1
|
Mehra A, Kumar S, Mittal A, Kohli R, Mittal A. Insights to the emerging potential of glucokinase activators as antidiabetic agent. Pharm Pat Anal 2024; 13:53-71. [PMID: 39316577 DOI: 10.1080/20468954.2024.2389762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
The glucokinase enzyme (belongs to the hexokinase family) is present in liver cells and β-cells of the pancreas. Glucokinase acts as a catalyst in the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose which is rate-limiting step in glucose metabolism. Glucokinase becomes malfunctional or remains inactivated in diabetes. Glucokinase activators are compounds that bind at the allosteric site of the glucokinase enzyme and activate it. This article highlights the patent and recent research papers history with possible SAR from year 2014-2023. The data comprises the discussion of novel chemotypes (GKAs) that are being targeted for drug development and entered into clinical trials. GK activators have attracted massive interest since successful results have been reported from clinical trials data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Mehra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Shubham Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Anu Mittal
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University College, Patti, Distt. Tarn Taran, India
| | - Ruchi Kohli
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University College, Narot Jaimal Singh, 145026, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Punjab, 144411, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chow E, Wang K, Lim CK, Tsoi ST, Fan B, Poon E, Luk AO, Ma RC, Ferrannini E, Mari A, Chen L, Chan JC. Dorzagliatin, a Dual-Acting Glucokinase Activator, Increases Insulin Secretion and Glucose Sensitivity in Glucokinase Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young and Recent-Onset Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2023; 72:299-308. [PMID: 36342518 PMCID: PMC9871194 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK, gene symbol GCK) maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations in GK and impaired glucose sensing. We investigated effects of dorzagliatin, a novel allosteric GK activator, on insulin secretion rates (ISRs) and β-cell glucose sensitivity (βCGS) in GCK-MODY and recent-onset type 2 diabetes. In a double-blind, randomized, crossover study, 8 participants with GCK-MODY and 10 participants with type 2 diabetes underwent 2-h 12 mmol/L hyperglycemic clamps following a single oral dose of dorzagliatin 75 mg or matched placebo. Effects of dorzagliatin on wild-type and mutant GK enzyme activity were investigated using an NADP+-coupled assay with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in vitro. In GCK-MODY, dorzagliatin significantly increased absolute and incremental second-phase ISRs versus placebo but not the acute insulin response. Dorzagliatin improved βCGS in GCK-MODY with an upward and leftward shift in ISR-glucose response. Dorzagliatin increased basal ISRs in type 2 diabetes, with smaller changes in second-phase ISRs versus GCK-MODY. In vitro, dorzagliatin directly reduced the glucose half saturation concentration of wild-type GK and selected GK mutants to varying degrees. Dorzagliatin directly restored enzyme activity of select GK mutants and enhanced wild-type GK activity, thereby correcting the primary defect of glucose sensing in GCK-MODY.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Chow
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Corresponding authors: Juliana C.N. Chan, , and Elaine Chow,
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cadmon K.P. Lim
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sandra T.F. Tsoi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baoqi Fan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emily Poon
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrea O.Y. Luk
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ronald C.W. Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Padua, Italy
| | - Li Chen
- Hua Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juliana C.N. Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Corresponding authors: Juliana C.N. Chan, , and Elaine Chow,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kawata S, Nakamura A, Miyoshi H, Yang K, Shigesawa I, Yamauchi Y, Tsuchida K, Omori K, Takahashi K, Nomoto H, Kameda H, Cho KY, Terauchi Y, Atsumi T. Glucokinase activation leads to an unsustained hypoglycaemic effect with hepatic triglyceride accumulation in db/db mice. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:391-401. [PMID: 34704329 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate how subchronic administration of a glucokinase activator (GKA) results in attenuation of the hypoglycaemic effect in the diabetic condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six-week-old db/db mice were fed standard chow containing a GKA or the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor ipragliflozin for 1, 6, 14 or 28 days. We performed histological evaluation and gene expression analysis of the pancreatic islets and liver after each treatment and compared the results to those in untreated mice. RESULTS The unsustained hypoglycaemic effect of GKAs was reproduced in db/db mice in conjunction with significant hepatic fat accumulation. The initial reactions to treatment with the GKA in the liver were upregulation of the gene expression of carbohydrate response element-binding protein beta (Chrebp-b) and downregulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pepck) on day 1. Subsequently, the initial changes in Chrebp-b and Pepck disappeared and increases in the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase, were observed. There were no significant changes in the pancreatic β cells nor in hepatic insulin signalling. CONCLUSIONS The GKA showed an unsustained hypoglycaemic effect and promoted hepatic fat accumulation in db/db mice. Dynamic changes in the expression of hepatic genes involved in lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis could affect the unsustained hypoglycaemic effect of the GKA despite no changes in pancreatic β-cell function and mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Kawata
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akinobu Nakamura
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Miyoshi
- Division of Diabetes and Obesity, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kelaier Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ikumi Shigesawa
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamauchi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Tsuchida
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuno Omori
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Takahashi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nomoto
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiraku Kameda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kyu Yong Cho
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Clinical Research and Medical Innovation Centre, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thilagavathi R, Hosseini-Zare MS, Malini M, Selvam C. A comprehensive review on glucokinase activators: Promising agents for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:247-263. [PMID: 34714587 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucokinase is a key enzyme which converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate in the liver and pancreatic cells of the human. In the liver, glucokinase promotes the synthesis of glycogen, and in the pancreas, it helps in glucose-sensitive insulin release. It serves as a "glucose sensor" and thereby plays an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Due to this activity, glucokinase is considered as an attractive drug target for type 2 diabetes. It created a lot of interest among the researchers, and several small molecules were discovered. The research work was initiated in 1990. However, the hypoglycemic effect, increased liver burden, and loss of efficacy over time were faced during clinical development. Dorzagliatin, a novel glucokinase activator that acts on both the liver and pancreas, is in the late-stage clinical development. TTP399, a promising hepatoselective GK activator, showed a clinically significant and sustained reduction in glycated hemoglobin with a low risk of adverse effects. The successful findings generated immense interest to continue further research in finding small molecule GK activators for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The article covers different series of GK activators reported over the past decade and the structural insights into the GK-GK activator binding which, we believe will stimulate the discovery of novel GK activators to treat type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Thilagavathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | - Maryam Sadat Hosseini-Zare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Manokaran Malini
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | - Chelliah Selvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nakamura A, Omori K, Terauchi Y. Glucokinase activation or inactivation: Which will lead to the treatment of type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23:2199-2206. [PMID: 34105236 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase, which phosphorylates glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate, plays a critical role in regulating blood glucose levels. On the basis of data of glucokinase-knockout and transgenic mice and humans with glucokinase mutations, glucokinase was targeted for drug development aiming to augment its activity, and thereby reduce hyperglycaemia in patients with diabetes. In fact, various small molecule compounds have been developed and clinically tested as glucokinase activators. However, some have been discontinued because of efficacy and safety issues. One of these issues is loss of the drug's efficacy over time. This unsustained glycaemic efficacy may be associated with the excess glycolysis by glucokinase activation in pancreatic beta cells, resulting in beta-cell failure. Recently, we have shown that glucokinase haploinsufficiency ameliorated glucose intolerance by increasing beta-cell function and mass in a mouse model of diabetes. Given that a similar phenotype has been observed in glucokinase-activated beta cells and diabetic beta cells, glucokinase inactivation may be a new therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Nakamura
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuno Omori
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Grewal AS, Lather V, Charaya N, Sharma N, Singh S, Kairys V. Recent Developments in Medicinal Chemistry of Allosteric Activators of Human Glucokinase for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Therapeutics. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2510-2552. [PMID: 32286938 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200414163148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucokinase (GK), a cytoplasmic enzyme catalyzes the metabolism of glucose to glucose- 6-phosphate with the help of ATP and aids in the controlling of blood glucose levels within the normal range in humans. In pancreatic β-cells, it plays a chief role by controlling the glucose-stimulated secretion of insulin and in liver hepatocyte cells, it controls the metabolism of carbohydrates. GK acts as a promising drug target for the pharmacological treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as it plays an important role in the control of carbohydrate metabolism. METHODS Data used for this review was based on the search from several science databases as well as various patent databases. The main data search terms used were allosteric GK activators, diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, glucokinase, glucokinase activators and human glucokinase. RESULTS This article discusses an overview of T2DM, the biology of GK, the role of GK in T2DM, recent updates in the development of small molecule GK activators reported in recent literature, mechanism of action of GK activators and their clinical status. CONCLUSION GK activators are the novel class of pharmacological agents that enhance the catalytic activity of GK enzyme and display their antihyperglycemic effects. Broad diversity of chemical entities including benzamide analogues, carboxamides, acrylamides, benzimidazoles, quinazolines, thiazoles, pyrimidines, pyridines, orotic acid amides, amino acid derivatives, amino phosphates and urea derivatives have been synthesized in past two decades as potent allosteric activators of GK. Presently, the pharmaceutical companies and researchers are focusing on the design and development of liver-selective GK activators for preventing the possible adverse effects associated with GK activators for the long-term treatment of T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajmer S Grewal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Viney Lather
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Charaya
- Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Memorial College of Pharmacy, Haryana, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Visvaldas Kairys
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
|
9
|
Okuyama T, Shirakawa J, Yanagisawa H, Kyohara M, Yamazaki S, Tajima K, Togashi Y, Terauchi Y. Identification of the matricellular protein Fibulin-5 as a target molecule of glucokinase-mediated calcineurin/NFAT signaling in pancreatic islets. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2364. [PMID: 28539593 PMCID: PMC5443834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase-mediated glucose signaling induces insulin secretion, proliferation, and apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are not clearly understood. Here, we demonstrated that glucokinase activation using a glucokinase activator (GKA) significantly upregulated the expression of Fibulin-5 (Fbln5), a matricellular protein involved in matrix-cell signaling, in isolated mouse islets. The islet Fbln5 expression was induced by ambient glucose in a time- and dose-dependent manner and further enhanced by high-fat diet or the deletion of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2), whereas the GKA-induced increase in Fbln5 expression was diminished in Irs-2-deficient islets. GKA-induced Fbln5 upregulation in the islets was blunted by a glucokinase inhibitor, KATP channel opener, Ca2+ channel blocker and calcineurin inhibitor, while it was augmented by harmine, a dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) 1 A inhibitor. Although deletion of Fbln5 in mice had no significant effects on the glucose tolerance or β-cell functions, adenovirus-mediated Fbln5 overexpression increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1 rat insulinoma cells. Since the islet Fbln5 expression is regulated through a glucokinase/KATP channel/calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) pathway crucial for the maintenance of β-cell functions, further investigation of Fbln5 functions in the islets is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Okuyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jun Shirakawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Yanagisawa
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mayu Kyohara
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamazaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tajima
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yu Togashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Muruganathan U, Srinivasan S. Beneficial effect of carvone, a dietary monoterpene ameliorates hyperglycemia by regulating the key enzymes activities of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1558-1567. [PMID: 27876337 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic/endocrine disorder characterized by inadequate control of carbohydrate metabolism and causes serious health issues. This study evaluates the effect of carvone, a novel monoterpene ketone, on carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in the liver of normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (40mg/kg b.w). STZ intoxication led to a significant increase in the levels of plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and decrease in the levels of insulin and hemoglobin (Hb). The activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes, glycogen, enzymatic antioxidants in pancreas and hepatic markers content were also altered. The daily oral administration of carvone (50mg/kg b.w) to diabetic rats for 30days resulted a significant decline in the levels of plasma glucose, HbA1c and significant improve in the levels of Hb and insulin. The reversed activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes, enzymic antioxidants and hepatic marker enzymes in diabetic rats were renovated to near normal level by the administration of carvone. The obtained results were compared with glyclazide, a standard oral hypoglycemia drug. Histopathological analysis of liver and pancreas and immunohistochemistry of pancreas revealed that treatment with carvone reduced the STZ-induced damage to hepatic and β-cells of the pancreas. From our results, carvone regulates carbohydrate metabolism by ameliorating the key enzymes in the hepatic tissues of STZ-induced diabetic rats however further studies and safety studies are needed to validate the effects of carvone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Udaiyar Muruganathan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Subramani Srinivasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, Tamilnadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dransfield PJ, Pattaropong V, Lai S, Fu Z, Kohn TJ, Du X, Cheng A, Xiong Y, Komorowski R, Jin L, Conn M, Tien E, DeWolf WE, Hinklin RJ, Aicher TD, Kraser CF, Boyd SA, Voegtli WC, Condroski KR, Veniant-Ellison M, Medina JC, Houze J, Coward P. Novel Series of Potent Glucokinase Activators Leading to the Discovery of AM-2394. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:714-8. [PMID: 27437083 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. We present the structure-activity relationships leading to the discovery of AM-2394, a structurally distinct GKA. AM-2394 activates GK with an EC50 of 60 nM, increases the affinity of GK for glucose by approximately 10-fold, exhibits moderate clearance and good oral bioavailability in multiple animal models, and lowers glucose excursion following an oral glucose tolerance test in an ob/ob mouse model of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Dransfield
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vatee Pattaropong
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sujen Lai
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zice Fu
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Todd J. Kohn
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xiaohui Du
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alan Cheng
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yumei Xiong
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Renee Komorowski
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders, Comparative Biology and Safety
Sciences and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Lixia Jin
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Marion Conn
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Eric Tien
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders, Comparative Biology and Safety
Sciences and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Walter E. DeWolf
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Ronald J. Hinklin
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Thomas D. Aicher
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | | | - Steven A. Boyd
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Walter C. Voegtli
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Kevin R. Condroski
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Murielle Veniant-Ellison
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders, Comparative Biology and Safety
Sciences and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Julio C. Medina
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan Houze
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Coward
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nuevos agentes terapéuticos para la diabetes tipo 2. Med Clin (Barc) 2015; 144:560-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
13
|
Du X, Hinklin RJ, Xiong Y, Dransfield P, Park J, Kohn TJ, Pattaropong V, Lai S, Fu Z, Jiao X, Chow D, Jin L, Davda J, Veniant MM, Anderson DA, Baer BR, Bencsik JR, Boyd SA, Chicarelli MJ, Mohr PJ, Wang B, Condroski KR, DeWolf WE, Conn M, Tran T, Yang J, Aicher TD, Medina JC, Coward P, Houze JB. C5-Alkyl-2-methylurea-Substituted Pyridines as a New Class of Glucokinase Activators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:1284-9. [PMID: 25516785 DOI: 10.1021/ml500341w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) activators represent a class of type 2 diabetes therapeutics actively pursued due to the central role that GK plays in regulating glucose homeostasis. Herein we report a novel C5-alkyl-2-methylurea-substituted pyridine series of GK activators derived from our previously reported thiazolylamino pyridine series. Our efforts in optimizing potency, enzyme kinetic properties, and metabolic stability led to the identification of compound 26 (AM-9514). This analogue showed a favorable combination of in vitro potency, enzyme kinetic properties, acceptable pharmacokinetic profiles in preclinical species, and robust efficacy in a rodent PD model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Du
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ronald J. Hinklin
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Yumei Xiong
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul Dransfield
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jaehyeon Park
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Todd J. Kohn
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vatee Pattaropong
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - SuJen Lai
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zice Fu
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xianyun Jiao
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David Chow
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lixia Jin
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jasmine Davda
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Murielle M. Veniant
- Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center
Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | | | - Brian R. Baer
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Josef R. Bencsik
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Steven A. Boyd
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | | | - Peter J. Mohr
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Kevin R. Condroski
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Walter E. DeWolf
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Marion Conn
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thanhvien Tran
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jerry Yang
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas D. Aicher
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Julio C. Medina
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Coward
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan B. Houze
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nakamura A, Terauchi Y. Present status of clinical deployment of glucokinase activators. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 6:124-32. [PMID: 25802718 PMCID: PMC4364845 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase is one of four members of the hexokinase family of enzymes. Its expression is limited to the major organs (such as the pancreas, liver, brain and the gastrointestinal tract) that are thought to have an integrated role in glucose sensing. In the liver, phosphorylation of glucose by glucokinase promotes glycogen synthesis, whereas in the β-cells, it results in insulin release. Studies of glucokinase-linked genetically-modified mice and mutations in humans have illustrated the important roles played by glucokinase in whole-body glucose homeostasis, and suggest that the use of pharmacological agents that augment glucokinase activity could represent a viable treatment strategy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Since 2003, many glucokinase activators (GKAs) have been developed, and their ability to lower the blood glucose has been shown in several animal models of type 2 diabetes. Also, we and others have shown in mouse models that GKAs also have the effect of stimulating the proliferation of β-cells. However, the results of recent phase II trials have shown that GKAs lose their efficacy within several months of use, and that their use is associated with a high incidence of hypoglycemia; furthermore, patients treated with GKAs frequently developed dyslipidemia. A better understanding of the role of glucokinase in metabolic effects is required to resolve several issues identified in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Nakamura
- Division of Immunology and Metabolism, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hinklin RJ, Aicher TD, Anderson DA, Baer BR, Boyd SA, Condroski KR, DeWolf WE, Kraser CF, McVean M, Rhodes SP, Sturgis HL, Voegtli WC, Williams L, Houze JB. Discovery of 2-pyridylureas as glucokinase activators. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8180-6. [PMID: 25203462 DOI: 10.1021/jm501204z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) is the rate-limiting step for insulin release from the pancreas in response to high levels of glucose. Flux through GK also contributes to reducing hepatic glucose output. Since many individuals with type 2 diabetes appear to have an inadequacy or defect in one or both of these processes, identifying compounds that can allosterically activate GK may address this issue. Herein we report the identification and initial optimization of a novel series of glucokinase activators (GKAs). Optimization led to the identification of 33 as a compound that displayed activity in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normal and diabetic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Hinklin
- Array BioPharma Inc. , 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Al-aryahi S, Kamato D, Getachew R, Zheng W, Potocnik SJ, Cohen N, Guidone D, Osman N, Little PJ. Atherogenic, fibrotic and glucose utilising actions of glucokinase activators on vascular endothelium and smooth muscle. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:80. [PMID: 24731772 PMCID: PMC4016772 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-13-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmaceutical interventions for diabetes aim to control glycaemia and to prevent the development of complications, such as cardiovascular diseases. Some anti-hyperglycaemic drugs have been found to have adverse cardiovascular effects in their own right, limiting their therapeutic role. Glucokinase activity in the pancreas is critical in enhancing insulin release in response to hyperglycaemia. Glucokinase activators (GKAs) are novel agents for diabetes which act by enhancing the formation of glucose-6-phosphate leading to increased insulin production and subsequent suppression of blood glucose. Little, however, is known about the direct effects of GKAs on cardiovascular cells. Methods The effect of the GKAs RO28-1675 and Compound A on glucose utilisation in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) and rat MIN6 was observed by culturing the cells at high and low glucose concentration in the presence and absence of the GKAs and measuring glucose consumption. The effect of RO28-1675 at various concentrations on glucose-dependent signalling in BAEC was observed by measuring Smad2 phosphorylation by Western blotting. The effect of RO28-1675 on TGF-β stimulated proteoglycan synthesis was measured by 35S-SO4 incorporation and assessment of proteoglycan size by SDS-PAGE. The effects of RO28-1675 on TGF-β mediated Smad2C phosphorylation in BAEC was observed by measurement of pSmad2C levels. The direct actions of RO28-1675 on vascular reactivity were observed by measuring arteriole tone and lumen diameter. Results GKAs were demonstrated to increase glucose utilisation in pancreatic but not endothelial cells. Glucose-activated Smad2 phosphorylation was decreased in a dose-dependent fashion in the presence of RO28-1675. No effect of RO28-1675 was observed on TGF-β stimulated proteoglycan production. RO28-1675 caused a modest dilation in arteriole but not contractile sensitivity. Conclusions GKA RO28-1675 did not increase glucose consumption in endothelial cells indicating the absence of glucokinase in those cells. No direct deleterious actions, in terms of atherogenic changes or excessive vasoactive effects were seen on cells or vessels of the cardiovascular system in response to GKAs. If reflected in vivo, these drugs are unlikely to have their use compromised by direct cardiovascular toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter J Little
- Discipline of Pharmacy and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|