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Zimmermann M, Minuzzi L, Aliaga Aliaga A, Guiot MC, Hall JA, Soucy JP, Massarweh G, El Mestikawy S, Rosa-Neto P, Kobayashi E. Reduced Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Type 5 Availability in the Epileptogenic Hippocampus: An in vitro Study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:888479. [PMID: 35937057 PMCID: PMC9355376 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.888479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) have been observed in the hippocampus of patients with drug-resistant mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (mTLE). Ex-vivo studies in mTLE hippocampal surgical specimens have shown increased mGluR5 immunoreactivity, while in vivo whole brain imaging using positron emission tomography (PET) demonstrated reduced hippocampal mGluR5 availability. To further understand mGluR5 abnormalities in mTLE, we performed a saturation autoradiography study with [3H]ABP688 (a negative mGluR5 allosteric modulator). We aimed to evaluate receptor density (Bmax) and dissociation constants (KD) in hippocampal mTLE surgical specimens and in non-epilepsy hippocampi from necropsy controls. mTLE specimens showed a 43.4% reduction in receptor density compared to control hippocampi, which was independent of age, sex and KD (multiple linear regression analysis). There was no significant difference in KD between the groups, which suggests that the decreased mGluR5 availability found in vivo with PET cannot be attributed to reduced affinity between ligand and binding site. The present study supports that changes within the epileptogenic tissue include mGluR5 internalization or conformational changes that reduce [3H]ABP688 binding, as previously suggested in mTLE patients studied in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zimmermann
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, Douglas Research Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Luciano Minuzzi
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, Douglas Research Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Arturo Aliaga Aliaga
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, Douglas Research Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- PET Unit, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jeffery A. Hall
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- PET Unit, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Salah El Mestikawy
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Research Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, Douglas Research Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eliane Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Eliane Kobayashi
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Kumar K, Banerjee Dixit A, Tripathi M, Dubey V, Siraj F, Sharma MC, Lalwani S, Chandra PS, Banerjee J. Transcriptomic profiling of nonneoplastic cortical tissues reveals epileptogenic mechanisms in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:905-917. [PMID: 35633443 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00869-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs) are a frequent cause of drug-refractory epilepsy. Molecular mechanisms underlying seizure generation in these tumors are poorly understood. This study was conducted to identify altered genes in nonneoplastic epileptogenic cortical tissues (ECTs) resected from DNT patients during electrocorticography (ECoG)-guided surgery. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) was used to determine the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in these high-spiking ECTs compared to non-epileptic controls. A total of 477 DEGs (180 upregulated; 297 downregulated) were observed in the ECTs compared to non-epileptic controls. Gene ontology analysis revealed enrichment of genes belonging to the following Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways: (i) glutamatergic synapse; (ii) nitrogen metabolism; (iii) transcriptional misregulation in cancer; and (iv) protein digestion and absorption. The glutamatergic synapse pathway was enriched by DEGs such as GRM4, SLC1A6, GRIN2C, GRM2, GRM5, GRIN3A, and GRIN2B. Enhanced glutamatergic activity was observed in the pyramidal neurons of ECTs, which could be attributed to altered synaptic transmission in these tissues compared to non-epileptic controls. Besides glutamatergic synapse, altered expression of other genes such as GABRB1 (synapse formation), SLIT2 (axonal growth), and PROKR2 (neuron migration) could be linked to epileptogenesis in ECTs. Also, upregulation of GABRA6 gene in ECTs could underlie benzodiazepine resistance in these patients. Neural cell-type-specific gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed transcriptome of ECTs to be predominantly contributed by microglia and neurons. This study provides first comprehensive gene expression profiling of nonneoplastic ECTs of DNT patients and identifies genes/pathways potentially linked to epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Vivek Dubey
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Fouzia Siraj
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sanjeev Lalwani
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Jyotirmoy Banerjee
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Shehata NI, Abdelsamad MA, Amin HAA, Sadik NAH, Shaheen AA. Ameliorating effect of ketogenic diet on acute status epilepticus: Insights into biochemical and histological changes in rat hippocampus. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14217. [PMID: 35543175 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the potential neuroprotective effects of ketogenic diet (KD) against the neuronal disruptions induced by SE in lithium-pilocarpine rat model of status epilepticus (SE). Four groups of female rats include; groups I and III received standard diet and groups II and IV received KD for 3 weeks. Groups I and II were left untreated, while groups III and IV were injected with LiCl (127 mg/kg, i.p.) followed by pilocarpine HCl (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 18-24 h later, repeatedly, till induction of SE. 72 h post-SE, KD effectively ameliorated the balance between excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmitters and the oxidative stress indices, increased adenine nucleotides and decreased immunoreactivity of iNOS, TNFα, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and synaptophysin. Thiswas in association with improvement in inflammatory response and neuronal tissue characteristics in hippocampus of SE rats. Histological changes showed preservation of neuronal integrity. These findings highlight the protective effects of KD in the acute phase post-SE via ameliorating biochemical and histological changes involved. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Epilepsy is the fourth most common neurological disorder that requires lifelong treatment. It stigmatizes patients and their families. The use of the ketogenic diet (KD) as a therapy for epilepsy developed from observations that fasting could reduce seizures. From 1920s, the KD was a common epilepsy treatment until it was gradually superseded by anticonvulsant drugs so that by the 1980s it was rarely used. However, there has been a resurgence of interest and usage of the KD for epilepsy since the turn of the century. Despite its long history, the mechanisms by which KD exhibits its anti-seizure action are not fully understood. Our study aims to identify the mechanism of KD which may help further studies to achieve the same benefits with a drug or supplement to overcome its unpalatability and gastrointestinal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa I Shehata
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai A Abdelsamad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hebat Allah A Amin
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermin A H Sadik
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira A Shaheen
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Bandopadhyay R, Singh T, Ghoneim MM, Alshehri S, Angelopoulou E, Paudel YN, Piperi C, Ahmad J, Alhakamy NA, Alfaleh MA, Mishra A. Recent Developments in Diagnosis of Epilepsy: Scope of MicroRNA and Technological Advancements. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1097. [PMID: 34827090 PMCID: PMC8615191 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, characterized by recurrent seizures, resulting from abnormally synchronized episodic neuronal discharges. Around 70 million people worldwide are suffering from epilepsy. The available antiepileptic medications are capable of controlling seizures in around 60-70% of patients, while the rest remain refractory. Poor seizure control is often associated with neuro-psychiatric comorbidities, mainly including memory impairment, depression, psychosis, neurodegeneration, motor impairment, neuroendocrine dysfunction, etc., resulting in poor prognosis. Effective treatment relies on early and correct detection of epileptic foci. Although there are currently a few well-established diagnostic techniques for epilepsy, they lack accuracy and cannot be applied to patients who are unsupportive or harbor metallic implants. Since a single test result from one of these techniques does not provide complete information about the epileptic foci, it is necessary to develop novel diagnostic tools. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current diagnostic tools of epilepsy, including electroencephalography (EEG) as well as structural and functional neuroimaging. We further discuss recent trends and advances in the diagnosis of epilepsy that will enable more effective diagnosis and clinical management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritam Bandopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India;
| | - Tanveer Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA;
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.A.); (C.P.)
| | - Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.A.); (C.P.)
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mohamed A. Alfaleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)—Guwahati, Changsari, Guwahati 781101, Assam, India
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Lam J, DuBois JM, Rowley J, Rousset OG, González-Otárula KA, Soucy JP, Massarweh G, Hall JA, Guiot MC, Zimmermann M, Minuzzi L, Rosa-Neto P, Kobayashi E. In vivo hippocampal cornu ammonis 1-3 glutamatergic abnormalities are associated with temporal lobe epilepsy surgery outcomes. Epilepsia 2021; 62:1559-1568. [PMID: 34060082 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous positron emission tomography (PET) studies using [11 C]ABP688 show reduced metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) allosteric binding site availability in the epileptogenic hippocampus of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) patients. However, the link between mGluR5 abnormalities and postsurgical outcomes remains unclear. Here, we test whether reduced PET [11 C]ABP688 binding in cornu ammonis (CA) sectors more vulnerable to glutamatergic excitotoxicity relates to surgical outcomes. METHODS We obtained magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and [11 C]ABP688-PET from 31 unilateral MTLE patients and 30 healthy controls. MRI hippocampal subfields were segmented using FreeSurfer. To respect the lower PET special resolution, MRI-derived anatomical subfields were combined into CA1-3, CA4/dentate gyrus, and Subiculum. Partial volume corrected [11 C]ABP688 nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND ) values were averaged across each subfield, and Z-scores were calculated. Subfield [11 C]ABP688-BPND was compared between seizure-free and non-seizure-free patients. In addition, we also assessed subfield volumes and [18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in each clinical group. RESULTS MTLE [11 C]ABP688-BPND was reduced in ipsilateral (epileptogenic) CA1-3 and CA4/dentate-gyrus (p < .001, 95% confidence interval [CI] = .29-.51) compared to controls, with no difference in Subiculum. [11 C]ABP688-BPND and subfield volumes were compared between seizure-free (Engel IA, n = 13) and non-seizure-free patients (Engel IC-III, n = 10). In ipsilateral CA1-3 only, [11 C]ABP688-BPND was lower in seizure-free patients than in non-seizure-free patients (p = .012, 95% CI = 1.46-11.0) independently of volume. A subset analysis of 12 patients with [11 C]ABP688-PET+[18 F]FDG-PET showed no between-group significant difference in [18 F]FDG uptake, whereas CA1-3 [11 C]ABP688-BPND remained significantly lower in the seven of 12 seizure-free patients (p = .03, 95% CI = -3.13 to -.21). SIGNIFICANCE Reduced mGluR5 allosteric site availability in hippocampal CA1-3, measured in vivo by [11 C]ABP688-PET, is associated with postsurgery seizure freedom independent of atrophy or hypometabolism. Information derived from hippocampal CA1-3 [11 C]ABP688-PET is a promising imaging biomarker potentially impactful in surgical decisions for MRI-negative/PET-negative MTLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Lam
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jonathan M DuBois
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jared Rowley
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier G Rousset
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Karina A González-Otárula
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,PET Unit, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gassan Massarweh
- PET Unit, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jeffery A Hall
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Guiot
- Department of Pathology, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Zimmermann
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Luciano Minuzzi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,PET Unit, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eliane Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Identification of clinically relevant biomarkers of epileptogenesis - a strategic roadmap. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:231-242. [PMID: 33594276 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Onset of many forms of epilepsy occurs after an initial epileptogenic insult or as a result of an identified genetic defect. Given that the precipitating insult is known, these epilepsies are, in principle, amenable to secondary prevention. However, development of preventive treatments is difficult because only a subset of individuals will develop epilepsy and we cannot currently predict which individuals are at the highest risk. Biomarkers that enable identification of these individuals would facilitate clinical trials of potential anti-epileptogenic treatments, but no such prognostic biomarkers currently exist. Several putative molecular, imaging, electroencephalographic and behavioural biomarkers of epileptogenesis have been identified, but clinical translation has been hampered by fragmented and poorly coordinated efforts, issues with inter-model reproducibility, study design and statistical approaches, and difficulties with validation in patients. These challenges demand a strategic roadmap to facilitate the identification, characterization and clinical validation of biomarkers for epileptogenesis. In this Review, we summarize the state of the art with respect to biomarker research in epileptogenesis and propose a five-phase roadmap, adapted from those developed for cancer and Alzheimer disease, that provides a conceptual structure for biomarker research.
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Kim JH, Marton J, Ametamey SM, Cumming P. A Review of Molecular Imaging of Glutamate Receptors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204749. [PMID: 33081223 PMCID: PMC7587586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a well-established and important in vivo technique to evaluate fundamental biological processes and unravel the role of neurotransmitter receptors in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Specific ligands are available for PET/SPECT studies of dopamine, serotonin, and opiate receptors, but corresponding development of radiotracers for receptors of glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in mammalian brain, has lagged behind. This state of affairs has persisted despite the central importance of glutamate neurotransmission in brain physiology and in disorders such as stroke, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent years have seen extensive efforts to develop useful ligands for molecular imaging of subtypes of the ionotropic (N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate, and AMPA/quisqualate receptors) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (types I, II, and III mGluRs). We now review the state of development of radioligands for glutamate receptor imaging, placing main emphasis on the suitability of available ligands for reliable in vivo applications. We give a brief account of the radiosynthetic approach for selected molecules. In general, with the exception of ligands for the GluN2B subunit of NMDA receptors, there has been little success in developing radiotracers for imaging ionotropic glutamate receptors; failure of ligands for the PCP/MK801 binding site in vivo doubtless relates their dependence on the open, unblocked state of the ion channel. Many AMPA and kainite receptor ligands with good binding properties in vitro have failed to give measurable specific binding in the living brain. This may reflect the challenge of developing brain-penetrating ligands for amino acid receptors, compounded by conformational differences in vivo. The situation is better with respect to mGluR imaging, particularly for the mGluR5 subtype. Several successful PET ligands serve for investigations of mGluRs in conditions such as schizophrenia, depression, substance abuse and aging. Considering the centrality and diversity of glutamatergic signaling in brain function, we have relatively few selective and sensitive tools for molecular imaging of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Further radiopharmaceutical research targeting specific subtypes and subunits of the glutamate receptors may yet open up new investigational vistas with broad applications in basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (P.C.); Tel.: +41-31-664-0498 (P.C.); Fax: +41-31-632-7663 (P.C.)
| | - János Marton
- ABX Advanced Biochemical Compounds, Biomedizinische Forschungsreagenzien GmbH, Heinrich-Glaeser-Strasse 10-14, D-1454 Radeberg, Germany;
| | - Simon Mensah Ametamey
- Centre for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse 18, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4059, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (P.C.); Tel.: +41-31-664-0498 (P.C.); Fax: +41-31-632-7663 (P.C.)
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Bascuñana P, Brackhan M, Leiter I, Keller H, Jahreis I, Ross TL, Bengel FM, Bankstahl M, Bankstahl JP. Divergent metabolic substrate utilization in brain during epileptogenesis precedes chronic hypometabolism. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:204-213. [PMID: 30375913 PMCID: PMC6928550 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18809886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in metabolism during epileptogenesis may be a therapy target. Recently, an increase in amino acid transport into the brain was proposed to play a role in epileptogenesis. We aimed to characterize alterations of substrate utilization during epileptogenesis and in chronic epilepsy. The lithium-pilocarpine post status epilepticus (SE) rat model was used. We performed longitudinal O-(2-[(18)F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine (18F-FET) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and calculated 18F-FET volume of distribution (Vt) and 18F-FDG uptake. Correlation analyses were performed with translocator protein-PET defined neuroinflammation from previously acquired data. We found reduced 18F-FET Vt at 48 h after SE (amygdala: -30.2%, p = 0.014), whereas 18F-FDG showed increased glucose uptake 4 and 24 h after SE (hippocampus: + 43.6% and +42.5%, respectively; p < 0.001) returning to baseline levels thereafter. In chronic epileptic animals, we found a reduction in 18F-FET and 18F-FDG in the hippocampus. No correlation was found for 18F-FET or 18F-FDG to microglial activation at seven days post SE. Whereas metabolic alterations do not reflect higher metabolism associated to activated microglia, they might be partially driven by chronic neuronal loss. However, both metabolisms diverge during early epileptogenesis, pointing to amino acid turnover as a possible biomarker and/or therapeutic target for epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Bascuñana
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mirjam Brackhan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ina Leiter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Keller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ina Jahreis
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias L Ross
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank M Bengel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marion Bankstahl
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens P Bankstahl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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9
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Bascuñana P, Gendron T, Sander K, Jahreis I, Polyak A, Ross TL, Bankstahl M, Arstad E, Bankstahl JP. Ex vivo characterization of neuroinflammatory and neuroreceptor changes during epileptogenesis using candidate positron emission tomography biomarkers. Epilepsia 2019; 60:2325-2333. [PMID: 31571210 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identification of patients at risk of developing epilepsy before the first spontaneous seizure may promote the development of preventive treatment providing opportunity to stop or slow down the disease. METHODS As development of novel radiotracers and on-site setup of existing radiotracers is highly time-consuming and expensive, we used dual-centre in vitro autoradiography as an approach to characterize the potential of innovative radiotracers in the context of epilepsy development. Using brain slices from the same group of rats, we aimed to characterise the evolution of neuroinflammation and expression of inhibitory and excitatory neuroreceptors during epileptogenesis using translational positron emission tomography (PET) tracers; 18 F-flumazenil (18 F-FMZ; GABAA receptor), 18 F-FPEB (metabotropic glutamate receptor 5; mGluR5), 18 F-flutriciclamide (translocator protein; TSPO, microglia activation) and 18 F-deprenyl (monoamine oxidase B, astroglia activation). Autoradiography images from selected time points after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE; baseline, 24 and 48 hours, 5, 10 and 15 days and 6 and 12-14 weeks after SE) were normalized to a calibration curve, co-registered to an MRI-based 2D region-of-interest atlas, and activity concentration (Bq/mm2 ) was calculated. RESULTS In epileptogenesis-associated brain regions, 18 F-FMZ and 18 F-FPEB showed an early decrease after SE. 18 F-FMZ decrease was maintained in the latent phase and further reduced in the chronic epileptic animals, while 18 F-FPEB signal recovered from day 10, reaching baseline levels in chronic epilepsy. 18 F-flutriciclamide showed an increase of activated microglia at 24 hours after SE, peaking at 5-15 days and decreasing during the chronic phase. On the other hand, 18 F-deprenyl autoradiography showed late astrogliosis, peaking in the chronic phase. SIGNIFICANCE Autoradiography revealed different evolution of the selected targets during epileptogenesis. Our results suggest an advantage of combined imaging of inter-related targets like glutamate and GABAA receptors, or microglia and astrocyte activation, in order to identify important interactions, especially when using PET imaging for the evaluation of novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Bascuñana
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thibault Gendron
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kerstin Sander
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ina Jahreis
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andras Polyak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias L Ross
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marion Bankstahl
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Erik Arstad
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jens P Bankstahl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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10
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Bdair H, Tsai IH, Smart K, Benkelfat C, Leyton M, Kostikov A. Radiosynthesis of the diastereomerically pure (E)-[ 11 C]ABP688. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:860-864. [PMID: 31418468 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report an efficient protocol for the radiosynthesis of diastereomerically pure (E)-[11 C]ABP688, a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for metabotropic glutamate type 5 (mGlu5) receptor imaging. The protocol reliably provides sterile and pyrogen-free formulation of (E)-[11 C]ABP688 suitable for preclinical and clinical PET imaging with >99% diastereomeric excess (d.e.), >99% overall radiochemical purity (RCP), 14.9 ± 4.3% decay-corrected radiochemical yield (RCY), and 148.86 ± 79.8 GBq/μmol molar activity in 40 minutes from the end of bombardment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Bdair
- McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill University, Department of Psychiatry, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - I-Huang Tsai
- McGill University, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kelly Smart
- Yale University School of Medicine, Yale PET Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Chawki Benkelfat
- McGill University, Department of Psychiatry, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marco Leyton
- McGill University, Department of Psychiatry, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexey Kostikov
- McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill University, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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11
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Xu Y, Li Z. Imaging metabotropic glutamate receptor system: Application of positron emission tomography technology in drug development. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1892-1922. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Xu
- Independent Consultant and Contractor, Radiopharmaceutical Development, Validation and Bio-Application; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Zizhong Li
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, SOFIE Biosciences; Somerset New Jersey
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12
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Lam J, DuBois JM, Rowley J, González-Otárula KA, Soucy JP, Massarweh G, Hall JA, Guiot MC, Rosa-Neto P, Kobayashi E. In vivo metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 abnormalities localize the epileptogenic zone in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2019; 85:218-228. [PMID: 30597619 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Surgical specimens from patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) show abnormalities in tissue concentrations of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5). To clarify whether these abnormalities are specific to the epileptogenic zone (EZ), we characterized in vivo whole-brain mGluR5 availability in MTLE patients using positron emission tomography (PET) and [11 C]ABP688, a radioligand that binds specifically to the mGluR5 allosteric site. METHODS Thirty-one unilateral MTLE patients and 30 healthy controls underwent [11 C]ABP688 PET. We compared partial volume corrected [11 C]ABP688 nondisplaceable binding potentials (BPND ) between groups using region-of-interest and whole-brain voxelwise analyses. [18 F]Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET was acquired in 15 patients, for whom we calculated asymmetry indices of [11 C]ABP688 BPND and [18 F]FDG uptake to compare lateralization and localization differences. RESULTS [11 C]ABP688 BPND was focally reduced in the epileptogenic hippocampal head and amygdala (p < 0.001). Patients with hippocampal atrophy showed more extensive abnormalities, including the ipsilateral temporal neocortex (p = 0.006). [11 C]ABP688 BPND showed interhemispheric differences of higher magnitude and discriminated the epileptogenic structures more accurately when compared to [18 F]FDG uptake, which showed more widespread hypometabolism. Among 23 of 25 operated patients with >1 year of follow-up, 13 were seizure-free (Engel Ia) and showed significantly lower [11 C]ABP688 BPND in the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex. INTERPRETATION [11 C]ABP688 PET provides a focal biomarker for the EZ in MTLE with higher spatial accuracy compared to [18 F]FDG PET. Focally reduced mGluR5 availability in the EZ might reflect receptor internalization or conformational changes in response to excessive extracellular glutamate, supporting a potential role for mGluR5 as therapeutic target in human MTLE. Ann Neurol 2019; 1-11 ANN NEUROL 2019;85:218-228.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Lam
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan M DuBois
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jared Rowley
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karina A González-Otárula
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,PET Unit, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gassan Massarweh
- PET Unit, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeffery A Hall
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Guiot
- Department of Pathology, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,PET Unit, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eliane Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Experimental Epileptogenesis and Refractory Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010220. [PMID: 30626103 PMCID: PMC6337422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of neuroimaging biomarkers in experimental epileptogenesis and refractory epilepsy. Neuroimaging represents a gold standard and clinically translatable technique to identify neuropathological changes in epileptogenesis and longitudinally monitor its progression after a precipitating injury. Neuroimaging studies, along with molecular studies from animal models, have greatly improved our understanding of the neuropathology of epilepsy, such as the hallmark hippocampus sclerosis. Animal models are effective for differentiating the different stages of epileptogenesis. Neuroimaging in experimental epilepsy provides unique information about anatomic, functional, and metabolic alterations linked to epileptogenesis. Recently, several in vivo biomarkers for epileptogenesis have been investigated for characterizing neuronal loss, inflammation, blood-brain barrier alterations, changes in neurotransmitter density, neurovascular coupling, cerebral blood flow and volume, network connectivity, and metabolic activity in the brain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a sensitive method for detecting structural and functional changes in the brain, especially to identify region-specific neuronal damage patterns in epilepsy. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computerized tomography are helpful to elucidate key functional alterations, especially in areas of brain metabolism and molecular patterns, and can help monitor pathology of epileptic disorders. Multimodal procedures such as PET-MRI integrated systems are desired for refractory epilepsy. Validated biomarkers are warranted for early identification of people at risk for epilepsy and monitoring of the progression of medical interventions.
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14
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DuBois JM, Rousset OG, Guiot MC, Hall JA, Reader AJ, Soucy JP, Rosa-Neto P, Kobayashi E. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Type 5 (mGluR5) Cortical Abnormalities in Focal Cortical Dysplasia Identified In Vivo With [11C]ABP688 Positron-Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging. Cereb Cortex 2018; 26:4170-4179. [PMID: 27578494 PMCID: PMC5066831 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) abnormalities have been described in tissue resected from epilepsy patients with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). To determine if these abnormalities could be identified in vivo, we investigated mGluR5 availability in 10 patients with focal epilepsy and an MRI diagnosis of FCD using positron-emission tomography (PET) and the radioligand [11C]ABP688. Partial volume corrected [11C]ABP688 binding potentials (BPND) were computed using the cerebellum as a reference region. Each patient was compared to homotopic cortical regions in 33 healthy controls using region-of-interest (ROI) and vertex-wise analyses. Reduced [11C]ABP688 BPND in the FCD was seen in 7/10 patients with combined ROI and vertex-wise analyses. Reduced FCD BPND was found in 4/5 operated patients (mean follow-up: 63 months; Engel I), of whom surgical specimens revealed FCD type IIb or IIa, with most balloon cells showing negative or weak mGluR5 immunoreactivity as compared to their respective neuropil and normal neurons at the border of resections. [11C]ABP688 PET shows for the first time in vivo evidence of reduced mGluR5 availability in FCD, indicating focal glutamatergic alterations in malformations of cortical development, which cannot be otherwise clearly demonstrated through resected tissue analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M DuBois
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Olivier G Rousset
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Marie-Christine Guiot
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4.,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Jeffery A Hall
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Andrew J Reader
- PET Unit, McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4.,Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- PET Unit, McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4.,Bio-Imaging Group, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4.,PET Unit, McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4.,Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Eliane Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
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15
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Imaging the glutamate receptor subtypes-Much achieved, and still much to do. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2017; 25:27-36. [PMID: 29233264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Functional imaging of glutamate receptors using PET imaging modality can be used to study numerous CNS disorders and also to select appropriate doses of clinically relevant glutamate-receptor-targeting candidate drugs. Great strides have been made in developing PET imaging probes for the non-invasive detection of glutamate receptors in the brain. This review highlights recent progress made towards the development of glutamatergic PET imaging agents. Focus is placed on PET imaging probes that have been labelled with either carbon-11 or fluorine-18.
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16
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In Vivo Monitoring for Regional Changes of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 1 (mGluR1) in Pilocarpine-Induced Epileptic Rat Brain by Small-Animal PET. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14945. [PMID: 29097780 PMCID: PMC5668420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 (mGluR1) is a crucial pharmacological target for several central nervous system disorders. In this study, we aimed to monitor in vivo regional changes of mGluR1 related to neuroinflammation in the brains of rats after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (PISE) using longitudinal positron emission tomography (PET). PISE was induced in rats by administering lithium chloride, followed by repeated pilocarpine hydrochloride treatments. PET assessments were conducted using N-[4-[6-(isopropylamino)-pyrimidin-4-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]-N-methyl-4-[11C]methylbenzamide ([11C]ITDM), a selective radioligand for mGluR1, and N-benzyl-N-[11C]methyl-2-(7-methyl-8-oxo-2-phenyl-7,8-dihydro-9H-purin-9-yl)acetamide ([11C]DAC), a selective translocator protein PET ligand for neuroinflammation monitoring. PET scans were conducted on PISE rats at 1 day (acute), 1 week (subacute) and 3 weeks (chronic) after repeated seizures. PET with [11C]ITDM showed significant decreases of mGluR1 availability (BPND) in the thalamus and hippocampus after PISE over the chronic period. Conversely, PET with [11C]DAC exhibited a significant increase of radioactive uptake in the forebrain after the acute period, especially in the thalamus. These conflicting changes in the thalamus indicated negative correlation. In conclusion, PET with [11C]ITDM could successfully visualize hippocampal and thalamic declines of mGluR1 related to neuroinflammation, which would help further understanding for mGluR1 functions in neuroexcitotoxicity.
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17
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Xu Y, Li Z, Yao L, Zhang X, Gan D, Jiang M, Wang N, Chen G, Wang X. Altered Norbin Expression in Patients with Epilepsy and a Rat Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13970. [PMID: 29070854 PMCID: PMC5656659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Norbin is widely distributed in neuronal tissues, is a regulator of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) phosphorylation. Norbin is also an important endogenous modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) signaling, and nervous system-specific homozygous gene disruptions, result in epileptic seizures. In this study, we aimed to investigate norbin expression patterns in epilepsy and to elucidate the relationships between norbin and mGluR5 and p-CaMKII in epilepsy. Double-immunolabeling, immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting studies showed that norbin was downregulated in the temporal neocortex of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) compared with control subjects. Moreover, in a rat model of lithium chloride-pilocarpine-induced epilepsy, norbin expression began to decrease at 6 h after the onset of status epilepticus and remained at a low level until 60 days. In addition, p-CaMKII expression was significantly increased in both patients with TLE and in animal model. Norbin and mGluR5 were found to be co-expressed in neurons of epileptic tissues. Finally, norbin over-expression facilitated by injections of adeno-associated viral vector into the rat hippocampus increased latency and survival in the lithium chloride-pilocarpine model. Thus, our results indicate norbin participates in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, perhaps by modulating mGluR5 signaling, regulating CaMKII phosphorylation, and may exert antiepileptic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Chongqing General Hospital, 104 Pipashan Street, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Zengyou Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Yao
- Health Checkup Center, Chongqing General Hospital, 104 Pipashan Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingping Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Chongqing General Hospital, 104 Pipashan Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Gan
- Department of Geriatrics, Chongqing General Hospital, 104 Pipashan Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Manchun Jiang
- Department of Geriatrics, Chongqing General Hospital, 104 Pipashan Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, China.
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18
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Neuroimaging in animal models of epilepsy. Neuroscience 2017; 358:277-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Dynamic Changes in Striatal mGluR1 But Not mGluR5 during Pathological Progression of Parkinson's Disease in Human Alpha-Synuclein A53T Transgenic Rats: A Multi-PET Imaging Study. J Neurosci 2016; 36:375-84. [PMID: 26758830 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2289-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent degenerative disorder affecting the CNS that is primarily characterized by resting tremor and movement deficits. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 1 and 5 (mGluR1 and mGluR5, respectively) are important targets for investigation in several CNS disorders. In the present study, we investigated the in vivo roles of mGluR1 and mGluR5 in chronic PD pathology by performing longitudinal positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in A53T transgenic (A53T-Tg) rats expressing an abnormal human α-synuclein (ASN) gene. A53T-Tg rats showed a dramatic decline in general motor activities with age, along with abnormal ASN aggregation and striatal neuron degeneration. In longitudinal PET imaging, striatal nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) values for [(11)C]ITDM (N-[4-[6-(isopropylamino) pyrimidin-4-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]-N-methyl-4-[(11)C]methylbenzamide), a selective PET ligand for mGluR1, temporarily increased before PD symptom onset and dramatically decreased afterward with age. However, striatal BPND values for (E)-[(11)C]ABP688 [3-(6-methylpyridin-2-ylethynyl)-cyclohex-2-enone-(E)-O-[(11)C]methyloxime], a specific PET ligand for mGluR5, remained constant during experimental terms. The dynamic changes in striatal mGluR1 BPND values also showed a high correlation in pathological decreases in general motor activities. Furthermore, declines in mGluR1 BPND values were correlated with decreases in BPND values for [(18)F]FE-PE2I [(E)-N-(3-iodoprop-2E-enyl)-2β-carbo-[(18)F]fluoroethoxy-3β-(4-methylphenyl) nortropane], a specific PET ligand for the dopamine transporter, a biomarker for dopaminergic neurons. In conclusion, our results have demonstrated for the first time that dynamic changes occur in mGluR1, but not mGluR5, that accompany pathological progression in a PD animal model. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Synaptic signaling by glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, is modulated by group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, including the mGluR1 and mGluR5 subtypes. In the brain, mGluR1 and mGluR5 have distinct functional roles and regional distributions. Their roles in brain pathology, however, are not well characterized. Using longitudinal PET imaging in a chronic rat model of PD, we demonstrated that expression of mGluR1, but not mGluR5, dynamically changed in the striatum accompanying pathological PD progression. These findings imply that monitoring mGluR1 in vivo may provide beneficial information to further understand central nervous system disorders.
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20
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Kosten L, Verhaeghe J, Verkerk R, Thomae D, De Picker L, Wyffels L, Van Eetveldt A, Dedeurwaerdere S, Stroobants S, Staelens S. Multiprobe molecular imaging of an NMDA receptor hypofunction rat model for glutamatergic dysfunction. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 248:1-11. [PMID: 26803479 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There are many indications of a connection between abnormal glutamate transmission through N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction and the occurrence of schizophrenia. The importance of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) became generally recognized due to its physical link through anchor proteins with NMDAR. Neuroinflammation as well as the kynurenine (tryptophan catabolite; TRYCAT) pathway are equally considered as major contributors to the pathology. We aimed to investigate this interplay between glutamate release, neuronal activation and inflammatory markers, by using small-animal positron emission tomography (PET) in a rat model known to induce schizophrenia-like symptoms. Daily intraperitoneal injection of MK801 or saline were administered to induce the model together with N-Acetyl-cysteine (NAc) or saline as the treatment in 24 male Sprague Dawley rats for one month. Biweekly in vivo [(11)C]-ABP688 microPET was performed together with mGluR5 immunohistochemistry. Simultaneously, weekly in vivo [(18)F]-FDG microPET imaging data for glucose metabolism was acquired and microglial activation was investigated with biweekly in vivo [(18)F]-PBR111 scans versus OX42 immunohistochemistry. Finally, plasma samples were analyzed for TRYCAT metabolites. We show that chronic MK801 administration (and thus elevated endogenous glutamate) causes significant tissue loss in rat brain, enhances neuroinflammatory pathways and may upregulate mGluR5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kosten
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Verhaeghe
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Robert Verkerk
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - David Thomae
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Livia De Picker
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leonie Wyffels
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Sigrid Stroobants
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Staelens
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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21
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 – a promising target in drug development and neuroimaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43:1151-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Sarikaya I. PET studies in epilepsy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 5:416-430. [PMID: 26550535 PMCID: PMC4620171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Various PET studies, such as measurements of glucose, serotonin and oxygen metabolism, cerebral blood flow and receptor bindings are availabe for epilepsy. (18)Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) PET imaging of brain glucose metabolism is a well established and widely available technique. Studies have demonstrated that the sensitivity of interictal FDG-PET is higher than interictal SPECT and similar to ictal SPECT for the lateralization and localization of epileptogenic foci in presurgical patients refractory to medical treatments who have noncontributory EEG and MRI. In addition to localizing epileptogenic focus, FDG-PET provide additional important information on the functional status of the rest of the brain. The main limitation of interictal FDG-PET is that it cannot precisely define the surgical margin as the area of hypometabolism usually extends beyond the epileptogenic zone. Various neurotransmitters (GABA, glutamate, opiates, serotonin, dopamine, acethylcholine, and adenosine) and receptor subtypes are involved in epilepsy. PET receptor imaging studies performed in limited centers help to understand the role of neurotransmitters in epileptogenesis, identify epileptic foci and investigate new treatment approaches. PET receptor imaging studies have demonstrated reduced (11)C-flumazenil (GABAA-cBDZ) and (18)F-MPPF (5-HT1A serotonin) and increased (11)C-cerfentanil (mu opiate) and (11)C-MeNTI (delta opiate) bindings in the area of seizure. (11)C-flumazenil has been reported to be more sensitive than FDG-PET for identifying epileptic foci. The area of abnormality on GABAAcBDZ and opiate receptor images is usually smaller and more circumscribed than the area of hypometabolism on FDG images. Studies have demonstrated that (11)C-alpha-methyl-L-tryptophan PET (to study synthesis of serotonin) can detect the epileptic focus within malformations of cortical development and helps in differentiating epileptogenic from non-epileptogenic tubers in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. (15)O-H2O PET was reported to have a similar sensitivity to FDG-PET in detecting epileptic foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismet Sarikaya
- Nuclear Medicine Section, Baskent University Hospital Istanbul, Turkey
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Imaging in vivo glutamate fluctuations with [(11)C]ABP688: a GLT-1 challenge with ceftriaxone. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1169-74. [PMID: 25806702 PMCID: PMC4640271 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging offers unprecedented opportunities for investigating dynamic changes underlying neuropsychiatric conditions. Here, we evaluated whether [(11)C]ABP688, a positron emission tomography (PET) ligand that binds to the allosteric site of the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5), is sensitive to glutamate fluctuations after a pharmacological challenge. For this, we used ceftriaxone (CEF) administration in rats, an activator of the GLT-1 transporter (EAAT2), which is known to decrease extracellular levels of glutamate. MicroPET [(11)C]ABP688 dynamic acquisitions were conducted in rats after a venous injection of either saline (baseline) or CEF 200 mg/kg (challenge). Binding potentials (BP(ND)) were obtained using the simplified reference tissue method. Between-condition statistical parametric maps indicating brain regions showing the highest CEF effects guided placement of microdialysis probes for subsequent assessment of extracellular levels of glutamate. The CEF administration increased [(11)C]ABP688 BP(ND) in the thalamic ventral anterior (VA) nucleus bilaterally. Subsequent microdialysis assessment revealed declines in extracellular glutamate concentrations in the VA. The present results support the concept that availability of mGluR5 allosteric binding sites is sensitive to extracellular concentrations of glutamate. This interesting property of mGluR5 allosteric binding sites has potential applications for assessing the role of glutamate in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Hae Kang J, Lee M, Hoon Ryu Y, Hyoung Lyoo C, Hoon Kim C, Chul Lee K, Hyun Choi T, Yong Choi J. [18F]FPEB and [18F]FDEGPECO comparative study of mGlu5 quantification in rodent brain. Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 98:103-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Development of PET and SPECT probes for glutamate receptors. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:716514. [PMID: 25874256 PMCID: PMC4385697 DOI: 10.1155/2015/716514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
l-Glutamate and its receptors (GluRs) play a key role in excitatory neurotransmission within the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Impaired regulation of GluRs has also been implicated in various neurological disorders. GluRs are classified into two major groups: ionotropic GluRs (iGluRs), which are ligand-gated ion channels, and metabotropic GluRs (mGluRs), which are coupled to heterotrimeric guanosine nucleotide binding proteins (G-proteins). Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of GluRs could provide a novel view of CNS function and of a range of brain disorders, potentially leading to the development of new drug therapies. Although no satisfactory imaging agents have yet been developed for iGluRs, several PET ligands for mGluRs have been successfully employed in clinical studies. This paper reviews current progress towards the development of PET and SPECT probes for GluRs.
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In vivo characterization of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 abnormalities in behavioral variant FTD. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:1387-402. [PMID: 25596865 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the pathogenesis underlying behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) has yet to be fully understood, glutamatergic abnormalities have been hypothesized to play an important role. The aim of the present study was to determine the availability of the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) using a novel positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceutical with high selectivity for mGluR5 ([(11)C]ABP688) in a sample of bvFTD patients. In addition, we sought to determine the overlap between availability of mGluR5 and neurodegeneration, as measured using [(18)F]FDG-PET and voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Availability of mGluR5 and glucose metabolism ([(18)F]FDG) were measured in bvFTD (n = 5) and cognitively normal (CN) subjects (n = 10). [(11)C]ABP688 binding potential maps (BPND) were calculated using the cerebellum as a reference region, with [(18)F]FDG standardized uptake ratio maps (SUVR) normalized to the pons. Grey matter (GM) concentrations were determined using VBM. Voxel-based group differences were obtained using RMINC. BvFTD patients showed widespread decrements in [(11)C]ABP688 BPND throughout frontal, temporal and subcortical areas. These areas were likewise characterized by significant hypometabolism and GM loss, with overlap between reduced [(11)C]ABP688 BPND and hypometabolism superior to that for GM atrophy. Several regions were characterized only by decreased binding of [(11)C]ABP688. The present findings represent the first in vivo report of decreased availability of mGluR5 in bvFTD. This study suggests that glutamate excitotoxicity may play a role in the pathogenesis of bvFTD and that [(11)C]ABP688 may prove a suitable marker of glutamatergic neurotransmission in vivo.
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Choi H, Kim YK, Kang H, Lee H, Im HJ, Hwang DW, Kim EE, Chung JK, Lee DS. Abnormal metabolic connectivity in the pilocarpine-induced epilepsy rat model: A multiscale network analysis based on persistent homology. Neuroimage 2014; 99:226-36. [PMID: 24857713 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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