRV indices of parasympathetic tone, in greater proportion in males compared to females. During PBC, cerebral oxygenation decreased in a similar proportion in males and females but the cerebral extraction (deoxyhemoglobin: ΔHHb) remained higher after exposure in males, only. These data demonstrate that a single PBC session enhances the cognitive inhibition performance on a Stroop task in males, partly mediated by a greater parasympathetic cardiac control and greater cerebral oxygenation. The effects of PBC on cognitive function seem different in females, possibly explained by a different sensitivity to cold stimulation.
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14
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Miranda JP, Silva WT, Silva HJ, Mascarenhas RO, Oliveira VC. Effectiveness of cryotherapy on pain intensity, swelling, range of motion, function and recurrence in acute ankle sprain: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 49:243-249. [PMID: 33813154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigate effectiveness of cryotherapy on pain intensity, swelling, range of motion, function and recurrence in acute ankle sprain. METHODS Searches were conducted on six databases for randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating effectiveness of cryotherapy for pain intensity, swelling, range of motion, function and recurrence in acute ankle sprain. Selection of trials, data extraction and methodological quality assessment of included trials were conducted independently by two reviewers with discrepancies resolved by a third reviewer. Estimates were presented as mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The quality of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment (GRADE) approach. RESULTS Two RCTs with high risk of bias were included. Both evaluated the additional effects of cryotherapy, comparing cryotherapy combined with other intervention versus other intervention stand-alone. Uncertain evidence shows that cryotherapy does not enhance effects of other intervention on swelling (MD = 6.0; 95%CI: 0.5 to 12.5), pain intensity (MD = -0.03; 95%CI: 0.34 to 0.28) and range of motion (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Current literature lacks evidence supporting the use of cryotherapy on management of acute ankle sprain. There is an urgent call for larger high-quality randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio Pascoal Miranda
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil.
| | - Whesley Tanor Silva
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil.
| | - Hytalo Jesus Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Oliveira Mascarenhas
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil.
| | - Vinícius Cunha Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil.
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15
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Li M, Jia J, Li S, Cui B, Huang J, Guo Z, Ma K, Wang L, Cui C. Exosomes derived from tendon stem cells promote cell proliferation and migration through the TGF β signal pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 536:88-94. [PMID: 33370718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tendon stem cells (TSCs) are a kind of progenitor cells found in tendon niches, which play a key role in the repair of tendon injuries. Exosomes that mediate cell communication are involved in physiological processes and various diseases, while the effect of exosomes derived from TSCs (TSC-exo) on TSCs is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of TSC-exo on TSCs. Analyzing the characteristics of TSC-exo, we found that the TSC-exo were enriched in a large amount of transforming growth factor β (TGF β) by western blotting. We also found that the TGF β carried by TSC-exo can effectively accelerate the proliferation and migration of TSCs. We further found that TGF β carried by TSC-exo can activate the TGF β-Smad2/3 and the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in TSCs. Furthermore, matrix metalloenzyme 2 (MMP2), a downstream molecule of Smad2, is regulated by TGF β carried by TSC-exo. Collectively, our findings provide molecular insights into TSC-exo and indicate that TSC-exo are a potential strategy for treating tendon injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingda Li
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Jie Jia
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Baocheng Cui
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Jiao Huang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Zhaoming Guo
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Kun Ma
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China.
| | - Changhao Cui
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China.
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16
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Ventilatory responses to whole body cryotherapy. J Therm Biol 2020; 91:102633. [PMID: 32716875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of whole body cryotherapy (WBC) on measures of respiratory function, and their interaction with sex and anthropometry, are unknown. This study investigated ventilatory responses after WBC and examined the role of sex and anthropometric characteristics in 22 recreationally active male and female participants. Thermal sensation [TS], heart rate, blood pressure and ventilatory measures (expired volume [V˙E], oxygen consumption [V˙O2], respiratory exchange ratio and metabolic equivalents of task [METS]) were evaluated pre- and post-WBC, compared to a control condition. V˙E increased by 10.8 L.min-1 following WBC compared to 0.1 L.min-1 in the control session (p=.001). V˙O2 increased by 0.4 L.min-1 following WBC compared to 0.0 L.min-1 in the control session (p<.001). METS increased by 1.0 following WBC compared to 0.1 in the control session (p<.001). TS decreased by 2 following WBC compared to 0 in the control session (p<.001), with females' TS decreasing significantly more than males following WBC (p=.001). Following a WBC exposure, highly significant strong negative relationships were observed between fat mass index and ΔV˙O2 (p=.002, r=-.718), body fat percentage and ΔV˙O2 (p=.003, r=-.700), fat mass index and ΔMETS (p=.001, r=-.729), body fat percentage and ΔMETS (p=.004, r=-.676). Furthermore, strong, statistically significant positive correlations were observed following a WBC exposure between BSA to mass ratio and TS (p=.005, r=-.669), TS and BSA (p<0.001, r=.776) and fat free mass index and TS (p=.001, r=.745). A short exposure to WBC elicits a ventilatory response via increased V˙O2, V˙E and METS. The largest increases occur within the first minute post-exposure, but return to near resting levels 1 min post-WBC. Increases in V˙O2, V˙E and METS observed post-WBC are likely due to an acute transient shivering response due to cold air exposure.
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17
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Infrared cameras overestimate skin temperature during rewarming from cold exposure. J Therm Biol 2020; 91:102614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Louis J, Theurot D, Filliard JR, Volondat M, Dugué B, Dupuy O. The use of whole-body cryotherapy: time- and dose-response investigation on circulating blood catecholamines and heart rate variability. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1733-1743. [PMID: 32474683 PMCID: PMC7340648 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose A predominance of parasympathetic drive is observed following cold exposure. Such modulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is associated with faster post-exercise recovery. Within this context, whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) has been spreading in sport medicine, though the optimal temperature and frequency are unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of different cryotherapy conditions on the sympathovagal balance. Methods Forty healthy males were randomly assigned into five different groups (− 110 °C, − 60 °C, − 10 °C, control temperature [≃ 24 °C]) and undertook 5 WBC sessions over 5 consecutive days. Cardiac autonomic activity was assessed through heart rate variability (HRV) using power density of high frequency (HF), root-mean square difference of successive R–R intervals (RMSSD) and sympathovagal balance (LF/HF). Systemic sympathetic activity was assessed via circulating blood catecholamines. Results Mean weekly RMSSD (pre: 48 ± 22 ms, post: 68 ± 29 ms) and HF (pre: 607 ± 692 ms2, post: 1271 ± 1180 ms2) increased (p < 0.05) from pre to post WBC, only in the − 110 °C condition. A rise in plasma norepinephrine was found after the first − 110 °C WBC session only (pre: 173 ± 98, post: 352 ± 231 ng L−1, p < 0.01); whereas, it was not significant after the 5th session (pre: 161 ± 120, post: 293 ± 245 ng L−1, p = 0.15). Conclusion These results suggest that one − 110 °C WBC exposure is required to stimulate the ANS. After five daily exposures, a lower autonomic response was recorded compared to day one, therefore suggesting the development of physiological habituation to WBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Dimitri Theurot
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Robert Filliard
- Medical Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), 11 avenue du tremblay, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Marielle Volondat
- Medical Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), 11 avenue du tremblay, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Dugué
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Alexander J, Rhodes DD, Birdsall D, Selfe PJ. COMPARISON OF CRYOTHERAPY MODALITY APPLICATION OVER THE ANTERIOR THIGH ACROSS RUGBY UNION POSITIONS; A CROSSOVER RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2020; 15:210-220. [PMID: 32269854 PMCID: PMC7134350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In deliberation of the diverse physical traits of rugby union and the known interference adipose tissue has on the ability to cool deeper tissues, evidence is required to understand the effect of cryotherapy modalities to provide optimum outcomes post-injury. PURPOSE To investigate differences in the cooling ability of three different cryotherapy modalities in a rugby union population in an attempt to describe optimum cooling protocols for the anterior thigh. STUDY DESIGN Within-subjects randomized control crossover. METHODS Twenty-one healthy male rugby union players took part. Skin surface temperature measured via thermal imaging camera (ThermoVision A40M, Flir Systems, Danderyd, Sweden) alongside Thermal Comfort and Sensation questionnaires following interventions of either Wetted Ice (WI), Crushed Ice (CI) applied in a polythene bag secured by plastic wrap, or CryoCuff® (CC), applied for 20-minutes over the anterior thigh. Participants were grouped by their typical playing position for the sport of rugby union; i.e. forwards and backs. RESULTS Significant differences (p=<0.05) in T sk for all modalities compared to baseline and comparing post T sk between CI and CC (p=0.01) and WI to CC (p=0.01) were displayed. Significantly greater reductions in T sk noted immediately-post in the 'forwards' group (p=≤0.05) compared to the 'backs' group for, all modalities (p=≤0.05). Thermal Comfort and Sensation scores demonstrated significant changes baseline compared to post for all modalities (p=<0.05). No significant differences were found when comparing between modalities for Thermal Comfort (p=0.755) or Sensation (p=0.225) for whole group or between positional groups. CONCLUSIONS Physiological responses to cooling differed across modalities with WI producing the greatest decrease in T sk. Significant variability in T sk was also displayed between positional factions. Results uphold the importance of the individualization of local cooling protocols when considering physical traits and characteristics within a rugby union population. Findings provide further understanding of the physiological responses to cooling through T sk quantification in specific populations, helping to guide sports medicine practitioners on optimal cooling application development in sport. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Alexander
- University of Central Lancashire, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Dr David Rhodes
- Institute of Coaching and Performance (ICaP), University of Central Lancashire, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Daniel Birdsall
- University of Central Lancashire, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Prof. James Selfe
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester, UK
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20
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Effects of local cryotherapy for recovery of delayed onset muscle soreness and strength following exercise-induced muscle damage: systematic review and meta-analysis. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Grainger A, Comfort P, Heffernan S. No Effect of Partial-Body Cryotherapy on Restoration of Countermovement Jump or Well-Being Performance in Elite Rugby Union Players During the Competitive Phase of the Season. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:98-104. [PMID: 31034293 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Partial body cryotherapy (PBC) has been shown to be beneficial for postexercise recovery; however, no study has demonstrated the effectiveness of PBC for recovery following elite rugby union training. Rugby union is a unique sport that involves high-velocity collisions and may induce greater performance decrements than other sports; thus, PBC could be beneficial. The application of PBC in "real world" has rarely been investigated during the competitive phase of a playing season and warranted investigation. METHODS In a counterbalanced sequential research design, professional rugby athletes (n = 18; age 25.4 [4.0] y; training age 7.2 [4.0] y; mass 99.8 [10.6] kg; height 188.3 [6.0] cm) were assigned to a 12-week PBC intervention, washout period (4 wk), and reassessed as their own controls. Self-reported well-being, muscle soreness, sleep quality, and countermovement jump height were assessed before and 40 hours after "real-world" training. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Cohen d were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS No differences were observed between PBC and control conditions (P > .05; d = 0.00-0.14) for well-being (-0.02% [0.08%] vs 0.01% [0.06%]), muscle soreness (-0.01% [0.11%] vs 0.01% [0.16%]), sleep quality (-0.03% [0.14%] vs 0.10% [0.29%]), or countermovement jump height (36.48-36.59 vs 38.13-37.52 cm; P = .54). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest PBC is ineffective for the restoration of selected performance parameters during the performance maintenance phase of the competitive season. To ascertain the appropriation of its use, future investigations should seek to assess the use of cryotherapies at various phases of the elite rugby union competitive season.
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22
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Hohenauer E, Costello JT, Deliens T, Clarys P, Stoop R, Clijsen R. Partial-body cryotherapy (-135°C) and cold-water immersion (10°C) after muscle damage in females. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:485-495. [PMID: 31677292 PMCID: PMC7027844 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of cold‐water immersion (CWI), partial‐body cryotherapy (PBC), or a passive control (CON) on physiological and recovery variables following exercise‐induced muscle damage (EIMD, 5 × 20 drop jumps) in females. Twenty‐eight females were allocated to PBC (30 seconds at −60°C, 2 minutes at −135°C), CWI (10 minutes at 10°C), or CON (10 minutes resting). Muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and local skin temperature were assessed at baseline and through 60 minutes (10‐minute intervals), while delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), muscle swelling, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and vertical jump performance (VJP) were assessed up to 72 hours (24‐hour intervals) following treatments. SmO2 was lower in PBC (Δ‐2.77 ± 13.08%) and CWI (Δ‐5.91 ± 11.80%) compared with CON (Δ18.96 ± 1.46%) throughout the 60‐minute follow‐up period (P < .001). CVC was lower from PBC (92.7 ± 25.0%, 90.5 ± 23.4%) and CWI (90.3 ± 23.5%, 88.1 ± 22.9%) compared with CON (119.0 ± 5.1 and 116.1 ± 6.6%, respectively) between 20 and 30 minutes (P < .05). Mean skin temperature was lower from CWI vs PBC (between 10 and 40 minutes, P < .05). Mean skin temperature was higher in CON compared with CWI up to 60 minutes and compared with PBC up to 30 minutes (P < .05). DOMS was lower following both PBC and CWI compared with CON through 72‐hour (P < .05), with no difference between groups. No main group differences for swelling, MVIC, and VJP were observed. In conclusion, CWI elicited generally greater physiological effects compared with PBC while both interventions were more effective than CON in reducing DOMS in females, but had no effect on functional measures or swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Hohenauer
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland.,International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland.,Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joseph T Costello
- School of Sport, Health & Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Tom Deliens
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Clarys
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rahel Stoop
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland.,International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Ron Clijsen
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland.,International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland.,Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Raccuglia M, Heyde C, Lloyd A, Hodder S, Havenith G. The use of infrared thermal imaging to measure spatial and temporal sweat retention in clothing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:885-894. [PMID: 30919096 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-019-01701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In our previous laboratory study a 'destructive' gravimetric method was developed to quantify local garment sweat absorption. While this currently is the only methodology that permits direct and analytical measurements of garment regional sweat absorption, the latter approach is time-consuming and expensive, therefore, of limited applicability. As such, in this study, we wanted to assess whether infrared thermography could be used as an indirect method to estimate garment regional sweat absorption, right after exercise, in a 'non-destructive' fashion. Spatial and temporal sweat absorption data, obtained in our previous study, were correlated with spatial and temporal temperature data obtained in the same experiment with an infrared thermal camera. The data suggest that infrared thermography is a good tool to qualitatively predict regional sweat absorption in garments at separate individual time points; however, temporal changes are not predicted well, due to a moisture content threshold above which variations in sweat content cannot be discriminated by further temperature changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Raccuglia
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | | | - Alex Lloyd
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Simon Hodder
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - George Havenith
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
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LUBKOWSKA A, BRYCZKOWSKA I, SZYGULA Z, GIEMZA C, SKRZEK A, ROTTER I, LOMBARDI G, BANFI G. The Effect of Repeated Whole-Body Cryostimulation on the HSP-70 and Lipid Metabolisms in Healthy Subjects. Physiol Res 2019; 68:419-429. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to 30 daily whole body cryostimulation (WBC) on lipid metabolic parameters and serum HSP-70 concentration. The study involved 45 volunteers, homogeneous in terms of diet and daily physical activity. Blood samples were collected before and after the 10th, the 20th, and the 30th session and one month after the intervention. Total cholesterol, HDL, TG concentrations and Apolipoprotein A-I, ApoB and HSP-70 protein levels were determined in serum. Additionally, the LI (Lipid Index) and the LDL level were calculated. During exposure, positive changes in the lipid profile that included a decrease in the TCh, initiated after the 20th WBC session with a simultaneous decrease in TG and LDL levels, and an increase in the HDL concentration were observed. These changes were accompanied by a downward trend in the ApoB concentration and a decrease in the ApoB:ApoA-I ratio after 30 sessions. The nature of these changes persisted for a month after the exposure. The obtained results indicate metabolic benefits that result from prolonged exposure to cryogenic temperatures, confirming the postulate of using WBC in the regulation of lipid metabolism and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. LUBKOWSKA
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - I. BRYCZKOWSKA
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Z. SZYGULA
- Department of Physiotherapy, State University of Applied Sciences in Nowy Sacz, Nowy Sacz, Poland
| | - C. GIEMZA
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A. SKRZEK
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - I. ROTTER
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - G. LOMBARDI
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Instituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - G. BANFI
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Instituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
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Hoshikawa M, Dohi M, Nakamura M. Effects of evening partial body cryostimulation on the skin and core temperatures. J Therm Biol 2019; 79:144-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jaworska J, Micielska K, Kozłowska M, Wnorowski K, Skrobecki J, Radzimiński L, Babińska A, Rodziewicz E, Lombardi G, Ziemann E. A 2-Week Specific Volleyball Training Supported by the Whole Body Cryostimulation Protocol Induced an Increase of Growth Factors and Counteracted Deterioration of Physical Performance. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1711. [PMID: 30555349 PMCID: PMC6282029 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentially beneficial effects of cold therapies on training adaptation still remain unequivocal. We have, thus, decided to evaluate the effects of a 2-week volleyball training program supported by 10 sessions of whole body cryostimulation (WBC) on growth factors and physical performance. Twenty healthy college-aged men and women randomly assigned either to the cryostimulation group (CRY) or the control group (CON; executed passive rest). Both groups took part in the same 2-weeks training program. Additionally, the CRY group attended in 10 cryo-sessions (3 min, -110°C temperature, five times/week). Blood samples were collected at baseline, 1 h after the first cryo-session as well as before and 1 h after the last session of WBC to assess growth factors, myokines concentration and the amino acid profile. Motor abilities were tested before commencing the training program and 2 days after its completion. The applied intervention resulted in an increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations. The adjusted effect describing the difference between groups in response to applied procedures was for both growth factors large and very likely in the CRY, higher than in the CON group (113%; Coefficient Interval: 38–230%, 45%; Coefficient Interval: 17–79%, respectively). Physical performance dropped in both groups, yet in the CRY group, the magnitude of change was smaller. The fibroblast growth factor dropped significantly 1 h following the first cryo-session, yet irisin remained statistically unchanged. The similar tendency was maintained after the whole procedure, still the range of changes was smaller. In the CRY group, an elevated uptake of tryptophan and valine noted in response to the whole intervention, could have induced a significant decrease of fasting glucose concentration (the adjusted effect small and very likely -6%; Coefficient Interval: -10 to -2%). Overall, a 2-week volleyball training program supported by the whole body cryostimulation protocol resulted in an increase of growth factors and offset a decline of physical performance. Thus these procedure can be applied in professional sport during competition period, especially among those disciplines focusing on an explosive power and ability to concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jaworska
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Micielska
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Kozłowska
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wnorowski
- Department of Volleyball, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Skrobecki
- Department of Volleyball, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lukasz Radzimiński
- Department of Biomedical Health Basics, Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Babińska
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Rodziewicz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Ewa Ziemann
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
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Whole body cryotherapy, cold water immersion, or a placebo following resistance exercise: a case of mind over matter? Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 119:135-147. [PMID: 30310979 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-4008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of cryotherapy as a recovery intervention is prevalent amongst athletes. Performance of high volume, heavy load resistance exercise is known to result in disturbances of muscle function, perceptual responses and blood borne parameters. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of cold water immersion (CWI), whole body cryotherapy (WBC) or a placebo (PL) intervention on markers of recovery following an acute resistance training session. METHODS 24 resistance trained males were matched into a CWI (10 min at 10 °C), WBC (3- and 4 min at - 85 °C) or PL group before completing a lower body resistance training session. Perceptions of soreness and training stress, markers of muscle function, inflammation and efflux of intracellular proteins were assessed before, and up to 72 h post exercise. RESULTS The training session resulted in increased soreness, disturbances of muscle function, and increased inflammation and efflux of intracellular proteins. Although WBC attenuated soreness at 24 h, and positively influenced peak force at 48 h compared to CWI and PL, many of the remaining outcomes were trivial, unclear or favoured the PL condition. With the exception of CRP at 24 h, neither cryotherapy intervention attenuated the inflammatory response compared to PL. CONCLUSION There was some evidence to suggest that WBC is more effective than CWI at attenuating select perceptual and functional responses following resistance training. However, neither cryotherapy intervention was more effective than the placebo treatment at accelerating recovery. The implications of these findings should be carefully considered by individuals employing cryotherapy as a recovery strategy following heavy load resistance training.
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Whole-body cryotherapy (-110 °C) following high-intensity intermittent exercise does not alter hormonal, inflammatory or muscle damage biomarkers in trained males. Cytokine 2018; 113:277-284. [PMID: 30031682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the acute effects of a single session of Whole-body Cryotherapy (WBC) following severe intermittent running exercise on biomarkers of inflammation, muscle damage and stress. METHODS Endurance-trained males (n = 11) were tested twice using a within-participant, balanced cross-over design that consisted of 5 × 5 min of high-intensity running (HIR) followed by either 3 min of WBC at -110 °C or a passive control condition (CON). Before the HIR and after 60 min of recovery a ramp-test was completed. At seven time points up to 24 hrs post exercise venous blood samples were analyzed for serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), c-reactive protein (CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), myoglobin, cortisol, and testosterone. RESULTS HIR induced significant increases in all biomarkers except sICAM-1 in both recovery conditions, respectively. Compared to the CON condition WBC did not attenuate exercise- induced changes in IL-6, IL-10, sICAM-1, myoglobin, cortisol, testosterone or their ratio. Increased levels of cortisol following exercise were negatively correlated with subsequent running performance in both conditions (WBC: r = -0.61, p = 0.04; CON: r = -0.64, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the postulated physiological mechanisms by which WBC is proposed to improve recovery, i.e. reductions in inflammation and muscle damage, may not be accurate.
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Szpotowicz-Czech B, Wiecek M, Szymura J, Maciejczyk M, Szygula Z. Changes in chosen immune system indicators and the level of HSP-70 after single whole-body cryostimulation in healthy men. Cent Eur J Immunol 2018; 43:186-193. [PMID: 30135632 PMCID: PMC6102624 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2018.77389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of our research was to examine the influence of single whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) on chosen immune system indicators including the heat shock protein HSP-70. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was carried out among ten young and healthy men (mean age 22.4 ±1.65, with a body mass index of 22.91 ±2.39 kg/m2). The participants were subjected to single whole-body cryostimulation (at -130°C temperatures) in a special cryogenic chamber for 3 minutes. Blood samples were collected three times: before cryostimulation, 30 minutes and 24 hours after WBC. Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM), interleukins (IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β) and the heat shock protein (HSP-70) were determined in the blood serum. RESULTS As a result of a single exposure to cryogenic temperatures, a significant increase in the level of IL-6 was observed 30 minutes after the WBC (p < 0.05) and a decrease in the level of HSP-70 24 hours after the treatment (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in the level of interleukins (IL-10, IL-1β) or immunoglobulins 30 minutes after a single WBC treatment or 24 hours later. CONCLUSIONS Detailed analysis of the issue shows that a single application of whole-body cryostimulation causes a small, modulating effect on the IL-6 level. Single whole-body cryostimulation treatment has also a slight silencing effect on the HSP-70 level in healthy, young men. Reduction in the concentration of HSP-70 24 hours after WBC may indicate lack of the damaging impact on the spatial structure of the protein due to cryogenic temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Wiecek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Szymura
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Szygula
- Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Effects of a capacitive-resistive electric transfer therapy on physiological and biomechanical parameters in recreational runners: A randomized controlled crossover trial. Phys Ther Sport 2018; 32:227-234. [PMID: 29870922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compared the effects of a capacitive-resistive electric transfer therapy (Tecar) and passive rest on physiological and biomechanical parameters in recreational runners when performed shortly after an exhausting training session. DESIGN Randomized controlled crossover trial. SETTING University biomechanical research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Fourteen trained male runners MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Physiological (running economy, oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, ventilation, heart rate, blood lactate concentration) and biomechanical (step length; stride angle, height, frequency, and contact time; swing time; contact phase; support phase; push-off phase) parameters were measured during two incremental treadmill running tests performed two days apart after an exhaustive training session. RESULTS When running at 14 km/h and 16 km/h, the Tecar treatment group presented greater increases in stride length (p < 0.001), angle (p < 0.05) and height (p < 0.001) between the first and second tests than the control group and, accordingly, greater decreases in stride frequency (p < 0.05). Physiological parameters were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that a Tecar therapy intervention enhances biomechanical parameters in recreational runners after an exhaustive training session more than passive rest, generating a more efficient running pattern without affecting selected physiological parameters.
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Alexander J, Richards J, Attah O, Cheema S, Snook J, Wisdell C, May K, Selfe J. Delayed effects of a 20-min crushed ice application on knee joint position sense assessed by a functional task during a re-warming period. Gait Posture 2018; 62:173-178. [PMID: 29554515 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Delayed effects of a 20-min crushed ice application on knee joint position sense assessed by a functional task during a re-warming period. INTRODUCTION The effect of cryotherapy on joint positioning presents conflicting debates as to whether individuals are at an increased risk of injury when returning to play following cryotherapy application at the lower limb. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate whether a 20 min application of crushed ice at the knee affects knee joint kinematics immediately post and up to 20 mins post ice removal, during a small knee bend. METHOD 17 healthy male participants took part in the study performing a functional task. Using three-dimensional motion analysis (Qualisys Medical AB Gothenburg, Sweden), kinematics of the knee were measured during a weight bearing functional task pre and immediately post, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min post cryotherapy intervention. Skin surface temperature (Tsk) cooling was measured via infrared non-contact thermal imaging (Flir Systems, Danderyd, Sweden) over the anterior and medial aspect of the knee. RESULTS Results demonstrated significant reductions in the ability to accurately replicate knee joint positioning. A significant increase (P ≧ 0.05) in rotational movement in the transverse plane occurred, 20 min post ice removal. DISCUSSION A 20-min application of crushed ice to the anterior aspect of the non-dominant knee has an adverse effect on knee joint repositioning and dynamic stability, 20 min after ice is removed. In consideration of returning a land-based athlete to dynamic functional activities, post cryotherapeutic intervention at the knee, clinicians should consider these findings due to the potential increase risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Alexander
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom.
| | - Jim Richards
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Obed Attah
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Cheema
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Snook
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Wisdell
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Karen May
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - James Selfe
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Department of Health Professions, Manchester, Brooks Building, M15 6GX, United Kingdom
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Hohenauer E, Costello JT, Stoop R, Küng UM, Clarys P, Deliens T, Clijsen R. Cold-water or partial-body cryotherapy? Comparison of physiological responses and recovery following muscle damage. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:1252-1262. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Hohenauer
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care; University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland; Landquart Switzerland
- THIM University of Applied Sciences; Landquart Switzerland
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussel Belgium
| | - J. T. Costello
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - R. Stoop
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care; University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland; Landquart Switzerland
| | - U. M. Küng
- THIM University of Applied Sciences; Landquart Switzerland
| | - P. Clarys
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussel Belgium
| | - T. Deliens
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussel Belgium
| | - R. Clijsen
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care; University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland; Landquart Switzerland
- THIM University of Applied Sciences; Landquart Switzerland
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussel Belgium
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Mawhinney C, Low DA, Jones H, Green DJ, Costello JT, Gregson W. Cold Water Mediates Greater Reductions in Limb Blood Flow than Whole Body Cryotherapy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1252-1260. [PMID: 28141620 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cold-water immersion (CWI) and whole body cryotherapy (WBC) are widely used recovery methods in an attempt to limit exercise-induced muscle damage, soreness, and functional deficits after strenuous exercise. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of ecologically valid CWI and WBC protocols on postexercise lower limb thermoregulatory, femoral artery, and cutaneous blood flow responses. METHODS Ten males completed a continuous cycle exercise protocol at 70% maximal oxygen uptake until a rectal temperature of 38°C was attained. Participants were then exposed to lower-body CWI (8°C) for 10 min, or WBC (-110°C) for 2 min, in a randomized crossover design. Rectal and thigh skin, deep, and superficial muscle temperatures, thigh, and calf skin blood flow (laser Doppler flowmetry), superficial femoral artery blood flow (duplex ultrasound), and arterial blood pressure were measured before, and for 40 min post, cooling interventions. RESULTS Greater reductions in thigh skin (CWI, -5.9°C ± 1.8°C; WBC, 0.2°C ± 0.5°C; P < 0.001) and superficial (CWI, -4.4°C ± 1.3°C; WBC, -1.8°C ± 1.1°C; P < 0.001) and deep (CWI, -2.9°C ± 0.8°C; WBC, -1.3°C ± 0.6°C; P < 0.001) muscle temperatures occurred immediately after CWI. Decreases in femoral artery conductance were greater after CWI (CWI, -84% ± 11%; WBC, -59% ± 21%, P < 0.02) and thigh (CWI, -80% ± 5%; WBC, -59% ± 14%, P < 0.001), and calf (CWI, -73% ± 13%; WBC, -45% ± 17%, P < 0.001) cutaneous vasoconstriction was greater after CWI. Reductions in rectal temperature were similar between conditions after cooling (CWI, -0.6°C ± 0.4°C; WBC, -0.6°C ± 0.3°C; P = 0.98). CONCLUSION Greater reductions in blood flow and tissue temperature were observed after CWI in comparison with WBC. These novel findings have practical and clinical implications for the use of cooling in the recovery from exercise and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Mawhinney
- 1Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM; 2School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, AUSTRALIA; and 3Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UNITED KINGDOM
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Moreira DG, Costello JT, Brito CJ, Adamczyk JG, Ammer K, Bach AJ, Costa CM, Eglin C, Fernandes AA, Fernández-Cuevas I, Ferreira JJ, Formenti D, Fournet D, Havenith G, Howell K, Jung A, Kenny GP, Kolosovas-Machuca ES, Maley MJ, Merla A, Pascoe DD, Priego Quesada JI, Schwartz RG, Seixas AR, Selfe J, Vainer BG, Sillero-Quintana M. Thermographic imaging in sports and exercise medicine: A Delphi study and consensus statement on the measurement of human skin temperature. J Therm Biol 2017; 69:155-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lombardi G, Ziemann E, Banfi G. Whole-Body Cryotherapy in Athletes: From Therapy to Stimulation. An Updated Review of the Literature. Front Physiol 2017; 8:258. [PMID: 28512432 PMCID: PMC5411446 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, whole-body cryotherapy is a medical physical treatment widely used in sports medicine. Recovery from injuries (e.g., trauma, overuse) and after-season recovery are the main purposes for application. However, the most recent studies confirmed the anti-inflammatory, anti-analgesic, and anti-oxidant effects of this therapy by highlighting the underlying physiological responses. In addition to its therapeutic effects, whole-body cryotherapy has been demonstrated to be a preventive strategy against the deleterious effects of exercise-induced inflammation and soreness. Novel findings have stressed the importance of fat mass on cooling effectiveness and of the starting fitness level on the final result. Exposure to the cryotherapy somehow mimics exercise, since it affects myokines expression in an exercise-like fashion, thus opening another possible window on the therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. From a biochemical point of view, whole-body cryotherapy not always induces appreciable modifications, but the final clinical output (in terms of pain, soreness, stress, and post-exercise recovery) is very often improved compared to either the starting condition or the untreated matched group. Also, the number and the frequency of sessions that should be applied in order to obtain the best therapeutic results have been deeply investigated in the last years. In this article, we reviewed the most recent literature, from 2010 until present, in order to give the most updated insight into this therapeutic strategy, whose rapidly increasing use is not always based on scientific assumptions and safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico GaleazziMilan, Italy
| | - Ewa Ziemann
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and SportGdansk, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico GaleazziMilan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilan, Italy
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Validation of a new whole-body cryotherapy chamber based on forced convection. J Therm Biol 2017; 65:138-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Russell M, Birch J, Love T, Cook CJ, Bracken RM, Taylor T, Swift E, Cockburn E, Finn C, Cunningham D, Wilson L, Kilduff LP. The Effects of a Single Whole-Body Cryotherapy Exposure on Physiological, Performance, and Perceptual Responses of Professional Academy Soccer Players After Repeated Sprint Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:415-421. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Cuttell S, Hammond L, Langdon D, Costello J. Individualising the exposure of -110°C whole body cryotherapy: The effects of sex and body composition. J Therm Biol 2017; 65:41-47. [PMID: 28343574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of whole body cryotherapy (WBC) on a range of thermoregulatory measures. We also sought to examine the influence of sex and body composition. A convenience sample of 18 healthy participants (10 males and 8 females) (27±6yr) volunteered for this study. Temperature (core, tympanic, skin and mean body), heart rate, blood pressure, and thermal comfort and sensation were recorded pre- and post- (immediately and every 5min until 35min post) exposure to a single bout of WBC (30s at -60°C, 150s at 110°C). Anthropometric data (height, weight, body surface area, body mass index, fat mass and fat free mass) were also recorded. No significant differences in temperature (core, tympanic, skin and mean body), heart rate, blood pressure, or thermal comfort / sensation were observed between male and females at baseline. Immediately post WBC mean body (male:31.9±0.8°C; female:31.0±0.9°C; ∆ mean body temperature:0.9±0.1°C; P≤0.05, d=0.64) and mean skin (male:22.1±2.2°C; female:19.6±2.8°C; ∆ mean skin temperature:-2.5±0.6°C; d=0.99, P≤0.05) temperature was significantly different between sexes. Sex differences were also observed in regional skin temperature (male thigh, 20.8±1.1°C; female thigh, 16.7±1.1°C, ∆ mean thigh skin temperature:-4.1°C; d=3.72; male calf, 20.5±1.1°C; female calf, 18.2±1°C, ∆ mean calf skin temperature:-2.3±0.1°C; d=3.61; male arm, 21.7±1°C; female arm, 19±0.4°C, ∆ mean arm skin temperature: -2.7±0.3°C; d=3.54; P≤0.05). Mean arterial pressure was significantly different over time (P≤0.001) and between sexes (male 0mins:94±10mmHg; female 0mins:85±7mmHg; male 35mins:88±7mmHg; female 35mins:80±6mmHg; P≤0.05). Combined data set indicated a strong negative relationship between skin temperature and body fat percentage 35min' post WBC (r=-0.749, P≤0.001) and for core temperature and body mass index in males only (r=0.726, P≤0.05) immediately after WBC. There were no significant differences between sexes in any other variables (heart rate, tympanic and perceptual variables). We observed sex differences in mean skin and mean body temperature following exposure to whole body cryotherapy. In an attempt to optimise treatment, these differences should be taken into account if whole body cryotherapy is prescribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Cuttell
- University of Northampton, Park Campus, Boughton Green road, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK.
| | - Lucy Hammond
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Dominic Langdon
- Moulton College, West Street, Moulton, Northampton NN3 7RR, UK.
| | - Joseph Costello
- University of Portsmouth, Winston Churchill Avenue, St James road, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, UK.
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Bongers CCWG, Hopman MTE, Eijsvogels TMH. Cooling interventions for athletes: An overview of effectiveness, physiological mechanisms, and practical considerations. Temperature (Austin) 2017; 4:60-78. [PMID: 28349095 PMCID: PMC5356217 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2016.1277003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced increases in core body temperature could negative impact performance and may lead to development of heat-related illnesses. The use of cooling techniques prior (pre-cooling), during (per-cooling) or directly after (post-cooling) exercise may limit the increase in core body temperature and therefore improve exercise performance. The aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive overview of current scientific knowledge in the field of pre-cooling, per-cooling and post-cooling. Based on existing studies, we will discuss 1) the effectiveness of cooling interventions, 2) the underlying physiological mechanisms and 3) practical considerations regarding the use of different cooling techniques. Furthermore, we tried to identify the optimal cooling technique and compared whether cooling-induced performance benefits are different between cool, moderate and hot ambient conditions. This article provides researchers, physicians, athletes and coaches with important information regarding the implementation of cooling techniques to maintain exercise performance and to successfully compete in thermally stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen C W G Bongers
- Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Department of Physiology , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Department of Physiology , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs M H Eijsvogels
- Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Bouzigon R, Grappe F, Ravier G, Dugue B. Whole- and partial-body cryostimulation/cryotherapy: Current technologies and practical applications. J Therm Biol 2016; 61:67-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Polidori G, Marreiro A, Pron H, Lestriez P, Boyer FC, Quinart H, Tourbah A, Taïar R. Theoretical modeling of time-dependent skin temperature and heat losses during whole-body cryotherapy: A pilot study. Med Hypotheses 2016; 96:11-15. [PMID: 27959267 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article establishes the basics of a theoretical model for the constitutive law that describes the skin temperature and thermolysis heat losses undergone by a subject during a session of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC). This study focuses on the few minutes during which the human body is subjected to a thermal shock. The relationship between skin temperature and thermolysis heat losses during this period is still unknown and have not yet been studied in the context of the whole human body. The analytical approach here is based on the hypothesis that the skin thermal shock during a WBC session can be thermally modelled by the sum of both radiative and free convective heat transfer functions. The validation of this scientific approach and the derivation of temporal evolution thermal laws, both on skin temperature and dissipated thermal power during the thermal shock open many avenues of large scale studies with the aim of proposing individualized cryotherapy protocols as well as protocols intended for target populations. Furthermore, this study shows quantitatively the substantial imbalance between human metabolism and thermolysis during WBC, the explanation of which remains an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Polidori
- GRESPI, Research Group in Engineering Sciences, University of Reims, France.
| | | | - H Pron
- GRESPI, Research Group in Engineering Sciences, University of Reims, France
| | - P Lestriez
- GRESPI, Research Group in Engineering Sciences, University of Reims, France
| | - F C Boyer
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - H Quinart
- Regional Training Institute, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - A Tourbah
- Department of Neurology, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - R Taïar
- Faculty of Sports Science, University of Reims, France
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Wang JHC, Nirmala X. Application of Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma to Treat Tendon Injuries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 26:68-72. [PMID: 27574378 DOI: 10.1053/j.oto.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tendon injuries like tendinopathy are a serious healthcare problem in the United States. However, current treatments for tendon injuries are largely palliative. Biologics treatments, including tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSCs) and platelet rich plasma (PRP) hold great potential to effectively treat tendon injuries. TSCs are tendon specific stem cells and have the ability to differentiate into tenocytes, the resident tendon cells responsible for tendon homeostasis and tendon repair in case of an injury. TSCs can also self-renew and thus can replenish the tendon with tendon cells (TSCs and tenocytes) to maintain a healthy tendon. The action of PRP can be complementary; PRP can augment and accelerate tendon healing by supplying abundant growth factors contained in platelets, and fibrin matrix, which functions as a natural conducive scaffold to facilitate tissue healing. This article provides a summary of the findings in recent basic and clinical studies on the applications of TSCs and PRP to the treatment of tendon injuries. It also outlines the challenges facing their applications in clinical settings. In particular, the controversy surrounding the efficacy of PRP treatment for tendon injuries are analyzed and solutions are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H-C Wang
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Xavier Nirmala
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
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Costello JT, Baker PRA, Minett GM, Bieuzen F, Stewart IB, Bleakley C. Whole-body cryotherapy (extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD010789. [PMID: 26383887 PMCID: PMC9579836 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010789.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recovery strategies are often used with the intention of preventing or minimising muscle soreness after exercise. Whole-body cryotherapy, which involves a single or repeated exposure(s) to extremely cold dry air (below -100 °C) in a specialised chamber or cabin for two to four minutes per exposure, is currently being advocated as an effective intervention to reduce muscle soreness after exercise. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects (benefits and harms) of whole-body cryotherapy (extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the British Nursing Index and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database. We also searched the reference lists of articles, trial registers and conference proceedings, handsearched journals and contacted experts.The searches were run in August 2015. SELECTION CRITERIA We aimed to include randomised and quasi-randomised trials that compared the use of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) versus a passive or control intervention (rest, no treatment or placebo treatment) or active interventions including cold or contrast water immersion, active recovery and infrared therapy for preventing or treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults. We also aimed to include randomised trials that compared different durations or dosages of WBC. Our prespecified primary outcomes were muscle soreness, subjective recovery (e.g. tiredness, well-being) and adverse effects. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened search results, selected studies, assessed risk of bias and extracted and cross-checked data. Where appropriate, we pooled results of comparable trials. The random-effects model was used for pooling where there was substantial heterogeneity. We assessed the quality of the evidence using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS Four laboratory-based randomised controlled trials were included. These reported results for 64 physically active predominantly young adults (mean age 23 years). All but four participants were male. Two trials were parallel group trials (44 participants) and two were cross-over trials (20 participants). The trials were heterogeneous, including the type, temperature, duration and frequency of WBC, and the type of preceding exercise. None of the trials reported active surveillance of predefined adverse events. All four trials had design features that carried a high risk of bias, potentially limiting the reliability of their findings. The evidence for all outcomes was classified as 'very low' quality based on the GRADE criteria.Two comparisons were tested: WBC versus control (rest or no WBC), tested in four studies; and WBC versus far-infrared therapy, also tested in one study. No studies compared WBC with other active interventions, such as cold water immersion, or different types and applications of WBC.All four trials compared WBC with rest or no WBC. There was very low quality evidence for lower self-reported muscle soreness (pain at rest) scores after WBC at 1 hour (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.42 to -0.12; 20 participants, 2 cross-over trials); 24 hours (SMD -0.57, 95% CI -1.48 to 0.33) and 48 hours (SMD -0.58, 95% CI -1.37 to 0.21), both with 38 participants, 2 cross-over studies, 1 parallel group study; and 72 hours (SMD -0.65, 95% CI -2.54 to 1.24; 29 participants, 1 cross-over study, 1 parallel group study). Of note is that the 95% CIs also included either no between-group differences or a benefit in favour of the control group. One small cross-over trial (9 participants) found no difference in tiredness but better well-being after WBC at 24 hours post exercise. There was no report of adverse events.One small cross-over trial involving nine well-trained runners provided very low quality evidence of lower levels of muscle soreness after WBC, when compared with infrared therapy, at 1 hour follow-up, but not at 24 or 48 hours. The same trial found no difference in well-being but less tiredness after WBC at 24 hours post exercise. There was no report of adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to determine whether whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) reduces self-reported muscle soreness, or improves subjective recovery, after exercise compared with passive rest or no WBC in physically active young adult males. There is no evidence on the use of this intervention in females or elite athletes. The lack of evidence on adverse events is important given that the exposure to extreme temperature presents a potential hazard. Further high-quality, well-reported research in this area is required and must provide detailed reporting of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Costello
- University of PortsmouthDepartment of Sport and Exercise ScienceSpinnaker BuildingCambridge RoadPortsmouthUKP01 2ER
| | - Philip RA Baker
- Queensland University of TechnologySchool of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationVictoria Park RoadKelvin GroveQueenslandAustralia4059
| | - Geoffrey M Minett
- Queensland University of TechnologySchool of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationVictoria Park RoadKelvin GroveBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia4059
| | - Francois Bieuzen
- French National Institute of Sport (INSEP)Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance ‐ EA 737011 avenue du TremblayParisFrance75012
| | - Ian B Stewart
- Queensland University of TechnologySchool of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationVictoria Park RoadKelvin GroveBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia4059
| | - Chris Bleakley
- University of UlsterUlster Sports AcademySchool of Health SciencesShore RoadNewtownabbeyCounty AntrimUKBT37 0QB
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Single whole-body cryostimulation procedure versus single dry sauna bath: comparison of oxidative impact on healthy male volunteers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:406353. [PMID: 25866782 PMCID: PMC4383427 DOI: 10.1155/2015/406353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to extreme heat and cold is one of the environmental factors whose action is precisely based on the mechanisms involving free radicals. Fluctuations in ambient temperature are among the agents that toughen the human organism. The goal of the study was to evaluate the impact of extremely high (dry sauna, DS) and low (whole-body cryostimulation, WBC) environmental temperatures on the oxidant-antioxidant equilibrium in the blood of healthy male subjects. The subjects performed a single DS bath (n = 10; 26.2 ± 4.6 years) and a single WBC procedure (n = 15; 27.5 ± 3.1 years). In the subjects' blood taken immediately before and 20 min after the interventions, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in erythrocytes (TBARSer) and blood plasma (TBARSpl) were determined. Single WBC and DS procedures induced an increase in the activity of SOD and GPx, as well as SOD and CAT, respectively. The SOD activity was higher after WBC than after DS. Extremely high and low temperatures probably induce the formation of reactive oxygen species in the organisms of healthy men and, therefore, disturb the oxidant-antioxidant balance.
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Vieira A, Bottaro M, Ferreira-Junior JB, Vieira C, Cleto VA, Cadore EL, Simões HG, Carmo JD, Brown LE. Does whole-body cryotherapy improve vertical jump recovery following a high-intensity exercise bout? Open Access J Sports Med 2015; 6:49-54. [PMID: 25750548 PMCID: PMC4348140 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s70263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) has been used as a recovery strategy following different sports activities. Thus, the aim of the study reported here was to examine the effect of WBC on vertical jump recovery following a high-intensity exercise (HIE) bout. Twelve trained men (mean ± standard deviation age = 23.9±5.9 years) were randomly exposed to two different conditions separated by 7 days: 1) WBC (3 minutes of WBC at -110°C immediately after the HIE) and 2) control (CON; no WBC after the HIE). The HIE consisted of six sets of ten repetitions of knee extensions at 60° · s(-1) concentric and 180° · s(-1) eccentric on an isokinetic dynamometer. The vertical jump test was used to evaluate the influence of HIE on lower extremity muscular performance. The vertical jump was performed on a force platform before HIE (T1) and 30 minutes after (T2) the WBC and CON conditions. As a result of HIE, jump height, muscle power, and maximal velocity (Vmax) had significant decreases between T1 and T2, however no significance was found between the WBC and CON conditions. The results indicate that one session of WBC had no effect on vertical jump following an HIE compared with a CON condition. WBC may not improve muscle-function (dependent on stretch-shortening cycle) recovery in very short periods (ie, 30 minutes) following HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amilton Vieira
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Martim Bottaro
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Joao B Ferreira-Junior
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil ; Federal Institute of Triângulo Mineiro, Paracatu, Brazil
| | - Carlos Vieira
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Vitor A Cleto
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L Cadore
- College of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Herbert G Simões
- College of Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jake Do Carmo
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Lee E Brown
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
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Ferreira-Junior JB, Bottaro M, Vieira A, Siqueira AF, Vieira CA, Durigan JLQ, Cadore EL, Coelho LGM, Simões HG, Bemben MG. One session of partial-body cryotherapy (−110 °C) improves muscle damage recovery. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:e524-30. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. B. Ferreira-Junior
- College of Physical Education; University of Brasília; Brasilia DF Brazil
- Federal Institute of Triangulo Mineiro; Paracatu MG Brazil
| | - M. Bottaro
- College of Physical Education; University of Brasília; Brasilia DF Brazil
| | - A. Vieira
- College of Physical Education; University of Brasília; Brasilia DF Brazil
| | - A. F. Siqueira
- College of Physical Education; University of Brasília; Brasilia DF Brazil
| | - C. A. Vieira
- College of Physical Education; University of Brasília; Brasilia DF Brazil
| | - J. L. Q. Durigan
- Physical Therapy Division; University of Brasília; Brasilia DF Brazil
| | - E. L. Cadore
- College of Physical Education; University of Brasília; Brasilia DF Brazil
| | - L. G. M. Coelho
- Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais; Divinopolis MG Brazil
| | - H. G. Simões
- Graduate Program on Physical Education; Catholic University of Brasilia; Brasilia DF Brazil
| | - M. G. Bemben
- Department of Health and Exercise Science; University of Oklahoma; Norman Oklahoma USA
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Cardiovascular and autonomic responses to whole-body cryostimulation in essential hypertension. Cryobiology 2014; 69:249-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zalewski P, Bitner A, Słomko J, Szrajda J, Klawe JJ, Tafil-Klawe M, Newton JL. Whole-body cryostimulation increases parasympathetic outflow and decreases core body temperature. J Therm Biol 2014; 45:75-80. [PMID: 25436954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular, autonomic and thermal response to whole-body cryostimulation exposure are not completely known. Thus the aim of this study was to evaluate objectively and noninvasively autonomic and thermal reactions observed after short exposure to very low temperatures. We examined 25 healthy men with mean age 30.1 ± 3.7 years and comparable anthropomorphical characteristic. Each subject was exposed to cryotherapeutic temperatures in a cryogenic chamber for 3 min (approx. -120 °C). The cardiovascular and autonomic parameters were measured noninvasively with Task Force Monitor. The changes in core body temperature were determined with the Vital Sense telemetric measurement system. Results show that 3 min to cryotherapeutic temperatures causes significant changes in autonomic balance which are induced by peripheral and central blood volume changes. Cryostimulation also induced changes in core body temperature, maximum drop of core temperature was observed 50-60 min after the stimulation. Autonomic and thermal reactions to cryostimulation were observed up to 6 h after the exposure and were not harmful for examined subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Zalewski
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Anna Bitner
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Joanna Słomko
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Justyna Szrajda
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jacek J Klawe
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Tafil-Klawe
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Karlowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Julia L Newton
- Institute for Ageing and Health,The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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Anthropometric characteristics and sex influence magnitude of skin cooling following exposure to whole body cryotherapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:628724. [PMID: 25061612 PMCID: PMC4100349 DOI: 10.1155/2014/628724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study explored whether anthropometric measures influence magnitude of skin cooling following exposure to whole body cryotherapy (WBC). Height, weight, body fat percentage, and lean mass were measured in 18 male and 14 female participants. Body surface area, body surface area to mass ratio, body mass index, fat-free mass index, and fat mass index were calculated. Thermal images were captured before and after WBC (−60°C for 30 seconds, −110°C for 2 minutes). Skin temperature was measured at the chest, arm, thigh, and calf. Mean skin temperature before and after WBC and change in mean skin temperature (ΔTsk) were calculated. ΔTsk was significantly greater in females (12.07 ± 1.55°C) than males (10.12 ± 1.86°C; t(30) = −3.09, P = .004). A significant relationship was observed between body fat percentage and ΔTsk in the combined dataset (P = .002, r = .516) and between fat-free mass index and ΔTsk in males (P = .005, r = .622). No other significant associations were found. Skin response of individuals to WBC appears to depend upon anthropometric variables and sex, with individuals with a higher adiposity cooling more than thinner individuals. Effects of sex and anthompometrics should be considered when designing WBC research or treatment protocols.
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