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Stark KA, Rinaldi G, Costain A, Clare S, Tolley C, Almeida A, McCarthy C, Harcourt K, Brandt C, Lawley TD, Berriman M, MacDonald AS, Forde-Thomas JE, Hulme BJ, Hoffmann KF, Cantacessi C, Cortés A. Gut microbiota and immune profiling of microbiota-humanised versus wildtype mouse models of hepatointestinal schistosomiasis. Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:36. [PMID: 38918824 PMCID: PMC11201864 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence of the occurrence of direct and indirect interactions between the human blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni, and the gut microbiota of rodent models raises questions on the potential role(s) of the latter in the pathophysiology of hepatointestinal schistosomiasis. However, substantial differences in both the composition and function between the gut microbiota of laboratory rodents and that of humans hinders an in-depth understanding of the significance of such interactions for human schistosomiasis. Taking advantage of the availability of a human microbiota-associated mouse model (HMA), we have previously highlighted differences in infection-associated changes in gut microbiota composition between HMA and wildtype (WT) mice. To further explore the dynamics of schistosome-microbiota relationships in HMA mice, in this study we (i) characterize qualitative and quantitative changes in gut microbiota composition of a distinct line of HMA mice (D2 HMA) infected with S. mansoni prior to and following the onset of parasite egg production; (ii) profile local and systemic immune responses against the parasite in HMA as well as WT mice and (iii) assess levels of faecal inflammatory markers and occult blood as indirect measures of gut tissue damage. We show that patent S. mansoni infection is associated with reduced bacterial alpha diversity in the gut of D2 HMA mice, alongside expansion of hydrogen sulphide-producing bacteria. Similar systemic humoral responses against S. mansoni in WT and D2 HMA mice, as well as levels of faecal lipocalin and markers of alternatively activated macrophages, suggest that these are independent of baseline gut microbiota composition. Qualitative comparative analyses between faecal microbial profiles of S. mansoni-infected WT and distinct lines of HMA mice reveal that, while infection-induced alterations of the gut microbiota composition are highly dependent on the baseline flora, bile acid composition and metabolism may represent key elements of schistosome-microbiota interactions through the gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Stark
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - G Rinaldi
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - A Costain
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S Clare
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Tolley
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - K Harcourt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - C Brandt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - T D Lawley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - M Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A S MacDonald
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J E Forde-Thomas
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - B J Hulme
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - K F Hoffmann
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - C Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - A Cortés
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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Xia J, Cui Y, Guo Y, Liu Y, Deng B, Han S. The Function of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Canine Intestinal Health and Their Evaluation Criteria. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1248. [PMID: 38930630 PMCID: PMC11205510 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintaining homeostasis within the intestinal microbiota is imperative for assessing the health status of hosts, and dysbiosis within the intestinal microbiota is closely associated with canine intestinal diseases. In recent decades, the modulation of canine intestinal health through probiotics and prebiotics has emerged as a prominent area of investigation. Evidence indicates that probiotics and prebiotics play pivotal roles in regulating intestinal health by modulating the intestinal microbiota, fortifying the epithelial barrier, and enhancing intestinal immunity. This review consolidates literature on using probiotics and prebiotics for regulating microbiota homeostasis in canines, thereby furnishing references for prospective studies and formulating evaluation criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Baichuan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.X.); (Y.C.); (Y.G.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sufang Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.X.); (Y.C.); (Y.G.); (Y.L.)
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Maggi G, Chiaradia E, Vullo A, Seccaroni M, Valli L, Busechian S, Caivano D, Porciello F, Caloiero S, Marchesi MC. Serum D-Lactate Concentrations in Dogs with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1704. [PMID: 38891751 PMCID: PMC11171325 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The D-enantiomer of lactic acid (D-lactate) is normally produced from bacterial fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract in mammals. In humans, increased D-lactate concentrations are related to gastrointestinal disease, including short bowel syndrome and malabsorptive syndrome. Similarly, increased D-lactate concentrations have been described in calves affected by diarrhea, in cats with gastrointestinal diseases, and in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. The purpose of the present study was to measure the serum D-lactate concentrations in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We retrospectively reviewed data from the database of the VTH of Perugia University, and dogs affected by IBD with serum samples stored at -80 °C were considered eligible for inclusion. A total of 18 dogs with IBD and 10 healthy dogs were included in the study. The dogs with IBD were divided into three subcategories based on the severity of the disease. Serum D-lactate concentrations (μM) were determined using a commercially available colorimetric assay kit (D-Lactate Colorimetric Assay Kit; Catalog #K667-100, BioVision Inc., Milpitas, CA, USA). Our results showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the serum concentrations of D-lactate between dogs with various degrees of IBD and healthy dogs. However, the wide variability of the D-lactate concentrations in dogs with IBD and evidence of increased serum D-lactate concentrations in dogs with confirmed dysbiosis encourage further studies on this topic to understand potential factors influencing the serum D-lactate concentrations in dogs affected by IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Maggi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.M.); (E.C.); (A.V.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Chiaradia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.M.); (E.C.); (A.V.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Alice Vullo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.M.); (E.C.); (A.V.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Matteo Seccaroni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.M.); (E.C.); (A.V.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (F.P.)
| | | | - Sara Busechian
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.M.); (E.C.); (A.V.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Domenico Caivano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.M.); (E.C.); (A.V.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Francesco Porciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.M.); (E.C.); (A.V.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Sabrina Caloiero
- Kennel Training Course Castiglione del Lago of Financial Guard, Via Lungolago 46, 06061 Castiglione del Lago, Italy;
| | - Maria Chiara Marchesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.M.); (E.C.); (A.V.); (M.S.); (S.B.); (F.P.)
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Wu Z, Li Y, Jiang M, Sang L, Chang B. Selenium Yeast Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Chronic Colitis in Mice by Reducing Proinflammatory Cytokines and Regulating the Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:2023-2037. [PMID: 38577691 PMCID: PMC10992675 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s449335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic recurrent gastrointestinal inflammatory disease. Selenium has been reported to have therapeutic potential in IBD. Selenium yeast is a common selenium supplement that is convenient to access. This study explored the effect of selenium yeast on dextran sulfate sodium- (DSS-)induced chronic colitis in mice. Methods Mice were randomly divided into four groups: the control group, selenium yeast group, chronic colitis group, and chronic colitis+selenium yeast group (n=6). Mice were killed on the 26th day. The disease activity index (DAI) score and histological damage score were calculated. Cytokines, serum selenium, colonic tissue selenium, gut microbiota and their metabolites short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were evaluated. Results Selenium yeast lowered IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17A, IL-22 and IFN-γ (P<0.05). In addition, selenium yeast significantly elevated Turicibacter, Bifidobacterium, Allobaculum, Prevotella, Halomonas, Adlercreutzia (P<0.05), and butyric acid (P<0.05). Conclusion Selenium yeast could improve DSS-induced chronic colitis in mice by regulating cytokines, gut microbiota and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lixuan Sang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Dupouy-Manescau N, Méric T, Sénécat O, Drut A, Valentin S, Leal RO, Hernandez J. Updating the Classification of Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathies in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:681. [PMID: 38473066 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIEs) in dogs are currently classified based on response to sequential treatment trials into food-responsive (FREs); antibiotic-responsive (AREs); immunosuppressant-responsive (IREs); and non-responsive enteropathies (NREs). Recent studies have reported that a proportion of NRE dogs ultimately respond to further dietary trials and are subsequently misclassified. The FRE subset among CIEs is therefore probably underestimated. Moreover, alterations in the gut microbiota composition and function (dysbiosis) have been shown to be involved in CIE pathogenesis in recent research on dogs. Metronidazole and other antibiotics that have been used for decades for dogs with AREs have been demonstrated to result in increased antimicrobial resistance and deleterious effects on the gut microbiota. As a consequence, the clinical approach to CIEs has evolved in recent years toward the gradual abandonment of the use of antibiotics and their replacement by other treatments with the aim of restoring a diverse and functional gut microbiota. We propose here to refine the classification of canine CIEs by replacing the AREs category with a microbiota-related modulation-responsive enteropathies (MrMREs) category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Dupouy-Manescau
- Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes, Department of Clinical Sciences, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Tristan Méric
- Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes, Department of Clinical Sciences, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Odile Sénécat
- Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes, Department of Clinical Sciences, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Amandine Drut
- Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes, Department of Clinical Sciences, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences, 44300 Nantes, France
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgrosParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Suzy Valentin
- Hopia, Bozon Veterinary Clinic, 78280 Guyancourt, France
| | - Rodolfo Oliveira Leal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Juan Hernandez
- Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes, Department of Clinical Sciences, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences, 44300 Nantes, France
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgrosParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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6
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Chang YM, Kang YR, Lee YG, Sung MK. Sex differences in colonic gene expression and fecal microbiota composition in a mouse model of obesity-associated colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3576. [PMID: 38347027 PMCID: PMC10861586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the sex-specific correlation between obesity and colorectal cancer emphasizing a more pronounced association in males. Estrogen, chromosomal genes, and gut bacteria were assessed in C57BL6/J male, female and ovariectomized (OVX) female mice, subjected to either a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 14 weeks. Induction of colon tumor involved azoxymethane (10 mg/kg) administration, followed by three cycles of dextran sulfate sodium. Male mice on HFD exhibited higher final body weight and increased colon tumors compared to females. Colonic mucin 2 expression was significantly higher in females. HFD-modulated differentially expressed genes numbered 290 for males, 64 for females, and 137 for OVX females. Only one up-regulated gene (Gfra3) overlapped between females and OVX females, while two down-regulated genes (Thrsp and Gbp11) overlapped between males and OVX females. Genes up-regulated by HFD in males were linked to cytokine-cytokine interaction, HIF-1 signaling pathway, central carbon metabolism in cancer. Sex-specific changes in gut microbial composition in response to HFD were observed. These findings suggest a male-specific vulnerability to HFD-induced colon tumor formation, implicating key genes and colonic bacteria in colon tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Mee Chang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Ree Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Gyeong Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Sung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
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Barko P, Nguyen-Edquilang J, Williams DA, Gal A. Fecal microbiome composition and diversity of cryopreserved canine stool at different duration and storage conditions. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294730. [PMID: 38324560 PMCID: PMC10849402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fresh-frozen stool banks intended for humans with gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders have been recently established and there are ongoing efforts to establish the first veterinary fresh-frozen stool bank. Fresh frozen stored feces provide an advantage of increased availability and accessibility to high-quality optimal donor fecal material. The stability of frozen canine feces regarding fecal microbiome composition and diversity has not been reported in dogs, providing the basis for this study. We hypothesized that fecal microbial composition and diversity of healthy dogs would remain stable when stored at -20°C and -80°C for up to 12 months compared to baseline samples evaluated before freezing. Stool samples were collected from 20 apparently healthy dogs, manually homogenized, cryopreserved in 20% glycerol and aliquoted, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -20°C or -80°C for 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. At baseline and after period of storage, aliquots were thawed and treated with propidium monoazide before fecal DNA extraction. Following long-read 16S-rRNA amplicon sequencing, bacterial community composition and diversity were compared among treatment groups. We demonstrated that fresh-frozen canine stools collected from 20 apparently healthy dogs could be stored for up to 12 months at -80°C with minimal change in microbial community composition and diversity and that storage at -80°C is superior to storage at -20°C. We also found that differences between dogs had the largest effect on community composition and diversity. Relative abundances of certain bacterial taxa, including those known to be short-chain fatty acid producers, varied significantly with specific storage temperatures and duration. Further work is required to ascertain whether fecal donor material that differs in bacterial community composition and diversity across storage conditions and duration could lead to differences in clinical efficacy for specific clinical indications of fecal microbiota transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Barko
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Julie Nguyen-Edquilang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - David A. Williams
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Arnon Gal
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
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Prame Kumar K, Ooi JD, Goldberg R. The interplay between the microbiota, diet and T regulatory cells in the preservation of the gut barrier in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1291724. [PMID: 38107848 PMCID: PMC10722198 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1291724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is becoming more common in the Western world due to changes in diet-related microbial dysbiosis, genetics and lifestyle. Incidences of gut permeability can predate IBD and continued gut barrier disruptions increase the exposure of bacterial antigens to the immune system thereby perpetuating chronic inflammation. Currently, most of the approved IBD therapies target individual pro-inflammatory cytokines and pathways. However, they fail in approximately 50% of patients due to their inability to overcome the redundant pro inflammatory immune responses. There is increasing interest in the therapeutic potential of T regulatory cells (Tregs) in inflammatory conditions due to their widespread capability to dampen inflammation, promote tolerance of intestinal bacteria, facilitate healing of the mucosal barrier and ability to be engineered for more targeted therapy. Intestinal Treg populations are inherently shaped by dietary molecules and gut microbiota-derived metabolites. Thus, understanding how these molecules influence Treg-mediated preservation of the intestinal barrier will provide insights into immune tolerance-mediated mucosal homeostasis. This review comprehensively explores the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and immune system in influencing the intestinal barrier function to attenuate the progression of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Prame Kumar
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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McAtee R, Schmid SM, Tolbert MK, Hetzel S, Suchodolski JS, Pritchard JC. Effect of esomeprazole with and without a probiotic on fecal dysbiosis, intestinal inflammation, and fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2109-2118. [PMID: 37776099 PMCID: PMC10658524 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proton pump inhibitors can cause diarrhea and a transient increase in fecal dysbiosis index in dogs. It is unknown if concurrent probiotic administration mitigates these effects. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS To assess the fecal Canine Microbial Dysbiosis Index (CMDI), fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA), and fecal calprotectin concentrations in dogs administered esomeprazole with and without a probiotic. ANIMALS Eleven healthy dogs. METHODS Prospective, within-subjects before and after study. All dogs received 7-day courses of esomeprazole (1 mg/kg PO q 24h) alone followed by esomeprazole with a probiotic (15 billion CFU/kg), separated by a 4-week washout period. Data were compared between phases using mixed effects ANOVA or generalized estimating equations with post-hoc Holm adjustment for 2-way comparisons. RESULTS Compared to baseline (mean CMDI -2.66, SD 3.04), fecal CMDI was not different with esomeprazole administration alone (mean CMDI -1.48, SD 3.32, P = .08), but there was a significant increase (Diff 3.05, 95% CI [1.37, 4.74], P < .001, Effect size 2.02) when esomeprazole and a probiotic were administered concurrently (mean CMDI 0.39, SD 2.83). CMDI was significantly higher when esomeprazole was administered with a probiotic than alone (Diff 1.87, 95% CI [0.19, 1.87], P = .02, Effect size 1.24). Fecal calprotectin and SCFA concentrations did not differ between phases. The occurrence of vomiting and diarrhea was not different from baseline when esomeprazole was administered alone (36%/27%) or with a probiotic (46%/9%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE In healthy dogs, concurrent administration of a probiotic is unlikely to lessen adverse effects associated with esomeprazole administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae McAtee
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Sarah M. Schmid
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Tennessee Knoxville College of Veterinary MedicineKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - M. Katherine Tolbert
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesSchool of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Scott Hetzel
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical InformaticsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesSchool of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Jessica C. Pritchard
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
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Habermaass V, Olivero D, Gori E, Mariti C, Longhi E, Marchetti V. Intestinal Microbiome in Dogs with Chronic Hepatobiliary Disease: Can We Talk about the Gut-Liver Axis? Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3174. [PMID: 37893898 PMCID: PMC10603696 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut-liver axis represents a current topic in human medicine. Extensive research investigates the gut microbiome (GM) modifications in relation to various kinds of chronic hepatobiliary diseases (CHD), with many mechanisms and therapeutical implications recognized. Those aspects in veterinary medicine are still quite unexplored. The aim of the present study was to evaluate GM in dogs diagnosed with CD. Comparison among CHD dogs were made considering some clinical and biochemical variables (lipemia and alanine-aminotransferase activities), presence of cholestasis or endocrine disorders, diet). Sixty-five dogs were prospectively enrolled with clinical and hematobiochemical evaluation and 16S-RNA GM sequencing assessed. Dogs that received antibiotics and/or pre/pro/symbiotics administration were excluded. Deeper GM alteration was observed between dogs with or without ultrasonographic and biochemical cholestatic CHD. Cholestasis was associated with a decrease in several bacterial taxa, including Clostridium hiranonis, Fusobacterium, Megamonas, Ruminococcus faecis, Turicibacter, and higher levels of Escherichia/Shigella and Serratia. Thus, the alteration in bile flow and composition, typical of cholestasis, may directly affect the local intestinal microbial environment. For the management of dogs with CHD and especially cholestatic CHD, clinicians should be aware that gut-liver interaction may lead to dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Habermaass
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.H.); (E.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Daniela Olivero
- Analysis Lab BSA Scilvet, Via A. D’Aosta 7, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gori
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.H.); (E.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Chiara Mariti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.H.); (E.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Erika Longhi
- Analysis Lab Labospace, Via Apelle 41, 20128 Milan, Italy;
| | - Veronica Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.H.); (E.G.); (V.M.)
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Liu X, Zhao Z, Zhao D, Zhao S, Qin X. Comprehensive microbiomes and fecal metabolomics combined with network pharmacology reveal the effects of Jichuanjian on aged functional constipation. Exp Gerontol 2023; 178:112216. [PMID: 37211069 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional constipation is a common gastrointestinal disorder especially severely affecting the life quality of the aged. Jichuanjian (JCJ) has been widely used for aged functional constipation (AFC) in clinic. Yet, the mechanisms of JCJ merely scratch the surface with being studied at a single level, rather than from a systematic perspective of the whole. AIM The purpose of this study was to explore the underlying mechanisms of JCJ in treating AFC from the perspectives of fecal metabolites and related pathways, gut microbiota, key gene targets and functional pathways, as well as "behaviors-microbiota-metabolites" relationships. METHODS 16S rRNA analysis and fecal metabolomics combined with network pharmacology were applied to investigate the abnormal performances of AFC rats, as well as the regulatory effects of JCJ. RESULTS JCJ significantly regulated the abnormalities of rats' behaviors, the microbial richness, and the metabolite profiles that were interrupted by AFC. 19 metabolites were found to be significantly associated with AFC involving in 15 metabolic pathways. Delightfully, JCJ significantly regulated 9 metabolites and 6 metabolic pathways. AFC significantly interrupted the levels of 4 differential bacteria while JCJ significantly regulated the level of SMB53. HSP90AA1 and TP53 were the key genes, and pathways in cancer was the most relevant signaling pathways involving in the mechanisms of JCJ. CONCLUSION The current findings not only reveal that the occurrence of AFC is closely related to gut microbiota mediating amino acid and energy metabolism, but also demonstrate the effects and the underlying mechanisms of JCJ on AFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Rd. Xiaodian Dist, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Rd. Xiaodian Dist., Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China; Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Rd. Xiaodian Dist., Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China.
| | - Ziyu Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Rd. Xiaodian Dist, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Rd. Xiaodian Dist., Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China; Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Rd. Xiaodian Dist., Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Rd. Xiaodian Dist, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Rd. Xiaodian Dist., Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China; Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Rd. Xiaodian Dist., Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Sijun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Rd. Xiaodian Dist, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Rd. Xiaodian Dist., Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China; Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Rd. Xiaodian Dist., Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
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Díaz-Regañón D, Gabriel V, Livania V, Liu D, Ahmed BH, Lincoln A, Wickham H, Ralston A, Merodio MM, Sahoo DK, Zdyrski C, Meyerholz DK, Mochel JP, Allenspach K. Changes of Enterocyte Morphology and Enterocyte: Goblet Cell Ratios in Dogs with Protein-Losing and Non-Protein-Losing Chronic Enteropathies. Vet Sci 2023; 10:417. [PMID: 37505823 PMCID: PMC10383676 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the morphometry of enterocytes as well as the goblet cell-to-enterocyte ratio in different intestinal segments of dogs with chronic enteropathies (CE). Histopathological intestinal samples from 97 dogs were included in the study (19 healthy juveniles, 21 healthy adults, 24 dogs with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), and 33 CE dogs without PLE). Healthy adult small intestinal enterocytes showed progressively reduced epithelial cell height in the aboral direction, while juvenile dogs showed progressively increased epithelial cell height in the aboral direction. CE dogs had increased epithelial cell height in the duodenum, while PLE dogs had decreased epithelial cell heights compared to healthy adult dogs. Both the CE and PLE dogs showed decreased enterocyte width in the duodenal segment, and the ileal and colonic enterocytes of CE dogs were narrower than those of healthy adult dogs. CE dogs had a lower goblet cell-to-enterocyte ratio in the colon segment compared to healthy dogs. This study provides valuable morphometric information on enterocytes during canine chronic enteropathies, highlighting significant morphological enterocyte alterations, particularly in the small intestine, as well as a reduced goblet cell-to-enterocyte ratio in the colon of CE cases compared to healthy adult dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Díaz-Regañón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vojtech Gabriel
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Vanessa Livania
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Dongjie Liu
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Basant H. Ahmed
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Addison Lincoln
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Hannah Wickham
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
| | | | - Maria M. Merodio
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Dipak K. Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Christopher Zdyrski
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - David K. Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Karin Allenspach
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (V.G.); (V.L.); (D.L.); (B.H.A.); (A.L.); (H.W.); (M.M.M.); (C.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA 50010, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
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Zhao D, Zhang H, Liu K, Wu Y, Zhang B, Ma C, Liu H. Effect of Cyberlindnera jadinii supplementation on growth performance, serum immunity, antioxidant status, and intestinal health in winter fur-growing raccoon dogs ( Nyctereutes procyonoides). Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1154808. [PMID: 37252386 PMCID: PMC10213726 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1154808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to investigate the effects of Cyberlindnera jadinii supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient utilization, serum biochemistry, immunity, antioxidant status, and intestinal microbiota of raccoon dogs during the winter fur-growing period. Methods Forty-five 135 (±5) day-old male raccoon dogs were randomly assigned to three dietary groups supplemented with 0 (group N), 1 × 109 (group L) and 5 × 109 CFU/g (group H) Cyberlindnera jadinii, with 15 raccoon dogs per group. Results The results showed that Cyberlindnera jadinii in groups L and H improved average daily gain (ADG) and decreased feed-to-weight ratio (F/G) (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in nutrient digestibility and nitrogen metabolism among the three groups (P > 0.05). Compared with group N, serum glucose levels were lower in groups L and H (P < 0.05). The levels of serum immunoglobulins A and G in group L were higher than those in the other two groups (P < 0.05), and the levels of serum immunoglobulins A and M in group H were higher than those in group N (P < 0.05). Supplementation with Cyberlindnera jadinii in groups L and H increased serum superoxide dismutase activity, and the total antioxidant capacity in group H increased compared with group N (P < 0.05). The phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were dominant in raccoon dogs. The results of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed that the composition of microbiota in the three groups changed significantly (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Campylobacterota was increased in the H group compared to the N and L groups (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Sarcina was increased in group L compared with the other two groups (P < 0.05), while the relative abundance of Subdoligranulum and Blautia were decreased in group H compared with the other two groups (P < 0.05). Also, the relative abundance of Prevotella, Sutterella and Catenibacterium was higher in group L (P < 0.05) compared with group H. Discussion In conclusion, dietary supplementation with Cyberlindnera jadinii improved growth performance, antioxidant activity, immune status, and improved intestinal microbiota in winter fur-growing raccoon dogs. Among the concentrations tested, 1 × 109 CFU/g was the most effective level of supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Specialty Animal Germplasm Resources Exploration and Innovation, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Haihua Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Specialty Animal Germplasm Resources Exploration and Innovation, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Keyuan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Borui Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cuiliu Ma
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hanlu Liu
- College of Agriculture, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
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14
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Kim Y, Jung S, Park G, Shin H, Heo SC, Kim Y. β-Carotene suppresses cancer cachexia by regulating the adipose tissue metabolism and gut microbiota dysregulation. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 114:109248. [PMID: 36503110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a metabolic disease affecting multiple organs and characterized by loss adipose and muscle tissues. Metabolic dysregulated of adipose tissue has a crucial role in cancer cachexia. β-Carotene (BC) is stored in adipose tissues and increases muscle mass and differentiation. However, its regulatory effects on adipose tissues in cancer cachexia have not been investigated yet. In this study, we found that BC supplementations could inhibit several cancer cachexia-related changes, including decreased carcass-tumor (carcass weight after tumor removal), adipose weights, and muscle weights in CT26-induced cancer cachexia mice. Moreover, BC supplementations suppressed cancer cachexia-induced lipolysis, fat browning, hepatic gluconeogenesis, and systemic inflammation. Altered diversity and composition of gut microbiota in cancer cachexia were restored by the BC supplementations. BC treatments could reverse the down-regulated adipogenesis and dysregulated mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis in adipocytes and colon cancer organoid co-culture systems. Taken together, these results suggest that BC can be a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerin Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunil Jung
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwoncheol Park
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakdong Shin
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Chul Heo
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University-Seoul Metropolitan Government (SNU-SMG) Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Panja K, Areerat S, Chundang P, Palaseweenun P, Akrimajirachoote N, Sitdhipol J, Thaveethaptaikul P, Chonpathompikunlert P, Niwasabutra K, Phapugrangkul P, Kovitvadhi A. Influence of dietary supplementation with new Lactobacillus strains on hematology, serum biochemistry, nutritional status, digestibility, enzyme activities, and immunity in dogs. Vet World 2023; 16:834-843. [PMID: 37235154 PMCID: PMC10206979 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.834-843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The use of antibiotics is associated with many side effects, with the development of bacterial resistance being particularly important. It has been found that dogs and their owners host similar resistant bacteria. This contributes to increased concurrent bacterial resistance and a possible trend of increased bacterial resistance in humans. Thus, using probiotics in dogs is an alternative option for preventing and reducing the transmission of bacterial resistance from dogs to humans. Probiotics are characterized by their potential to endure low pH levels and high concentrations of bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract. Lactobacilli are more acid-tolerant and resistant to bile acid, so they are ideal probiotics to be added to the canine diet. According to the previous studies, the benefits of Lactobacillus are a stable nutritional status and greater digestibility, along with improved fecal scores and reduced ammonia in dogs. However, no studies have been conducted with Lactobacillus plantarum CM20-8 (TISTR 2676), Lactobacillus acidophilus Im10 (TISTR 2734), Lactobacillus rhamnosus L12-2 (TISTR 2716), Lactobacillus paracasei KT-5 (TISTR 2688), and Lactobacillus fermentum CM14-8 (TISTR 2720), or their use in combination. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine the possible effects of the aforementioned Lactobacillus on hematological indices, nutritional status, digestibility, enzyme activities, and immunity in dogs. From the results, a new and safe strain of Lactobacillus may emerge for use as a probiotic in the future. Materials and Methods In this study, 35 dogs were allocated equally into seven groups: Group 1 received a basal diet (control), while Groups 2-7 received the same diet further supplemented with L. plantarum CM20-8 (TISTR 2676), L. acidophilus Im10 (TISTR 2734), L. rhamnosus L12-2 (TISTR 2716), L. paracasei KT-5 (TISTR 2688), L. fermentum CM14-8 (TISTR 2720), or a mixture of probiotics (L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, L. paracasei, and L. fermentum), respectively. All probiotics were administered at a dose of 109 colony-forming unit/dog for 28 days. Nutritional status, hematology, serum biochemistry, digestibility, enzyme activities, and immunity parameters were assessed. Results There were no differences among the groups in body weight, feed intake, body condition score, fecal score, and fecal dry matter on the different sampling days. The hematology and serum biochemical analyses showed a difference only in creatinine activity (p < 0.001), with higher values in group L. fermentum CM14-8 (TISTR 2720) and lower values in group L. paracasei KT-5 (TISTR 2688) than in controls. However, all measurements were within the normal laboratory reference ranges. Fecal characteristics (fecal ammonia and fecal pH), fecal digestive enzyme activities, serum immunoglobulin (IgG), and fecal IgA did not differ significantly among the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion Lactobacillus plantarum CM20-8 (TISTR 2676), L. acidophilus Im10 (TISTR 2734), L. rhamnosus L12-2 (TISTR 2716), L. paracasei KT-5 (TISTR 2688), and L. fermentum CM14-8 (TISTR 2720), along with their mixture are safe and non-pathogenic additives for use as new probiotic strains of Lactobacillus in dogs. Although the new Lactobacillus strains had no effect on hematology, serum biochemistry, nutritional status, digestive enzyme activities, immunity, body weight, feed intake, or body condition scores in dogs, further studies should investigate the intestinal microbiota and the development of clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonporn Panja
- Graduate Student in Animal Health and Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Bangpra, Chonburi 20110, Thailand
| | - Sathita Areerat
- Graduate Student in Animal Health and Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pipatpong Chundang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pornsucha Palaseweenun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Jaruwan Sitdhipol
- Biodiversity Research Center, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Punnathorn Thaveethaptaikul
- Biodiversity Research Center, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pennapa Chonpathompikunlert
- Biodiversity Research Center, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Expert Center of Innovative Health Food, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kanidta Niwasabutra
- Biodiversity Research Center, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pongsathon Phapugrangkul
- Biodiversity Research Center, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Attawit Kovitvadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Haneishi Y, Furuya Y, Hasegawa M, Picarelli A, Rossi M, Miyamoto J. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Gut Microbiota. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043817. [PMID: 36835245 PMCID: PMC9958622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, the incidence of which has rapidly increased worldwide, especially in developing and Western countries. Recent research has suggested that genetic factors, the environment, microbiota, and immune responses are involved in the pathogenesis; however, the underlying causes of IBD are unclear. Recently, gut microbiota dysbiosis, especially a decrease in the abundance and diversity of specific genera, has been suggested as a trigger for IBD-initiating events. Improving the gut microbiota and identifying the specific bacterial species in IBD are essential for understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD and autoimmune diseases. Here, we review the different aspects of the role played by gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD and provide a theoretical basis for modulating gut microbiota through probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and microbial metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Haneishi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuma Furuya
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayu Hasegawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Antonio Picarelli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Rossi
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council (CNR), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Junki Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-367-5684
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Effect of a Multistrain Probiotic on Feline Gut Health through the Fecal Microbiota and Its Metabolite SCFAs. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020228. [PMID: 36837847 PMCID: PMC9962843 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing awareness of raising pets following scientific methods, people are becoming increasingly more interested in the nutrition and health of pets, especially their intestinal health, which has become a research hotspot. Both Saccharomyces boulardii and Pediococcus acidilactici are probiotics with strong probiotic properties that can maintain the balance of intestinal flora. However, the role of Saccharomyces boulardii and Pediococcus acidilactici in felines has not been comprehensively studied to date. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of multistrain probiotics consisting of Saccharomyces boulardii and Pediococcus acidilactici on the gut health of felines by modulating gut microbes and the production of metabolite SCFAs. The results show that the multistrain probiotic did not alter the intestinal microbial diversity and structure of short-haired domestic cats, promoted the colonization of beneficial bacteria, increased the levels of microbiota-derived SCFAs and fecal antioxidants, and reduced the levels of fecal inflammatory markers. In conclusion, the use of a multistrain probiotic in healthy, short-haired domestic cats can promote gut health by modulating gut microbes, improving microbiota-derived SCFA production, reducing inflammatory conditions, and improving antioxidant status. These results provide new insights for further exploration of the role of probiotics in the gut microbiome of cats.
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Jugan MC, KuKanich K, Freilich L. Clinical response in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome following randomized probiotic treatment or fecal microbiota transplant. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1050538. [PMID: 36816181 PMCID: PMC9932283 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1050538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics and fecal microbiota transplants (FMTs) are two microbiome-targeted therapies that have been investigated for use in gastrointestinal diseases associated with dysbiosis. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of an oral multi-strain probiotic and enema-administered FMTs on clinical signs and serum lipopolysaccharide in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS). A total of 18 client-owned dogs with a diagnosis of AHDS were enrolled in a randomized, blinded study at the time of hospital admission. The dogs were randomized into two groups: the probiotic group received a daily oral probiotic (200 × 109 CFU/10kg q 24 h) for 14 days and a single sham enema; the FMT group received a single FMT via retention enema (10 mL/kg) and placebo oral capsule for 14 days. All dogs received concurrent standard-of-care therapy, including intravenous fluids and anti-emetics; no dogs received antimicrobials. The fecal score, disease severity scores, and serum lipopolysaccharide were measured on days 0, 3, and 14. Fourteen of eighteen enrolled dogs completed the study (n = 9 probiotics; n = 5 FMT). Lipopolysaccharide decreased on days 3 and 14 from baseline and correlated with fecal and disease severity scores. There was no difference in the duration or severity of clinical signs in dogs with AHDS following an enema-administered FMT compared to probiotic treatment. Further evaluation of serum lipopolysaccharide as a marker of disease severity and recovery is warranted.
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Liu Y, Liu L, Luo J, Peng X. Metabolites from specific intestinal bacteria in vivo fermenting Lycium barbarum polysaccharide improve collagenous arthritis in rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:1455-1467. [PMID: 36442555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease affected patients' quality of life severely. Our previous study found Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) alleviated RA, but it remains unknown whether gut microbiota is necessary for the alleviation. Here, RA models were established in rats with microbiota and rats treated by antibiotic cocktail, and LBP was applied for the intervention on rats. The biochemical test, 16S rDNA sequencing and metabolome analysis were applied to analyze the effects of LBP on gut microbiota, their metabolites and hosts. Results showed the LBP intervention improved RA by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 only in rats with microbiota, but not in pseudo-germ-free rats. The abundance of specific bacteria, including Romboutsia, Lactobacillus, Turicibacter, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Faecalibacterium and Adlercreutzia, and several metabolites, including O-desmethylangolensin, 3-hydroxydodecanedioic acid, N-formyl-L-methionine, suberic acid, (S)-oleuropeic acid, prolyl-histidine, 13,14-dihydro PGF-1a, (R)-pelletierine and short-chain fatty acids increased only in RA rats with microbiota after the intervention. Our results suggest that intestinal bacteria are necessary for LBP alleviating RA alleviation. The fermentation metabolite acts on the host instead of LBP itself, which may be the reason for the improvement of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghanxiu Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jianming Luo
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.
| | - Xichun Peng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.
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20
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Characterization of the Fecal and Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in Dogs with Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030326. [PMID: 36766216 PMCID: PMC9913788 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy implicates multifactorial pathogenesis where immunological dysregulation and gut microbiota changes have a central role. Most sequencing-based taxonomic studies have been focused on the fecal microbiota. However, the analysis of these samples does not provide complete information regarding the composition of the small intestine affected by this canine disease. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to characterize the intestinal bacterial microbiota in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (n = 34) by means of duodenal biopsies and fecal samples collected at the time of the diagnosis and to compare those to a group of healthy dogs (n = 12) using the 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene-targeted sequencing (Illumina MiSeq platform). Our study showed that IBD dogs presented differences in the fecal bacterial communities when compared with healthy dogs, with a lower relative abundance of Prevotellaceae (p = 0.005), Prevotella (p = 0.002), and Prevotellaceae Ga6A1 group (0.006); Erysipelotrichales (p = 0.019), Candidatus Stoquefichus (p < 0.001), Erysipelotrichaceae (p = 0.011), and Allobaculum (p = 0.003); Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group (p = 0.015), Sellimonas (p = 0.042), Oscillospirales (p = 0.037), Oscillospiraceae UCG-005 (p < 0.001), Faecalibacterium (p = 0.028), and Fournierella (p = 0.034); Acidaminococcales, Acidaminococcaceae, and Phascolarctobacterium (p = 0.001); Aeromonadales (p = 0.026), Succinivibrionaceae (p = 0.037), and Succinivibrio (p = 0.031). On the other hand, a higher relative abundance of Enterococcaceae (Enterococcus; p = 0.003), Streptococcaceae (Streptococcus, p = 0.021), Enterobacterales (p = 0.027), Enterobacteriaceae (p = 0.008), and Escherichia-Shigella (p = 0.011) was detected. Moreover, when evaluating α-diversity, the dogs with IBD showed lower diversity in terms of richness and abundance of species (observed species [p = 0.031] and Shannon index [p = 0.039]). Furthermore, fecal microbiota in dogs with IBD was significantly different from healthy dogs (p = 0.006). However, only a few taxa relative abundance shifts (lower Rubrobacteria, Rubrobacterales, Rubrobacteriaceae, and Rubrobacter [p = 0.002]; Cyanobacteria [p = 0.010], Vampirivibrionia, Obscuribacterales, and Obscuribacteraceae [p = 0.005]; Neisseriaceae [p = 0.004] and Conchiformibius [p = 0.003]) were observed when assessing duodenal-associated microbiota of dogs with IBD. Thus, even if the bowel inflammation mainly affects the small intestine in the IBD-affected dogs of the study, fecal specimens may constitute a better sample due not only to their easy availability but also in terms of searching for bacterial taxa as biomarkers for canine IBD. The use of different diets in the study can also have a partial influence on the microbiota composition. Future studies encompassing multi-omics approaches should evaluate the functionality in both levels to unravel the pathophysiology of canine IBD.
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21
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Stavroulaki EM, Suchodolski JS, Xenoulis PG. Effects of antimicrobials on the gastrointestinal microbiota of dogs and cats. Vet J 2023; 291:105929. [PMID: 36427604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Among several environmental factors, exposure to antimicrobials has been in the spotlight as a cause of profound and long-term disturbance of the intestinal microbiota. Antimicrobial-induced dysbiosis is a general term and includes decreases in microbial richness and diversity, loss of beneficial bacterial groups, blooms of intestinal pathogens and alterations in the metabolic functions and end-products of the microbiota. Mounting evidence from human and experimental animal studies suggest an association between antimicrobial-induced dysbiosis and susceptibility to gastrointestinal, metabolic, endocrine, immune and neuropsychiatric diseases. These associations are commonly stronger after early life exposure to antimicrobials, a period during which maturation of the microbiota and immune system take place in parallel. In addition, these associations commonly become stronger as the number of antimicrobial courses increases. The repeatability of these findings among different studies as well as the presence of a dose-dependent relationship between antimicrobial exposure and disease development collectively require careful consideration of the need for antimicrobial use. There are limited studies are available in dogs and cats regarding the long-term effects of antimicrobials on the microbiota and subsequent susceptibility to diseases. This review discusses the effects of antimicrobials on the gastrointestinal microbiota and the most important associations between antimicrobial-induced dysbiosis and diseases in humans, dogs, and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia M Stavroulaki
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43131, Greece.
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77845, TX, USA
| | - Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43131, Greece; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77845, TX, USA
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22
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Santinelli L, Rossi G, Gioacchini G, Verin R, Maddaloni L, Cavallari EN, Lombardi F, Piccirilli A, Fiorucci S, Carino A, Marchianò S, Lofaro CM, Caiazzo S, Ciccozzi M, Scagnolari C, Mastroianni CM, Ceccarelli G, d'Ettorre G. The crosstalk between gut barrier impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, and microbiota alterations in people living with HIV. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28402. [PMID: 36515414 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Functional and structural damage of the intestinal mucosal barrier significantly contribute to translocation of gut microbial products into the bloodstream and are largely involved in HIV-1 associated chronic immune activation. This microbial translocation is largely due to a progressive exhaustion of intestinal macrophage phagocytic function, which leads to extracellular accumulation of microbial derived components and results in HIV-1 disease progression. This study aims to better understand whether the modulation of gut microbiota promotes an intestinal immune restoration in people living with HIV (PLWH). Long-term virologically suppressed PLWH underwent blood, colonic, and fecal sampling before (T0) and after 6 months (T6) of oral bacteriotherapy. Age- and gender-matched uninfected controls (UC) were also included. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was applied to all participants' fecal microbiota. Apoptosis machinery, mitochondria, and apical junctional complex (AJC) morphology and physiological functions were analyzed in gut biopsies. At T0, PLWH showed a different pattern of gut microbial flora composition, lower levels of occludin (p = 0.002) and zonulin (p = 0.01), higher claudin-2 levels (p = 0.002), a reduction of mitochondria number (p = 0.002), and diameter (p = 0.002), as well as increased levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (p = 0.018) and cCK18 (p = 0.011), compared to UC. At T6, an increase in size (p = 0.005) and number (p = 0.008) of mitochondria, as well as amelioration in AJC structures (p < 0.0001) were observed. Restoration of bacterial richness (Simpson index) and biodiversity (Shannon index) was observed in all PLWH receiving oral bacteriotherapy (p < 0.05). Increased mitochondria size (p = 0.005) and number (p = 0.008) and amelioration of AJC structure (p < 0.0001) were found at T6 compared to T0. Moreover, increased occludin and zonulin concentration were observed in PLWH intestinal tracts and decreased levels of claudin-2, LPS, and cCK18 were found after oral bacteriotherapy (T0 vs. T6, p < 0.05 for all these measures). Oral bacteriotherapy supplementation might restore the balance of intestinal flora and support the structural and functional recovery of the gut mucosa in antiretroviral therapy treated PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Santinelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gioacchini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, DiSVA-Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, BCA-University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Maddaloni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio N Cavallari
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandra Piccirilli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Medicine and Surgery Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Adriana Carino
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Medicine and Surgery Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Medicine and Surgery Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara M Lofaro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Caiazzo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Scagnolari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio M Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella d'Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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23
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Sahoo DK, Allenspach K, Mochel JP, Parker V, Rudinsky AJ, Winston JA, Bourgois-Mochel A, Ackermann M, Heilmann RM, Köller G, Yuan L, Stewart T, Morgan S, Scheunemann KR, Iennarella-Servantez CA, Gabriel V, Zdyrski C, Pilla R, Suchodolski JS, Jergens AE. Synbiotic-IgY Therapy Modulates the Mucosal Microbiome and Inflammatory Indices in Dogs with Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Vet Sci 2022; 10:vetsci10010025. [PMID: 36669027 PMCID: PMC9867299 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CE) is a common cause of persistent gastrointestinal signs and intestinal inflammation in dogs. Since evidence links dysbiosis to mucosal inflammation, probiotics, prebiotics, or their combination (synbiotics) may reduce intestinal inflammation and ameliorate dysbiosis in affected dogs. This study's aim was to investigate the effects of the synbiotic-IgY supplement on clinical signs, inflammatory indices, and mucosal microbiota in dogs with CE. Dogs with CE were enrolled in a randomized prospective trial. Twenty-four client-owned dogs were fed a hydrolyzed diet and administered supplement or placebo (diet) for 6 weeks. Dogs were evaluated at diagnosis and 2- and 6-week post-treatment. Outcome measures included clinical activity, endoscopic and histologic scores, inflammatory markers (fecal calprotectin, C-reactive protein), and composition of the mucosal microbiota via FISH. Eleven supplement- and nine placebo-treated dogs completed the trial. After 6 weeks of therapy, clinical activity and endoscopic scores decreased in both groups. Compared to placebo-treated dogs, dogs administered supplement showed decreased calprotectin at 2-week post-treatment, decreased CRP at 2- and 6-week post-treatment increased mucosal Clostridia and Bacteroides and decreased Enterobacteriaceae in colonic biopsies at trial completion. Results suggest a beneficial effect of diet and supplements on host responses and mucosal microbiota in dogs with CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence: or (D.K.S.); (A.E.J.)
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Valerie Parker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Adam Joseph Rudinsky
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jenessa A. Winston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Agnes Bourgois-Mochel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Mark Ackermann
- National Animal Disease Center USDA, ARS, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, DE-04103 Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - Gabor Köller
- Department for Large Animals, University of Leipzig, DE-04103 Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - Lingnan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Tracey Stewart
- Roy J. Carver High Resolution Microscopy Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Shannon Morgan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kaitlyn R Scheunemann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Vojtech Gabriel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Christopher Zdyrski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence: or (D.K.S.); (A.E.J.)
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24
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Li K, Yang J, Zhou X, Wang H, Ren Y, Huang Y, Liu H, Zhong Z, Peng G, Zheng C, Zhou Z. The Mechanism of Important Components in Canine Fecal Microbiota Transplantation. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9120695. [PMID: 36548856 PMCID: PMC9786814 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a potential treatment for many intestinal diseases. In dogs, FMT has been shown to have positive regulation effects in treating Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis, acute diarrhea (AD), and acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS). FMT involves transplanting the functional components of a donor's feces into the gastrointestinal tract of the recipient. The effective components of FMT not only include commensal bacteria, but also include viruses, fungi, bacterial metabolites, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) from the donor feces. By affecting microbiota and regulating host immunity, these components can help the recipient to restore their microbial community, improve their intestinal barrier, and induce anti-inflammation in their intestines, thereby affecting the development of diseases. In addition to the above components, mucin proteins and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) may be functional ingredients in FMT as well. In addition to the abovementioned indications, FMT is also thought to be useful in treating some other diseases in dogs. Consequently, when preparing FMT fecal material, it is important to preserve the functional components involved. Meanwhile, appropriate fecal material delivery methods should be chosen according to the mechanisms these components act by in FMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Chengdu Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Sichuan Institute of Musk Deer Breeding, Chengdu 610016, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhou
- Chengdu Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Sichuan Institute of Musk Deer Breeding, Chengdu 610016, China
| | - Yuxin Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Chengdu Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yunchuan Huang
- Chengdu Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chengli Zheng
- Sichuan Institute of Musk Deer Breeding, Chengdu 610016, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Z.Z.)
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25
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Jergens AE, Heilmann RM. Canine chronic enteropathy—Current state-of-the-art and emerging concepts. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:923013. [PMID: 36213409 PMCID: PMC9534534 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.923013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) in dogs have received great attention in the basic and clinical research arena. The 2010 ACVIM Consensus Statement, including guidelines for the diagnostic criteria for canine and feline CIE, was an important milestone to a more standardized approach to patients suspected of a CIE diagnosis. Great strides have been made since understanding the pathogenesis and classification of CIE in dogs, and novel diagnostic and treatment options have evolved. New concepts in the microbiome-host-interaction, metabolic pathways, crosstalk within the mucosal immune system, and extension to the gut-brain axis have emerged. Novel diagnostics have been developed, the clinical utility of which remains to be critically evaluated in the next coming years. New directions are also expected to lead to a larger spectrum of treatment options tailored to the individual patient. This review offers insights into emerging concepts and future directions proposed for further CIE research in dogs for the next decade to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Albert E. Jergens
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
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26
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Innocente G, Patuzzi I, Furlanello T, Di Camillo B, Bargelloni L, Giron MC, Facchin S, Savarino E, Azzolin M, Simionati B. Machine Learning and Canine Chronic Enteropathies: A New Approach to Investigate FMT Effects. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090502. [PMID: 36136718 PMCID: PMC9505216 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) represents a very promising approach to decreasing disease activity in canine chronic enteropathies (CE). However, the relationship between remission mechanisms and microbiome changes has not been elucidated yet. The main objective of this study was to report the clinical effects of oral freeze-dried FMT in CE dogs, comparing the fecal microbiomes of three groups: pre-FMT CE-affected dogs, post-FMT dogs, and healthy dogs. Diversity analysis, differential abundance analysis, and machine learning algorithms were applied to investigate the differences in microbiome composition between healthy and pre-FMT samples, while Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index (CCECAI) changes and microbial diversity metrics were used to evaluate FMT effects. In the healthy/pre-FMT comparison, significant differences were noted in alpha and beta diversity and a list of differentially abundant taxa was identified, while machine learning algorithms predicted sample categories with 0.97 (random forest) and 0.87 (sPLS-DA) accuracy. Clinical signs of improvement were observed in 74% (20/27) of CE-affected dogs, together with a statistically significant decrease in CCECAI (median value from 5 to 2 median). Alpha and beta diversity variations between pre- and post-FMT were observed for each receiver, with a high heterogeneity in the response. This highlighted the necessity for further research on a larger dataset that could identify different healing patterns of microbiome changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Innocente
- Research & Development Division, EuBiome S.r.l., 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Patuzzi
- Research & Development Division, EuBiome S.r.l., 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Di Camillo
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sonia Facchin
- Department of Surgery, Oncological and Gastrointestinal Science, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Savarino
- Department of Surgery, Oncological and Gastrointestinal Science, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Mirko Azzolin
- Ospedale Veterinario San Francesco, 31038 Castagnole, Italy
| | - Barbara Simionati
- Research & Development Division, EuBiome S.r.l., 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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27
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Ivasovic F, Ruetten M, Kook P. Prevalence of inflammatory versus neoplastic lesions in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal signs undergoing gastroduodenoscopy: 195 cases (2007–2015). Res Vet Sci 2022; 146:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Squire N, Lux C, Tolbert K, Lidbury J, Sun X, Suchodolski JS. Characterization of the Fecal Microbiome in Dogs Receiving Medical Management for Congenital Portosystemic Shunts. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:897760. [PMID: 35968011 PMCID: PMC9366551 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.897760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The GI microbiome has not been characterized in dogs being medically managed for congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS). Objectives To characterize the fecal microbiome in a population of dogs being medically managed for CPSS. Animals 27 client-owned dogs. Methods Prospective cohort study enrollment of fecal samples was performed with follow-up data collected retrospectively. The overall fecal dysbiosis index (DI) and individual bacterial abundances were determined using real-time qPCR. Medical management, clinical findings, clinicopathologic, and outcome variables were collected, and logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate associations between these variables and overall DI and bacterial abundances. Numerical variables were evaluated with general linear models for normality and equal variance using Shapiro-Wilk test and Levene's test, respectively. Results All dogs were administered a hepatic diet and lactulose, while antibiotics were used in 22 (81.5%) and acid suppressants in 7 (25.9%). Seventeen dogs (63.0%) had a DI >2. The median DI in this population was 3.02 (range 4.23–8.42), and the median DI in dogs receiving and not receiving antibiotics was 4.3 (range −4.23–8.42) and 1.52 (range −1.62–5.43), respectively. No significant association between any of the analyzed variables and the DI was identified. There was a significant association between the use of metronidazole and a larger abundance of E. coli (p = 0.024). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dysbiosis appears to be common in dogs that are being medically managed for CPSS, though the clinical significance remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Squire
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Cassie Lux
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Cassie Lux
| | - Katie Tolbert
- Department of Veterinary Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan Lidbury
- Department of Veterinary Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Xiaocun Sun
- Office of Information and Technology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Department of Veterinary Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
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29
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Holmberg J, Pelander L, Ljungvall I, Harlos C, Spillmann T, Häggström J. Chronic Enteropathy in Dogs-Epidemiologic Aspects and Clinical Characteristics of Dogs Presenting at Two Swedish Animal Hospitals. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121507. [PMID: 35739843 PMCID: PMC9219460 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Information about prevalence and breed predisposition of canine chronic enteropathy (CE) is limited. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate period prevalence, breed disposition, clinical features, diagnostic results, and treatment response of CE in dogs presenting at two Swedish animal hospitals during 2013−2018. A medical record search was performed to identify CE dogs including those with ≥3 visits because of gastrointestinal disease and/or that had undergone gastroduodenoscopy/colonoscopy during 2013−2018. Dog characteristics, case history, physical examination, laboratory variables, therapeutic protocol, and treatment response were recorded. Inclusion criteria for CE were met by 814 dogs. Period prevalence of CE was 1.1% of total number of dogs. Breeds with the highest relative risk included Norwegian Lundehund, West Highland White Terrier, and Miniature Poodle. Median age at presentation was 3.8 (IQR 1.8−6.8) years. French Bulldogs and Miniature Schnauzers presented at a younger age (<2.5 years) compared to other breeds (p < 0.05). In a subset of dogs, serum hypoalbuminemia (116/662, 17.5%), hypocobalaminemia (98/647, 15.1%), and increased C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (145/267, 54.3%) were diagnosed. Treatment outcome was classified in 72.9% of dogs and characterized as immunosuppressant-responsive (55.2%), food-responsive (11.4%), non-responsive (5.2%), and antibiotic-responsive (1.1%). Non-responsive dogs were more likely to present with anemia hypoproteinemia/albuminemia, increased CRP, and ascites (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the prevalence of dogs with CE at Swedish hospitals agreed with earlier reports, but risk breeds differed slightly and, compared to other breeds, a younger age of CE onset was found in two breeds. The largest proportion of dogs was immunosuppressant-responsive and the smallest antibiotic-responsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Holmberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 8, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.P.); (I.L.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lena Pelander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 8, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.P.); (I.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Ingrid Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 8, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.P.); (I.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Caroline Harlos
- Anicura Albano Animal Hospital, Rinkebyvägen 21B, 182 36 Danderyd, Sweden;
| | - Thomas Spillmann
- Departments of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL 57 Koetilantie 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 8, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.P.); (I.L.); (J.H.)
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Application of Canine-Derived Enterococcus faecium DSM 32820 in Dogs with Acute Idiopathic Diarrhoea. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2022-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Modulation of the intestinal microbiota through the application of probiotic bacteria is currently one possible way to improve gastrointestinal health in dogs. Knowledge on the efficacy of lactic acid bacteria in a diarrhoeic disorder of dogs is still spreading; however, the used or commercialized strains are often not of canine origin. In this study, E. faecium DSM 32820 strain (a canine isolate selected in our laboratory based on safety and probiotic criteria) was fed to nine dogs suffering from acute non-haemorrhagic diarrhoea at a dose of 1×109 CFU/ml for 7 days. Samples of feces and blood were taken on day 0 and 7. Evaluation of the CIBDAI (Canine Intestinal Bowel Disease activity index) score showed significantly lower vomiting frequency, stool frequency, stool consistency and weight loss at day 7 compared to day 0 (P<0.05). The 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed Firmicutes as the predominant phylum on both sampling days (72.0% vs. 67.9%, day 0 and 7) followed by Proteobacteria (13.4% vs. 6.0%), Actinobacteria (10.0% vs 13.5%), Fusobacteria (4.2% vs. 2.3%) and Bacteroidetes (0.4% vs. 10.4%). The abundance of family Erysipelotrichiaceae was higher on day 7 compared to the initial levels (P<0.05). Among 19 detected fecal enzymatic activities, five (α-chymotrypsin, β-glucuronidase, α-fucosidase, β-galactosidase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase) were changed (P<0.05). After the application of the DSM 32820 strain, mean fecal dry matter was significantly higher on day 7 compared to baseline (P< 0.05). Although hematological and biochemical parameters in the blood were not significantly different on average, individual values of certain parameters in several dogs were improved.
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Zeng X, Jia H, Shi Y, Chen K, Wang Z, Gao Z, Yuan Y, Yue T. Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens JKSP109 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae JKSP39 isolated from Tibetan kefir grain co-alleviated AOM/DSS induced inflammation and colorectal carcinogenesis. Food Funct 2022; 13:6947-6961. [PMID: 35575226 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02939h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the alleviative effects of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens JKSP109 (LK) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae JKSP39 (SC) isolated from Tibetan kefir grain on colon inflammation and colorectal carcinogenesis. Azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) were used to establish a mouse model of colorectal cancer (CRC). The treatment group mice were administered with LK, SC, or the combination of LK and SC for five days per week from the day of receiving AOM. The composition of the gut microbiota was assessed using internal transcribed spacer 2 and 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. Furthermore, the biomarkers associated with gut barrier integrity, inflammation, regulators of cell proliferation, and apoptosis were evaluated. The results showed that the administration of LK, SC, and their combination increased the body weights and decreased the disease activity index (DAI) score and tumor multiplicity. As compared to the CRC model group, the three treatment groups positively regulated the gut microbiota. Meanwhile, the three treatments also enhanced the gut barrier, decreased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and oncocyte proliferation indicators, and increased the expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive tumor epithelial cells and content of short chain fatty acids in fecal samples. All these results indicated that the LK and SC alleviated the inflammation and colorectal carcinogenesis in AOM/DSS-induced CRC mouse models, and the majority of tested indexes in the combination group were superior to single strain groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Zeng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China. .,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agri-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hang Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China. .,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agri-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yiheng Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China. .,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agri-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Ke Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China. .,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agri-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhouli Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China. .,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agri-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhenpeng Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China. .,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agri-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yahong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China. .,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agri-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China. .,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agri-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China.,College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
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Takáčová M, Bomba A, Tóthová C, Micháľová A, Turňa H. Any Future for Faecal Microbiota Transplantation as a Novel Strategy for Gut Microbiota Modulation in Human and Veterinary Medicine? Life (Basel) 2022; 12:723. [PMID: 35629390 PMCID: PMC9146664 DOI: 10.3390/life12050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the composition of the intestinal microbiome, also known as dysbiosis, are the result of many factors such as diet, antibiotics, stress, diseases, etc. There are currently several ways to modulate intestinal microbiome such as dietary modulation, the use of antimicrobials, prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotics. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) represents one new method of gut microbiota modulation in humans with the aim of reconstructing the intestinal microbiome of the recipient. In human medicine, this form of bacteriotherapy is successfully used in cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). FMT has been known in large animal medicine for several years. In small animal medicine, the use of FMT is not part of normal practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Takáčová
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Alojz Bomba
- Prebiotix s.r.o., 024 01 Kysucké Nové Mesto, Slovakia
| | - Csilla Tóthová
- Clinic of Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Alena Micháľová
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Hana Turňa
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
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Tello LH, Pardo MA. Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy During Vomiting and Diarrhea. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:673-688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Deng L, Zhou X, Lan Z, Tang K, Zhu X, Mo X, Zhao Z, Zhao Z, Wu M. Simotang Alleviates the Gastrointestinal Side Effects of Chemotherapy by Altering Gut Microbiota. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:405-418. [PMID: 35283422 PMCID: PMC9628794 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2110.10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simotang oral liquid (SMT) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) consisting of four natural plants and is used to alleviate gastrointestinal side effects after chemotherapy and functional dyspepsia (FD). However, the mechanism by which SMT helps cure these gastrointestinal diseases is still unknown. Here, we discovered that SMT could alleviate gastrointestinal side effects after chemotherapy by altering gut microbiota. C57BL/6J mice were treated with cisplatin (DDP) and SMT, and biological samples were collected. Pathological changes in the small intestine were observed, and the intestinal injury score was assessed. The expression levels of the inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6 and the adhesive factors Occludin and ZO-1 in mouse blood or small intestine tissue were also detected. Moreover, the gut microbiota was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons. SMT was found to effectively reduce gastrointestinal mucositis after DDP injection, which lowered inflammation and tightened the intestinal epithelial cells. Gut microbiota analysis showed that the abundance of the anti-inflammatory microbiota was downregulated and that the inflammatory microbiota was upregulated in DDP-treated mice. SMT upregulated anti-inflammatory and anticancer microbiota abundance, while the inflammatory microbiota was downregulated. An antibiotic cocktail (ABX) was also used to delete mice gut microbiota to test the importance of gut microbiota, and we found that SMT could not alleviate gastrointestinal mucositis after DDP injection, showing that gut microbiota might be an important mediator of SMT treatment. Our study provides evidence that SMT might moderate gastrointestinal mucositis after chemotherapy by altering gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Deng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Xingyi Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Zhifang Lan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Kairui Tang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhu
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Mo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Zongyao Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China,Corresponding authors Zhiqiang Zhao Phone: +86-20-8775-5766 E-mail:
| | - Mansi Wu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China,
Mansi Wu Phone: +86-20-8522-1543 E-mail:
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A Descriptive Study on the Extent of Dietary Information Obtained during Consultations at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050661. [PMID: 35268229 PMCID: PMC8909024 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The majority of dogs with chronic idiopathic gastrointestinal (GI) disease are diet-responsive. We retrospectively evaluated what dietary information was gained when dogs were presented with chronic GI signs to either our Gastroenterology (GE) (n = 243) or Internal Medicine (IM) (n = 239) Service between 10/2017 and 01/2020. Referral documents mentioned the previously fed diet in 53/131 (40%) GE and 14/112 (13%) IM referrals. No dog had received more than one diet trial from the referring veterinarian. Diet trials had been performed in 127/199 (64%) GE and 56/156 (36%) IM dogs prior to presenting to our teaching hospital. The diet fed at the time of consultation could be named by 106/199 (53%) GE and 40/156 (26%) IM dog owners. Data on response to subsequent newly prescribed diets were available from 86 GE dogs and 88 IM dogs. A positive response to diet was noted in 50/86 (58%) GE and 26/88 (30%) IM dogs. A further 23/35 (66%) GE dogs and 12/21 (57%) IM dogs responded positively to a second diet trial, and 4/9 GE dogs (44%) and 6/7 (86%) IM dogs responded positively to a third diet trial. In conclusion, obtainable dietary information was infrequent. Positive response is still possible after initial diet failures. Further studies are now needed to determine if collecting complete dietary information at the time of consultations could lead to an increased percentage of diet-responsive disease. Abstract The majority of dogs with chronic idiopathic gastrointestinal (GI) disease respond to diet. So far, no study has assessed how much dietary information is obtained during consultations. We retrospectively evaluated what dietary information was available from dogs presenting to our Gastroenterology (GE), and Internal Medicine (IM) Service between 10/2017 and 01/2020. Data from 243 dogs presenting for first GE consultations were compared to 239 dogs presenting with chronic GI signs for first IM consultations. Referrals comprised 131 (54%) GE dogs and 112 (47%) IM dogs. Referral documents specified the previously fed diet in 53/131 (40%) GE and 14/112 (13%) IM dogs. No dog had received more than one previous diet trial for chronic GI signs. Irrespective of referral status, diet trials had been performed in 127/199 (64%) GE, and 56/156 (36%) IM dogs. The specific diet fed at the time of consultation could only be named by 106/199 (53%) GE and 40/156 (26%) IM dog owners. Data on response to subsequent newly prescribed diets were available from 86 GE dogs and 88 IM dogs. A positive response to diet was noted in 50/86 (58%) GE and 26/88 (30%) IM dogs. A further 23/35 (66%) GE dogs and 12/21 (57%) IM dogs responded positively to a second diet trial, and 4/9 GE dogs (44%) and 6/7 (86%) IM dogs responded positively to a third diet trial. In conclusion, overall dietary information gained from referring veterinarians and owners was often incomplete. More dietary information could be gained during GE consultations compared to IM consultations for chronic GI signs. A positive response to diet can still be seen after two diet failures. Further studies will help to ascertain if the percentage of diet-responsive GI disease increases when more complete dietary information is obtained at the time of consultations.
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Isidori M, Corbee RJ, Trabalza-Marinucci M. Nonpharmacological Treatment Strategies for the Management of Canine Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy—A Narrative Review. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020037. [PMID: 35202290 PMCID: PMC8878421 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) refers to a heterogeneous group of idiopathic diseases of the dog characterised by persistent gastrointestinal (GI) clinical signs. If conventional dietary treatment alone would be unsuccessful, management of CIE is traditionally attained by the use of pharmaceuticals, such as antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs. While being rather effective, however, these drugs are endowed with side effects, which may impact negatively on the animal’s quality of life. Therefore, novel, safe and effective therapies for CIE are highly sought after. As gut microbiota imbalances are often associated with GI disorders, a compelling rationale exists for the use of nonpharmacological methods of microbial manipulation in CIE, such as faecal microbiota transplantation and administration of pre-, pro-, syn- and postbiotics. In addition to providing direct health benefits to the host via a gentle modulation of the intestinal microbiota composition and function, these treatments may also possess immunomodulatory and epithelial barrier-enhancing actions. Likewise, intestinal barrier integrity, along with mucosal inflammation, are deemed to be two chief therapeutic targets of mesenchymal stem cells and selected vegetable-derived bioactive compounds. Although pioneering studies have revealed encouraging findings regarding the use of novel treatment agents in CIE, a larger body of research is needed to address fully their mode of action, efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Isidori
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ronald Jan Corbee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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Influence of Probiotic Supplementation on Health Status of the Dogs: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112311384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most commonly, pet dogs suffer from gastrointestinal (GI) diseases due to careless eating behaviors, such as eating food other than dog food; excess or insufficient nutrient intake of food leading to malnutrition, which could be harmful to dogs; a lack of digestive enzymes; food intolerance or allergies; infections; and/or breed-related hypersensitivities. Probiotics are live microorganisms that deliver health benefits to the host when administrated in an adequate amount. The possible mechanism behind probiotics’ beneficial effects could be their positive regulation of the host’s intestinal microbiota. Probiotics are reported to have therapeutic properties against canine GI and other diseases. The most suitable dosages and applications of probiotics have not been evaluated extensively. The present review summarizes current knowledge regarding the benefits of probiotics and the changes in canine microbiota during probiotic interventions. This literature review provides clinical evidence for probiotics’ beneficial effects in preventing or treating canine ill-health conditions. Based on current knowledge, subsequent researchers could develop or improve probiotics-based canine pharmacological products.
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Jugan MC, Wouda RM, Higginbotham ML. Preliminary evaluation of probiotic effects on gastrointestinal signs in dogs with multicentric lymphoma undergoing multi-agent chemotherapy: A randomised, placebo-controlled study. Vet Rec Open 2021; 8:e2. [PMID: 33981436 PMCID: PMC8109851 DOI: 10.1002/vro2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity is a major dose-limiting factor in dogs undergoing chemotherapy. A proposed mechanism of GI toxicity includes chemotherapy-driven GI dysbiosis. This study was designed to determine the effects of probiotic administration on GI side-effects in dogs receiving multi-agent chemotherapy. METHODS Ten client-owned dogs with multicentric lymphoma were enrolled in a prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled single-blinded study. On the first day of the cyclophosphamide doxorubicin vincristine prednisone (CHOP)-based chemotherapy protocol, dogs were randomised to receive either daily oral probiotic at a dose of 200 × 109 cfu/10 kg (n = 5) or daily oral placebo (n = 5). Complete blood count, faecal score (FS), faecal microbiome analysis (qPCR) and adverse events scores were performed at baseline and on the day of each subsequent chemotherapy dose, as well as 3 days after doxorubicin (days 0, 7, 14, 21, 24 and 28). RESULTS Overall, 40% of dogs had an abnormal GI microbiome at baseline, specifically decreased faecal C. hiranonis and Fusobacterium abundances. Dogs receiving probiotics had increased faecal Streptococcus (p = 0.02) and E. coli. (p = 0.01). No dogs receiving probiotics experienced diarrhoea (FS ≥ 3.5) compared to four of five receiving placebo. (F 2.895; p = 0.13). CONCLUSION GI microbiome dysbiosis was common in this group of dogs with multicentric lymphoma. Probiotics were well-tolerated, with no negative side effects. Further studies are needed to explore broader microbiome and metabolome changes, as well as clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Jugan
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Raelene M. Wouda
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Mary Lynn Higginbotham
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
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Galosi L, Desantis S, Roncarati A, Robino P, Bellato A, Nebbia P, Ferrocino I, Santamaria N, Biagini L, Filoni L, Attili AR, Rossi G. Positive Influence of a Probiotic Mixture on the Intestinal Morphology and Microbiota of Farmed Guinea Fowls ( Numida meleagris). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:743899. [PMID: 34778432 PMCID: PMC8586554 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.743899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the effectiveness of a probiotic mixture on intestinal morphology, mucus layer composition, and cecal microbiota diversity, 40 10-day-old Guinea fowls (Numida meleagris) were assigned to two groups: the control group (C), receiving drinking water, and the treated group (P), receiving water plus a commercial multi-strain probiotic (Slab51®, 2 × 1011 CFU/L). Birds were slaughtered after 4 months, and the intestines were collected. Samples from the duodenum, ileum, and cecum were processed for morphological and morphometric studies, and conventional glycohistochemistry. Cecal samples were also used to assess the microbiota by 16S metataxonomic approach. Group P showed significant increase in the villus height (p < 0.001 in the duodenum and p < 0.05 in the ileum and cecum), villus width (p < 0.05 in all investigated tracts), depth of crypts (p < 0.001 in the duodenum and cecum; p < 0.05 in the ileum), and goblet cells per villus (p < 0.001 in all investigated tracts) compared with group C. Cecal microbiota of the birds varied considerably and comparing the relative abundance of the main observational taxonomic units (OTUs), a positive enrichment of several beneficial taxa, such as Oscillospira, Eubacterium, Prevotella, and members of the Ruminococcaceae, was observed. The enrichment of those taxa can improve microbiota stability and resilience facing environmental stresses, enhancing its resistance against invading pathogens. Ruminococcaceae, which represent the most important taxon in both groups, and Prevotella have a key role in the gut physiology due to the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are a vital energy source for enterocytes, improve glucose metabolism, and exert an overall anti-inflammatory effect. Probiotic administration enriches the presence of Coprococcus, Oscillospira, and Eubacterium taxa that produce butyrate, which exerts a beneficial effect on growth performance, structure of villi, and pathogen control and has anti-inflammatory properties too. This study indicates that Slab51® supplementation positively affects the morphology and microbiota diversity of the guinea fowl intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Galosi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Salvatore Desantis
- Department of Emergency and Organ Trasplants (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Roncarati
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Patrizia Robino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bellato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nebbia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Santamaria
- Department of Emergency and Organ Trasplants (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Lucia Biagini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Filoni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Attili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
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Souza CMM, Bastos TS, Kaelle GCB, Bortolo M, Vasconcellos RS, De Oliveira SG, Félix AP. Comparison of cassava fiber with conventional fiber sources on diet digestibility, fecal characteristics, intestinal fermentation products, and fecal microbiota of dogs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Xu J, Becker AAMJ, Luo Y, Zhang W, Ge B, Leng C, Wang G, Ding L, Wang J, Fu X, Janssens GPJ. The Fecal Microbiota of Dogs Switching to a Raw Diet Only Partially Converges to That of Wolves. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:701439. [PMID: 34659139 PMCID: PMC8511826 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.701439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet compared with their ancestor wolves. Diet is a key element to shape gut microbial populations in a direct way as well as through coevolution with the host. We investigated the dynamics in the gut microbiota of dogs when shifting from a starch-rich, processed kibble diet to a nature-like raw meat diet, using wolves as a wild reference. Six healthy wolves from a local zoo and six healthy American Staffordshire Terriers were included. Dogs were fed the same commercial kibble diet for at least 3 months before sampling at day 0 (DC), and then switched to a raw meat diet (the same diet as the wolves) for 28 days. Samples from the dogs were collected at day 1 (DR1), week 1 (DR7), 2 (DR14), 3 (DR21), and 4 (DR28). The data showed that the microbial population of dogs switched from kibble diet to raw diet shifts the gut microbiota closer to that of wolves, yet still showing distinct differences. At phylum level, raw meat consumption increased the relative abundance of Fusobacteria and Bacteroidetes at DR1, DR7, DR14, and DR21 (q < 0.05) compared with DC, whereas no differences in these two phyla were observed between DC and DR28. At genus level, Faecalibacterium, Catenibacterium, Allisonella, and Megamonas were significantly lower in dogs consuming the raw diet from the first week onward and in wolves compared with dogs on the kibble diet. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) showed a higher abundance of Stenotrophomonas, Faecalibacterium, Megamonas, and Lactobacillus in dogs fed kibble diet compared with dogs fed raw diet for 28 days and wolves. In addition, wolves had greater unidentified Lachnospiraceae compared with dogs irrespective of the diets. These results suggested that carbohydrate-fermenting bacteria give way to protein fermenters when the diet is shifted from kibble to raw diet. In conclusion, some microbial phyla, families, and genera in dogs showed only temporary change upon dietary shift, whereas some microbial groups moved toward the microbial profile of wolves. These findings open the discussion on the extent of coevolution of the core microbiota of dogs throughout domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Anne A M J Becker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Wenfu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Bingqian Ge
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Chunqing Leng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Guyue Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Limin Ding
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Geert P J Janssens
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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42
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Jergens AE, Parvinroo S, Kopper J, Wannemuehler MJ. Rules of Engagement: Epithelial-Microbe Interactions and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:669913. [PMID: 34513862 PMCID: PMC8432614 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.669913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are complex, multifactorial disorders that lead to chronic and relapsing intestinal inflammation. The exact etiology remains unknown, however multiple factors including the environment, genetic, dietary, mucosal immunity, and altered microbiome structure and function play important roles in disease onset and progression. Supporting this notion that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in IBD pathogenesis, studies in gnotobiotic mice have shown that mouse models of intestinal inflammation require a microbial community to develop colitis. Additionally, antimicrobial therapy in some IBD patients will temporarily induce remission further demonstrating an association between gut microbes and intestinal inflammation. Finally, a dysfunctional intestinal epithelial barrier is also recognized as a key pathogenic factor in IBD. The intestinal epithelium serves as a barrier between the luminal environment and the mucosal immune system and guards against harmful molecules and microorganisms while being permeable to essential nutrients and solutes. Beneficial (i.e., mutualists) bacteria promote mucosal health by strengthening barrier integrity, increasing local defenses (mucin and IgA production) and inhibiting pro-inflammatory immune responses and apoptosis to promote mucosal homeostasis. In contrast, pathogenic bacteria and pathobionts suppress expression and localization of tight junction proteins, cause dysregulation of apoptosis/proliferation and increase pro-inflammatory signaling that directly damages the intestinal mucosa. This review article will focus on the role of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the luminal environment acting as mediators of barrier function in IBD. We will also share some of our translational observations of interactions between IECs, immune cells, and environmental factors contributing to maintenance of mucosal homeostasis, as it relates to GI inflammation and IBD in different animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shadi Parvinroo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jamie Kopper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Michael J. Wannemuehler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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43
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Ciaravolo S, Martínez-López LM, Allcock RJN, Woodward AP, Mansfield C. Longitudinal Survey of Fecal Microbiota in Healthy Dogs Administered a Commercial Probiotic. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:664318. [PMID: 34235200 PMCID: PMC8255976 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.664318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this longitudinal microbiome study was to investigate the effects of a commercially available veterinary synbiotic product (Blackmore's® Paw DigestiCare 60™) on the fecal microbiome of healthy dogs using 16S rRNA gene microbial profiling. Fifteen healthy, privately-owned dogs participated in a 2-week trial administration of the product. Fecal samples were collected at different time points, including baseline (prior to treatment), during administration and after discontinuation of product. Large intra- and inter-individual variation was observed throughout the study, but microbiome composition at higher phylogenetic levels, alpha and beta diversity were not significantly altered after 2 weeks of probiotic administration, suggesting an absence of probiotic impact on microbial diversity. Administration of the synbiotic preparation did, however, result in transient increases in probiotic species from Enterococacceae and Streptococacceae families as well as an increase in Fusobacteria; with the fecal microbiota partially reverting to its baseline state 3-weeks after cessation of probiotic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Ciaravolo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.,Peninsula Vet, Emergency and Referral Hospital, Mornington, VIC, Australia
| | - Lina María Martínez-López
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard J N Allcock
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Andrew P Woodward
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Caroline Mansfield
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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44
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Pedroso AA, Lee MD, Maurer JJ. Strength Lies in Diversity: How Community Diversity Limits Salmonella Abundance in the Chicken Intestine. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:694215. [PMID: 34211451 PMCID: PMC8239400 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.694215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer of the intestinal microbiota from adult to juvenile animals reduces Salmonella prevalence and abundance. The mechanism behind this exclusion is unknown, however, certain member species may exclude or promote pathogen colonization and Salmonella abundance in chickens correlates with intestinal community composition. In this study, newly hatched chicks were colonized with Salmonella Typhimurium and 16S rRNA libraries were generated from the cecal bacterial community at 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of age. Salmonella was quantified by real-time PCR. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were assigned, and taxonomic assignments were made, using the Ribosomal Database Project. Bacterial diversity was inversely proportional to the Salmonella abundance in the chicken cecum (p < 0.01). In addition, cecal communities with no detectable Salmonella (exclusive community) displayed an increase in the abundance of OTUs related to specific clostridial families (Ruminococcaceae, Eubacteriaceae, and Oscillospiraceae), genera (Faecalibacterium and Turicibacter) and member species (Ethanoligenens harbinense, Oscillibacter ruminantium, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii). For cecal communities with high Salmonella abundance (permissive community), there was a positive correlation with the presence of unclassified Lachnospiraceae, clostridial genera Blautia and clostridial species Roseburia hominis, Eubacterium biforme, and Robinsoniella peoriensis. These findings strongly support the link between the intestinal bacterial species diversity and the presence of specific member species with Salmonella abundance in the chicken ceca. Exclusive bacterial species could prove effective as direct-fed microbials for reducing Salmonella in poultry while permissive species could be used to predict which birds will be super-shedders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana A Pedroso
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Margie D Lee
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - John J Maurer
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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45
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Kim J, Balasubramanian I, Bandyopadhyay S, Nadler I, Singh R, Harlan D, Bumber A, He Y, Kerkhof LJ, Gao N, Su X, Ferraris RP. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG modifies the metabolome of pathobionts in gnotobiotic mice. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:165. [PMID: 34082713 PMCID: PMC8176599 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is the most widely used probiotic, but the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects remain unresolved. Previous studies typically inoculated LGG in hosts with established gut microbiota, limiting the understanding of specific impacts of LGG on host due to numerous interactions among LGG, commensal microbes, and the host. There has been a scarcity of studies that used gnotobiotic animals to elucidate LGG-host interaction, in particular for gaining specific insights about how it modifies the metabolome. To evaluate whether LGG affects the metabolite output of pathobionts, we inoculated with LGG gnotobiotic mice containing Propionibacterium acnes, Turicibacter sanguinis, and Staphylococcus aureus (PTS). Results 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples by Ion Torrent and MinION platforms showed colonization of germ-free mice by PTS or by PTS plus LGG (LTS). Although the body weights and feeding rates of mice remained similar between PTS and LTS groups, co-associating LGG with PTS led to a pronounced reduction in abundance of P. acnes in the gut. Addition of LGG or its secretome inhibited P. acnes growth in culture. After optimizing procedures for fecal metabolite extraction and metabolomic liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, unsupervised and supervised multivariate analyses revealed a distinct separation among fecal metabolites of PTS, LTS, and germ-free groups. Variables-important-in-projection scores showed that LGG colonization robustly diminished guanine, ornitihine, and sorbitol while significantly elevating acetylated amino acids, ribitol, indolelactic acid, and histamine. In addition, carnitine, betaine, and glutamate increased while thymidine, quinic acid and biotin were reduced in both PTS and LTS groups. Furthermore, LGG association reduced intestinal mucosal expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1α, IL-1β and TNF-α. Conclusions LGG co-association had a negative impact on colonization of P. acnes, and markedly altered the metabolic output and inflammatory response elicited by pathobionts. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02178-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, Medical Science Building, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | | | - Sheila Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Science Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Ian Nadler
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, Medical Science Building, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Rajbir Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Science Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Danielle Harlan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, Medical Science Building, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Amanda Bumber
- Comparative Medicine Resources, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Yuling He
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Academic Building, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.,Present address: Geriatric Endocrinology Division, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lee J Kerkhof
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 71 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Science Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Academic Building, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Ronaldo P Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, Medical Science Building, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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46
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Gal A, Barko PC, Biggs PJ, Gedye KR, Midwinter AC, Williams DA, Burchell RK, Pazzi P. One dog's waste is another dog's wealth: A pilot study of fecal microbiota transplantation in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250344. [PMID: 33872339 PMCID: PMC8055013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS) has been associated in some studies with Clostridioides perfringens overgrowth and toxin-mediated necrosis of the intestinal mucosa. We aimed to determine the effect of a single fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on clinical scores and fecal microbiomes of 1 and 7 dogs with AHDS from New Zealand and South Africa. We hypothesized that FMT would improve AHDS clinical scores and increase microbiota alpha-diversity and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing microbial communities’ abundances in dogs with AHDS after FMT. We sequenced the V3-V4 region of the 16S-rRNA gene in the feces of AHDS FMT-recipients and sham-treated control dogs, and their healthy donors at admission, discharge, and 30 days post-discharge. There were no significant differences in median AHDS clinical scores between FMT-recipients and sham-treated controls at admission or discharge (P = 0.22, P = 0.41). At admission, the Shannon diversity index (SDI) was lower in AHDS dogs than healthy donors (P = 0.002). The SDI did not change from admission to 30 days in sham-treated dogs yet increased in FMT-recipients from admission to discharge (P = 0.04) to levels not different than donors (P = 0.33) but significantly higher than sham-treated controls (P = 0.002). At 30 days, the SDI did not differ between FMT recipients, sham-treated controls, and donors (P = 0.88). Principal coordinate analysis of the Bray-Curtis index separated post-FMT and donor dogs from pre-FMT and sham-treated dogs (P = 0.009) because of increased SCFA-producing genera’s abundances after FMT. A single co-abundance subnetwork contained many of the same OTUs found to be differentially abundant in FMT-recipients, and the abundance of this module was increased in FMT-recipients at discharge and 30 days, compared to sham-treated controls. We conclude in this small pilot study FMT did not have any clinical benefit. A single FMT procedure has the potential to increase bacterial communities of SCFA-producing genera important for intestinal health up to 30 days post-FMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Gal
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Patrick C. Barko
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Biggs
- Molecular Epidemiology & Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bioinformatics and Statistics Group, School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kristene R. Gedye
- Molecular Epidemiology & Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anne C. Midwinter
- Molecular Epidemiology & Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David A. Williams
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Richard K. Burchell
- North Coast Veterinary and Referral Centre, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paolo Pazzi
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Jarett JK, Kingsbury DD, Dahlhausen KE, Ganz HH. Best Practices for Microbiome Study Design in Companion Animal Research. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:644836. [PMID: 33898544 PMCID: PMC8062777 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.644836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a community of microorganisms that inhabits an animal host's gastrointestinal tract, with important effects on animal health that are shaped by multiple environmental, dietary, and host-associated factors. Clinical and dietary trials in companion animals are increasingly including assessment of the microbiome, but interpretation of these results is often hampered by suboptimal choices in study design. Here, we review best practices for conducting feeding trials or clinical trials that intend to study the effects of an intervention on the microbiota. Choices for experimental design, including a review of basic designs, controls, and comparison groups, are discussed in the context of special considerations necessary for microbiome studies. Diet is one of the strongest influences on the composition of gut microbiota, so applications specific to nutritional interventions are discussed in detail. Lastly, we provide specific advice for successful recruitment of colony animals and household pets into an intervention study. This review is intended to serve as a resource to academic and industry researchers, clinicians, and veterinarians alike, for studies that test many different types of interventions.
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Hernandez J, Dandrieux JRS. From Bench Top to Clinics: How New Tests Can Be Helpful in Diagnosis and Management of Dogs with Chronic Enteropathies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:137-153. [PMID: 33187620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we review different tests that have been researched in dogs with chronic enteropathy. The usefulness of these tests either to assess etiology, to differentiate between treatment response, or to monitor treatment response is discussed. The tests are divided in those that are commercially available and those that hold promises for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hernandez
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR 1319 Micalis, Microbiota Interactions with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), F-78350, Jouy-en Josas, France; Department of Clinical Sciences, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences (Oniris), University of Nantes, 101 route de Gachet, Nantes 44300, France
| | - Julien Rodolphe Samuel Dandrieux
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, U-Vet, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Abstract
Probiotics/or synbiotics products for small animals do not fulfill the criteria required to qualify as a probiotic. Studies explaining modes of action are lacking. Outcome measures are inconsistent, with some trials assessing only nonspecific routine diagnostic parameters or fecal scores. Preliminary evidence shows that specific preparations are beneficial in parvovirus infections and acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome in dogs and in Tritrichomonas fetus infection in cats. In dogs, inflammatory bowel disease specific probiotics can decrease clinical severity. More studies focusing on functional outcomes in dogs and cats with well-defined diseases to allow evidence-based clinical use of probiotics and synbiotics are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Salavati Schmitz
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
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50
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Benvenuti E, Pierini A, Benali SL, Gori E, Abramo F, Bottero E, Pietra M, Ruggiero P, Marchetti V. Evaluation of duodenal endoscopic and histologic findings, including counts of forkhead box P3-positive regulatory T cells, in dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:218-224. [PMID: 33629898 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.3.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prospectively evaluate the clinical and prognostic importance of duodenal endoscopic and histologic findings, including duodenal mucosal counts of forkhead box P3-positive regulatory T cells (Foxp3+ Tregs), in dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy (IRE). ANIMALS 57 client-owned dogs with IRE. PROCEDURES The canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) was used to assess each dog when IRE was diagnosed (T0) and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months later. Dogs were grouped on the basis of clinical response (responder group vs nonresponder group) and 12-month long-term outcome (responded to treatment and did not relapse [good outcome group] vs did not respond to treatment or had relapsed [bad outcome group]). At T0, dogs underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy and endoscopic biopsy, with results for variables of duodenal endoscopic and histologic evaluations scored and compared across groups. RESULTS At T0, the overall median CCECAI score was 7; CCECAI score was not associated with clinical response or relapse. Dogs had significantly greater odds of being in the bad outcome group (vs the good outcome group) if they had a histologic score of 3 (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.09 to 11.3). No differences in the counts of Foxp3+ Tregs were detected between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In dogs with IRE, results indicated that evaluation of Foxp3+ Tregs did not have prognostic value, whereas a duodenal histologic score of 3 could be a negative prognostic factor for response and relapse, and higher severity scores for intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria lymphocytes and plasma cells in duodenal biopsy samples may be negatively associated with response.
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