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Connolly DM, Madden LA, Edwards VC, Lee VM. Brain and Lung Biomarker Responses to Hyperoxic Hypobaric Decompression. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2024; 95:667-674. [PMID: 39169490 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.6391.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Biomarker responses to intensive decompression indicate systemic proinflammatory responses and possible neurological stress. To further investigate responses, 12 additional brain and lung biomarkers were assayed.METHODS: A total of 15 healthy men (20 to 50 yr) undertook consecutive same-day ascents to 25,000 ft (7620 m), following denitrogenation, breathing 100% oxygen. Venous blood was sampled at baseline (T0), after the second ascent (T8), and next morning (T24). Soluble protein markers of brain and lung insult were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with plasma microparticles quantified using flow cytometry.RESULTS: Levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and high mobility group box protein 1 were elevated at T8, by 36% and 16%, respectively, before returning to baseline. Levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products fell by 8%, recovering by T24. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor rose by 80% over baseline at T24. Monocyte microparticle levels rose by factors of 3.7 at T8 and 2.7 at T24 due to early and late responses in different subjects. Other biomarkers were unaffected or not detected consistently.DISCUSSION: The elevated biomarkers at T8 suggest a neuroinflammatory response, with later elevation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor at T24 indicating an ongoing neurotrophic response and incomplete recovery. A substantial increase at T8 in the ratio of high mobility group box protein 1 to soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products suggests this axis may mediate the systemic inflammatory response to decompression. The mechanism of neuroinflammation is unclear but elevation of monocyte microparticles and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 imply a key role for activated monocytes and/or macrophages.Connolly DM, Madden LA, Edwards VC, Lee VM. Brain and lung biomarker responses to hyperoxic hypobaric decompression. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2024; 95(9):667-674.
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Wardhani K, Levina A, Grau GER, Lay PA. Fluorescent, phosphorescent, magnetic resonance contrast and radioactive tracer labelling of extracellular vesicles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6779-6829. [PMID: 38828885 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00238h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
This review focusses on the significance of fluorescent, phosphorescent labelling and tracking of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for unravelling their biology, pathophysiology, and potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses. Various labeling strategies, such as lipid membrane, surface protein, luminal, nucleic acid, radionuclide, quantum dot labels, and metal complex-based stains, are evaluated for visualizing and characterizing EVs. Direct labelling with fluorescent lipophilic dyes is simple but generally lacks specificity, while surface protein labelling offers selectivity but may affect EV-cell interactions. Luminal and nucleic acid labelling strategies have their own advantages and challenges. Each labelling approach has strengths and weaknesses, which require a suitable probe and technique based on research goals, but new tetranuclear polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes as phosphorescent probes have strong phosphorescence, selective staining, and stability. Future research should prioritize the design of novel fluorescent probes and labelling platforms that can significantly enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and specificity of EV labeling, while preserving their composition and functionality. It is crucial to reduce false positive signals and explore the potential of multimodal imaging techniques to gain comprehensive insights into EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartika Wardhani
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology (B-TEK) Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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Wardhani K, Levina A, Sun B, Zou H, Grau GER, Keene FR, Collins JG, Lay PA. Tetranuclear Polypyridylruthenium(II) Complexes as Selective Nucleic Acid Stains for Flow Cytometric Analysis of Monocytic and Epithelial Lung Carcinoma Large Extracellular Vesicles. Biomolecules 2024; 14:664. [PMID: 38927067 PMCID: PMC11202172 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective staining of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a major challenge for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Herein, the EV labeling properties of a new class of tetranuclear polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes, Rubb7-TNL and Rubb7-TL, as phosphorescent stains are described. These new stains have many advantages over standard stains to detect and characterize EVs, including: high specificity for EV staining versus cell staining; high phosphorescence yields; photostability; and a lack of leaching from EVs until incorporation with target cells. As an example of their utility, large EVs released from control (basal) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 monocytic leukemia cells were studied as a model of immune system EVs released during bacterial infection. Key findings from EV staining combined with flow cytometry were as follows: (i) LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells generated significantly larger and more numerous large EVs, as compared with those from unstimulated cells; (ii) EVs retained native EV physical properties after staining; and (iii) the new stains selectively differentiated intact large EVs from artificial liposomes, which are models of cell membrane fragments or other lipid-containing debris, as well as distinguished two distinct subpopulations of monocytic EVs within the same experiment, as a result of biochemical differences between unstimulated and LPS-stimulated monocytes. Comparatively, the staining patterns of A549 epithelial lung carcinoma-derived EVs closely resembled those of THP-1 cell line-derived EVs, which highlighted similarities in their selective staining despite their distinct cellular origins. This is consistent with the hypothesis that these new phosphorescent stains target RNA within the EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartika Wardhani
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (K.W.); (H.Z.)
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology (B-TEK) Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (K.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Biyun Sun
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
| | - Haipei Zou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (K.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Georges E. R. Grau
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - F. Richard Keene
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Physics, Chemistry, and Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine/Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - J. Grant Collins
- School of Science, The University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2612, Australia;
| | - Peter A. Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (K.W.); (H.Z.)
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Pablo-Moreno JAD, Serrano LJ, Revuelta L, Sánchez MJ, Liras A. The Vascular Endothelium and Coagulation: Homeostasis, Disease, and Treatment, with a Focus on the Von Willebrand Factor and Factors VIII and V. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158283. [PMID: 35955419 PMCID: PMC9425441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium has several important functions, including hemostasis. The homeostasis of hemostasis is based on a fine balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant proteins and between fibrinolytic and antifibrinolytic ones. Coagulopathies are characterized by a mutation-induced alteration of the function of certain coagulation factors or by a disturbed balance between the mechanisms responsible for regulating coagulation. Homeostatic therapies consist in replacement and nonreplacement treatments or in the administration of antifibrinolytic agents. Rebalancing products reestablish hemostasis by inhibiting natural anticoagulant pathways. These agents include monoclonal antibodies, such as concizumab and marstacimab, which target the tissue factor pathway inhibitor; interfering RNA therapies, such as fitusiran, which targets antithrombin III; and protease inhibitors, such as serpinPC, which targets active protein C. In cases of thrombophilia (deficiency of protein C, protein S, or factor V Leiden), treatment may consist in direct oral anticoagulants, replacement therapy (plasma or recombinant ADAMTS13) in cases of a congenital deficiency of ADAMTS13, or immunomodulators (prednisone) if the thrombophilia is autoimmune. Monoclonal-antibody-based anti-vWF immunotherapy (caplacizumab) is used in the context of severe thrombophilia, regardless of the cause of the disorder. In cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation, the treatment of choice consists in administration of antifibrinolytics, all-trans-retinoic acid, and recombinant soluble human thrombomodulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. De Pablo-Moreno
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, School of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.D.P.-M.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Luis Javier Serrano
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, School of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.D.P.-M.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Luis Revuelta
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María José Sánchez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Junta de Andalucía, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Antonio Liras
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, School of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.D.P.-M.); (L.J.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Methods to evaluate vascular function: a crucial approach towards predictive, preventive, and personalised medicine. EPMA J 2022; 13:209-235. [PMID: 35611340 PMCID: PMC9120812 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-022-00280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium, the gatekeeper of our blood vessels, is highly heterogeneous and a crucial physical barrier with the ability to produce vasoactive and protective mediators under physiological conditions. It regulates vascular tone, haemostasis, vascular inflammation, remodelling, and angiogenesis. Several cardio-, reno-, and cerebrovascular diseases begin with the dysfunction of endothelial cells, and more recently, COVID-19 was also associated with endothelial disease highlighting the need to monitor its function towards prevention and reduction of vascular dysfunction. Endothelial cells are an important therapeutic target in predictive, preventive, and personalised (3P) medicine with upmost importance in vascular diseases. The development of novel non-invasive techniques to access endothelial dysfunction for use in combination with existing clinical imaging modalities provides a feasible opportunity to reduce the burden of vascular disease. This review summarises recent advances in the principles of endothelial function measurements. This article presents an overview of invasive and non-invasive techniques to determine vascular function and their major advantages and disadvantages. In addition, the article describes mechanisms underlying the regulation of vascular function and dysfunction and potential new biomarkers of endothelial damage. Recognising these biomarkers is fundamental towards a shift from reactive to 3P medicine in the vascular field. Identifying vascular dysfunction earlier with non-invasive or minimally invasive techniques adds value to predictive diagnostics and targeted prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary care). In addition, vascular dysfunction is a potential target for treatments tailored to the person.
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Hu Y, Sun Y, Wan C, Dai X, Wu S, Lo PC, Huang J, Lovell JF, Jin H, Yang K. Microparticles: biogenesis, characteristics and intervention therapy for cancers in preclinical and clinical research. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:189. [PMID: 35418077 PMCID: PMC9006557 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), spherical biological vesicles, mainly contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and metabolites for biological information transfer between cells. Microparticles (MPs), a subtype of EVs, directly emerge from plasma membranes, and have gained interest in recent years. Specific cell stimulation conditions, such as ultraviolet and X-rays irradiation, can induce the release of MPs, which are endowed with unique antitumor functionalities, either for therapeutic vaccines or as direct antitumor agents. Moreover, the size of MPs (100–1000 nm) and their spherical structures surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane allow MPs to function as delivery vectors for bioactive antitumor compounds, with favorable phamacokinetic behavior, immunostimulatory activity and biological function, without inherent carrier-specific toxic side effects. In this review, the mechanisms underlying MP biogenesis, factors that influence MP production, properties of MP membranes, size, composition and isolation methods of MPs are discussed. Additionally, the applications and mechanisms of action of MPs, as well as the main hurdles for their applications in cancer management, are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yajie Sun
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chao Wan
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaomeng Dai
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuhui Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Pui-Chi Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong kong, China
| | - Jing Huang
- College of Biomedicine and Health and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Honglin Jin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,College of Biomedicine and Health and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Piquet M, Martínez MC, Romacho T. Inter-Organ Crosstalk in the Development of Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 274:205-226. [PMID: 34853949 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes have led to intensive investigation of the underlying mechanisms of these diseases and their main complications such as cardiovascular diseases and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This search has contributed to better understand how organs and tissues communicate with each other in the so-called inter-organ crosstalk. Adipose tissue, the liver, or skeletal muscle can actively release secreted factors termed "organokines" which can interact with other distant targets in complex networks. More recently, other novel mediators of inter-organ crosstalk such as extracellular vesicles and their non-traditional cargoes as miRNAs and lncRNAs are gaining importance and represent potential therapeutic targets. In the present chapter we summarize some of the current knowledge on inter-organ communication with a focus on adipose tissue-released factors and their modulation on other organs and tissues like pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, the cardiovascular system, and the gut in the context of obesity and its progression to insulin resistance. We also provide a perspective on mediators of inter-organ crosstalk as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Piquet
- SOPAM, U1063, INSERM, UNIV Angers, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
| | | | - Tania Romacho
- Institute of Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Sulfasalazine maintains blood-brain barrier integrity and relieves lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in hCMEC/D3 cells. Neuroreport 2021; 32:672-677. [PMID: 33913929 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sulfasalazine is a recognized therapy for inflammatory bowel disease and is of paramount importance for maintaining intestinal barrier homeostasis. However, its effects on blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and inflammation have not yet been explored. We sought to examine whether sulfasalazine has anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects on the BBB. hCMEC/D3 cells are a well-established BBB in vitro model, were treated with 1 μg/mL Escherichia coli O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide for 12 h. The cell counting kit-8 assay was used to assess cell viability. The cells were also treated with gradient concentrations of sulfasalazine for 12 h. The levels of apoptosis-related proteins and inflammatory factors (IL-1χ and TNF-α IL-6) were measured by western blotting. ZO-1 and F-actin expression was measured by immunofluorescence staining. This study confirmed that 5 mM sulfasalazine improved the maintenance of BBB integrity and relieved lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory apoptosis and showed that sulfasalazine might be an effective treatment for BBB disruption.
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Wang XL, Zhang W, Li Z, Han WQ, Wu HY, Wang QR, Liu XH, Xing K, Cheng G, Chang FJ. Vascular damage effect of circulating microparticles in patients with ACS is aggravated by type 2 diabetes. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:474. [PMID: 33899122 PMCID: PMC8097757 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As a common factor of both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS), circulating microparticles (MPs) may provide a link between these two diseases. The present study compared the content and function of MPs from patients with ACS with or without T2DM. MPs from healthy subjects (n=20), patients with ACS (n=24), patients with T2DM (n=20) and patients with combined ACS and T2DM (n=24) were obtained. After incubating rat thoracic tissue with MPs, the effect of MPs on endothelial‑dependent vasodilatation, expression of caveolin‑1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), phosphorylation of eNOS at the S1177 and T495 sites and its association with heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), and the generation of NO and superoxide anion (O2˙‑) were determined. MP concentrations were higher in patients with T2DM and patients with ACS with or without T2DM than in healthy subjects. Moreover, MPs from patients with T2DM or ACS led to impairment in endothelial‑dependent vasodilatation, decreased expression of NO, as well as eNOS and its phosphorylation at Ser1177 and association with Hsp90, but increased eNOS phosphorylation at T495, caveolin‑1 expression and O2˙‑ generation. These effects were strengthened by MPs from patients with ACS combined with T2DM. T2DM not only increased MP content but also resulted in greater vascular impairment effects in ACS. These results may provide novel insight into the treatment of patients with ACS and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Lan Wang
- Department of Nursing, Xian'yang Vocational and Technical College, Fengxi New Town United Avenue, Xi'an, Shaanxi 712000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital and The Third Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital and The Third Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Qi Han
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital and The Third Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Yu Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital and The Third Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Qun-Rang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712000, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Hong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital and The Third Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Kun Xing
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital and The Third Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital and The Third Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Jun Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital and The Third Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
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Chatterjee V, Yang X, Ma Y, Wu MH, Yuan SY. Extracellular vesicles: new players in regulating vascular barrier function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H1181-H1196. [PMID: 33035434 PMCID: PMC7792704 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00579.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted rising interests in the cardiovascular field not only because they serve as serological markers for circulatory disorders but also because they participate in important physiological responses to stress and inflammation. In the circulation, these membranous vesicles are mainly derived from blood or vascular cells, and they carry cargos with distinct molecular signatures reflecting the origin and activation state of parent cells that produce them, thus providing a powerful tool for diagnosis and prognosis of pathological conditions. Functionally, circulating EVs mediate tissue-tissue communication by transporting bioactive cargos to local and distant sites, where they directly interact with target cells to alter their function. Recent evidence points to the critical contributions of EVs to the pathogenesis of vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction during inflammatory response to injury or infection. In this review, we provide a brief summary of the current knowledge on EV biology and advanced techniques in EV isolation and characterization. This is followed by a discussion focusing on the role and mechanisms of EVs in regulating blood-endothelium interactions and vascular permeability during inflammation. We conclude with a translational perspective on the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of EVs in vascular injury or infectious diseases, such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Xiaoyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Yonggang Ma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mack H Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Sarah Y Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
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Chaparro A, Atria P, Realini O, Monteiro LJ, Betancur D, Acuña-Gallardo S, Ramírez V, Bendek MJ, Pascual A, Nart J, Beltrán V, Sanz A. Diagnostic potential of peri-implant crevicular fluid microRNA-21-3p and microRNA-150-5p and extracellular vesicles in peri-implant diseases. J Periodontol 2020; 92:11-21. [PMID: 33185898 DOI: 10.1002/jper.20-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the diagnostic usefulness of extracellular vesicles (EVs), and their subpopulations (micro-vesicles and exosomes), and microRNAs (miRNA-21-3p, miRNA-150-5p, and miRNA-26a-5p) in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) of subjects with healthy, peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis implants. METHODS A total of 54 patients were enrolled into healthy, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis groups. PICF samples were collected, EVs subpopulations (MVs and Exo) were isolated and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The expression of miRNA-21-3p, miRNA-150-5p and miRNA-26a-5p was quantified by qRT-PCR. Logistic regression models and accuracy performance tests were estimated. RESULTS PICF samples show the presence of EVs delimited by a bi-layered membrane, in accordance with the morphology and size (< 200 nm). The concentration of PICF-EVs, micro-vesicles and exosomes was significantly increased in peri-implantitis implants compared to healthy implants (P = 0.023, P = 0.002, P = 0.036, respectively). miRNA-21-3p and miRNA-150-5p expression were significantly downregulated in patients with peri-implantitis in comparison with peri-implant mucositis sites (P = 0.011, P = 0.020, respectively). The reduced expression of miRNA-21-3p and miRNA-150-5p was associated with peri-implantitis diagnosis (OR:0.23, CI 0.08-0.66, P = 0.007 and OR:0.07, CI 0.01-0.78, P = 0.031, respectively). The model which included the miRNA-21-3p and miRNA-150-5p expression had a sensitivity of 93.3%, a specificity of 76.5%, a positive predictive value of 77.8%, and a negative predictive value of 92.9%. The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 3.97 and 0.09, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for the model was 0.84. CONCLUSIONS An increase concentration of EVs with a downregulation expression of miRNA-21-3p and miRNA-150-5p could be related with the peri-implantitis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Chaparro
- Department of Periodontology, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Atria
- Department of Periodontology, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ornella Realini
- Department of Periodontology, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lara J Monteiro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Betancur
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Stephanie Acuña-Gallardo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Ramírez
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José Bendek
- Department of Periodontology, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Pascual
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Nart
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Beltrán
- Centre of Investigation and Innovation in Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Antonio Sanz
- Department of Periodontology, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Weber EA, Singh MV, Singh VB, Jackson JW, Ture SK, Suwunnakorn S, Morrell CN, Maggirwar SB. Novel Mechanism of Microvesicle Regulation by the Antiviral Protein Tetherin During HIV Infection. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e015998. [PMID: 32819189 PMCID: PMC7660781 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.015998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Microvesicles are cell membrane-derived vesicles that have been shown to augment inflammation. Specifically, monocyte-derived microvesicles (MDMVs), which can express the coagulation protein tissue factor, contribute to thrombus formation and cardiovascular disease. People living with HIV experience higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease and also exhibit increased levels of plasma microvesicles. The process of microvesicle release has striking similarity to budding of enveloped viruses. The surface protein tetherin inhibits viral budding by physically tethering budding virus particles to cells. Hence, we investigated the role of tetherin in regulating the release of MDMVs during HIV infection. Methods and Results The plasma of aviremic HIV-infected individuals had increased levels of tissue factor + MDMVs, as measured by flow cytometry, and correlated to reduced tetherin expression on monocytes. Superresolution confocal and electron microscopy showed that tetherin localized at the site of budding MDMVs. Mechanistic studies revealed that the exposure of monocytes to HIV-encoded Tat triggered tetherin loss and subsequent rise in MDMV production. Overexpression of tetherin in monocytes led to morphologic changes in the pseudopodia directly underneath the MDMVs. Further, tetherin knockout mice demonstrated a higher number of circulating MDMVs and less time to bleeding cessation. Conclusions Our studies define a novel regulatory mechanism of MDMV release through tetherin and explore its contribution to the procoagulatory state that is frequently observed in people with HIV. Such insights could lead to improved therapies for individuals infected with HIV and also for those with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Weber
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Meera V. Singh
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Vir B. Singh
- Department of Basic and Clinical SciencesAlbany College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesRochesterNY
| | - Joseph W. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Sara K. Ture
- Aab Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Sumanun Suwunnakorn
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Craig N. Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
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13
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Noulsri E. Effects of Cell-Derived Microparticles on Immune Cells and Potential Implications in Clinical Medicine. Lab Med 2020; 52:122-135. [PMID: 32816040 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, interest has increased in cell-derived microparticles (MPs), which are defined by their size of from 0.1 to 1 μm, and can be derived from various cell types, including endothelial cells, leukocytes, red blood cells (RBCs), and platelets. These MPs carry negatively charged phosphatidylserine (PS) on their surfaces and proteins packaged from numerous cellular components. MPs that have been shed by the body can play important roles in the pathophysiology of diseases and can affect various biological systems. Among these systems, the immune components have been shown to be modulated by MPs. Therefore, understanding the roles of MPs in the immune system is crucial to developing alternative therapeutic treatments for diseases. This review describes the effects of MPs on various immune cells and provides plausible potential applications of the immune-modulating properties of MPs in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egarit Noulsri
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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14
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Kränkel N, Strässler E, Uhlemann M, Müller M, Briand-Schumacher S, Klingenberg R, Schulze PC, Adams V, Schuler G, Lüscher TF, Möbius-Winkler S, Landmesser U. Extracellular vesicle species differentially affect endothelial cell functions and differentially respond to exercise training in patients with chronic coronary syndromes. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020; 28:1467-1474. [PMID: 32380860 DOI: 10.1177/2047487320919894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles are released upon cellular activation and mediate inter-cellular communication. Individual species of extracellular vesicles might have divergent roles in vascular homeostasis and may show different responses to therapies such as exercise training. AIMS We examine endothelial effects of medium-size and small extracellular vesicles from the same individual with or without chronic coronary syndrome, and in chronic coronary syndrome patients participating in a four-week high-intensity interval training intervention. METHODS Human aortic endothelial cells were exposed to medium-size extracellular vesicles and small extracellular vesicles isolated from plasma samples of study participants. Endothelial cell survival, activation and re-endothelialisation capacity were assessed by respective staining protocols. Extracellular vesicles were quantified by nanoparticle tracking analysis and flow cytometry. Extracellular vesicle microRNA expression was quantified by realtime-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In patients with chronic coronary syndrome (n = 25), plasma counts of leukocyte-derived medium-size extracellular vesicles were higher than in age-matched healthy controls (n = 25; p = 0.04) and were reduced by high-intensity interval training (n = 15; p = 0.01 vs baseline). Re-endothelialisation capacity was promoted by medium-size extracellular vesicles from controls, but not by medium-size extracellular vesicles from chronic coronary syndrome patients. High-intensity interval training for 4 weeks enhanced medium-size extracellular vesicle-mediated support of in vitro re-endothelialisation. Small extracellular vesicles from controls or chronic coronary syndrome patients increased endothelial cell death and reduced repair functions and were not affected by high-intensity interval training. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that medium-size extracellular vesicles and small extracellular vesicles differentially affect endothelial cell survival and repair responses. This equilibrium is unbalanced in patients with chronic coronary syndrome where leukocyte-derived medium-size extracellular vesicles are increased leading to a loss of medium-size extracellular vesicle-mediated endothelial repair. High-intensity interval training partially restored medium-size extracellular vesicle-mediated endothelial repair, underlining its use in cardiovascular prevention and therapy to improve endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle Kränkel
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Germany.,Center of Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Strässler
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Germany.,Center of Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Maja Müller
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Volker Adams
- Heart Center, University of Leipzig, Germany.,Heart Center Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center of Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Heart Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, UK
| | - Sven Möbius-Winkler
- Heart Center, University of Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Germany.,Center of Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Balducci E, Leroyer AS, Lacroix R, Robert S, Todorova D, Simoncini S, Lyonnet L, Chareyre C, Zaegel-Faucher O, Micallef J, Poizot-Martin I, Roll P, Dignat-George F. Extracellular vesicles from T cells overexpress miR-146b-5p in HIV-1 infection and repress endothelial activation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10299. [PMID: 31311940 PMCID: PMC6635508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44743-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection promotes a generalized activation of host responses that involves not only CD4 T cells, but also cells of the microenvironment, which are not directly infected, such as endothelial cells. The mechanisms triggering HIV-1-associated vascular alterations remain poorly understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), implicated in cell-to-cell communication, have been recently described as carriers of microRNAs (miRNAs). Here, we show that miR-146b-5p is upregulated in both CD4 T cells, CD4 T cell-derived EVs and circulating EVs obtained from antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-1-infected patients. We further demonstrate that EVs from T cell line overexpressing miR-146b-5p mimics (miR-146b-EVs): 1) protect their miRNA cargo from RNase degradation, 2) transfer miR-146b-5p mimics into endothelial cells and 3) reduce endothelial inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo in the lungs of mice through the downregulation of nuclear factor-κB-responsive molecules. These data advance our understanding on chronic inflammatory responses affecting endothelial homeostasis, in infectious and non-infectious diseases and pave the way for potential new anti-inflammatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Balducci
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, C2VN, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital La Conception, Laboratoire d'Hématologie et de biologie vasculaire, Marseille, France
| | | | - Romaric Lacroix
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, C2VN, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital La Conception, Laboratoire d'Hématologie et de biologie vasculaire, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Luc Lyonnet
- APHM, Hôpital La Conception, Laboratoire d'Hématologie et de biologie vasculaire, Marseille, France
| | | | - Olivia Zaegel-Faucher
- APHM, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Service d'Immuno-hématologie clinique, Marseille, France
| | - Joëlle Micallef
- APHM, Hôpital la Timone, Service de Pharmacologie, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INT, Inst Neurosci Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Poizot-Martin
- APHM, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Service d'Immuno-hématologie clinique, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm U912 (SESSTIM), Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Roll
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital la Timone, Service de Biologie Cellulaire, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Dignat-George
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, C2VN, Marseille, France. .,APHM, Hôpital La Conception, Laboratoire d'Hématologie et de biologie vasculaire, Marseille, France.
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16
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Debs S, Cohen A, Hosseini-Beheshti E, Chimini G, Hunt NH, Grau GE. Interplay of extracellular vesicles and other players in cerebral malaria pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:325-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Słomka A, Urban SK, Lukacs-Kornek V, Żekanowska E, Kornek M. Large Extracellular Vesicles: Have We Found the Holy Grail of Inflammation? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2723. [PMID: 30619239 PMCID: PMC6300519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The terms microparticles (MPs) and microvesicles (MVs) refer to large extracellular vesicles (EVs) generated from a broad spectrum of cells upon its activation or death by apoptosis. The unique surface antigens of MPs/MVs allow for the identification of their cellular origin as well as its functional characterization. Two basic aspects of MP/MV functions in physiology and pathological conditions are widely considered. Firstly, it has become evident that large EVs have strong procoagulant properties. Secondly, experimental and clinical studies have shown that MPs/MVs play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of inflammation-associated disorders. A cardinal feature of these disorders is an enhanced generation of platelets-, endothelial-, and leukocyte-derived EVs. Nevertheless, anti-inflammatory effects of miscellaneous EV types have also been described, which provided important new insights into the large EV-inflammation axis. Advances in understanding the biology of MPs/MVs have led to the preparation of this review article aimed at discussing the association between large EVs and inflammation, depending on their cellular origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Słomka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sabine Katharina Urban
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Lukacs-Kornek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ewa Żekanowska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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18
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Hosseini-Beheshti E, Grau GER. Extracellular vesicles and microvascular pathology: Decoding the active dialogue. Microcirculation 2018; 26:e12485. [PMID: 29923276 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are a heterogeneous collection of membrane-surrounded structures released from all studied cells, under both physiological and pathological conditions. These nano-size vesicles carry complex cargoes including different classes of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids and are known to act as a communication and signalling vesicles in various cellular process. In addition to their role in development and progression of pathological disorders which make them potentially great biomarkers, EV have beneficial effects, as they take part in homeostasis. In this review we have analysed the evidence for the role of microvesicles and exosomes secreted from other cells on microvascular endothelium (EV uptake) as well as the role of endothelial-derived vesicles on their neighbouring and distant cells (EV release).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hosseini-Beheshti
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Marie Bashir Institute and The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Marie Bashir Institute and The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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19
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Hosseini-Beheshti E, Grau GER. Extracellular vesicles as mediators of immunopathology in infectious diseases. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:694-703. [PMID: 29577413 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, extracellular vesicles have emerged as important elements in cell-cell communication and as key players in disease pathogenesis via transmission of their cargo between different cells. Various works have described different subpopulations of these membrane structures, based on their cell of origin, biogenesis, size, biophysical properties and cargo. In addition to their pathophysiological role in the development and progression of different diseases including infectious diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, extracellular vesicles are now recognized for their potential as novel therapeutic targets and intelligent drug delivery system. Here, we have reviewed the most recent data on different subtypes of extracellular vesicles, focusing on microvesicles and exosomes and their subpopulations, their involvement in immune-mediated pathogenesis of various infectious diseases and their role as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hosseini-Beheshti
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Marie Bashir Institute and The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Georges Emile Raymond Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Marie Bashir Institute and The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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20
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M2 Monocyte Microparticles Are Increased in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:2369-2375. [PMID: 28606659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe neurologic condition with no proven treatment. Recent evidence suggests that monocytes, a heterogenous group of cells with M1 and M2 phenotypes, contribute to secondary damage following ICH. Microparticles are vesicles .1-1 µm in size that are released from cells. We hypothesized that M1 and M2 monocyte microparticles (mMP) would be differentially expressed in ICH cases and controls. METHODS In a single-center, prospective, observational study, consecutive ICH cases were enrolled within 12 hours of symptom onset. Age (±5 years)-, race-, and sex-matched controls were recruited. M1 and M2 mMP numbers were determined in plasma samples using flow cytometry and protein biomarkers using standardized assays. The Mann-Whitney U test compared M1 and M2 mMP counts between cases and controls. Standardized regression coefficients compared M1 and M2 mMP with C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA). RESULTS Nineteen ICH case-control pairs were enrolled. The median number of M1 mMP was not significantly different between ICH cases (8.63 × 107/milliliter (mL)) compared with controls (8.64 × 107/mL), (P = .525). The median number of M2 mMP was significantly higher in ICH cases (1.61 × 106/mL) compared with controls (4.46 × 105/mL) (P = .027). There were no significant associations for M1 or M2 mMP with CRP or SAA. CONCLUSION Higher numbers of M2 mMP in ICH cases compared with controls is hypothesis generating. It may represent differences in the chronic inflammatory status in patients susceptible to ICH, such as cellular activation or apoptosis. Further research is needed, including serial plasma samples, to elucidate the pathophysiology of monocytes and mMP following ICH.
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21
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Increased circulating leukocyte-derived microparticles in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Thromb Res 2017; 154:19-25. [PMID: 28390251 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Circulating leukocyte-derived microparticles act as proinflammatory mediators that reflect vascular inflammation. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that the quantity of leukocyte-derived microparticles is increased in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular diseases, and investigated utility of various phenotypes of leukocyte-derived microparticles as specific biomarkers of vascular inflammation injury. Additionally we focused on identifying leukocyte-derived microparticles that may be correlated with stroke severity in acute ischemic stroke patients. METHODS The plasma concentration of leukocyte-derived microparticles obtained by a series of centrifugations of 76 consecutive patients with ischemic cerebrovascular diseases and 70 age-, sex-, and race-matched healthy controls were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS Significantly elevated numbers of leukocyte (CD45+), monocyte (CD14+), lymphocyte (CD4+), granulocyte (CD15+) derived microparticles were found in the plasma samples of patients ischemic cerebrovascular diseases, compared to healthy controls (p<0.05). Furthermore, the plasma levels of CD14+ microparticles were significantly correlated with stroke severity (r=0.355, p=0.019), cerebral vascular stenosis severity (r=0.255, p=0.025) and stroke subtype (r=0.242, p=0.036). No association with stroke was observed for other leukocyte-derived phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that circulating leukocyte-derived microparticles amounts are increased in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular diseases, compared with healthy controls. As proinflammatory mediators, leukocyte-derived microparticles may contribute to vascular inflammatory and the inflammatory process in acute ischemic stroke. Levels of CD14+ microparticles may be a promising biomarker of ischemic severity and outcome of stroke in the clinic.
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22
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Abstract
Monocytic microparticles (mMP) are microparticles derived from human monocytes either under in vivo or in vitro conditions. The size of mMP is between 0.1 and 1.0 μm. Apart from the size range, mMPs are also identified based on phosphatidylserine and CD14 expression on their surface, though this is not always the case. Monocytic MP are critical players in inflammation, endothelial cell function, and blood coagulation. They exhibit dual function by either helping the progression of such conditions or limiting it, depending on certain factors. Furthermore, the numbers of mMP are elevated in some autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and metabolic disorders. However, it is unknown whether mMP play an active role in these diseases or are simply biomarkers. The mechanism of mMP modulation is yet to be identified. In this review, we highlight the mechanism of mMP formation and the roles that they play in inflammation, blood coagulation, and different disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Tarmizi Abdul Halim
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Maryam Azlan
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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23
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Liu Y, Zhang R, Qu H, Wu J, Li L, Tang Y. Endothelial microparticles activate endothelial cells to facilitate the inflammatory response. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1291-1296. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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24
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Gaceb A, Vergori L, Martinez MC, Andriantsitohaina R. Activation of Endothelial Pro-resolving Anti-Inflammatory Pathways by Circulating Microvesicles from Non-muscular Myosin Light Chain Kinase-Deficient Mice. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:322. [PMID: 27708581 PMCID: PMC5030219 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvesicles, small membrane vesicles released from cells, have beneficial and/or deleterious effects in sepsis. We previously reported that non-muscle myosin light chain kinase (nmMLCK) deletion protects mice against endotoxic shock by reducing inflammation. Here, we have evaluated the consequences of nmMLCK deletion on microvesicle phenotypes and their effects on mouse aortic endothelial cells in association with vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction during endotoxic shock induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide induced an increase in levels of circulating microvesicles in wild type but not in nmMLCK-deficient mice. Microvesicles from nmMLCK-deficient mice (MVsnmMLCK-/-) prevented the inflammatory effects of lipopolysaccharide with concomitant increase of anti- inflammatory and reduction of pro-inflammatory secretome in mouse aortic endothelial cells. In addition, MVsnmMLCK-/- reduced the efficacy of lipopolysaccharide to increase aortic oxidative and nitrosative stresses as well as macrophage infiltration in the aorta. Moreover, MVsnmMLCK-/- prevented ex vivo endothelial dysfunction, vascular hyporeactivity, and in vivo overproduction of nitric oxide in heart and liver in response to lipopolysaccharide. Altogether, these findings provide evidence that nmMLCK deletion generates circulating microvesicles displaying protective effects by activating endothelial pro-resolving anti-inflammatory pathways allowing the effective down-regulation of oxidative and nitrative stresses associated with endotoxic shock. Thus, nmMLCK plays a pivotal role in susceptibility to sepsis via the control of cellular activation and release of circulating microvesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Vergori
- INSERM U1063, Université d'AngersAngers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'AngersAngers, France
| | - M C Martinez
- INSERM U1063, Université d'AngersAngers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'AngersAngers, France
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25
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Abstract
In recent years, the traditional view of the hemostatic system as being regulated by a coagulation factor cascade coupled with platelet activation has been increasingly challenged by new evidence that activation of the immune system strongly influences blood coagulation and pathological thrombus formation. Leukocytes can be induced to express tissue factor and release proinflammatory and procoagulant molecules such as granular enzymes, cytokines, and damage-associated molecular patterns. These mediators can influence all aspects of thrombus formation, including platelet activation and adhesion, and activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. Leukocyte-released procoagulant mediators increase systemic thrombogenicity, and leukocytes are actively recruited to the site of thrombus formation through interactions with platelets and endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Additionally, phagocytic leukocytes are involved in fibrinolysis and thrombus resolution, and can regulate clearance of platelets and coagulation factors. Dysregulated activation of leukocyte innate immune functions thus plays a role in pathological thrombus formation. Modulation of the interactions between leukocytes or leukocyte-derived procoagulant materials and the traditional hemostatic system is an attractive target for the development of novel antithrombotic strategies.
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26
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Carvalho TG, Morahan B, John von Freyend S, Boeuf P, Grau G, Garcia-Bustos J, Doerig C. The ins and outs of phosphosignalling in Plasmodium: Parasite regulation and host cell manipulation. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 208:2-15. [PMID: 27211241 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction and kinomics have been rapidly expanding areas of investigation within the malaria research field. Here, we provide an overview of phosphosignalling pathways that operate in all stages of the Plasmodium life cycle. We review signalling pathways in the parasite itself, in the cells it invades, and in other cells of the vertebrate host with which it interacts. We also discuss the potential of these pathways as novel targets for antimalarial intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gil Carvalho
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Belinda Morahan
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Simona John von Freyend
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Philippe Boeuf
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Georges Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Jose Garcia-Bustos
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christian Doerig
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Paudel KR, Panth N, Kim DW. Circulating Endothelial Microparticles: A Key Hallmark of Atherosclerosis Progression. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:8514056. [PMID: 27066292 PMCID: PMC4811266 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8514056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The levels of circulating microparticles (MPs) are raised in various cardiovascular diseases. Their increased level in plasma is regarded as a biomarker of alteration in vascular function. The prominent MPs present in blood are endothelial microparticles (EMPs) described as complex submicron (0.1 to 1.0 μm) vesicles like structure, released in response to endothelium cell activation or apoptosis. EMPs possess both physiological and pathological effects and may promote oxidative stress and vascular inflammation. EMPs release is triggered by inducer like angiotensin II, lipopolysaccharide, and hydrogen peroxide leading to the progression of atherosclerosis. However, there are multiple physiological pathways for EMPs generation like NADPH oxidase derived endothelial ROS formation, Rho kinase pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Endothelial dysfunction is a key initiating event in atherosclerotic plaque formation. Atheroemboli, resulting from ruptured carotid plaques, is a major cause of stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that EMPs play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, acting as a marker of damage, either exacerbating disease progression or triggering a repair response. In this regard, it has been suggested that EMPs have the potential to act as biomarkers of disease status. This review aims to provide updated information of EMPs in relation to atherosclerosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Raj Paudel
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 534-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Nisha Panth
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 534-729, Republic of Korea
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Krizak J, Frimmel K, Bernatova I, Navarova J, Sotnikova R, Okruhlicova L. The effect of omega- 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on endothelial tight junction occludin expression in rat aorta during lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 19:290-9. [PMID: 27114799 PMCID: PMC4834119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Occludin is essential for proper assembly of tight junctions (TJs) which regulate paracellular endothelial permeability. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Ω-3 PUFA) protect endothelial barrier function against injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined anti-inflammatory effect of Ω-3 PUFA intake (30 mg/kg/day for 10 days) on expression and location of occludin in the aorta of adult Wistar rats after a single dose of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Escherichia coli, 1 mg/kg). The ultrastructure of TJs after LPS administration was also investigated. We measured plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and CD68 expression and determined the total activity of NO synthase (NOS) in the aortic tissue. RESULTS LPS induced a significant decrease of occludin expression accompanied by structural alterations of TJs. Levels of CRP, MDA, CD68 and NOS activity were elevated after LPS injection compared to controls indicating presence of moderate inflammation. Ω-3 PUFA supplementation did not affect occludin expression in treated inflammatory group. However they reduced CRP and MDA concentration and CD68 expression, but conversely, they increased NOS activity compared to inflammatory group. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that a single dose of LPS could have a long-term impact on occludin expression and thus contribute to endothelial barrier dysfunction. 10-day administration of Ω-3 PUFA had partial anti-inflammatory effects on health of rats without any effect on occludin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Krizak
- Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karel Frimmel
- Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Iveta Bernatova
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Navarova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ruzena Sotnikova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ludmila Okruhlicova
- Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia,Corresponding author: Ludmila Okruhlicova. Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia. Tel: +421-254774405; Fax: +421-254776637;
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Combes V, Latham SL, Wen B, Allison AC, Grau GER. DIANNEXIN DOWN-MODULATES TNF-INDUCED ENDOTHELIAL MICROPARTICLE RELEASE BY BLOCKING MEMBRANE BUDDING PROCESS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2016; 7:1-11. [PMID: 28149531 PMCID: PMC5279986 DOI: 10.20530/ijimhs_7_1-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microparticles are now recognised as true biological effectors with a role in immunopathology through their ability to disseminate functional properties. Diannexin, a homodimer of annexin V, binds to PS with a higher affinity and longer blood half-life than the monomer, inhibits prothrombinase complex activity thereby diminishing coagulation and reperfusion injury mediators and prevent microvesicle-mediated material transfer. Our aim was to determine if Diannexin could modulate microparticle production by endothelial cells by interacting with the phosphatidylserine exposure occurring during the release of these vesicles. RESULTS In this study we showed that fluorescently labelled Diannexin binds to calcimycin-activated endothelial cells but not to resting cells. After overnight incubation, Diannexin enters cells and their released MP carry Diannexin. Some Diannexin seems to be processed via early endosomes and later is found in lysosomes. Both unlabelled Diannexin and fluorescent Diannexin inhibit MP release from TNF-activated endothelial cells. However, Diannexin treatment does not prevent endothelial activation by TNF. In addition, the inhibitory effect of Diannexin on MP release could be observed when cells were pre-, concomitantly or post-treated with cytokines. Scanning electron microscopy showed differences in the numbers and types of protuberances at the cell surface when cells were treated or not with Diannexin. Finally, there is no apparent congruency between fluorescent Diannexin labelling and surface protuberances as shown by correlative microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Altogether these data suggest that Diannexin can inhibit endothelial vesiculation by binding PS present either at the cell surface or at the level of the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéry Combes
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Medical Foundation Building, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sharissa L. Latham
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Medical Foundation Building, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Beryl Wen
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Medical Foundation Building, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Georges E. R. Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Medical Foundation Building, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
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Deroost K, Pham TT, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. The immunological balance between host and parasite in malaria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 40:208-57. [PMID: 26657789 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coevolution of humans and malaria parasites has generated an intricate balance between the immune system of the host and virulence factors of the parasite, equilibrating maximal parasite transmission with limited host damage. Focusing on the blood stage of the disease, we discuss how the balance between anti-parasite immunity versus immunomodulatory and evasion mechanisms of the parasite may result in parasite clearance or chronic infection without major symptoms, whereas imbalances characterized by excessive parasite growth, exaggerated immune reactions or a combination of both cause severe pathology and death, which is detrimental for both parasite and host. A thorough understanding of the immunological balance of malaria and its relation to other physiological balances in the body is of crucial importance for developing effective interventions to reduce malaria-related morbidity and to diminish fatal outcomes due to severe complications. Therefore, we discuss in this review the detailed mechanisms of anti-malarial immunity, parasite virulence factors including immune evasion mechanisms and pathogenesis. Furthermore, we propose a comprehensive classification of malaria complications according to the different types of imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Deroost
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, NW71AA, UK
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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31
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Dynamic microvesicle release and clearance within the cardiovascular system: triggers and mechanisms. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:915-31. [PMID: 26359252 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interest in cell-derived microvesicles (or microparticles) within cardiovascular diagnostics and therapeutics is rapidly growing. Microvesicles are often measured in the circulation at a single time point. However, it is becoming clear that microvesicle levels both increase and decrease rapidly in response to certain stimuli such as hypoxia, acute cardiac stress, shear stress, hypertriglyceridaemia and inflammation. Consequently, the levels of circulating microvesicles will reflect the balance between dynamic mechanisms for release and clearance. The present review describes the range of triggers currently known to lead to microvesicle release from different cellular origins into the circulation. Specifically, the published data are used to summarize the dynamic impact of these triggers on the degree and rate of microvesicle release. Secondly, a summary of the current understanding of microvesicle clearance via different cellular systems, including the endothelial cell and macrophage, is presented, based on reported studies of clearance in experimental models and clinical scenarios, such as transfusion or cardiac stress. Together, this information can be used to provide insights into potential underlying biological mechanisms that might explain the increases or decreases in circulating microvesicle levels that have been reported and help to design future clinical studies.
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32
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Sorrell TC, Juillard PG, Djordjevic JT, Kaufman-Francis K, Dietmann A, Milonig A, Combes V, Grau GER. Cryptococcal transmigration across a model brain blood-barrier: evidence of the Trojan horse mechanism and differences between Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii strain H99 and Cryptococcus gattii strain R265. Microbes Infect 2015; 18:57-67. [PMID: 26369713 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) and Cryptococcus gattii (Cg) cause neurological disease and cross the BBB as free cells or in mononuclear phagocytes via the Trojan horse mechanism, although evidence for the latter is indirect. There is emerging evidence that Cn and the North American outbreak Cg strain (R265) more commonly cause neurological and lung disease, respectively. We have employed a widely validated in vitro model of the BBB, which utilizes the hCMEC/D3 cell line derived from human brain endothelial cells (HBEC) and the human macrophage-like cell line, THP-1, to investigate whether transport of dual fluorescence-labelled Cn and Cg across the BBB occurs within macrophages. We showed that phagocytosis of Cn by non-interferon (IFN)-γ stimulated THP-1 cells was higher than that of Cg. Although Cn and Cg-loaded THP-1 bound similarly to TNF-activated HBECs under shear stress, more Cn-loaded macrophages were transported across an intact HBEC monolayer, consistent with the predilection of Cn for CNS infection. Furthermore, Cn exhibited a higher rate of expulsion from transmigrated THP-1 compared with Cg. Our results therefore provide further evidence for transmigration of both Cn and Cg via the Trojan horse mechanism and a potential explanation for the predilection of Cn to cause CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania C Sorrell
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Pierre-Georges Juillard
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Fungal Pathogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead 2145, Australia; Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Julianne T Djordjevic
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Fungal Pathogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead 2145, Australia
| | - Keren Kaufman-Francis
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Fungal Pathogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead 2145, Australia
| | - Anelia Dietmann
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alban Milonig
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Valery Combes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Rodrigues SF, Granger DN. Blood cells and endothelial barrier function. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e978720. [PMID: 25838983 DOI: 10.4161/21688370.2014.978720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The barrier properties of endothelial cells are critical for the maintenance of water and protein balance between the intravascular and extravascular compartments. An impairment of endothelial barrier function has been implicated in the genesis and/or progression of a variety of pathological conditions, including pulmonary edema, ischemic stroke, neurodegenerative disorders, angioedema, sepsis and cancer. The altered barrier function in these conditions is often linked to the release of soluble mediators from resident cells (e.g., mast cells, macrophages) and/or recruited blood cells. The interaction of the mediators with receptors expressed on the surface of endothelial cells diminishes barrier function either by altering the expression of adhesive proteins in the inter-endothelial junctions, by altering the organization of the cytoskeleton, or both. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), proteolytic enzymes (e.g., matrix metalloproteinase, elastase), oncostatin M, and VEGF are part of a long list of mediators that have been implicated in endothelial barrier failure. In this review, we address the role of blood borne cells, including, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelets, in the regulation of endothelial barrier function in health and disease. Attention is also devoted to new targets for therapeutic intervention in disease states with morbidity and mortality related to endothelial barrier dysfunction.
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Key Words
- AJ, Adherens junctions
- ANG-1, Angiopoietin 1
- AQP, Aquaporins
- BBB, blood brain barrier
- CNS, Central nervous system
- COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- EAE, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- EPAC1, Exchange protein activated by cyclic AMP
- ERK1/2, Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2
- Endothelial barrier
- FA, Focal adhesions
- FAK, focal adhesion tyrosine kinase
- FoxO1, Forkhead box O1
- GAG, Glycosaminoglycans
- GDNF, Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor
- GJ, Gap junctions
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptors
- GTPase, Guanosine 5'-triphosphatase
- HMGB-1, High mobility group box 1
- HRAS, Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
- ICAM-1, Intercellular adhesion molecule 1
- IL-1β, Interleukin 1 beta
- IP3, Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
- JAM, Junctional adhesion molecules
- MEK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
- MLC, Myosin light chain
- MLCK, Myosin light-chain kinase
- MMP, Matrix metalloproteinases
- NO, Nitric oxide
- OSM, Oncostatin M
- PAF, Platelet activating factor
- PDE, Phosphodiesterase
- PKA, Protein kinase A
- PNA, Platelet-neutrophil aggregates
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- Rac1, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
- Rap1, Ras-related protein 1
- RhoA, Ras homolog gene family, member A
- S1P, Sphingosine-1-phosphate
- SCID, Severe combined immunodeficient
- SOCS-3, Suppressors of cytokine signaling 3
- Shp-2, Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2
- Src, Sarcoma family of protein kinases
- TEER, Transendothelial electrical resistance
- TGF-beta1, Transforming growth factor-beta1
- TJ, Tight junctions
- TNF-, Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- VCAM-1, Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
- VE, Vascular endothelial
- VE-PTP, Vascular endothelial receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- VVO, Vesiculo-vacuolar organelle
- ZO, Zonula occludens
- cAMP, 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- pSrc, Phosphorylated Src
- platelets
- vascular permeability
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Sao Paulo ; Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - D Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center ; Shreveport, LA USA
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França CN, Izar MCDO, Amaral JBD, Tegani DM, Fonseca FAH. Microparticles as potential biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. Arq Bras Cardiol 2015; 104:169-74. [PMID: 25626759 PMCID: PMC4375661 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20140210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease is a choice of great relevance because
of its impact on health. Some biomarkers, such as microparticles derived from
different cell populations, have been considered useful in the assessment of
cardiovascular disease. Microparticles are released by the membrane structures of
different cell types upon activation or apoptosis, and are present in the plasma of
healthy individuals (in levels considered physiological) and in patients with
different pathologies. Many studies have suggested an association between
microparticles and different pathological conditions, mainly the relationship with
the development of cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the effects of different
lipid-lowering therapies have been described in regard to measurement of
microparticles. The studies are still controversial regarding the levels of
microparticles that can be considered pathological. In addition, the methodologies
used still vary, suggesting the need for standardization of the different protocols
applied, aiming at using microparticles as biomarkers in clinical practice.
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