1
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da Silva MM, Boeger MRT, de Melo-Júnior JCF. Phenological indicators of resources offered to leaf herbivores in restinga communities. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16445. [PMID: 39644210 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 12/09/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE Plants can limit the leaf tissue consumed by insect herbivores through chemical, structural, and nutritional leaf defenses or by escaping in space and time. Escaping is related to the phenological patterns of plants, which in turn respond to climatic factors. This study evaluated leaf production in a coastal plant community in southern Brazil to test the following hypotheses: (1) Leaves are continuously produced in this ecosystem, and (2) synchrony acts as an escape strategy from herbivory. METHODS We evaluated leaf production patterns of 20 herbaceous, shrub, and tree species for 2 years using the Fournier index then measured leaf consumption in the second year. The Rayleigh test was used to verify the synchrony of phenological events. Correlations between leaf production and climatic factors and between leaf production synchrony and herbivory were analyzed. RESULTS New leaves were continuously produced at the plant community scale, but herbaceous and shrub species showed a phenological pattern distinct from that of tree species. Trees had peaks of synchrony in leaf production that were positively correlated with amount of leaf tissue consumed, refuting the hypothesis that synchrony acts as an escape strategy. CONCLUSIONS The phenological and herbivory patterns in this plant community may be due to the supply of resources in the soil and the composition of the insect community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara Matilde da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19031, Curitiba, CEP 81531-990, PR, Brazil
- Universidade da Região de Joinville, Laboratório de Morfologia e Ecologia Vegetal - Rua Paulo Maschitzki, Joinville, 10, CEP 89219-710, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina Torres Boeger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19031, Curitiba, CEP 81531-990, PR, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Ferreira de Melo-Júnior
- Universidade da Região de Joinville, Laboratório de Morfologia e Ecologia Vegetal - Rua Paulo Maschitzki, Joinville, 10, CEP 89219-710, SC, Brazil
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2
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Swain A, Azevedo-Schmidt LE, Maccracken SA, Currano ED, Meineke EK, Pierce NE, Fagan WF, Labandeira CC. Interactive Effects of Temperature, Aridity, and Plant Stoichiometry on Insect Herbivory: Past and Present. Am Nat 2024; 204:416-431. [PMID: 39326060 DOI: 10.1086/731995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
AbstractThe influence of climate on deep-time plant-insect interactions is becoming increasingly well known, with temperature, CO2 increases (and associated stoichiometric changes in plants), and aridity likely playing a critical role. In our modern climate, all three factors are shifting at an unprecedented rate, with uncertain consequences for biodiversity. To investigate effects of temperature, stoichiometry (specifically that of nitrogen), and aridity on insect herbivory, we explored insect herbivory in three modern floral assemblages and in 39 fossil floras, especially focusing on eight floras around a past hyperthermal event (the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum) from Bighorn Basin (BB). We find that higher temperatures were associated with increased herbivory in the past, especially among BB sites. In these BB sites, non-N2-fixing plants experienced a lower richness but higher frequency of herbivory damage than N2-fixing plants. Herbivory frequency but not richness was greater in BB sites compared with contemporaneous, nearby, but less arid sites from Hanna Basin. Compared with deep-time environments, herbivory frequency and richness are higher in modern sites, suggesting that current accelerated warming uniquely impacts plant-insect interactions. Overall, our work addresses multiple aspects of climate change using fossil data while also contextualizing the impact of modern anthropogenic change on Earth's most diverse interactions.
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Sun L, He Y, Cao M, Wang X, Zhou X, Yang J, Swenson NG. Tree phytochemical diversity and herbivory are higher in the tropics. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:1426-1436. [PMID: 38937611 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
A long-standing but poorly tested hypothesis in plant ecology and evolution is that biotic interactions play a more important role in producing and maintaining species diversity in the tropics than in the temperate zone. A core prediction of this hypothesis is that tropical plants deploy a higher diversity of phytochemicals within and across communities because they experience more herbivore pressure than temperate plants. However, simultaneous comparisons of phytochemical diversity and herbivore pressure in plant communities from the tropical to the temperate zone are lacking. Here we provide clear support for this prediction by examining phytochemical diversity and herbivory in 60 tree communities ranging from species-rich tropical rainforests to species-poor subalpine forests. Using a community metabolomics approach, we show that phytochemical diversity is higher within and among tropical tree communities than within and among subtropical and subalpine communities, and that herbivore pressure and specialization are highest in the tropics. Furthermore, we show that the phytochemical similarity of trees has little phylogenetic signal, indicating rapid divergence between closely related species. In sum, we provide several lines of evidence from entire tree communities showing that biotic interactions probably play an increasingly important role in generating and maintaining tree diversity in the lower latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Yunyun He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Xuezhao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Key Lab of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education of China, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China.
| | - Nathan G Swenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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4
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Xiao L, Labandeira CC, Wu Y, Shih C, Ren D, Wang Y. Middle Jurassic insect mines on gymnosperms provide missing links to early mining evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2803-2816. [PMID: 38184785 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the mining mode of insect feeding, involving larval consumption of a plant's internal tissues, from the Middle Jurassic (165 million years ago) Daohugou locality of Northeastern China. Documentation of mining from the Jurassic Period is virtually unknown, and results from this time interval would address mining evolution during the temporal gap of mine-seed plant diversifications from the previous Late Triassic to the subsequent Early Cretaceous. Plant fossils were examined with standard microscopic procedures for herbivory and used the standard functional feeding group-damage-type system of categorizing damage. All fossil mines were photographed and databased. We examined 2014 plant specimens, of which 27 occurrences on 14 specimens resulted in eight, new, mine damage types (DTs) present on six genera of bennettitalean, ginkgoalean, and pinalean gymnosperms. Three conclusions emerge from this study. First, these mid-Mesozoic mines are morphologically conservative and track plant host anatomical structure rather than plant phylogeny. Second, likely insect fabricators of these mines were three basal lineages of polyphagan beetles, four basal lineages of monotrysian moths, and a basal lineage tenthredinoid sawflies. Third, the nutrition hypothesis, indicating that miners had greater access to nutritious, inner tissues of new plant lineages, best explains mine evolution during the mid-Mesozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Xiao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510260, China
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Tenth St. and Constitution Ave, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Conrad C Labandeira
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Tenth St. and Constitution Ave, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
- Department of Entomology and BEES Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yuekun Wu
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - ChungKun Shih
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Tenth St. and Constitution Ave, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510260, China
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5
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Grele A, Massad TJ, Uckele KA, Dyer LA, Antonini Y, Braga L, Forister ML, Sulca L, Kato M, Lopez HG, Nascimento AR, Parchman T, Simbaña WR, Smilanich AM, Stireman JO, Tepe EJ, Walla T, Richards LA. Intra- and interspecific diversity in a tropical plant clade alter herbivory and ecosystem resilience. eLife 2024; 12:RP86988. [PMID: 38662411 PMCID: PMC11045218 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Declines in biodiversity generated by anthropogenic stressors at both species and population levels can alter emergent processes instrumental to ecosystem function and resilience. As such, understanding the role of biodiversity in ecosystem function and its response to climate perturbation is increasingly important, especially in tropical systems where responses to changes in biodiversity are less predictable and more challenging to assess experimentally. Using large-scale transplant experiments conducted at five neotropical sites, we documented the impacts of changes in intraspecific and interspecific plant richness in the genus Piper on insect herbivory, insect richness, and ecosystem resilience to perturbations in water availability. We found that reductions of both intraspecific and interspecific Piper diversity had measurable and site-specific effects on herbivory, herbivorous insect richness, and plant mortality. The responses of these ecosystem-relevant processes to reduced intraspecific Piper richness were often similar in magnitude to the effects of reduced interspecific richness. Increased water availability reduced herbivory by 4.2% overall, and the response of herbivorous insect richness and herbivory to water availability were altered by both intra- and interspecific richness in a site-dependent manner. Our results underscore the role of intraspecific and interspecific richness as foundations of ecosystem function and the importance of community and location-specific contingencies in controlling function in complex tropical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Grele
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of NevadaRenoUnited States
| | - Tara J Massad
- Department of Scientific Services, Gorongosa National ParkSofalaMozambique
| | - Kathryn A Uckele
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of NevadaRenoUnited States
| | - Lee A Dyer
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of NevadaRenoUnited States
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of NevadaRenoUnited States
| | - Yasmine Antonini
- Lab. de Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro PretoOuro PretoBrazil
| | - Laura Braga
- Lab. de Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro PretoOuro PretoBrazil
| | - Matthew L Forister
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of NevadaRenoUnited States
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of NevadaRenoUnited States
| | - Lidia Sulca
- Departamento de Entomología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLimaPeru
| | - Massuo Kato
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Humberto G Lopez
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of NevadaRenoUnited States
| | | | - Thomas Parchman
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of NevadaRenoUnited States
- Department of Biology, University of NevadaRenoUnited States
| | | | - Angela M Smilanich
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of NevadaRenoUnited States
| | - John O Stireman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State UniversityDaytonUnited States
| | - Eric J Tepe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of CincinnatiCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Thomas Walla
- Department of Biology, Mesa State CollegeGrand JunctionUnited States
| | - Lora A Richards
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of NevadaRenoUnited States
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of NevadaRenoUnited States
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6
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Azevedo-Schmidt L, Currano ED. Leaf traits linked to structure and palatability drive plant-insect interactions within three forested ecosystems. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16263. [PMID: 38014690 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plant traits and insect herbivory have been highly studied within the modern record but only to a limited extent within the paleontological. Preservation influences what can be measured within the fossil record, but modern methods are also not compatible with paleobotanical methods. To remedy this knowledge gap, a comparable framework was created here using modern and paleobotanical methods, allowing for future comparisons within the fossil record. METHODS Insect feeding damage on selected tree species at Harvard Forest, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, and La Selva were characterized using the damage type system prevalent within paleobotanical studies and compared with leaf traits. Linear models and random forest analyses tested the influence of leaf traits on total, specialized, gall, and mine frequency and diversity. RESULTS Structural traits like leaf dry mass per area and palatability traits, including lignin and phosphorus concentrations, are important variables affecting gall and mine damage. The significance and strength of trait-herbivory relationships varied across forest types, which is likely driven by differences in local insect populations. CONCLUSIONS This work addresses the persistent gap between modern and paleoecological studies focusing on the influence of leaf traits on insect herbivory. This is important as modern climate change alters our understanding of plant-insect interactions, providing a need for contextualizing these relationships within evolutionary time. The fossil record provides information on terrestrial response to past climatic events and, thus, should be implemented when considering how to preserve biodiversity under current and future global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Azevedo-Schmidt
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Ellen D Currano
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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7
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Santos Filho EBD, Brum AS, Souza GADE, Figueiredo RG, Usma CD, Ricetti JHZ, Trevisan C, Leppe M, Sayão JM, Lima FJ, Oliveira GR, Kellner AWA. First record of insect-plant interaction in Late Cretaceous fossils from Nelson Island (South Shetland Islands Archipelago), Antarctica. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20231268. [PMID: 38088643 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320231268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the enormous paleobotanical record on different islands of the Antarctic Peninsula, the evidence of insect activity associated with fossilized plants is scarce. Here we report the first evidence of insect-plant interaction from Cretaceous deposits, more precisely from a new locality at the Rip Point area, Nelson Island (Antarctic Peninsula). The macrofossil assemblage includes isolated Nothofagus sp. leaf impressions, a common component of the Antarctic paleoflora. Two hundred leaves were examined, of which 15 showed evidence of insect activity, displaying variations in size, shape, and preservation. Two types of interaction damage, galls and mines, were identified. A single specimen retained a circular scar recognized as galling scar, while meandering tracks were considered mines. These traces of herbivore insect activity, correspond to the oldest known record of this type of interaction of West Antarctica and the oldest record of insect-plant interaction in Nothofagus sp. reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilson B Dos Santos Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Arthur S Brum
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s/n, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Museu Nacional/ Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Laboratório de Paleobiologia e Paleogeografia Antártica, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Geovane A DE Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s/n, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Museu Nacional/ Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Laboratório de Paleobiologia e Paleogeografia Antártica, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G Figueiredo
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia, Alto Universitário, s/n, Guararema, 29500-000 Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Cristian D Usma
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Núcleo de Estudos Geoquímicos, Laboratório de Isótopos Estáveis, NEG-LABISE/CTG, Av. Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, 50740-530 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - João Henrique Z Ricetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Geociências, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91509-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Universidade do Contestado, Centro de Pesquisas Paleontológicas, Av. Pres. Nereu Ramos, 1071, 89304-076 Mafra, SC, Brazil
| | - Cristine Trevisan
- Antarctic and Patagonia Paleobiology Laboratory, Chilean Antarctic Institute-INACH, Lautaro Navarro 1245, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Marcelo Leppe
- Antarctic and Patagonia Paleobiology Laboratory, Chilean Antarctic Institute-INACH, Lautaro Navarro 1245, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Juliana M Sayão
- Museu Nacional/ Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Laboratório de Paleobiologia e Paleogeografia Antártica, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flaviana J Lima
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Laboratório de Plantas do Gondwana, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Rua do Alto Reservatório, s/n, Bela Vista, 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Oliveira
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Paleontologia e Sistemática, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Alexander W A Kellner
- Museu Nacional/ Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Laboratório de Paleobiologia e Paleogeografia Antártica, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Laboratório de Sistemática e Tafonomia de Vertebrados Fósseis, Quinta da Boa Vista, s/n, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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8
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Swain A. Drivers of herbivore diversity decoupled by leveraging the fossil record. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2311010120. [PMID: 37556487 PMCID: PMC10450421 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Swain
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC20013
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9
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Albrecht J, Wappler T, Fritz SA, Schleuning M. Fossil leaves reveal drivers of herbivore functional diversity during the Cenozoic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300514120. [PMID: 37523540 PMCID: PMC10410718 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300514120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbivorous arthropods are the most diverse group of multicellular organisms on Earth. The most discussed drivers of their inordinate taxonomic and functional diversity are high niche availability associated with the diversity of host plants and dense niche packing due to host partitioning among herbivores. However, the relative contributions of these two factors to dynamics in the diversity of herbivores throughout Earth's history remain unresolved. Using fossil data on herbivore-induced leaf damage from across the Cenozoic, we infer quantitative bipartite interaction networks between plants and functional feeding types of herbivores. We fit a general model of diversity to these interaction networks and discover that host partitioning among functional groups of herbivores contributed twice as much to herbivore functional diversity as host diversity. These findings indicate that niche packing primarily shaped the dynamics in the functional diversity of herbivores during the past 66 my. Our study highlights how the fossil record can be used to test fundamental theories of biodiversity and represents a benchmark for assessing the drivers of herbivore functional diversity in modern ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Albrecht
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main60325, Germany
| | - Torsten Wappler
- Natural History Department, Hessian State Museum, Darmstadt64283, Germany
- Department of Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn53115, Germany
| | - Susanne A. Fritz
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main60325, Germany
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
| | - Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main60325, Germany
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10
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Azevedo-Schmidt L, Swain A, Shoemaker LG, Currano ED. Landscape-level variability and insect herbivore outbreak captured within modern forests provides a framework for interpreting the fossil record. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9701. [PMID: 37322107 PMCID: PMC10272219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal patterns of plant-insect interactions are readily observed within fossil datasets but spatial variability is harder to disentangle without comparable modern methods due to limitations in preservation. This is problematic as spatial variability influences community structure and interactions. To address this we replicated paleobotanical methods within three modern forests, creating an analogous dataset that rigorously tested inter- and intra-forest plant-insect variability. Random mixed effects models, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations, and bipartite network- and node-level metrics were used. Total damage frequency and diversity did not differ across forests but differences in functional feeding groups (FFGs) were observed across forests, correlating with plant diversity, evenness, and latitude. Overall, we found higher generalized herbivory within the temperate forests than the wet-tropical, a finding also supported by co-occurrence and network analyses at multiple spatial scales. Intra-forest analyses captured consistent damage type communities, supporting paleobotanical efforts. Bipartite networks captured the feeding outbreak of Lymantria dispar caterpillars; an exciting result as insect outbreaks have long been unidentifiable within fossil datasets. These results support paleobotanical assumptions about fossil insect herbivore communities, provide a comparative framework between paleobotanical and modern communities, and suggest a new analytical framework for targeting modern and fossil outbreaks of insect feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Azevedo-Schmidt
- Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, 04469, USA.
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, 82071, USA.
| | - Anshuman Swain
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138, USA
| | | | - Ellen D Currano
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, 82071, USA
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, 82071, USA
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11
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Donovan MP, Wilf P, Iglesias A, Cúneo NR, Labandeira CC. Insect herbivore and fungal communities on Agathis (Araucariaceae) from the latest Cretaceous to Recent. PHYTOKEYS 2023; 226:109-158. [PMID: 37274755 PMCID: PMC10239022 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.226.99316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Agathis (Araucariaceae) is a genus of broadleaved conifers that today inhabits lowland to upper montane rainforests of Australasia and Southeast Asia. A previous report showed that the earliest known fossils of the genus, from the early Paleogene and possibly latest Cretaceous of Patagonian Argentina, host diverse assemblages of insect and fungal associations, including distinctive leaf mines. Here, we provide complete documentation of the fossilized Agathis herbivore communities from Cretaceous to Recent, describing and comparing insect and fungal damage on Agathis across four latest Cretaceous to early Paleogene time slices in Patagonia with that on 15 extant species. Notable fossil associations include various types of external foliage feeding, leaf mines, galls, and a rust fungus. In addition, enigmatic structures, possibly armored scale insect (Diaspididae) covers or galls, occur on Agathis over a 16-million-year period in the early Paleogene. The extant Agathis species, throughout the range of the genus, are associated with a diverse array of mostly undescribed damage similar to the fossils, demonstrating the importance of Agathis as a host of diverse insect herbivores and pathogens and their little-known evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Donovan
- Geological Collections, Gantz Family Collections Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USANational Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian InstitutionWashingtonUnited States of America
- Department of Paleobotany and Paleoecology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH 44106, USAGeological Collections, Gantz Family Collections Center, Field Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoUnited States of America
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USAPennsylvania State UniversityPennsylvaniaUnited States of America
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USACleveland Museum of Natural HistoryClevelandUnited States of America
| | - Peter Wilf
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USACleveland Museum of Natural HistoryClevelandUnited States of America
| | - Ari Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro 8400, ArgentinaUniversidad Nacional del ComahueRío NegroArgentina
| | - N. Rubén Cúneo
- CONICET-Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Trelew, Chubut 9100, ArgentinaMuseo Paleontológico Egidio FeruglioTrelewArgentina
| | - Conrad C. Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USAPennsylvania State UniversityPennsylvaniaUnited States of America
- Department of Entomology and Behavior, Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USAUniversity of MarylandMarylandUnited States of America
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, ChinaCapital Normal UniversityBeijingChina
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12
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Swain A, Azevedo-Schmidt LE, Maccracken SA, Currano ED, Dunne JA, Labandeira CC, Fagan WF. Sampling bias and the robustness of ecological metrics for plant-damage-type association networks. Ecology 2023; 104:e3922. [PMID: 36415050 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants and their insect herbivores have been a dominant component of the terrestrial ecological landscape for the past 410 million years and feature intricate evolutionary patterns and co-dependencies. A complex systems perspective allows for both detailed resolution of these evolutionary relationships as well as comparison and synthesis across systems. Using proxy data of insect herbivore damage (denoted by the damage type or DT) preserved on fossil leaves, functional bipartite network representations provide insights into how plant-insect associations depend on geological time, paleogeographical space, and environmental variables such as temperature and precipitation. However, the metrics measured from such networks are prone to sampling bias. Such sensitivity is of special concern for plant-DT association networks in paleontological settings where sampling effort is often severely limited. Here, we explore the sensitivity of functional bipartite network metrics to sampling intensity and identify sampling thresholds above which metrics appear robust to sampling effort. Across a broad range of sampling efforts, we find network metrics to be less affected by sampling bias and/or sample size than richness metrics, which are routinely used in studies of fossil plant-DT interactions. These results provide reassurance that cross-comparisons of plant-DT networks offer insights into network structure and function and support their widespread use in paleoecology. Moreover, these findings suggest novel opportunities for using plant-DT networks in neontological terrestrial ecology to understand functional aspects of insect herbivory across geological time, environmental perturbations, and geographic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Swain
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.,Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lauren E Azevedo-Schmidt
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.,Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - S Augusta Maccracken
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Ellen D Currano
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.,Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | | | - Conrad C Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.,College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - William F Fagan
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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13
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Labandeira CC, Wappler T. Arthropod and Pathogen Damage on Fossil and Modern Plants: Exploring the Origins and Evolution of Herbivory on Land. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:341-361. [PMID: 36689301 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120120-102849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of the functional feeding group-damage type system for analyzing arthropod and pathogen interactions with plants has transformed our understanding of herbivory in fossil plant assemblages by providing data, analyses, and interpretation of the local, regional, and global patterns of a 420-Myr history. The early fossil record can be used to answer major questions about the oldest evidence for herbivory, the early emergence of herbivore associations on land plants, and later expansion on seed plants. The subsequent effects of the Permian-Triassic ecological crisis on herbivore diversity, the resulting formation of biologically diverse herbivore communities on gymnosperms, and major shifts in herbivory ensuing from initial angiosperm diversification are additional issues that need to be addressed. Studies ofherbivory resulting from more recent transient spikes and longer-term climate trends provide important data that are applied to current global change and include herbivore community responses to latitude, altitude, and habitat. Ongoing paleoecological themes remaining to be addressed include the antiquity of modern interactions, differential herbivory between ferns and angiosperms, and origins of modern tropical forests. The expansion of databases that include a multitude of specimens; improvements in sampling strategies; development of new analytical methods; and, importantly, the ability to address conceptually stimulating ecological and evolutionary questions have provided new impetus in this rapidly advancing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad C Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA;
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Torsten Wappler
- Natural History Department, Hessisches Landesmuseum, Darmstadt, Germany;
- Paleontology Section, Institute of Geosciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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14
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Müller C, Toumoulin A, Böttcher H, Roth-Nebelsick A, Wappler T, Kunzmann L. An integrated leaf trait analysis of two Paleogene leaf floras. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15140. [PMID: 37065698 PMCID: PMC10100813 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study presents the Integrated Leaf Trait Analysis (ILTA), a workflow for the combined application of methodologies in leaf trait and insect herbivory analyses on fossil dicot leaf assemblages. The objectives were (1) to record the leaf morphological variability, (2) to describe the herbivory pattern on fossil leaves, (3) to explore relations between leaf morphological trait combination types (TCTs), quantitative leaf traits, and other plant characteristics (e.g., phenology), and (4) to explore relations of leaf traits and insect herbivory. Material and Methods The leaves of the early Oligocene floras Seifhennersdorf (Saxony, Germany) and Suletice-Berand (Ústí nad Labem Region, Czech Republic) were analyzed. The TCT approach was used to record the leaf morphological patterns. Metrics based on damage types on leaves were used to describe the kind and extent of insect herbivory. The leaf assemblages were characterized quantitatively (e.g., leaf area and leaf mass per area (LMA)) based on subsamples of 400 leaves per site. Multivariate analyses were performed to explore trait variations. Results In Seifhennersdorf, toothed leaves of TCT F from deciduous fossil-species are most frequent. The flora of Suletice-Berand is dominated by evergreen fossil-species, which is reflected by the occurrence of toothed and untoothed leaves with closed secondary venation types (TCTs A or E). Significant differences are observed for mean leaf area and LMA, with larger leaves tending to lower LMA in Seifhennersdorf and smaller leaves tending to higher LMA in Suletice-Berand. The frequency and richness of damage types are significantly higher in Suletice-Berand than in Seifhennersdorf. In Seifhennersdorf, the evidence of damage types is highest on deciduous fossil-species, whereas it is highest on evergreen fossil-species in Suletice-Berand. Overall, insect herbivory tends to be more frequently to occur on toothed leaves (TCTs E, F, and P) that are of low LMA. The frequency, richness, and occurrence of damage types vary among fossil-species with similar phenology and TCT. In general, they are highest on leaves of abundant fossil-species. Discussion TCTs reflect the diversity and abundance of leaf architectural types of fossil floras. Differences in TCT proportions and quantitative leaf traits may be consistent with local variations in the proportion of broad-leaved deciduous and evergreen elements in the ecotonal vegetation of the early Oligocene. A correlation between leaf size, LMA, and fossil-species indicates that trait variations are partly dependent on the taxonomic composition. Leaf morphology or TCTs itself cannot explain the difference in insect herbivory on leaves. It is a more complex relationship where leaf morphology, LMA, phenology, and taxonomic affiliation are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Müller
- Museum of Mineralogy and Geology, Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
| | - Agathe Toumoulin
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Helen Böttcher
- Institute for Geology, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Saxony, Germany
| | - Anita Roth-Nebelsick
- Department of Palaeontology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Torsten Wappler
- Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Hessen, Germany
- Institute of Geoscience, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Nordrhein-Wesfalen, Germany
| | - Lutz Kunzmann
- Museum of Mineralogy and Geology, Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
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15
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Insect herbivory within modern forests is greater than fossil localities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202852119. [PMID: 36215482 PMCID: PMC9586316 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202852119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossilized leaves provide the longest running record of hyperdiverse plant-insect herbivore associations. Reconstructions of these relationships over deep time indicate strong links between environmental conditions, herbivore diversity, and feeding damage on leaves. However, herbivory has not been compared between the past and the modern era, which is characterized by intense anthropogenic environmental change. Here, we present estimates for damage frequencies and diversities on fossil leaves from the Late Cretaceous (66.8 Ma) through the Pleistocene (2.06 Ma) and compare these estimates with Recent (post-1955) leaves collected via paleobotanical methods from modern ecosystems: Harvard Forest, United States; the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, United States; and La Selva, Costa Rica. Total damage frequency, measured as the percentage of leaves with any herbivore damage, within modern ecosystems is greater than any fossil locality within this record. This pattern is driven by increased frequencies across nearly all functional feeding groups within the Recent. Diversities of total, specialized, and mining damage types are elevated within the Recent compared with fossil floras. Our results demonstrate that plants in the modern era are experiencing unprecedented levels of insect damage, despite widespread insect declines. Human influence, such as the rate of global climate warming, influencing insect feeding and timing of life cycle processes along with urbanization and the introduction of invasive plant and insect species may drive elevated herbivory. This research suggests that the strength of human influence on plant-insect interactions is not controlled by climate change alone but rather, the way in which humans interact with terrestrial landscape.
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16
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Xiao L, Labandeira CC, Ren D. Insect herbivory immediately before the eclipse of the gymnosperms: The Dawangzhangzi plant assemblage of Northeastern China. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:1483-1520. [PMID: 34874612 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Early Cretaceous terrestrial revolution involved global shifts from gymnosperm- to angiosperm-dominated floras. However, responses of insect herbivores to these changes remain unexamined. We evaluated 2 176 highly sampled plant specimens representing 62 species/morphotypes from the 126 Ma Dawangzhangzi plant assemblage of Northeastern China. Our study consisted of horsetails, ferns, ginkgoaleans, czekanowskialeans, conifers, and an angiosperm. Their herbivory was evaluated by the functional feeding groups of hole feeding, margin feeding, and surface feeding (ectophytic feeders); piercer and suckers, and ovipositing insects (ectoendophytic feeders); mining, galling, and borings (endophytic feeders); and pathogens, collectively constituting 65 damage types (DTs). The plant assemblage was assessed for herbivory richness by DT richness, component community structure, and DT specialization on plant hosts; for herbivory intensity, it was evaluated for DT frequency, herbivorized surface area, and feeding event occurrences. Using feeding event occurrences, the data supported seven species/morphotypes as most intensely herbivorized: Liaoningocladus boii (76.6%), Czekanowskia sp. 1 (8.4%), Czekanowskia rigida (4.10%), Lindleycladus lanceolatus (3.5%), Ginkgoites sp. 2 (2.0%), Podozamites sp. 1 (1.1%), and Solenites sp. 1 (0.9%). The most herbivorized taxa were pinaleans (conifers), then czekanowskialeans, and lastly ginkgoaleans; the monodominant component community was the conifer Liaoningocladus boii. DT host specialization levels were low. The plant assemblage had an overall low 0.86% of foliage removed by herbivores, explained by physical and chemical antiherbivore defenses, and parasitoid attack. Although Paleozoic, gymnosperm-dominated assemblages had greater herbivory, component community structure of the three most herbivorized taxa are more similar to modern bracken fern and willow than modern gymnosperm taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Xiao
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Conrad C Labandeira
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Entomology and Bees Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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17
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Xiao L, Labandeira CC, Dilcher DL, Ren D. Data, metrics, and methods for arthropod and fungal herbivory at the dawn of angiosperm diversification: The Rose Creek plant assemblage of Nebraska, U.S.A. Data Brief 2022; 42:108170. [PMID: 35510258 PMCID: PMC9058965 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The data presented in this article are related to the research article titled “Arthropod and fungal herbivory at the dawn of angiosperm diversification: The Rose Creek plant assemblage of Nebraska, U.S.A.” (Xiao et al., 2021). These data correspond to an examination of arthropod and fungal herbivory on 2084 plant specimens from the Early Cretaceous (late Albian) Rose Creek locality of southeastern Nebraska, USA. Ten datasets have been assembled to describe and contextualize the diversity and intensity of herbivory at Rose Creek, as documented in Appendices of the online supplementary material. Appendices S4 and S5 provide a list and the frequency distributions by major clade and species/morphotype of all plant taxa examined. Appendix S6 outlines general procedures for documenting herbivory on plants and how the data was acquired. Appendix S9a and S9b provide rarefaction analyses for plant taxa to demonstrate sampling sufficiency, which is paralleled by rarefaction analyses of Appendix S9c and S9d that indicate sampling of damage types are robust. The comprehensive dataset of Appendix S12 lists plant taxa horizontally by major clade/group and species/morphotype versus vertically listed feeding classes, functional feeding groups (FFGs) and damage types (DTs). The basic metrics of DTs, feeding event occurrences, DT host-plant specialization, and number of matrix cells are displayed, with data subtotals and totals. This data matrix serves as the central source of data for the study, and records the six metrics of DT richness, DT frequency, DT host-plant specialization, percent of area herbivorized, and feeding event occurrences. Three of these metrics are used for establishing component community structure of the three most herbivorized taxa (Figs 8–10), and the relationships among plant hosts and FFGs in the non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (Fig. 11) (Xiao et al., 2021). Appendix S15 is a list DTs, with their assigned host-plant specialization of 1 for generalized, 2 for intermediate specificity, and 3 for specialized. Appendix S16 is a table that provides plant surface areas (cm2) and their percentages that have been removed due to herbivory. Appendix S18 provides descriptions and ancillary data for 14 new DTs described from Rose Creek. A listing of the herbivory index (herbivorized surface area divided by total surface area) of plant assemblages and individual plant species in Appendix S19 provides comparisons among Rose Creek, other fossil, and modern plant assemblages. Lastly, Appendix S23 lists from the literature of arthropod species forming the well-documented herbivore component communities of five modern plant species to the three most herbivorized taxa at Rose Creek shown in Fig. 12. Some of the metrics used to quantitatively measure the diversity and intensity of herbivory are recent, such as feeding event occurrences, whereas others such as herbivorized surface area and host-plant specialization values have had a longer use in plant–arthropod studies.
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18
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Maccracken SA, Miller IM, Johnson KR, Sertich JM, Labandeira CC. Insect herbivory on Catula gettyi gen. et sp. nov. (Lauraceae) from the Kaiparowits Formation (Late Cretaceous, Utah, USA). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261397. [PMID: 35061696 PMCID: PMC8782542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian Stage) Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah, USA, preserves abundant plant, invertebrate, and vertebrate fossil taxa. Taken together, these fossils indicate that the ecosystems preserved in the Kaiparowits Formation were characterized by high biodiversity. Hundreds of vertebrate and invertebrate species and over 80 plant morphotypes are recognized from the formation, but insects and their associations with plants are largely undocumented. Here, we describe a new fossil leaf taxon, Catula gettyi gen et. sp. nov. in the family Lauraceae from the Kaiparowits Formation. Catula gettyi occurs at numerous localities in this deposit that represent ponded and distal floodplain environments. The type locality for C. gettyi has yielded 1,564 fossil leaf specimens of this species, which provides the opportunity to circumscribe this new plant species. By erecting this new genus and species, we are able to describe ecological associations on C. gettyi and place these interactions within a taxonomic context. We describe an extensive archive of feeding damage on C. gettyi caused by herbivorous insects, including more than 800 occurrences of insect damage belonging to five functional feeding groups indicating that insect-mediated damage on this taxon is both rich and abundant. Catula gettyi is one of the best-sampled host plant taxa from the Mesozoic Era, a poorly sampled time interval, and its insect damage is comparable to other Lauraceae taxa from the younger Late Cretaceous Hell Creek Flora of North Dakota, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Augusta Maccracken
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, CO, United States of America
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Ian M. Miller
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, CO, United States of America
- National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Kirk R. Johnson
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Sertich
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Conrad C. Labandeira
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, CO, United States of America
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
- BEES Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing,China
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19
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Labandeira CC. Ecology and Evolution of Gall-Inducing Arthropods: The Pattern From the Terrestrial Fossil Record. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.632449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect and mite galls on land plants have a spotty but periodically rich and abundant fossil record of damage types (DTs), ichnotaxa, and informally described gall morphotypes. The earliest gall is on a liverwort of the Middle Devonian Period at 385 million years ago (Ma). A 70-million-year-long absence of documented gall activity ensues. Gall activity resumes during the Pennsylvanian Period (315 Ma) on vegetative and reproductive axial organs of horsetails, ferns, and probably conifers, followed by extensive diversification of small, early hemipteroid galler lineages on seed-plant foliage during the Permian Period. The end-Permian (P-Tr) evolutionary and ecological crisis extinguished most gall lineages; survivors diversified whose herbivore component communities surpassed pre-P-Tr levels within 10 million years in the mid-to late Triassic (242 Ma). During the late Triassic and Jurassic Period, new groups of galling insects colonized Ginkgoales, Bennettitales, Pinales, Gnetales, and other gymnosperms, but data are sparse. Diversifying mid-Cretaceous (125–90 Ma) angiosperms hosted a major expansion of 24 gall DTs organized as herbivore component communities, each in overlapping Venn-diagram fashion on early lineages of Austrobaileyales, Laurales, Chloranthales, and Eurosidae for the Dakota Fm (103 Ma). Gall diversification continued into the Ora Fm (92 Ma) of Israel with another 25 gall morphotypes, but as ichnospecies on a different spectrum of plant hosts alongside the earliest occurrence of parasitoid attack. The End-Cretaceous (K-Pg) extinction event (66 Ma) almost extinguished host–specialist DTs; surviving gall lineages expanded to a pre-K-Pg level 10 million years later at the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) (56 Ma), at which time a dramatic increase of land surface temperatures and multiplying of atmospheric pCO2 levels induced a significant level of increased herbivory, although gall diversity increased only after the PETM excursion and during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO). After the EECO, modern (or structurally convergent) gall morphotypes originate in the mid-Paleogene (49–40 Ma), evidenced by the Republic, Messel, and Eckfeld floras on hosts different from their modern analogs. During subsequent global aridification, the early Neogene (20 Ma) Most flora of the Czech Republic records several modern associations with gallers and plant hosts congeneric with their modern analogs. Except for 21 gall DTs in New Zealand flora, the gall record decreases in richness, although an early Pleistocene (3 Ma) study in France documents the same plant surviving as an endemic northern Iran but with decreasing associational, including gall, host specificity.
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20
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Carvalho MR, Jaramillo C, de la Parra F, Caballero-Rodríguez D, Herrera F, Wing S, Turner BL, D'Apolito C, Romero-Báez M, Narváez P, Martínez C, Gutierrez M, Labandeira C, Bayona G, Rueda M, Paez-Reyes M, Cárdenas D, Duque Á, Crowley JL, Santos C, Silvestro D. Extinction at the end-Cretaceous and the origin of modern Neotropical rainforests. Science 2021; 372:63-68. [PMID: 33795451 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The end-Cretaceous event was catastrophic for terrestrial communities worldwide, yet its long-lasting effect on tropical forests remains largely unknown. We quantified plant extinction and ecological change in tropical forests resulting from the end-Cretaceous event using fossil pollen (>50,000 occurrences) and leaves (>6000 specimens) from localities in Colombia. Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) rainforests were characterized by an open canopy and diverse plant-insect interactions. Plant diversity declined by 45% at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and did not recover for ~6 million years. Paleocene forests resembled modern Neotropical rainforests, with a closed canopy and multistratal structure dominated by angiosperms. The end-Cretaceous event triggered a long interval of low plant diversity in the Neotropics and the evolutionary assembly of today's most diverse terrestrial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica R Carvalho
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama.,Grupo de Investigación Paleontología Neotropical Tradicional y Molecular (PaleoNeo), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Jaramillo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama. .,ISEM, U. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | - Fabiany Herrera
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama.,Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott Wing
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Benjamin L Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama.,Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carlos D'Apolito
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama.,Faculdade de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Narváez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama.,Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, CCT-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - Mauricio Gutierrez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama.,Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Conrad Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Manuel Paez-Reyes
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama.,Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dairon Cárdenas
- Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas SINCHI, Leticia, Colombia
| | - Álvaro Duque
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - James L Crowley
- Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Carlos Santos
- BP Exploration Operating Company Limited, Chertsey Road, Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex, UK
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg and Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Consistent community genetic effects in the context of strong environmental and temporal variation in Eucalyptus. Oecologia 2021; 195:367-382. [PMID: 33471200 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04835-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Provenance translocations of tree species are promoted in forestry, conservation, and restoration in response to global climate change. While this option is driven by adaptive considerations, less is known of the effects translocations can have on dependent communities. We investigated the relative importance and consistency of extended genetic effects in Eucalyptus using two species-E. globulus and E. pauciflora. In E. globulus, the dependent arthropod and pathogen canopy communities were quantified based on the abundance of 49 symptoms from 722 progeny from 13 geographic sub-races across 2 common gardens. For E. pauciflora, 6 symptoms were quantified over 2 years from 238 progeny from 16 provenances across 2 common gardens. Genetic effects significantly influenced communities in both species. However, site and year effects outweighed genetic effects with site explaining approximately 3 times the variation in community traits in E. globulus and site and year explaining approximately 6 times the variation in E. pauciflora. While the genetic effect interaction terms were significant in some community traits, broad trends in community traits associated with variation in home-site latitude for E. globulus and home-site altitude for E. pauciflora were evident. These broad-scale trends were consistent with patterns of adaptive differentiation within each species, suggesting there may be extended consequences of local adaptation. While small in comparison to site and year, the consistency of genetic effects highlights the importance of provenance choice in tree species, such as Eucalyptus, as adaptive divergence among provenances may have significant long-term effects on biotic communities.
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Persistent biotic interactions of a Gondwanan conifer from Cretaceous Patagonia to modern Malesia. Commun Biol 2020; 3:708. [PMID: 33239710 PMCID: PMC7689466 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant genera in the tropical West Pacific are survivors from the paleo-rainforests of Gondwana. For example, the oldest fossils of the Malesian and Australasian conifer Agathis (Araucariaceae) come from the early Paleocene and possibly latest Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina (West Gondwana). However, it is unknown whether dependent ecological guilds or lineages of associated insects and fungi persisted on Gondwanan host plants like Agathis through time and space. We report insect-feeding and fungal damage on Patagonian Agathis fossils from four latest Cretaceous to middle Eocene floras spanning ca. 18 Myr and compare it with damage on extant Agathis. Very similar damage was found on fossil and modern Agathis, including blotch mines representing the first known Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary crossing leaf-mine association, external foliage feeding, galls, possible armored scale insect (Diaspididae) covers, and a rust fungus (Pucciniales). The similar suite of damage, unique to fossil and extant Agathis, suggests persistence of ecological guilds and possibly the component communities associated with Agathis since the late Mesozoic, implying host tracking of the genus across major plate movements that led to survival at great distances. The living associations, mostly made by still-unknown culprits, point to previously unrecognized biodiversity and evolutionary history in threatened rainforest ecosystems.
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Schueller SK, Paul S, Payer N, Schultze R, Vikas M. Urbanization decreases the extent and variety of leaf herbivory for native canopy tree species Quercus rubra, Quercus alba, and Acer saccharum. Urban Ecosyst 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-019-00866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Sohn JC, Kim NH, Choi SW. Morphological and functional diversity of foliar damage on Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. (Fagaceae) by herbivorous insects and pathogenic fungi. JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC BIODIVERSITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japb.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Maoela MA, Esler KJ, Roets F, Jacobs SM. Physiological responses to folivory and phytopathogens in a riparian tree, Brabejum stellatifolium
, native to the fynbos biome of South Africa. Afr J Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malebajoa A. Maoela
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
| | - Karen J. Esler
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
- Water Institute; Stellenbosch University; Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Francois Roets
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHB); Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI); University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
| | - Shayne M. Jacobs
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
- Water Institute; Stellenbosch University; Stellenbosch South Africa
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Wilf P, Donovan MP, Cúneo NR, Gandolfo MA. The fossil flip-leaves (Retrophyllum, Podocarpaceae) of southern South America. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:1344-1369. [PMID: 29885237 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The flip-leaved podocarp Retrophyllum has a disjunct extant distribution in South American and Australasian tropical rainforests and a Gondwanic fossil record since the Eocene. Evolutionary, biogeographic, and paleoecological insights from previously described fossils are limited because they preserve little foliar variation and no reproductive structures. METHODS We investigated new Retrophyllum material from the terminal Cretaceous Lefipán, the early Eocene Laguna del Hunco, and the early/middle Eocene Río Pichileufú floras of Patagonian Argentina. We also reviewed type material of historical Eocene fossils from southern Chile. KEY RESULTS Cretaceous Retrophyllum superstes sp. nov. is described from a leafy twig, while Eocene R. spiralifolium sp. nov. includes several foliage forms and a peduncle with 13 pollen cones. Both species preserve extensive damage from sap-feeding insects associated with foliar transfusion tissue. The Eocene species exhibits a suite of characters linking it to both Neotropical and West Pacific Retrophyllum, along with several novel features. Retrophyllum araucoensis (Berry) comb. nov. stabilizes the nomenclature for the Chilean fossils. CONCLUSIONS Retrophyllum is considerably older than previously thought and is a survivor of the end-Cretaceous extinction. Much of the characteristic foliar variation and pollen-cone morphology of the genus evolved by the early Eocene. The mixed biogeographic signal of R. spiralifolium supports vicariance and represents a rare Neotropical connection for terminal-Gondwanan Patagonia, which is predominantly linked to extant Australasian floras due to South American extinctions. The leaf morphology of the fossils suggests significant drought vulnerability as in living Retrophyllum, indicating humid paleoenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wilf
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Michael P Donovan
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013, USA
| | - N Rubén Cúneo
- Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Trelew 9100, Chubut, Argentina
| | - María A Gandolfo
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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McElwain JC, Steinthorsdottir M. Paleoecology, Ploidy, Paleoatmospheric Composition, and Developmental Biology: A Review of the Multiple Uses of Fossil Stomata. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:650-664. [PMID: 28495890 PMCID: PMC5462064 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C McElwain
- Earth Institute, O'Brien Centre for Science, and School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (J.C.M.);
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.); and
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.)
| | - Margret Steinthorsdottir
- Earth Institute, O'Brien Centre for Science, and School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (J.C.M.)
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.); and
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.)
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Pinheiro ERS, Iannuzzi R, Duarte LDS. Insect herbivory fluctuations through geological time. Ecology 2016; 97:2501-2510. [PMID: 27859073 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Arthropods and land plants are the major macroscopic sources of biodiversity on the planet. Knowledge of the organization and specialization of plant-herbivore interactions, such as their roles in food webs is important for understanding the processes for maintaining biodiversity. A limited number of studies have examined herbivory through geological time. The most have analyzed localities from one restricted interval within a geological period, or a time transition such as the Paleocene-Eocene boundary interval. In the present study, we analyzed the frequency of herbivory and density of damage type (DT) from the Middle Devonian to the early Miocene. The data were compiled from literature sources and focused on studies that describe occurrences of leaves with DTs indicating herbivore consumption as a proportion of the total number of leaves analyzed. The data were standardized based on the DT categories in the Damage Type Guide, and the age of each locality was updated based on the most recent geochronological standard and expressed in millions of years. Temperature and geological age were the best descriptors of the variation in herbivory frequency, which tended to increase at higher temperatures. Two models were equivalent to explain DT density: the interaction between CO2 levels and geological age, and O2 levels and geological age had the same predictive power. The density of DT tended to increase with higher content of atmospheric CO2 and O2 compared to modern values. The frequency of herbivory and the density of DTs appear to be influenced by long-term atmospheric variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther R S Pinheiro
- Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Laboratório de Paleobotânica, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Roberto Iannuzzi
- Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Laboratório de Paleobotânica, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leandro D S Duarte
- Laboratório de Ecologia Filogenética e Funcional, Centro de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Donovan MP, Iglesias A, Wilf P, Labandeira CC, Cúneo NR. Rapid recovery of Patagonian plant–insect associations after the end-Cretaceous extinction. Nat Ecol Evol 2016; 1:12. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-016-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nagler C, Haug JT. From Fossil Parasitoids to Vectors: Insects as Parasites and Hosts. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 90:137-200. [PMID: 26597067 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Within Metazoa, it has been proposed that as many as two-thirds of all species are parasitic. This propensity towards parasitism is also reflected within insects, where several lineages independently evolved a parasitic lifestyle. Parasitic behaviour ranges from parasitic habits in the strict sense, but also includes parasitoid, phoretic or kleptoparasitic behaviour. Numerous insects are also the host for other parasitic insects or metazoans. Insects can also serve as vectors for numerous metazoan, protistan, bacterial and viral diseases. The fossil record can report this behaviour with direct (parasite associated with its host) or indirect evidence (insect with parasitic larva, isolated parasitic insect, pathological changes of host). The high abundance of parasitism in the fossil record of insects can reveal important aspects of parasitic lifestyles in various evolutionary lineages. For a comprehensive view on fossil parasitic insects, we discuss here different aspects, including phylogenetic systematics, functional morphology and a direct comparison of fossil and extant species.
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Gosney BJ, O′Reilly-Wapstra JM, Forster LG, Barbour RC, Iason GR, Potts BM. Genetic and ontogenetic variation in an endangered tree structures dependent arthropod and fungal communities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114132. [PMID: 25469641 PMCID: PMC4254790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant genetic and ontogenetic variation can significantly impact dependent fungal and arthropod communities. However, little is known of the relative importance of these extended genetic and ontogenetic effects within a species. Using a common garden trial, we compared the dependent arthropod and fungal community on 222 progeny from two highly differentiated populations of the endangered heteroblastic tree species, Eucalyptus morrisbyi. We assessed arthropod and fungal communities on both juvenile and adult foliage. The community variation was related to previous levels of marsupial browsing, as well as the variation in the physicochemical properties of leaves using near-infrared spectroscopy. We found highly significant differences in community composition, abundance and diversity parameters between eucalypt source populations in the common garden, and these were comparable to differences between the distinctive juvenile and adult foliage. The physicochemical properties assessed accounted for a significant percentage of the community variation but did not explain fully the community differences between populations and foliage types. Similarly, while differences in population susceptibility to a major marsupial herbivore may result in diffuse genetic effects on the dependent community, this still did not account for the large genetic-based differences in dependent communities between populations. Our results emphasize the importance of maintaining the populations of this rare species as separate management units, as not only are the populations highly genetically structured, this variation may alter the trajectory of biotic colonization of conservation plantings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Gosney
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- National Center of Future Forest Industries (NCFFI), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Julianne M. O′Reilly-Wapstra
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- National Center of Future Forest Industries (NCFFI), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Lynne G. Forster
- School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Robert C. Barbour
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Glenn R. Iason
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigibuckler, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Brad M. Potts
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- National Center of Future Forest Industries (NCFFI), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Donovan MP, Wilf P, Labandeira CC, Johnson KR, Peppe DJ. Novel insect leaf-mining after the end-Cretaceous extinction and the demise of cretaceous leaf miners, Great Plains, USA. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103542. [PMID: 25058404 PMCID: PMC4110055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant and associated insect-damage diversity in the western U.S.A. decreased significantly at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary and remained low until the late Paleocene. However, the Mexican Hat locality (ca. 65 Ma) in southeastern Montana, with a typical, low-diversity flora, uniquely exhibits high damage diversity on nearly all its host plants, when compared to all known local and regional early Paleocene sites. The same plant species show minimal damage elsewhere during the early Paleocene. We asked whether the high insect damage diversity at Mexican Hat was more likely related to the survival of Cretaceous insects from refugia or to an influx of novel Paleocene taxa. We compared damage on 1073 leaf fossils from Mexican Hat to over 9000 terminal Cretaceous leaf fossils from the Hell Creek Formation of nearby southwestern North Dakota and to over 9000 Paleocene leaf fossils from the Fort Union Formation in North Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming. We described the entire insect-feeding ichnofauna at Mexican Hat and focused our analysis on leaf mines because they are typically host-specialized and preserve a number of diagnostic morphological characters. Nine mine damage types attributable to three of the four orders of leaf-mining insects are found at Mexican Hat, six of them so far unique to the site. We found no evidence linking any of the diverse Hell Creek mines with those found at Mexican Hat, nor for the survival of any Cretaceous leaf miners over the K-Pg boundary regionally, even on well-sampled, surviving plant families. Overall, our results strongly relate the high damage diversity on the depauperate Mexican Hat flora to an influx of novel insect herbivores during the early Paleocene, possibly caused by a transient warming event and range expansion, and indicate drastic extinction rather than survivorship of Cretaceous insect taxa from refugia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Donovan
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Peter Wilf
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Conrad C. Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Department of Entomology and BEES Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kirk R. Johnson
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Peppe
- Department of Geology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
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