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Ma C, Mei C, Liu J, Li H, Jiao M, Hu H, Zhang Y, Xiong J, He Y, Wei W, Yang H, Chen H. Effect of baicalin on eradicating biofilms of bovine milk derived Acinetobacter lwoffii. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:212. [PMID: 38764041 PMCID: PMC11103975 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04015-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acinetobacter lwoffii (A.lwoffii) is a serious zoonotic pathogen that has been identified as a cause of infections such as meningitis, bacteremia and pneumonia. In recent years, the infection rate and detection rate of A.lwoffii is increasing, especially in the breeding industry. Due to the presence of biofilms, it is difficult to eradicate and has become a potential super drug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, eradication of preformed biofilm is an alternative therapeutic action to control A.lwoffii infection. The present study aimed to clarify that baicalin could eradicate A.lwoffii biofilm in dairy cows, and to explore the mechanism of baicalin eradicating A.lwoffii. RESULTS The results showed that compared to the control group, the 4 MIC of baicalin significantly eradicated the preformed biofilm, and the effect was stable at this concentration, the number of viable bacteria in the biofilm was decreased by 0.67 Log10CFU/mL. The total fluorescence intensity of biofilm bacteria decreased significantly, with a reduction rate of 67.0%. There were 833 differentially expressed genes (367 up-regulated and 466 down-regulated), whose functions mainly focused on oxidative phosphorylation, biofilm regulation system and trehalose synthesis. Molecular docking analysis predicted 11 groups of target proteins that were well combined with baicalin, and the content of trehalose decreased significantly after the biofilm of A.lwoffii was treated with baicalin. CONCLUSIONS The present study evaluated the antibiofilm potential of baicalin against A.lwoffii. Baicalin revealed strong antibiofilm potential against A.lwoffii. Baicalin induced biofilm eradication may be related to oxidative phosphorylation and TCSs. Moreover, the decrease of trehalose content may be related to biofilm eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Cui Mei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - JingJing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Min Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Huiming Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Yuzhang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Wei Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Hongzao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China.
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China.
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Hongwei Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China.
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China.
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, China.
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Zhang Z, Yan Y, Pang J, Dai L, Zhang Q, Yu EW. Structural basis of DNA recognition of the Campylobacter jejuni CosR regulator. mBio 2024; 15:e0343023. [PMID: 38323832 PMCID: PMC10936212 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03430-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a foodborne pathogen commonly found in the intestinal tracts of animals. This pathogen is a leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans. Besides its highly infectious nature, C. jejuni is increasingly resistant to a number of clinically administrated antibiotics. As a consequence, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has designated antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter as a serious antibiotic resistance threat in the United States. The C. jejuni CosR regulator is essential to the viability of this bacterium and is responsible for regulating the expression of a number of oxidative stress defense enzymes. Importantly, it also modulates the expression of the CmeABC multidrug efflux system, the most predominant and clinically important system in C. jejuni that mediates resistance to multiple antimicrobials. Here, we report structures of apo-CosR and CosR bound with a 21 bp DNA sequence located at the cmeABC promotor region using both single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography. These structures allow us to propose a novel mechanism for CosR regulation that involves a long-distance conformational coupling and rearrangement of the secondary structural elements of the regulator to bind target DNA. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni has emerged as an antibiotic-resistant threat worldwide. CosR is an essential regulator for this bacterium and is important for Campylobacter adaptation to various stresses. Here, we describe the structural basis of CosR binding to target DNA as determined by cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography. Since CosR is a potential target for intervention, our studies may facilitate the development of novel therapeutics to combat C. jejuni infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhemin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuqi Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jinji Pang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Lei Dai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Qijing Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Edward W. Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Kanaan MHG. Effect of biofilm formation in a hostile oxidative stress environment on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni recovered from poultry in Iraqi markets. Vet World 2024; 17:136-142. [PMID: 38406363 PMCID: PMC10884572 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.136-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Campylobacter jejuni is a major contributor to bacterial enteritis, a common health problem. The resistance of this microaerophilic bacterium to oxidative stress allows it to thrive under aerobic conditions. This study aimed to investigate whether the capacity of C. jejuni to form biofilms in the presence of oxidative stress contributes to the pathogen's ability to thrive in agricultural settings as well as in chicken slaughter lines. Materials and Methods Twenty identified strains originating from chicken samples (eight from caeca contents and 12 from frozen chicken carcasses) were previously isolated and identified according to standard bacteriological protocols, followed by confirmation at the species level using multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. Crystal violet staining was used to evaluate biofilm formation by these bacteria. Two exposure periods to gaseous ozone (1 and 2 min) were used to assess resistance to oxidative damage. Results Most of the strong biofilm-forming Campylobacter strains came from imported frozen chicken meat (25%), whereas only 10% came from caeca content. After exposure to gaseous ozone at 600 mg/h for 2 min, strong biofilm-producing strains exhibited a higher survival rate with a limited reduction of up to 3 logs, whereas negative biofilm-producing strains exhibited a limited survival rate with a reduction of 6 logs. Conclusion Based on our findings, we hypothesized that the presence of C. jejuni strains capable of forming biofilms in poultry farms and/or chicken production facilities triggers a public health alarm as this bacterium seems to be able to adapt more easily to live and thrive in hostile environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal H. G. Kanaan
- Department of Nursing, Technical Institute of Suwaria, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
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Ramdass AC, Rampersad SN. Genome features of a novel hydrocarbonoclastic Chryseobacterium oranimense strain and its comparison to bacterial oil-degraders and to other C. oranimense strains. DNA Res 2023; 30:dsad025. [PMID: 37952165 PMCID: PMC10710014 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
For the first time, we report the whole genome sequence of a hydrocarbonoclastic Chryseobacterium oranimense strain isolated from Trinidad and Tobago (COTT) and its genes involved in the biotransformation of hydrocarbons and xenobiotics through functional annotation. The assembly consisted of 11 contigs with 2,794 predicted protein-coding genes which included a diverse group of gene families involved in aliphatic and polycyclic hydrocarbon degradation. Comparative genomic analyses with 18 crude-oil degrading bacteria in addition to two C. oranimense strains not associated with oil were carried out. The data revealed important differences in terms of annotated genes involved in the hydrocarbon degradation process that may explain the molecular mechanisms of hydrocarbon and xenobiotic biotransformation. Notably, many gene families were expanded to explain COTT's competitive ability to manage habitat-specific stressors. Gene-based evidence of the metabolic potential of COTT supports the application of indigenous microbes for the remediation of polluted terrestrial environments and provides a genomic resource for improving our understanding of how to optimize these characteristics for more effective bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Christine Ramdass
- Biochemistry Research Lab (Rm216), Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
| | - Sephra Nalini Rampersad
- Biochemistry Research Lab (Rm216), Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
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Molecular Targets in Campylobacter Infections. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030409. [PMID: 36979344 PMCID: PMC10046527 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human campylobacteriosis results from foodborne infections with Campylobacter bacteria such as Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, and represents a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. After consumption of contaminated poultry meat, constituting the major source of pathogenic transfer to humans, infected patients develop abdominal pain and diarrhea. Post-infectious disorders following acute enteritis may occur and affect the nervous system, the joints or the intestines. Immunocompromising comorbidities in infected patients favor bacteremia, leading to vascular inflammation and septicemia. Prevention of human infection is achieved by hygiene measures focusing on the reduction of pathogenic food contamination. Molecular targets for the treatment and prevention of campylobacteriosis include bacterial pathogenicity and virulence factors involved in motility, adhesion, invasion, oxygen detoxification, acid resistance and biofilm formation. This repertoire of intervention measures has recently been completed by drugs dampening the pro-inflammatory immune responses induced by the Campylobacter endotoxin lipo-oligosaccharide. Novel pharmaceutical strategies will combine anti-pathogenic and anti-inflammatory effects to reduce the risk of both anti-microbial resistance and post-infectious sequelae of acute enteritis. Novel strategies and actual trends in the combat of Campylobacter infections are presented in this review, alongside molecular targets applied for prevention and treatment strategies.
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Kim J, Park M, Ahn E, Mao Q, Chen C, Ryu S, Jeon B. Stimulation of Surface Polysaccharide Production under Aerobic Conditions Confers Aerotolerance in Campylobacter jejuni. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0376122. [PMID: 36786626 PMCID: PMC10100837 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03761-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of a foodborne pathogen to tolerate environmental stress critically affects food safety by increasing the risk of pathogen survival and transmission in the food supply chain. Campylobacter jejuni, a leading bacterial cause of foodborne illnesses, is an obligate microaerophile and is sensitive to atmospheric levels of oxygen. Currently, the molecular mechanisms of how C. jejuni withstands oxygen toxicity under aerobic conditions have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we show that when exposed to aerobic conditions, C. jejuni develops a thick layer of bacterial capsules, which in turn protect C. jejuni under aerobic conditions. The presence of both capsular polysaccharides and lipooligosaccharides is required to protect C. jejuni from excess oxygen in oxygen-rich environments by alleviating oxidative stress. Under aerobic conditions, C. jejuni undergoes substantial transcriptomic changes, particularly in the genes of carbon metabolisms involved in amino acid uptake, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway despite the inability of C. jejuni to grow aerobically. Moreover, the stimulation of carbon metabolism by aerobiosis increases the level of glucose-6-phosphate, the EMP pathway intermediate required for the synthesis of surface polysaccharides. The disruption of the TCA cycle eliminates aerobiosis-mediated stimulation of surface polysaccharide production and markedly compromises aerotolerance in C. jejuni. These results in this study provide novel insights into how an oxygen-sensitive microaerophilic pathogen survives in oxygen-rich environments by adapting its metabolism and physiology. IMPORTANCE Oxygen-sensitive foodborne pathogens must withstand oxygen toxicity in aerobic environments during transmission to humans. C. jejuni is a major cause of gastroenteritis, accounting for 400 million to 500 million infection cases worldwide per year. As an obligate microaerophile, C. jejuni is sensitive to air-level oxygen. However, it has not been fully explained how this oxygen-sensitive zoonotic pathogen survives in aerobic environments and is transmitted to humans. Here, we show that under aerobic conditions, C. jejuni boosts its carbon metabolism to produce a thick layer of bacterial capsules, which in turn act as a protective barrier conferring aerotolerance. The new findings in this study improve our understanding of how oxygen-sensitive C. jejuni can survive in aerobic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshil Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungseo Park
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eunbyeol Ahn
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Qingqing Mao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghwa Jeon
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Hur JI, Kim J, Ryu S, Jeon B. Phylogenetic Association and Genetic Factors in Cold Stress Tolerance in Campylobacter jejuni. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0268122. [PMID: 36314968 PMCID: PMC9769813 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02681-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major foodborne pathogen transmitted to humans primarily via contaminated poultry meat. Since poultry meat is generally processed, distributed, and stored in the cold chain, the survival of C. jejuni at refrigeration temperatures crucially affects human exposure to C. jejuni. Here, we investigated genetic factors associated with cold stress tolerance in C. jejuni. Seventy-nine C. jejuni strains isolated from retail raw chicken exhibited different survival levels at 4°C for 21 days. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) clonal complex 21 (CC-21) and CC-443 were dominant among cold stress-tolerant strains, whereas CC-45 was common among cold stress-sensitive strains. Genome-wide average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis identified a phylogenetic cluster associated with cold stress tolerance. Moreover, a pangenome analysis revealed 58 genes distinctively present in the cold stress-tolerant phylogenetic cluster. Among these 58 genes, cfrA, encoding the ferric enterobactin receptor involved in ion transport and metabolism, was selected for further analysis. Remarkably, the viability of a ΔcfrA mutant at 4°C was significantly decreased, while the levels of total reactive oxygen species and intracellular iron exceeded those of the wild type. Additionally, a knockout mutation of cfrA also significantly decreased the viability of three cold stress-tolerant isolates at 4°C, confirming the role of cfrA in cold stress tolerance. The results of this study demonstrate that unique phylogenetic clusters of C. jejuni associated with cold stress tolerance exist and that cfrA is a genetic factor contributing to cold stress tolerance in C. jejuni. IMPORTANCE The tolerance of foodborne pathogens to environmental stresses significantly affects food safety. Several studies have demonstrated that C. jejuni survives extended exposures to low temperatures, but the mechanisms of cold stress tolerance are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that C. jejuni strains in certain phylogenetic groups exhibit increased tolerance to cold stress. Notably, cfrA is present in the phylogenetic cluster associated with cold stress tolerance and plays a role in the survival of C. jejuni at low temperatures by alleviating oxidative stress. This is the first study to discover phylogenetic associations involving cold stress tolerance and to identify genetic elements conferring cold stress tolerance to C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong In Hur
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinshil Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghwa Jeon
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Levipan HA, Irgang R, Opazo LF, Araya-León H, Avendaño-Herrera R. Collective behavior and virulence arsenal of the fish pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis in the biofilm realm. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1067514. [PMID: 36544910 PMCID: PMC9760808 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1067514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis is a fish disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis. This disease has a high socio-economic impact on the Chilean salmonid aquaculture industry. The bacterium has a cryptic character in the environment and their main reservoirs are yet unknown. Bacterial biofilms represent a ubiquitous mechanism of cell persistence in diverse natural environments and a risk factor for the pathogenesis of several infectious diseases, but their microbiological significance for waterborne veterinary diseases, including piscirickettsiosis, have seldom been evaluated. This study analyzed the in vitro biofilm behavior of P. salmonis LF-89T (genogroup LF-89) and CA5 (genogroup EM-90) using a multi-method approach and elucidated the potential arsenal of virulence of the P. salmonis LF-89T type strain in its biofilm state. P. salmonis exhibited a quick kinetics of biofilm formation that followed a multi-step and highly strain-dependent process. There were no major differences in enzymatic profiles or significant differences in cytotoxicity (as tested on the Chinook salmon embryo cell line) between biofilm-derived bacteria and planktonic equivalents. The potential arsenal of virulence of P. salmonis LF-89T in biofilms, as determined by whole-transcriptome sequencing and differential gene expression analysis, consisted of genes involved in cell adhesion, polysaccharide biosynthesis, transcriptional regulation, and gene mobility, among others. Importantly, the global gene expression profiles of P. salmonis LF-89T were not enriched with virulence-related genes upregulated in biofilm development stages at 24 and 48 h. An enrichment in virulence-related genes exclusively expressed in biofilms was also undetected. These results indicate that early and mature biofilm development stages of P. salmonis LF-89T were transcriptionally no more virulent than their planktonic counterparts, which was supported by cytotoxic trials, which, in turn, revealed that both modes of growth induced important and very similar levels of cytotoxicity on the salmon cell line. Our results suggest that the aforementioned biofilm development stages do not represent hot spots of virulence compared with planktonic counterparts. This study provides the first transcriptomic catalogue to select specific genes that could be useful to prevent or control the (in vitro and/or in vivo) adherence and/or biofilm formation by P. salmonis and gain further insights into piscirickettsiosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor A. Levipan
- Laboratorio de Ecopatología y Nanobiomateriales, Departamento de Ciencias y Geografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile,Centro de Espectroscopía Atómica y Molecular (ATMOS-C), Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile,*Correspondence: Héctor A. Levipan, ; ; Ruben Avendaño-Herrera, ;
| | - Rute Irgang
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - L. Felipe Opazo
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago, Chile,Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Henry Araya-León
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile,Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile,*Correspondence: Héctor A. Levipan, ; ; Ruben Avendaño-Herrera, ;
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Pokhrel D, Thames HT, Zhang L, Dinh TTN, Schilling W, White SB, Ramachandran R, Theradiyil Sukumaran A. Roles of Aerotolerance, Biofilm Formation, and Viable but Non-Culturable State in the Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in Poultry Processing Environments. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2165. [PMID: 36363757 PMCID: PMC9699079 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of foodborne human gastroenteritis in the developed world. This bacterium colonizes in the ceca of chickens, spreads throughout the poultry production chain, and contaminates poultry products. Despite numerous on farm intervention strategies and developments in post-harvest antimicrobial treatments, C. jejuni is frequently detected on broiler meat products. This indicates that C. jejuni is evolving over time to overcome the stresses/interventions that are present throughout poultry production and processing. The development of aerotolerance has been reported to be a major survival strategy used by C. jejuni in high oxygen environments. Recent studies have indicated that C. jejuni can enter a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state or develop biofilm in response to environmental stressors such as refrigeration and freezing stress and aerobic stress. This review provides an overview of different stressors that C. jejuni are exposed to throughout the poultry production chain and the genotypic and phenotypic survival mechanisms, with special attention to aerotolerance, biofilm formation, and development of the VBNC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Pokhrel
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Hudson T. Thames
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Thu T. N. Dinh
- Tyson Foods, 2200 W. Don Tyson Parkway, Springdale, AR 72762, USA
| | - Wes Schilling
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Shecoya B. White
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Reshma Ramachandran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
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Park M, Kim J, Feinstein J, Lang KS, Ryu S, Jeon B. Development of Fluoroquinolone Resistance through Antibiotic Tolerance in Campylobacter jejuni. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0166722. [PMID: 36066254 PMCID: PMC9602944 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01667-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic tolerance not only enables bacteria to survive acute antibiotic exposures but also provides bacteria with a window of time in which to develop antibiotic resistance. The increasing prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni isolates resistant to clinically important antibiotics, particularly fluoroquinolones (FQs), is a global public health concern. Currently, little is known about antibiotic tolerance and its effects on resistance development in C. jejuni. Here, we show that exposure to ciprofloxacin or tetracycline at concentrations 10 and 100 times higher than the MIC induces antibiotic tolerance in C. jejuni, whereas gentamicin or erythromycin treatment causes cell death. Interestingly, FQ resistance rapidly develops in C. jejuni after tolerance induction by ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. Furthermore, after tolerance is induced, alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpC) plays a critical role in reducing FQ resistance development by alleviating oxidative stress. Together, these results demonstrate that exposure of C. jejuni to antibiotics can induce antibiotic tolerance and that FQ-resistant (FQR) C. jejuni clones rapidly emerge after tolerance induction. This study elucidates the mechanisms underlying the high prevalence of FQR C. jejuni and provides insights into the effects of antibiotic tolerance on resistance development. IMPORTANCE Antibiotic tolerance compromises the efficacy of antibiotic treatment by extending bacterial survival and facilitating the development of mutations associated with antibiotic resistance. Despite growing public health concerns about antibiotic resistance in C. jejuni, antibiotic tolerance has not yet been investigated in this important zoonotic pathogen. Here, our results show that exposure of C. jejuni to ciprofloxacin or tetracycline leads to antibiotic tolerance development, which subsequently facilitates the emergence of FQR C. jejuni. Importantly, these antibiotics are commonly used in animal agriculture. Moreover, our study suggests that the use of non-FQ drugs in animal agriculture promotes FQ resistance development, which is crucial because antibiotic-resistant C. jejuni is primarily transmitted from animals to humans. Overall, these findings increase our understanding of the mechanisms of resistance development through the induction of antibiotic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungseo Park
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jinshil Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jill Feinstein
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kevin S. Lang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghwa Jeon
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
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11
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Nennig M, Clément A, Longueval E, Bernardi T, Ragimbeau C, Tresse O. Metaphenotypes associated with recurrent genomic lineages of Campylobacter jejuni responsible for human infections in Luxembourg. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:901192. [PMID: 36160185 PMCID: PMC9490421 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.901192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide. Although considered fragile, this microaerophilic bacterium is able to survive in various challenging environments, which subsequently constitutes multiple sources of transmission for human infection. To test the assumption of acquiring specific features for adaptation and survival, we established a workflow of phenotypic tests related to the survival and the persistence of recurrent and sporadic strains. A representative collection of 83 strains isolated over 13 years from human, mammal, poultry, and environmental sources in Luxembourg, representing different spreading patterns (endemic, epidemic, and sporadic), was screened for survival to oxidative stresses, for acclimating to aerobic conditions (AC), and for persistence on abiotic surfaces. Using the cgMLST Oxford typing scheme for WGS data, the collection was classified into genomic lineages corresponding to host-generalist strains (lineages A and D, CC ST-21), host-specific strains (lineage B, CC ST-257 and lineage C, CC ST-464) and sporadic strains. We established that when a strain survives concentrations beyond 0.25 mM superoxide stress, it is six times more likely to survive hyperoxide stress and that a highly adherent strain is 14 times more likely to develop a biofilm. Surprisingly, more than half of the strains could acclimate to AC but this capacity does not explain the difference between recurrent genomic lineages and sporadic strains and the survival to oxidative stresses, while recurrent strains have a significantly higher adhesion/biofilm formation capacity than sporadic ones. From this work, the genomic lineages with more stable genomes could be characterized by a specific combination of phenotypes, called metaphenotypes. From the functional genomic analyses, the presence of a potentially functional T6SS in the strains of lineage D might explain the propensity of these strains to be strong biofilm producers. Our findings support the hypothesis that phenotypical abilities contribute to the spatio-temporal adaptation and survival of stable genomic lineages. It suggests a selection of better-adapted and persistent strains in challenging stress environments, which could explain the prevalence of these lineages in human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Nennig
- Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
- UMR-1280 PhAN, INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Arnaud Clément
- BioFilm Control, Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, Saint-Beauzire, France
| | - Emmanuelle Longueval
- Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Thierry Bernardi
- BioFilm Control, Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, Saint-Beauzire, France
| | - Catherine Ragimbeau
- Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
- *Correspondence: Catherine Ragimbeau,
| | - Odile Tresse
- UMR-1280 PhAN, INRAE, Nantes, France
- Odile Tresse,
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12
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Ma L, Feng J, Zhang J, Lu X. Campylobacter biofilms. Microbiol Res 2022; 264:127149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Live-Attenuated Oral Vaccines to Reduce Campylobacter Colonization in Poultry. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050685. [PMID: 35632441 PMCID: PMC9143049 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of Campylobacter in poultry at the pre-harvest level is critical to reducing foodborne infections with Campylobacter since the consumption of contaminated poultry is the most frequent cause of human campylobacteriosis. Although poultry vaccination is suggested as useful intervention measures, no Campylobacter vaccines are currently available. To develop live-attenuated oral Campylobacter vaccines, in this study, we evaluated the efficacy of pre-colonization by oxidative stress defense mutants, including knockout mutants of ahpC, katA, and sodB, in preventing Campylobacter jejuni from colonizing poultry. Interestingly, when chickens were pre-colonized with ΔahpC and ΔkatA mutants, rather than the ΔsodB mutant, the level of C. jejuni colonization was significantly reduced within 35 days. Further studies demonstrated when chickens were pre-colonized with the ΔahpC mutant by oral challenge with a high dose (ca., 5 × 108 CFU/bird) and a low dose (ca., 5 × 106 CFU/bird), it twice reduced the level of C. jejuni by 3.9 log10CFU/g feces and 3 log10CFU/g feces after 42 days, respectively, compared to the untreated control. Due to a colonization defect, the ΔahpC mutant was removed from chickens within 42 days. After excretion from the host, moreover, the ΔahpC mutant cannot survive in aerobic environments because of compromised aerotolerance. Our findings suggest that the ahpC mutant has a great potential for on-farm application to control C. jejuni at the pre-harvest level.
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14
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Giaouris E. Relevance and Importance of Biofilms in the Resistance and Spreading of Campylobacter spp. Within the Food Chain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Eto SF, Fernandes DC, Baldassi AC, Balbuena TS, da Costa Alecrim JV, Almeida de Carvalho FC, Lima C, Lopes-Ferreira M, Pizauro JM. Proteomic analysis capsule synthesis and redox mechanisms in the intracellular survival of group B Streptococcus in fish microglia. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:34-50. [PMID: 34464686 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) causes meningitis in neonates and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The molecular mechanisms regulating the intracellular survival of this pathogen in the host cell are complex and crucial for the progression of infection. Thus, we propose the use of GBS-infected Nile tilapia microglia as an in vitro model system simulating infection caused by homologous bacteria in humans. We used this model to evaluate the phagocytic activity, as well as the functional aspects of the capsular proteins A, B, C, and D and the major redox enzymes, and the synergistic role of mechanisms/proteins involved in blocking phagocytic process. We observed that in the intracellular phase, GBS showed enhanced synthesis of the polysaccharide capsule and used superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin, NADH oxidase, and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase to scavenge reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species produced by the host cell. Furthermore, although these virulence mechanisms were effective during the initial hours of infection, they were not able to subvert microglial responses, which partially neutralized the infection. Altogether, our findings provided important information regarding the intracellular survival mechanisms of GBS and perspectives for the production of new drugs and vaccines, through the druggability analysis of specific proteins. In conclusion, tilapia microglia serve as a potent in vitro experimental model for the study of meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Fernandes Eto
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), Boa Vista, 69310-000, Brazil.
| | - Dayanne Carla Fernandes
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, (CeTICs/FAPESP), Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantã, 05503-009, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Baldassi
- Department of Technology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Sao Paulo/ SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Santana Balbuena
- Department of Technology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Sao Paulo/ SP, Brazil
| | - João Victor da Costa Alecrim
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), Boa Vista, 69310-000, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantã, 05503-009, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantã, 05503-009, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Martins Pizauro
- Department of Technology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Sao Paulo/ SP, Brazil
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16
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Effects of the Quinone Oxidoreductase WrbA on Escherichia coli Biofilm Formation and Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060919. [PMID: 34204135 PMCID: PMC8229589 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of natural compounds on biofilm formation have been extensively studied, with the goal of identifying biofilm formation antagonists at sub-lethal concentrations. Salicylic and cinnamic acids are some examples of these compounds that interact with the quinone oxidoreductase WrbA, a potential biofilm modulator and an antibiofilm compound biomarker. However, WrbA’s role in biofilm development is still poorly understood. To investigate the key roles of WrbA in biofilm maturation and oxidative stress, Escherichia coli wild-type and ∆wrbA mutant strains were used. Furthermore, we reported the functional validation of WrbA as a molecular target of salicylic and cinnamic acids. The lack of WrbA did not impair planktonic growth, but rather affected the biofilm formation through a mechanism that depends on reactive oxygen species (ROS). The loss of WrbA function resulted in an ROS-sensitive phenotype that showed reductions in biofilm-dwelling cells, biofilm thickness, matrix polysaccharide content, and H2O2 tolerance. Endogenous oxidative events in the mutant strain generated a stressful condition to which the bacterium responded by increasing the catalase activity to compensate for the lack of WrbA. Cinnamic and salicylic acids inhibited the quinone oxidoreductase activity of purified recombinant WrbA. The effects of these antibiofilm molecules on WrbA function was proven for the first time.
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17
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Tilocca B, Soggiu A, Greco V, Sacchini F, Garofolo G, Paci V, Bonizzi L, Urbani A, Tittarelli M, Roncada P. Comparative proteomics of Brucella melitensis is a useful toolbox for developing prophylactic interventions in a One-Health context. One Health 2021; 13:100253. [PMID: 33997237 PMCID: PMC8100217 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis is a zoonosis frequently reported in the Mediterranean and Middle-East regions and responsible for important economic losses and reduced animal welfare. To date, current strategies applied to control or eradicate the disease relies on diagnostic tests that suffer from limited specificity in non-vaccinated animals; while prophylactic measures, when applied, use a live attenuated bacterial strain characterized by residual virulence on adult pregnant animals and difficulties in distinguishing vaccinated from infected animals. To overcome these issues, studies are desired to elucidate the bacterial biology and the pathogenetic mechanisms of both the vaccinal strain and the pathogenic strains. Proteomics has a potential in tackling issues of One-Health concern; here, we employed label-free shotgun proteomics to investigate the protein repertoire of the vaccinal strain B. melitensis Rev.1 and compare it with the proteome of the Brucella melitensis 16 M, a reference strain representative of B. melitensis field strains. Comparative proteomics profiling underlines common and diverging traits between the two strains. Common features suggest the potential biochemical routes responsible for the residual virulence of the vaccinal strain, whilst the diverging traits are suggestive biochemical signatures to be further investigated to provide an optimized diagnostic capable of discriminating the vaccinated from infected animals. The data presented in this study are openly available in PRIDE data repository at https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/, reference number PXD022472.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tilocca
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Soggiu
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences- One Health Unit, University of Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Viviana Greco
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio Sacchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le brucellosi animali, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Giuliano Garofolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le brucellosi animali, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Valentina Paci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le brucellosi animali, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Luigi Bonizzi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences- One Health Unit, University of Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Tittarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le brucellosi animali, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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18
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Scheik LK, Volcan Maia DS, Würfel SDFR, Ramires T, Kleinubing NR, Haubert L, Lopes GV, da Silva WP. Biofilm-forming ability of poultry Campylobacter jejuni strains in the presence and absence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Can J Microbiol 2021; 67:301-309. [PMID: 33703923 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the ability of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from a poultry slaughterhouse to form biofilm in the presence and absence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the effect of surface (stainless steel, polystyrene), temperature (7, 25, and 42 °C), and oxygen concentration (microaerophilic and aerobic conditions) on the formation of biofilm. The genes ahpC, cadF, clpP, dnaJ, docA, flaA, flaB, katA, kpsM, luxS, racR, and sodB, related to biofilm formation by C. jejuni, were also investigated. All isolates formed biofilm on stainless steel and on polystyrene, in both aerobic and microaerophilic atmospheres, including temperatures not optimal for C. jejuni growth (7 and 25 °C), and biofilm also was formed in the presence of P. aeruginosa. In dual-species biofilm on stainless steel, biofilm formation was 2-6 log CFU·cm-2 higher at 7 °C for all isolates, in comparison with monospecies biofilm. Ten genes (ahpC, cadF, clpP, dnaJ, docA, flaA, flaB, luxS, racR, and sodB) were detected in all isolates, but katA and kpsM were found in four and six isolates, respectively. The results obtained are of concern because the poultry C. jejuni isolates form biofilm in different conditions, which is enhanced in the presence of other biofilm formers, such as P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Klein Scheik
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Darla Silveira Volcan Maia
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Simone de Fátima Rauber Würfel
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Tassiana Ramires
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Natalie Rauber Kleinubing
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Louise Haubert
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Graciela Volz Lopes
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Wladimir Padilha da Silva
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.,Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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19
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de Pedro-Jové R, Puigvert M, Sebastià P, Macho AP, Monteiro JS, Coll NS, Setúbal JC, Valls M. Dynamic expression of Ralstonia solanacearum virulence factors and metabolism-controlling genes during plant infection. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:170. [PMID: 33750302 PMCID: PMC7941725 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07457-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ralstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of bacterial wilt, a devastating plant disease responsible for serious economic losses especially on potato, tomato, and other solanaceous plant species in temperate countries. In R. solanacearum, gene expression analysis has been key to unravel many virulence determinants as well as their regulatory networks. However, most of these assays have been performed using either bacteria grown in minimal medium or in planta, after symptom onset, which occurs at late stages of colonization. Thus, little is known about the genetic program that coordinates virulence gene expression and metabolic adaptation along the different stages of plant infection by R. solanacearum. RESULTS We performed an RNA-sequencing analysis of the transcriptome of bacteria recovered from potato apoplast and from the xylem of asymptomatic or wilted potato plants, which correspond to three different conditions (Apoplast, Early and Late xylem). Our results show dynamic expression of metabolism-controlling genes and virulence factors during parasitic growth inside the plant. Flagellar motility genes were especially up-regulated in the apoplast and twitching motility genes showed a more sustained expression in planta regardless of the condition. Xylem-induced genes included virulence genes, such as the type III secretion system (T3SS) and most of its related effectors and nitrogen utilisation genes. The upstream regulators of the T3SS were exclusively up-regulated in the apoplast, preceding the induction of their downstream targets. Finally, a large subset of genes involved in central metabolism was exclusively down-regulated in the xylem at late infection stages. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report describing R. solanacearum dynamic transcriptional changes within the plant during infection. Our data define four main genetic programmes that define gene pathogen physiology during plant colonisation. The described expression of virulence genes, which might reflect bacterial states in different infection stages, provides key information on the R. solanacearum potato infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R de Pedro-Jové
- Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Puigvert
- Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - P Sebastià
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - J S Monteiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J C Setúbal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Valls
- Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
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20
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Molecular Mechanisms of Campylobacter Biofilm Formation and Quorum Sensing. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021. [PMID: 33620656 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Even though Campylobacter spp. are known to be fastidious organisms, they can survive within the natural environment. One mechanism to withstand unfavourable conditions is the formation of biofilms, a multicellular structure composed of different bacterial and other microbial species which are embedded in an extracellular matrix. High oxygen levels, low substrate concentrations and the presence of external DNA stimulate the biofilm formation by C. jejuni. These external factors trigger internal adaptation processes, e.g. via regulating the expression of genes encoding proteins required for surface structure formation, as well as motility, stress response and antimicrobial resistance. Known genes impacting biofilm formation will be summarized in this review. The formation of biofilms as well as the expression of virulence genes is often regulated in a cell density depending manner by quorum sensing, which is mediated via small signalling molecules termed autoinducers. Even though quorum sensing mechanisms of other bacteria are well understood, knowledge on the role of these mechanisms in C. jejuni biofilm formation is still scarce. The LuxS enzyme involved in generation of autoinducer-2 is present in C. jejuni, but autoinducer receptors have not been identified so far. Phenotypes of C. jejuni strains lacking a functional luxS like reduced growth, motility, oxygen stress tolerance, biofilm formation, adhesion, invasion and colonization are also summarized within this chapter. However, these phenotypes are highly variable in distinct C. jejuni strains and depend on the culture conditions applied.
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21
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Elmi A, Nasher F, Dorrell N, Wren B, Gundogdu O. Revisiting Campylobacter jejuni Virulence and Fitness Factors: Role in Sensing, Adapting, and Competing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:607704. [PMID: 33614526 PMCID: PMC7887314 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.607704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis world wide and represents a major public health concern. Over the past two decades, significant progress in functional genomics, proteomics, enzymatic-based virulence profiling (EBVP), and the cellular biology of C. jejuni have improved our basic understanding of this important pathogen. We review key advances in our understanding of the multitude of emerging virulence factors that influence the outcome of C. jejuni–mediated infections. We highlight, the spatial and temporal dynamics of factors that promote C. jejuni to sense, adapt and survive in multiple hosts. Finally, we propose cohesive research directions to obtain a comprehensive understanding of C. jejuni virulence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdi Elmi
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fauzy Nasher
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Dorrell
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan Wren
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Kelley BR, Lu J, Haley KP, Gaddy JA, Johnson JG. Metal homeostasis in pathogenic Epsilonproteobacteria: mechanisms of acquisition, efflux, and regulation. Metallomics 2021; 13:mfaa002. [PMID: 33570133 PMCID: PMC8043183 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epsilonproteobacteria are a diverse class of eubacteria within the Proteobacteria phylum that includes environmental sulfur-reducing bacteria and the human pathogens, Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori. These pathogens infect and proliferate within the gastrointestinal tracts of multiple animal hosts, including humans, and cause a variety of disease outcomes. While infection of these hosts provides nutrients for the pathogenic Epsilonproteobacteria, many hosts have evolved a variety of strategies to either sequester metals from the invading pathogen or exploit the toxicity of metals and drive their accumulation as an antimicrobial strategy. As a result, C. jejuni and H. pylori have developed mechanisms to sense changes in metal availability and regulate their physiology in order to respond to either metal limitation or accumulation. In this review, we will discuss the challenges of metal availability at the host-pathogen interface during infection with C. jejuni and H. pylori and describe what is currently known about how these organisms alter their gene expression and/or deploy bacterial virulence factors in response to these environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittni R Kelley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jacky Lu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kathryn P Haley
- Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer A Gaddy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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23
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A cross-sectional study of the prevalence factors associated with fluoroquinolone resistant Campylobacter jejuni in broiler flocks in Canada. Prev Vet Med 2020; 186:105164. [PMID: 33285388 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter infections in humans are usually self-limiting; however, antibiotic intervention may be necessary in the case of severe infection. Fluoroquinolones are often the drug of choice for treatment of campylobacteriosis; however, resistance to these drugs can develop rapidly, complicating treatment protocols. Increasing resistance to fluoroquinolones in human infections has coincided with approval of use of fluoroquinolones in animals, therefore, isolation of fluoroquinolone resistant (FQr) Campylobacter in broiler flocks is concerning. This cross-sectional study utilized data collected from 2013-2018 by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) on-farm surveillance program to investigate prevalence factors associated with the isolation of FQr C. jejuni from broiler faecal samples. Mixed effects logistic regression models accounting for clustering of flocks within hatcheries, with and without a fixed effect for the presence of flock level tetracycline resistance were used to assess prevalence factors among 536 C. jejuni isolates from 158 flocks. Both models indicated that the type of bird used (Ross versus Cobb or mixed), the use of virginiamycin as a feed additive, the use of traps to control rodent populations in the barn, and the total number of birds in the barn were significant prevalence factors for increased FQr C. jejuni in a flock. In the model where flock level tetracycline resistance was included as a fixed effect, the odds of FQr C. jejuni increased by 16 (95% CI: 3.74, 68), and the magnitude of the effect of each of the identified prevalence factors was larger. Both models indicated that methods of disinfection of water lines between production cycles is important, with the use of chlorine being protective in the model where tetracycline resistance was included as a fixed effect, and the use of hydrogen peroxide being a risk factor in the model where tetracycline resistance was not included as a fixed effect. The use of hot water to wash the barn between production cycles was also a significant protective factor in the model where tetracycline resistance was not included as a fixed effect. These results indicate that biosecurity and sanitation procedures play a role in the dissemination of FQr C. jejuni in broiler flocks. Future analysis should seek to understand the effect of different disinfectant products on the isolation of FQr C. jejuni. Gaining a better understanding of the management of these critical practices may allow for the reduction of this enteric pathogen in broiler flocks in Canada.
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24
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Role of Superoxide Reductase FA796 in Oxidative Stress Resistance in Filifactor alocis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9178. [PMID: 32513978 PMCID: PMC7280497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65806-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Filifactor alocis, a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium, is now a proposed diagnostic indicator of periodontal disease. Because the stress response of this bacterium to the oxidative environment of the periodontal pocket may impact its pathogenicity, an understanding of its oxidative stress resistance strategy is vital. Interrogation of the F. alocis genome identified the HMPREF0389_00796 gene that encodes for a putative superoxide reductase (SOR) enzyme. SORs are non-heme, iron-containing enzymes that can catalyze the reduction of superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide and are important in the protection against oxidative stress. In this study, we have functionally characterized the putative SOR (FA796) from F. alocis ATCC 35896. The recombinant FA796 protein, which is predicted to be a homotetramer of the 1Fe-SOR class, can reduce superoxide radicals. F. alocis FLL141 (∆FA796::ermF) was significantly more sensitive to oxygen/air exposure compared to the parent strain. Sensitivity correlated with the level of intracellular superoxide radicals. Additionally, the FA796-defective mutant had increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide-induced stress, was inhibited in its ability to form biofilm and had reduced survival in epithelial cells. Collectively, these results suggest that the F. alocis SOR protein is a key enzymatic scavenger of superoxide radicals and protects the bacterium from oxidative stress conditions.
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25
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Jaakkonen A, Kivistö R, Aarnio M, Kalekivi J, Hakkinen M. Persistent contamination of raw milk by Campylobacter jejuni ST-883. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231810. [PMID: 32315369 PMCID: PMC7173850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni has caused several campylobacteriosis outbreaks via raw milk consumption. This study reports follow-up of a milk-borne campylobacteriosis outbreak that revealed persistent C. jejuni contamination of bulk tank milk for seven months or longer. Only the outbreak-causing strain, representing sequence type (ST) 883, was isolated from milk, although other C. jejuni STs were also isolated from the farm. We hypothesized that the outbreak strain harbors features that aid its environmental transmission or survival in milk. To identify such phenotypic features, the outbreak strain was characterized for survival in refrigerated raw milk and in aerobic broth culture by plate counting and for biofilm formation on microplates by crystal violet staining and quantification. Furthermore, whole-genome sequences were studied for such genotypic features. For comparison, we characterized isolates representing other STs from the same farm and an ST-883 isolate that persisted on another dairy farm, but was not isolated from bulk tank milk. With high inocula (105 CFU/ml), ST-883 strains survived in refrigerated raw milk longer (4-6 days) than the other strains (≤3 days), but the outbreak strain showed no outperformance among ST-883 strains. This suggests that ST-883 strains may share features that aid their survival in milk, but other mechanisms are required for persistence in milk. No correlation was observed between survival in refrigerated milk and aerotolerance. The outbreak strain formed a biofilm, offering a potential explanation for persistence in milk. Whether biofilm formation was affected by pTet-like genomic element and phase-variable genes encoding capsular methyltransferase and cytochrome C551 peroxidase warrants further study. This study suggests a phenotypic target candidate for interventions and genetic markers for the phenotype, which should be investigated further with the final aim of developing control strategies against C. jejuni infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniina Jaakkonen
- Microbiology Unit, Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rauni Kivistö
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Aarnio
- Microbiology Unit, Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Kalekivi
- Microbiology Unit, Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjaana Hakkinen
- Microbiology Unit, Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
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26
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Tram G, Day CJ, Korolik V. Bridging the Gap: A Role for Campylobacter jejuni Biofilms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E452. [PMID: 32210099 PMCID: PMC7143964 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the developed world. Cases of Campylobacteriosis are common, as the organism is an avian commensal and is passed on to humans through contaminated poultry meat, water, and food preparation areas. Although typically a fastidious organism, C. jejuni can survive outside the avian intestinal tract until it is able to reach a human host. It has long been considered that biofilms play a key role in transmission of this pathogen. The aim of this review is to examine factors that trigger biofilm formation in C. jejuni. A range of environmental elements have been shown to initiate biofilm formation, which are then affected by a suite of intrinsic factors. We also aim to further investigate the role that biofilms may play in the life cycle of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher J. Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia;
| | - Victoria Korolik
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia;
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27
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Min K, An DR, Yoon HJ, Rana N, Park JS, Kim J, Lee M, Hesek D, Ryu S, Kim BM, Mobashery S, Suh SW, Lee HH. Peptidoglycan reshaping by a noncanonical peptidase for helical cell shape in Campylobacter jejuni. Nat Commun 2020; 11:458. [PMID: 31974386 PMCID: PMC6978369 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly of the peptidoglycan is crucial in maintaining viability of bacteria and in defining bacterial cell shapes, both of which are important for existence in the ecological niche that the organism occupies. Here, eight crystal structures for a member of the cell-shape-determining class of Campylobacter jejuni, the peptidoglycan peptidase 3 (Pgp3), are reported. Characterization of the turnover chemistry of Pgp3 reveals cell wall d,d-endopeptidase and d,d-carboxypeptidase activities. Catalysis is accompanied by large conformational changes upon peptidoglycan binding, whereby a loop regulates access to the active site. Furthermore, prior hydrolysis of the crosslinked peptide stem from the saccharide backbone of the peptidoglycan on one side is a pre-requisite for its recognition and turnover by Pgp3. These analyses reveal the noncanonical nature of the transformations at the core of the events that define the morphological shape for C. jejuni as an intestinal pathogen. Peptidoglycans (PG) define bacterial cell shapes. Here, the authors provide mechanistic insights into the peptidoglycan peptidase 3 (Pgp3) from the spiral shaped human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni by determining its crystal structure alone and in complex with synthetic cell-wall PG derivatives, and they further show that the enzyme has both d,d-endopeptidase and d,d-carboxypeptidase activities
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungjin Min
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Doo Ri An
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Hazardous Substances Analysis Division, Gyeongin Regional Office of Food and Drug Safety, Incheon, 22133, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Neha Rana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Ji Su Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jinshil Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Mijoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Dusan Hesek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - B Moon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Se Won Suh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea. .,Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
| | - Hyung Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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28
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Silva S, Matz L, Elmassry MM, San Francisco MJ. Characteristics of monolayer formation in vitro by the chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Biofilm 2019; 1:100009. [PMID: 33447796 PMCID: PMC7798445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2019.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a globally distributed generalist pathogen that has driven many amphibian populations to extinction. The life cycle of B. dendrobatidis has two main cell types, motile zoospores, and sessile reproductive sporangia. When grown in a nutrient-rich liquid medium, B. dendrobatidis forms aggregates of sporangia that transition into monolayers on surfaces and at the air-liquid interface. Pathogenic microorganisms use biofilms as mechanisms of group interactions to survive under harsh conditions in the absence of a suitable host. We used fluorescent and electron microscopy, crystal violet, transcriptomic, and gas chromatographic analyses to understand the characteristics of B. dendrobatidis monolayers. The cell-free monolayer fraction showed the presence of extracellular ribose, mannose, xylose, galactose, and glucose. Transcriptome analysis showed that 27%, 26%, and 4% of the genes were differentially expressed between sporangia/zoospores, monolayer/zoospores, and sporangia/monolayer pairs respectively. In pond water studies, zoospores developed into sporangia and formed floating aggregates at the air-water interface and attached film on the bottom of growth flasks. We propose that B. dendrobatidis can form surface-attached monolayers in nutrient-rich environments and aggregates of sporangia in nutrient-poor aquatic systems. These monolayers and aggregates may facilitate dispersal and survival of the fungus in the absence of a host. We provide evidence for using a combination of plant-based chemicals, allicin, gingerol, and curcumin as potential anti-chytrid drugs to mitigate chytridiomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalika Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Lisa Matz
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Moamen M Elmassry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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29
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Lou H, Li X, Guo F, Ding M, Hu Y, Chen H, Yan J. Evaluations of Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase B cell antigen epitope as a potential epitope vaccine against Campylobacter jejuni. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:1117-1122. [PMID: 31516338 PMCID: PMC6734151 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aimed to screen and find alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpC) B cell dominant epitope of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni). Materials and methods Bio-informatic algorithms were used to predict B cell epitopes of AhpC. The AhpC protein and chemically synthesized antigenic epitopes of C. jejuni were considered as antigens, and the AhpC antibody was used as the primary antibody, ELISA and dot blot were used to analyze and screen the dominant epitope. The specific IgG of mice serum and IL-4 in splenocyte culture supernatant were detected by ELISA. The protective efficacy was evaluated by animal disease index and tissue histopathological staining of the jejunum. Results Seven epitopes of AhpC were predicted, one epitope (AhpC4–16) was found to recognize the antibodies of AhpC and had strong antigenicity by ELISA and dot blot analysis. In epitope AhpC4–16 immunized mice, specific IgG of serum and IL-4 in splenocyte culture supernatant were significantly higher. The illness index decreased significantly, the protective rate was 66.67%. Histopathology displayed that the jejunum morphology was better than the control group. Conclusions These findings suggested that epitope AhpC4–16 showed effective protective role against C. jejuni and is a candidate epitope of vaccine against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Lou
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Xusheng Li
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Fangming Guo
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Mingxing Ding
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Ye Hu
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Haohao Chen
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321000, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding authors.
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30
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Crognale S, Stazi SR, Firrincieli A, Pesciaroli L, Fedi S, Petruccioli M, D'Annibale A. Time-Dependent Changes in Morphostructural Properties and Relative Abundances of Contributors in Pleurotus ostreatus/ Pseudomonas alcaliphila Mixed Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1819. [PMID: 31447819 PMCID: PMC6695841 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus dual biofilms with bacteria are known to be involved in rock phosphate solubilization, endophytic colonization, and even in nitrogen fixation. Despite these relevant implications, no information is currently available on the architecture of P. ostreatus-based dual biofilms. In addition to this, there is a limited amount of information regarding the estimation of the temporal changes in the relative abundances of the partners in such binary systems. To address these issues, a dual biofilm model system with this fungus was prepared by using Pseudomonas alcaliphila 34 as the bacterial partner due to its very fast biofilm-forming ability. The application of the bacterial inoculum to already settled fungal biofilm on a polystyrene surface coated with hydroxyapatite was the most efficient approach to the production of the mixed system the ultrastructure of which was investigated by a multi-microscopy approach. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the adhesion of bacterial cells onto the mycelial cell wall appeared to be mediated by the presence of an abundant layer of extracellular matrix (ECM). Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that ECM filaments of bacterial origin formed initially a reticular structure that assumed a tabular semblance after 72 h, thus overshadowing the underlying mycelial network. Across the thickness of the mixed biofilms, the presence of an extensive network of channels with large aggregates of viable bacteria located on the edges of their lumina was found by confocal laser scanning microscopy; on the outermost biofilm layer, a significant fraction of dead bacterial cells was evident. Albeit with tangible differences, similar results regarding the estimation of the temporal shifts in the relative abundances of the two partners were obtained by two independent methods, the former relying on qPCR targeting of 16S and 18S rRNA genes and the latter on ester-linked fatty acid methyl esters analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Crognale
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Silvia Rita Stazi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Andrea Firrincieli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Lorena Pesciaroli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stefano Fedi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Petruccioli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessandro D'Annibale
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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31
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Wagle BR, Upadhyay A, Upadhyaya I, Shrestha S, Arsi K, Liyanage R, Venkitanarayanan K, Donoghue DJ, Donoghue AM. Trans-Cinnamaldehyde, Eugenol and Carvacrol Reduce Campylobacter jejuni Biofilms and Modulate Expression of Select Genes and Proteins. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1837. [PMID: 31456771 PMCID: PMC6698798 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of human foodborne illness globally, and is strongly linked with the consumption of contaminated poultry products. Several studies have shown that C. jejuni can form sanitizer tolerant biofilm leading to product contamination, however, limited research has been conducted to develop effective control strategies against C. jejuni biofilms. This study investigated the efficacy of three generally recognized as safe status phytochemicals namely, trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), eugenol (EG), or carvacrol (CR) in inhibiting C. jejuni biofilm formation and inactivating mature biofilm on common food contact surfaces at 20 and 37°C. In addition, the effect of phytochemicals on biofilm architecture and expression of genes and proteins essential for biofilm formation was evaluated. For the inhibition study, C. jejuni was allowed to form biofilms either in the presence or absence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of TC (0.75 mM), EG (0.61 mM), or CR (0.13 mM) for 48 h and the biofilm formation was quantified at 24-h interval. For the inactivation study, C. jejuni biofilms developed at 20 or 37°C for 48 h were exposed to the phytochemicals for 1, 5, or 10 min and surviving C. jejuni in the biofilm were enumerated. All phytochemicals reduced C. jejuni biofilm formation as well as inactivated mature biofilm on polystyrene and steel surface at both temperatures (P < 0.05). The highest dose of TC (75.64 mM), EG (60.9 mM) and CR (66.56 mM) inactivated (>7 log reduction) biofilm developed on steel (20°C) within 5 min. The genes encoding for motility systems (flaA, flaB, and flgA) were downregulated by all phytochemicals (P < 0.05). The expression of stress response (cosR, ahpC) and cell surface modifying genes (waaF) was reduced by EG. LC-MS/MS based proteomic analysis revealed that TC, EG, and CR significantly downregulated the expression of NapA protein required for oxidative stress response. The expression of chaperone protein DnaK and bacterioferritin required for biofilm formation was reduced by TC and CR. Scanning electron microscopy revealed disruption of biofilm architecture and loss of extracellular polymeric substances after treatment. Results suggest that TC, EG, and CR could be used as a natural disinfectant for controlling C. jejuni biofilms in processing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanta R. Wagle
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Abhinav Upadhyay
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Indu Upadhyaya
- School of Agriculture, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN, United States
| | - Sandip Shrestha
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Komala Arsi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Rohana Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | - Dan J. Donoghue
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Annie M. Donoghue
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture – Agriculture Research Station, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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32
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Zhang B, Gu H, Yang Y, Bai H, Zhao C, Si M, Su T, Shen X. Molecular Mechanisms of AhpC in Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Burkholderia thailandensis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1483. [PMID: 31338075 PMCID: PMC6626918 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia thailandensis is a model organism for human pathogens Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei. The study of B. thailandensis peroxiredoxin is helpful for understanding the survival, pathogenic infection, and antibiotic resistance of its homologous species. Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C (AhpC) is an important peroxiredoxin involved in oxidative damage defense. Here, we report that BthAhpC exhibits broad specificity for peroxide substrates, including inorganic and organic peroxides and peroxynitrite. AhpC catalyzes the reduction of oxidants using the N-terminal conserved Cys57 as a peroxidatic Cys and the C-terminal conserved Cys171 and Cys173 as resolving Cys. These three conserved Cys residues play critical roles in the catalytic mechanism. AhpD directly interacts with AhpC as an electron donor, and the conserved Cys residues in active site of AhpD are important for AhpC reduction. AhpC is directly repressed by OxyR as shown by identifying the OxyR binding site in the ahpC promoter with a DNA binding assay. This work sheds light on the function of AhpC in the peroxides and peroxynitrite damage response in B. thailandensis and homologous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Huawei Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yantao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Haonan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Meiru Si
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Tao Su
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Xihui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Kovács JK, Felső P, Horváth G, Schmidt J, Dorn Á, Ábrahám H, Cox A, Márk L, Emődy L, Kovács T, Schneider G. Stress Response and Virulence Potential Modulating Effect of Peppermint Essential Oil in Campylobacter jejuni. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2971741. [PMID: 30719441 PMCID: PMC6335803 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2971741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common food-borne bacteria that causes gastrointestinal symptoms. In the present study we have investigated the molecular basis of the anti-Campylobacter effect of peppermint essential oil (PEO), one of the oldest EO used to treat gastrointestinal diseases. Transcriptomic, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and proteomic, two-dimensional polyacryl amid gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) methods have revealed that, in the presence of a sublethal concentration of PEO, the expression of several virulence-associated genes was decreased (cheY 0.84x; flhB 0.79x; flgE 0.205x; cadF 0.08x; wlaB 0.89x; porA 0.25x; cbf2 4.3x) while impaired motility was revealed with a functional analysis. Scanning electron micrographs of the exposed cells showed that, unlike in the presence of other stresses, the originally curved C. jejuni cells straightened upon PEO exposure. Gaining insight into the molecular background of this stress response, we have revealed that in the presence of PEO C. jejuni dominantly exerts a general stress response that elevates the expression of general stress genes like dnaK, groEL, groES (10.41x, 3.63x, and 4.77x). The most important genes dps, sodB, and katA involved in oxidative stress responses showed however moderate transcriptional elevations (1,58x, 1,55x, and 1,85x).
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Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Kovács
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
| | - P. Felső
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
| | - Gy. Horváth
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
| | - J. Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
| | - Á. Dorn
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
| | - H. Ábrahám
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
| | - A. Cox
- Department of Biotechnology, Nanophagetherapy Center, Enviroinvest Corporation, Pécs, Hungary
| | - L. Márk
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
| | - L. Emődy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - T. Kovács
- Department of Biotechnology, Nanophagetherapy Center, Enviroinvest Corporation, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gy. Schneider
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
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Hong EJ, Jeong H, Lee DS, Kim Y, Lee HS. TheahpDgene ofCorynebacterium glutamicumplays an important role in hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress response. J Biochem 2018; 165:197-204. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Hong
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong-si, Korea
| | - Haeri Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong-si, Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong-si, Korea
| | - Younhee Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, 65 Semyeong-ro, Jecheon-si, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Heung-Shick Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong-si, Korea
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Ong KS, Mawang CI, Daniel-Jambun D, Lim YY, Lee SM. Current anti-biofilm strategies and potential of antioxidants in biofilm control. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2018; 16:855-864. [PMID: 30308132 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1535898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biofilm formation is a strategy for microorganisms to adapt and survive in hostile environments. Microorganisms that are able to produce biofilms are currently recognized as a threat to human health. Areas covered: Many strategies have been employed to eradicate biofilms, but several drawbacks from these methods had subsequently raised concerns on the need for alternative approaches to effectively prevent biofilm formation. One of the main mechanisms that drives a microorganism to transit from a planktonic to a biofilm-sessile state, is oxidative stress. Chemical agents that could target oxidative stress regulators, for instance antioxidants, could therefore be used to treat biofilm-associated infections. Expert commentary: The focus of this review is to summarize the function and limitation of the current anti-biofilm strategies and will propose the use of antioxidants as an alternative method to treat, prevent and eradicate biofilms. Studies have shown that water-soluble and lipid-soluble antioxidants can reduce and prevent biofilm formation, by influencing the expression of genes associated with oxidative stress. Further in vivo work should be conducted to ensure the efficacy of these antioxidants in a biological environment. Nevertheless, antioxidants are promising anti-biofilm agents, and thus is a potential solution for biofilm-associated infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Shion Ong
- a School of Science , Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway , Selangor , Malaysia.,b Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform , Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway , Selangor , Malaysia
| | | | | | - Yau Yan Lim
- a School of Science , Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Sui Mae Lee
- a School of Science , Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway , Selangor , Malaysia.,b Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform , Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway , Selangor , Malaysia
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Oh E, Andrews KJ, Jeon B. Enhanced Biofilm Formation by Ferrous and Ferric Iron Through Oxidative Stress in Campylobacter jejuni. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1204. [PMID: 29928267 PMCID: PMC5998592 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a leading foodborne pathogen worldwide. Biofilm formation is an important survival mechanism that sustains the viability of Campylobacter under harsh stress conditions. Iron affects biofilm formation in some other bacteria; however, the effect of iron on biofilm formation has not been investigated in Campylobacter. In this study, we discovered that ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) iron stimulated biofilm formation in Campylobacter jejuni. The sequestration of iron with an iron chelator prevented the iron-mediated biofilm stimulation. The level of total reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biofilms was increased by iron. However, the supplementation with an antioxidant prevented the total ROS level from being increased in biofilms by iron and also inhibited iron-mediated biofilm stimulation in C. jejuni. This suggests that iron promotes biofilm formation through oxidative stress. Based on the results of fluorescence microscopic analysis, Fe2+ and Fe3+ enhanced both microcolony formation and biofilm maturation. The levels of extracellular DNA and polysaccharides in biofilms were increased by iron supplementation. The effect of iron on biofilm formation was also investigated with 70 C. jejuni isolates from raw chicken. Regardless of the inherent levels of biofilm formation, iron stimulated biofilm formation in all tested strains; however, there were strain variations in iron concentrations affecting biofilm formation. The biofilm formation of 92.9% (65 of 70) strains was enhanced by either 40 μM Fe2+ or 20 μM Fe3+ or both (the iron concentrations that enhanced biofilm formation in C. jejuni NCTC 11168), whereas different iron concentrations were required to promote biofilms in the rest of the strains. The findings in this study showed that Fe2+ and Fe3+ contributed to the stimulation of biofilm formation in C. jejuni through oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euna Oh
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Katelyn J Andrews
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Byeonghwa Jeon
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Oh E, Bae J, Kumar A, Choi HJ, Jeon B. Antioxidant-based synergistic eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms with bacitracin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 52:96-99. [PMID: 29567095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have serious clinical implications. However, it is difficult to eradicate MRSA biofilms due to the increased tolerance to antimicrobials of biofilms. In this study, we investigated the synergistic anti-biofilm effect of the combination of octyl gallate (OG), an antioxidant approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food additive, and bacitracin, an antimicrobial peptide commonly used in topical antimicrobial ointments. The results of biofilm assays showed that OG enabled bacitracin at concentrations as low as 10-3 U/ml to inhibit biofilm formation in MRSA. A confocal microscopic analysis exhibited that the combination of bacitracin and OG suppressed biofilm formation in MRSA highly effectively compared to the single treatment of either bacitracin or OG. The synergistic anti-biofilm activity of bacitracin and OG was also confirmed in MRSA strains from humans, including USA300, which is the predominant clone of community-associated MRSA in the US. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the synergistic anti-biofilm activity of an antimicrobial peptide and an antioxidant against MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euna Oh
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Junghee Bae
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Ingenuity Lab, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hyo-Jick Choi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Ingenuity Lab, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Byeonghwa Jeon
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Nilsson A, Skarp A, Johansson C, Kaden R, Engstrand L, Rautelin H. Characterization of Swedish Campylobacter coli clade 2 and clade 3 water isolates. Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00583. [PMID: 29424055 PMCID: PMC6079167 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are important bacterial enteropathogens. Poultry is the best‐known reservoir for Campylobacter infection but natural bodies of water have also been shown to be important pathways for transmission. Campylobacter can survive in cold water but most of the studies have focused on C. jejuni only. In this paper, we take a closer look at the biology and water survival strategies of C. coli. Eight C. coli isolates cultivated from raw (incoming) surface water at water plants in Sweden were characterized using whole‐genome sequencing and phenotypical assays. Phylogenetic analysis assigned the Swedish water isolates to clades 2 and 3, known to include C. coli of environmental origin. In addition, 53 earlier published sequences of C. coli clade 2 and 3 from environmental waters were included for in silico analyses. Generally, clade 2 isolates had larger genomes, which included a functional tricarballylate utilization locus, while clade 3 isolates contained different genes involved in oxidative stress as well as putative virulence factors. The Swedish water isolates of clade 2 formed large, blurry bacterial colonies on agar, whereas clade 3 colonies were smaller. All Swedish isolates were motile, but clade 3 isolates formed larger motility zones on soft agar, and none of these isolates produced biofilm. Although water survival varied between the analyzed isolates, there were hardly any clade‐specific significant differences. Our results highlight the diversity of C. coli in general, and show differences in metabolic capabilities and ways to handle oxidative stress between clade 2 and 3 water isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nilsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Astrid Skarp
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - René Kaden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Engstrand
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, and Science for Life Laboratory, Clinical Genomics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hilpi Rautelin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Grimm I, Dumke J, Dreier J, Knabbe C, Vollmer T. Biofilm formation and transcriptome analysis of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus in response to lysozyme. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191705. [PMID: 29373594 PMCID: PMC5786311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus is a commensal bacterium of the human gastrointestinal tract, and a pathogen causing infective endocarditis and other biofilm-associated infections via exposed collagen. This study focuses on the characterization of the biofilm formation and collagen adhesion of S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus under different conditions. In this study, it has been observed that the isolate UCN 34 is resistant to 20 mg/ml lysozyme in BHI medium, whereas the strain BAA-2069 builds more biofilm in the presence of lysozyme compared to in a control of BHI without lysozyme. A transcriptome analysis with whole genome microarrays of these two isolates in BHI medium with lysozyme compared to control without lysozyme revealed changes in gene expression levels. In the isolate BAA-2069, 67 genes showed increased expression in the presence of lysozyme, while in the isolate UCN 34, 165 genes showed increased expression and 30 genes showed decreased expression through lysozyme treatment. Products of genes which were higher expressed are in involved in transcription and translation, in cell-wall modification, in hydrogen peroxide resistance and in bacterial immunity. Furthermore, the adhesion ability of different strains of S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus to collagen type I and IV was analyzed. Thereby, we compared the adhesion of 46 human isolates with 23 isolates from animals. It was shown that the adhesion ability depends significantly on whether the isolate was isolated from human or animal. For example, high adhesion ability was observed for strain UCN 34 isolated from an infective endocarditis patient, whereas strain DSM 16831 isolated from koala feces adhered only marginally to collagen. Full genome microarray analysis of these two strains revealed strain-dependent gene expression due to adhesion. The expression of 25 genes of a transposon and 15 genes of a phage region in strain DSM 16831 were increased, which corresponds to horizontal gene transfer. Adherence to collagen in strain UCN 34 led to higher expression of 27 genes and lower expression of 31 genes. This was suggestive of a change in nutrient uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Grimm
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Jessika Dumke
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Jens Dreier
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Tanja Vollmer
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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Loshaj-Shala A, Colzani M, Brezovska K, Poceva Panovska A, Suturkova L, Beretta G. Immunoproteomic identification of antigenic candidate Campylobacter jejuni and human peripheral nerve proteins involved in Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 317:77-83. [PMID: 29338928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunoproteomics is become a potent methodology used for identifying immunoreactive proteins. In this study, an immunoproteomic approach based on 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and immunoblotting combined with high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) was used to identify immunoreactive proteins that might be involved in mechanisms of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) development, regardless of their potential reciprocal molecular mimicry. Proteins isolated from C. jejuni and human peripheral nerve tissue (HPN) were separated with 2D SDS-PAGE and subjected to western blotting using serum samples from GBS patients. The peptides generated after proteolysis of the immunoreactive proteins were submitted to nanoflow-high performance liquid chromatography-nano electrospray ionization coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (nHPLC-nESI-MS and MS/MS) followed by SEQUESTdata analysis for proteins identification. In C. jejuni, immunoreactivity was found for GroEL and DnaK, structural proteins (MOMP), key enzymatic proteins necessary for the microbial proliferation (adenylate kinase, enolase, inorganic pyrophosphatase and aspartate ammonia-lyase), and antioxidant enzymes (alkyl hydroperoxide reductase-AhpC and DNA protection during starvation protein - DNA protection factor against Fe2+-mediated oxidative stress). HPN immunoreactive proteins identified were heat shock proteins (HSP), intermediate filaments (vimentin and desmin), and other proteins and enzymes such as troponin/tropomyosin complex and ATP synthase subunit beta and the keratan sulfate proteoglycan lumican. The targeting of vimentin and desmin, suggested that the neuronal autoimmune damage is specifically directed to intermediate neuronal (vimentin) and neuromuscular IF, probably localized nearby cell surface, affording increased accessibility to autoantibodies. These findings suggest that the post-infectious development of GBS may be also associated to additional concomitant immune factors that lead to nerve damage generated by auto-immune trigger(s) different from molecular mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Loshaj-Shala
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University Hasan Prishtina, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Mara Colzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Katerina Brezovska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia
| | | | - Ljubica Suturkova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Giangiacomo Beretta
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Melo RT, Mendonça EP, Monteiro GP, Siqueira MC, Pereira CB, Peres PABM, Fernandez H, Rossi DA. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspects on Campylobacter jejuni Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1332. [PMID: 28769900 PMCID: PMC5513903 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm represents a way of life that allows greater survival of microorganisms in hostile habitats. Campylobacter jejuni is able to form biofilms in vitro and on surfaces at several points in the poultry production chain. Genetic determinants related to their formation are expressed differently between strains and external conditions are decisive in this respect. Our approach combines phylogenetic analysis and the presence of seven specific genes linked to biofilm formation in association with traditional microbiology techniques, using Mueller Hinton and chicken juice as substrates in order to quantify, classify, determine the composition and morphology of the biomass of simple and mixed biofilms of 30 C. jejuni strains. It also evaluates the inhibition of its formation by biocides commonly used in industry and also by zinc oxide nanoparticles. Genetic analysis showed high heterogeneity with the identification of 23 pulsotypes. Despite the diversity, the presence of flaA, cadF, luxS, dnaJ, htrA, cbrA, and sodB genes in all strains shows the high potential for biofilm formation. This ability was only expressed in chicken juice, where they presented phenotype of a strong biofilm producer, with a mean count of 7.37 log CFU/mL and an ultrastructure characteristic of mature biofilm. The composition of simple and mixed biofilms was predominantly composed by proteins. The exceptions were found in mixed biofilms with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which includes a carbohydrate-rich matrix, lower ability to sessile form in chicken juice and compact architecture of the biofilm, this aspects are intrinsic to this species. Hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and peracetic acid were more effective in controlling viable cells of C. jejuni in biofilm, but the existence of tolerant strains indicates exposure to sublethal concentrations and development of adaptation mechanisms. This study shows that in chicken juice C. jejuni presents greater potential in producing mature biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta T. Melo
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biotechnology, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eliane P. Mendonça
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biotechnology, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guilherme P. Monteiro
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biotechnology, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana C. Siqueira
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biotechnology, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clara B. Pereira
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biotechnology, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Phelipe A. B. M. Peres
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biotechnology, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Heriberto Fernandez
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Daise A. Rossi
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biotechnology, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Yin S, Jiang B, Huang G, Gong Y, You B, Yang Z, Chen Y, Chen J, Yuan Z, Li M, Hu F, Zhao Y, Peng Y. Burn Serum Increases Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation via Oxidative Stress. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1191. [PMID: 28702016 PMCID: PMC5487419 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen isolated from burn patients that can form biofilms on burn wounds and implanted deep vein catheters, which often leads to refractory infections or even biofilm-related sepsis. As biofilm formation is usually regulated by environmental conditions, we hypothesized that serum composition may be altered after burn injury, potentially affecting the ability of infecting bacteria to form biofilms. As predicted, we observed that serum from burn-injured rats increases biofilm formation by S. aureus and also induces bacterial aggregation and adherence to human fibronectin and fibrinogen. Analysis of potential regulatory factors revealed that exposure to burn serum decreases expression of the quorum-sensing agr system and increases mRNA levels of some biofilm inducers such as sarA and icaA. In addition, we also observed that burn serum imposes oxidative stress and increases expression of key oxidoreductase genes (sodA, sodM, katA, and ahpC) in S. aureus. Importantly, the ability of burn serum to enhance biofilm formation and bacterial cell aggregation can be abrogated by treatment with an antioxidant. Taken together, these findings indicate that burn serum increases S. aureus biofilm formation via elevated oxidative stress, and may lead to novel strategies to control biofilm formation and infection in burn patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Bei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Guangtao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Yali Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Bo You
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Zichen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Fuquan Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Yizhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
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Turonova H, Haddad N, Hernould M, Chevret D, Pazlarova J, Tresse O. Profiling of Campylobacter jejuni Proteome in Exponential and Stationary Phase of Growth. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:913. [PMID: 28572800 PMCID: PMC5435804 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni has been reported as a major cause of bacterial food-borne enteritides in developed countries during the last decade. Despite its fastidious growth requirements, including low level of oxygen and high level of CO2, this pathogen is able to persist in the environment without permanent loss of its viability and virulence. As C. jejuni is not able to multiply outside a host, the cells spend significant amount of time in stationary phase of growth. The entry into the stationary phase is often correlated to resistance to various stresses in bacteria. The switching between exponential and stationary phases is frequently mediated by the regulator sigma S (RpoS). However, this factor is absent in C. jejuni and molecular mechanisms responsible for transition of cells to the stationary phase remain elusive. In this work, proteomic profiles of cells from exponential and stationary phases were compared using 2-D electrophoresis (2DE) fingerprinting combined with mass spectrometry analysis and qRT-PCR. The identified proteins, whose expression differed between the two phases, are mostly involved in protein biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, stress response and motility. Altered expression was observed also in the pleiotropic regulator CosR that was over-expressed during stationary phase. A shift between transcript and protein level evolution of CosR throughout the growth of C. jejuni was observed using qRT-PCR and (2DE). From these data, we hypothesized that CosR could undergo a negative autoregulation in stationary phase. A consensus sequence resulting from promoter sequence alignment of genes potentially regulated by CosR, including its own upstream region, among C. jejuni strains is proposed. To verify experimentally the potential autoregulation of CosR at the DNA level, electrophoretic mobility shift assay was performed with DNA fragments of CosR promoter region and rCosR. Different migration pattern of the promoter fragments indicates the binding capacity of CosR, suggesting its auto-regulation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Turonova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and TechnologyPrague, Czechia
| | - Nabila Haddad
- SECALIM UMR1014, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueNantes, France
| | - Mathieu Hernould
- SECALIM UMR1014, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueNantes, France
| | - Didier Chevret
- UMR1319 MICALIS, Plateforme d'Analyse Protéomique de Paris Sud-Ouest, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jarmila Pazlarova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and TechnologyPrague, Czechia
| | - Odile Tresse
- SECALIM UMR1014, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueNantes, France
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Teh AHT, Lee SM, Dykes GA. Identification of potential Campylobacter jejuni genes involved in biofilm formation by EZ-Tn5 Transposome mutagenesis. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:182. [PMID: 28499399 PMCID: PMC5427567 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm formation has been suggested to play a role in the survival of Campylobacter jejuni in the environment and contribute to the high incidence of human campylobacteriosis. Molecular studies of biofilm formation by Campylobacter are sparse. RESULTS We attempted to identify genes that may be involved in biofilm formation in seven C. jejuni strains through construction of mutants using the EZ-Tn5 Transposome system. Only 14 mutants with reduced biofilm formation were obtained, all from one strain of C. jejuni. Three different genes of interest, namely CmeB (synthesis of multidrug efflux system transporter proteins), NusG (transcription termination and anti-termination protein) and a putative transmembrane protein (involved in membrane protein function) were identified. The efficiency of the EZ::TN5 transposon mutagenesis approach was strain dependent and was unable to generate any mutants from most of the strains used. CONCLUSIONS A diverse range of genes may be involved in biofilm formation by C. jejuni. The application of the EZ::TN5 system for construction of mutants in different Campylobacter strains is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Huei Teen Teh
- School of Science, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 46150 Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Sui Mae Lee
- School of Science, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 46150 Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Gary A. Dykes
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102 Australia
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Machuca A, Martinez V. Transcriptome Analysis of the Intracellular Facultative Pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis: Expression of Putative Groups of Genes Associated with Virulence and Iron Metabolism. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168855. [PMID: 28033422 PMCID: PMC5199080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular facultative bacteria Piscirickettsia salmonis is one of the most important pathogens of the Chilean aquaculture. However, there is a lack of information regarding the whole genomic transcriptional response according to different extracellular environments. We used next generation sequencing (NGS) of RNA (RNA-seq) to study the whole transcriptome of an isolate of P. salmonis (FAVET-INBIOGEN) using a cell line culture and a modified cell-free liquid medium, with or without iron supplementation. This was done in order to obtain information about the factors there are involved in virulence and iron acquisition. First, the isolate was grown in the Sf21 cell line; then, the bacteria were cultured into a cell-free liquid medium supplemented or not with iron. We identified in the transcriptome, genes associated with type IV secretion systems, genes related to flagellar structure assembly, several proteases and sigma factors, and genes related to the development of drug resistance. Additionally, we identified for the first time several iron-metabolism associated genes including at least two iron uptake pathways (ferrous iron and ferric iron uptake) that are actually expressed in the different conditions analyzed. We further describe putative genes that are related with the use and storage of iron in the bacteria, which have not been previously described. Several sets of genes related to virulence were expressed in both the cell line and cell-free culture media (for example those related to flagellar structure; such as basal body, MS-ring, C-ring, proximal and distal rod, and filament), which may play roles in other basic processes rather than been restricted to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Machuca
- FAVET-INBIOGEN, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor Martinez
- FAVET-INBIOGEN, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Gundogdu O, da Silva DT, Mohammad B, Elmi A, Wren BW, van Vliet AHM, Dorrell N. The Campylobacter jejuni Oxidative Stress Regulator RrpB Is Associated with a Genomic Hypervariable Region and Altered Oxidative Stress Resistance. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2117. [PMID: 28082970 PMCID: PMC5183652 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne diarrhoeal disease worldwide. Despite the microaerophilic nature of the bacterium, C. jejuni can survive the atmospheric oxygen conditions in the environment. Bacteria that can survive either within a host or in the environment like C. jejuni require variable responses to survive the stresses associated with exposure to different levels of reactive oxygen species. The MarR-type transcriptional regulators RrpA and RrpB have recently been shown to play a role in controlling both the C. jejuni oxidative and aerobic stress responses. Analysis of 3,746 C. jejuni and 486 C. coli genome sequences showed that whilst rrpA is present in over 99% of C. jejuni strains, the presence of rrpB is restricted and appears to correlate with specific MLST clonal complexes (predominantly ST-21 and ST-61). C. coli strains in contrast lack both rrpA and rrpB. In C. jejuni rrpB+ strains, the rrpB gene is located within a variable genomic region containing the IF subtype of the type I Restriction-Modification (hsd) system, whilst this variable genomic region in C. jejuni rrpB- strains contains the IAB subtype hsd system and not the rrpB gene. C. jejuni rrpB- strains exhibit greater resistance to peroxide and aerobic stress than C. jejuni rrpB+ strains. Inactivation of rrpA resulted in increased sensitivity to peroxide stress in rrpB+ strains, but not in rrpB- strains. Mutation of rrpA resulted in reduced killing of Galleria mellonella larvae and enhanced biofilm formation independent of rrpB status. The oxidative and aerobic stress responses of rrpB- and rrpB+ strains suggest adaptation of C. jejuni within different hosts and niches that can be linked to specific MLST clonal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Gundogdu
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, UK
| | - Daiani T da Silva
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, UK
| | - Banaz Mohammad
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, UK
| | - Abdi Elmi
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, UK
| | - Arnoud H M van Vliet
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey Guildford, UK
| | - Nick Dorrell
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, UK
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Zwick JV, Noble S, Ellaicy YK, Coe GD, Hakey DJ, King AN, Sadauskas AJ, Faulkner MJ. AhpA is a peroxidase expressed during biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis. Microbiologyopen 2016; 6. [PMID: 27683249 PMCID: PMC5300871 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms growing aerobically generate reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide. These reactive oxygen molecules damage enzymes and DNA, potentially causing cell death. In response, Bacillus subtilis produces at least nine potential peroxide-scavenging enzymes; two belong to the alkylhydroperoxide reductase (Ahp) class of peroxidases. Here, we explore the role of one of these Ahp homologs, AhpA. While previous studies demonstrated that AhpA can scavenge peroxides and thus defend cells against peroxides, they did not clarify when during growth the cell produces AhpA. The results presented here show that the expression of ahpA is regulated in a manner distinct from that of the other peroxide-scavenging enzymes in B. subtilis. While the primary Ahp, AhpC, is expressed during exponential growth and stationary phase, these studies demonstrate that the expression of ahpA is dependent on the transition-state regulator AbrB and the sporulation and biofilm formation transcription factor Spo0A. Furthermore, these results show that ahpA is specifically expressed during biofilm formation, and not during sporulation or stationary phase, suggesting that derepression of ahpA by AbrB requires a signal other than those present upon entry into stationary phase. Despite this expression pattern, ahpA mutant strains still form and maintain robust biofilms, even in the presence of peroxides. Thus, the role of AhpA with regard to protecting cells within biofilms from environmental stresses is still uncertain. These studies highlight the need to further study the Ahp homologs to better understand how they differ from one another and the unique roles they may play in oxidative stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelie V Zwick
- Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Sarah Noble
- Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Dylan J Hakey
- Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Alyssa N King
- Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria, IL, USA
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NADPH oxidase-derived H2O2 subverts pathogen signaling by oxidative phosphotyrosine conversion to PB-DOPA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10406-11. [PMID: 27562167 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605443113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Strengthening the host immune system to fully exploit its potential as antimicrobial defense is vital in countering antibiotic resistance. Chemical compounds released during bidirectional host-pathogen cross-talk, which follows a sensing-response paradigm, can serve as protective mediators. A potent, diffusible messenger is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), but its consequences on extracellular pathogens are unknown. Here we show that H2O2, released by the host on pathogen contact, subverts the tyrosine signaling network of a number of bacteria accustomed to low-oxygen environments. This defense mechanism uses heme-containing bacterial enzymes with peroxidase-like activity to facilitate phosphotyrosine (p-Tyr) oxidation. An intrabacterial reaction converts p-Tyr to protein-bound dopa (PB-DOPA) via a tyrosinyl radical intermediate, thereby altering antioxidant defense and inactivating enzymes involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis and metabolism. Disruption of bacterial signaling by DOPA modification reveals an infection containment strategy that weakens bacterial fitness and could be a blueprint for antivirulence approaches.
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49
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Techaruvichit P, Takahashi H, Kuda T, Miya S, Keeratipibul S, Kimura B. Adaptation of Campylobacter jejuni to biocides used in the food industry affects biofilm structure, adhesion strength, and cross-resistance to clinical antimicrobial compounds. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:827-839. [PMID: 27353218 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1198476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of biocide-adapted Campylobacter jejuni strains that developed into biofilms and their potential to develop clinical resistance to antimicrobial compounds was studied. C. jejuni was grown in sub-lethal concentrations of five biocides used in the food industry. C. jejuni exhibited adaptation to these biocides with increased minimum inhibitory concentrations. The 3-D structures of the biofilms produced by the biocide-adapted cells were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results revealed marked variability in biofilm architecture, including ice-crystal-like structures. Adaptation to the biocides enhanced biofilm formation, with significant increases in biovolume, surface coverage, roughness, and the surface adhesion force of the biofilms. Adaptation to commercial biocides induced resistance to kanamycin and streptomycin. This study suggests that the inappropriate use of biocides may lead to cells being exposed to them at sub-lethal concentrations, which can result in adaptation of the pathogens to the biocides and a subsequent risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punnida Techaruvichit
- a Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Marine Science , Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hajime Takahashi
- a Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Marine Science , Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takashi Kuda
- a Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Marine Science , Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Satoko Miya
- a Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Marine Science , Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Suwimon Keeratipibul
- b Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
- c Molecular Sensory Science Center, Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Bon Kimura
- a Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Marine Science , Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology , Tokyo , Japan
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50
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Bronnec V, Turoňová H, Bouju A, Cruveiller S, Rodrigues R, Demnerova K, Tresse O, Haddad N, Zagorec M. Adhesion, Biofilm Formation, and Genomic Features of Campylobacter jejuni Bf, an Atypical Strain Able to Grow under Aerobic Conditions. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1002. [PMID: 27446042 PMCID: PMC4927563 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial enteritis in Europe. Human campylobacteriosis cases are frequently associated to the consumption of contaminated poultry meat. To survive under environmental conditions encountered along the food chain, i.e., from poultry digestive tract its natural reservoir to the consumer's plate, this pathogen has developed adaptation mechanisms. Among those, biofilm lifestyle has been suggested as a strategy to survive in the food environment and under atmospheric conditions. Recently, the clinical isolate C. jejuni Bf has been shown to survive and grow under aerobic conditions, a property that may help this strain to better survive along the food chain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adhesion capacity of C. jejuni Bf and its ability to develop a biofilm. C. jejuni Bf can adhere to abiotic surfaces and to human epithelial cells, and can develop biofilm under both microaerobiosis and aerobiosis. These two conditions have no influence on this strain, unlike results obtained with the reference strain C. jejuni 81-176, which harbors only planktonic cells under aerobic conditions. Compared to 81-176, the biofilm of C. jejuni Bf is more homogenous and cell motility at the bottom of biofilm was not modified whatever the atmosphere used. C. jejuni Bf whole genome sequence did not reveal any gene unique to this strain, suggesting that its unusual property does not result from acquisition of new genetic material. Nevertheless some genetic particularities seem to be shared only between Bf and few others strains. Among the main features of C. jejuni Bf genome we noticed (i) a complete type VI secretion system important in pathogenicity and environmental adaptation; (ii) a mutation in the oorD gene involved in oxygen metabolism; and (iii) the presence of an uncommon insertion of a 72 amino acid coding sequence upstream from dnaK, which is involved in stress resistance. Therefore, the atypical behavior of this strain under aerobic atmosphere may result from the combination of insertions and mutations. In addition, the comparison of mRNA transcript levels of several genes targeted through genome analysis suggests the modification of regulatory processes in this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hana Turoňová
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyPrague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Stéphane Cruveiller
- CNRS-UMR 8030 and Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA/DRF/IG/Genoscope LABGeMEvry, France
| | | | - Katerina Demnerova
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyPrague, Czech Republic
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