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Gmachowska K, Podlecka D, Bonikowski R, Majak P, Kapka K, Jerzyńska J. Exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for prediction of asthma exacerbation in children. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2024; 37:351-359. [PMID: 39239929 PMCID: PMC11424151 DOI: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.02442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To find possible relationship between asthma exacerbation and metabolomic profile of airways, assessed by non-invasive method - free volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled air in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 80 children aged 4-18 years with asthma: 42 children with a min. 3 asthma exacerbations in the past 12 months, and 38 children without a history of exacerbations in the past year. During the study visit, each patient was examined, medical history (including information regarding atopy and eosinophil blood count) was taken, spirometry and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) were tested, an exhaled air sample was taken to test for the presence of VOCs, and the patient also completed standardized form - Asthma Control Questionnaire. Volatile organic compounds were measured by combined gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. RESULTS The obtained results of VOCs were correlated with the history of the disease. The 2 gas profiles were defined and they formed 2 clinically distinct clusters (p = 0.085). Cluster 2 was characterized for children with a higher number of bronchial asthma exacerbations and worse lung function parameters (predicted percentage forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1] [p = 0.023], FEV1/ forced vital capacity ratio [FVC] [p = 0.0219]). The results were independent of the age, sex, BMI, atopy (house dust mite allergy) and eosinophil blood count. CONCLUSIONS The study findings suggest that a relative group of gases may be a useful predictor of having asthma exacerbations in children. Additionally, a single FeNO value was unlikely to be clinically useful in predicting asthma exacerbations in children. The VOCs profile reflecting the metabolism of the airway epithelium and local microbiota was associated with the course of asthma, which strongly justifies further prospective validation studies. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2024;37(3):351-59.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gmachowska
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Pediatric and Allergy, Łódź, Poland
- Copernicus Hospital, Department of Pediatric and Allergy, Korczak Pediatric Center, Łódź, Poland
| | - Daniela Podlecka
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Pediatric and Allergy, Łódź, Poland
- Copernicus Hospital, Department of Pediatric and Allergy, Korczak Pediatric Center, Łódź, Poland
| | - Radosław Bonikowski
- Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Natural Products and Cosmetics, Łódź, Poland
| | - Paweł Majak
- Copernicus Hospital, Department of Pediatric and Allergy, Korczak Pediatric Center, Łódź, Poland
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Karolina Kapka
- Copernicus Hospital, Department of Pediatric and Allergy, Korczak Pediatric Center, Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Jerzyńska
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Pediatric and Allergy, Łódź, Poland
- Copernicus Hospital, Department of Pediatric and Allergy, Korczak Pediatric Center, Łódź, Poland
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Makrinioti H, Fainardi V, Bonnelykke K, Custovic A, Cicutto L, Coleman C, Eiwegger T, Kuehni C, Moeller A, Pedersen E, Pijnenburg M, Pinnock H, Ranganathan S, Tonia T, Subbarao P, Saglani S. European Respiratory Society statement on preschool wheezing disorders: updated definitions, knowledge gaps and proposed future research directions. Eur Respir J 2024; 64:2400624. [PMID: 38843917 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00624-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Since the publication of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) task force reports on the management of preschool wheezing in 2008 and 2014, a large body of evidence has accumulated suggesting that the clinical phenotypes that were proposed (episodic (viral) wheezing and multiple-trigger wheezing) do not relate to underlying airway pathology and may not help determine response to treatment. Specifically, using clinical phenotypes alone may no longer be appropriate, and new approaches that can be used to inform clinical care are needed for future research. This ERS task force reviewed the literature published after 2008 related to preschool wheezing and has suggested that the criteria used to define wheezing disorders in preschool children should include age of diagnosis (0 to <6 years), confirmation of wheezing on at least one occasion, and more than one episode of wheezing ever. Furthermore, diagnosis and management may be improved by identifying treatable traits, including inflammatory biomarkers (blood eosinophils, aeroallergen sensitisation) associated with type-2 immunity and differential response to inhaled corticosteroids, lung function parameters and airway infection. However, more comprehensive use of biomarkers/treatable traits in predicting the response to treatment requires prospective validation. There is evidence that specific genetic traits may help guide management, but these must be adequately tested. In addition, the task force identified an absence of caregiver-reported outcomes, caregiver/self-management options and features that should prompt specialist referral for this age group. Priorities for future research include a focus on identifying 1) mechanisms driving preschool wheezing; 2) biomarkers of treatable traits and efficacy of interventions in those without allergic sensitisation/eosinophilia; 3) the need to include both objective outcomes and caregiver-reported outcomes in clinical trials; 4) the need for a suitable action plan for children with preschool wheezing; and 5) a definition of severe/difficult-to-treat preschool wheezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Makrinioti
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- H. Makrinioti and V. Fainardi contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Valentina Fainardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Paediatric Clinic, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- H. Makrinioti and V. Fainardi contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Klaus Bonnelykke
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adnan Custovic
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Imperial NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lisa Cicutto
- Community Research Department, National Jewish Health, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Courtney Coleman
- Patient Involvement and Engagement, European Lung Foundation, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thomas Eiwegger
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital St Pölten, St Pölten, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Translational Medicine Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claudia Kuehni
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Moeller
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Pedersen
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marielle Pijnenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Thomy Tonia
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- S. Saglani and P. Subbarao contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Sejal Saglani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Imperial NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- S. Saglani and P. Subbarao contributed equally to the manuscript
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Fristedt R, Ruppert V, Trower T, Cooney J, Landberg R. Quantitation of circulating short-chain fatty acids in small volume blood samples from animals and humans. Talanta 2024; 272:125743. [PMID: 38382298 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of gut microbiota in human health has been intensively studied and more recently shifted from emphasis on composition towards function. Function is partly mediated through formed metabolites. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate as well as their branched analogues represent major products from gut fermentation of dietary fibre and proteins, respectively. Robust and high-throughput analysis of SCFAs in small volume blood samples have proven difficult. Major obstacles come from the ubiquitous presence of SCFAs that leads to contaminations and unstable analytical results because of the high volatility of these small molecules. Comprehensive and comparable data on the variation of SCFAs in blood samples from different blood matrices and mammal species including humans is lacking. Therefore, our aim was to develop and evaluate a stable and robust method for quantitation of 8 SCFAs and related fermentation products in small volume blood plasma samples and to investigate their variation in humans and different animal species. RESULTS Derivatization was a successful approach for measurement of SCFAs in biological samples but quenching of the derivatization reaction was crucial to obtain long-term stability of the derivatized analytes. In total 9 compounds (including succinic acid) were separated in 5 min. The method was linear over the range 0.6-3200 nM formic (FA), acetic (AA), 0.3-1600 nM propionic (PA), and 0.16-800 nM for butyric (BA)-, isobutyric (IBA)-, valeric (VA)-, isovaleric (IVA)-, succinic (SA) and caproic acid (CA). The precision ranged ≤12 % within days and ≤28 % between days (except for CA and VA) in three different plasma quality control (QC) samples (29 batches analyzed over 3 months). The extraction recovery was on average 94 % for the different SCFAs. Typical interquartile range (IQR) concentrations (μM) of SCFAs in human plasma samples were 168 μM (FA), 64 μM (AA), 2.2 μM (PA), 0.54 μM (BA), 0.66 μM (IBA), 0.18 μM (VA), 0.40 μM (IVA), and 0.34 μM (CA). In total, 55 samples per batch/day were successfully analyzed and in total 5380 human plasma samples measured over a 3-year timespan. SIGNIFICANCE The developed UHPLC-MS based method was suitable for measuring SCFAs in small blood volume samples and enabled robust quantitative data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Fristedt
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Life Sciences, Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Vanessa Ruppert
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Life Sciences, Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tania Trower
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Biological Chemistry and Bioactives Group, Food Innovation Portfolio, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Janine Cooney
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Biological Chemistry and Bioactives Group, Food Innovation Portfolio, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Rikard Landberg
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Life Sciences, Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Kuo PH, Jhong YC, Kuo TC, Hsu YT, Kuo CH, Tseng YJ. A Clinical Breathomics Dataset. Sci Data 2024; 11:203. [PMID: 38355591 PMCID: PMC10866892 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study entailed a comprehensive GC‒MS analysis conducted on 121 patient samples to generate a clinical breathomics dataset. Breath molecules, indicative of diverse conditions such as psychological and pathological states and the microbiome, were of particular interest due to their non-invasive nature. The highlighted noninvasive approach for detecting these breath molecules significantly enhances diagnostic and monitoring capacities. This dataset cataloged volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the breath of individuals with asthma, bronchiectasis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Uniform and consistent sample collection protocols were strictly adhered to during the accumulation of this extensive dataset, ensuring its reliability. It encapsulates extensive human clinical breath molecule data pertinent to three specific diseases. This consequential clinical breathomics dataset is a crucial resource for researchers and clinicians in identifying and exploring important compounds within the patient's breath, thereby augmenting future diagnostic and therapeutic initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hung Kuo
- National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Changde St., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City, 100229, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Chen Jhong
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Chueh Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Drug Research Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 33, Linsen S. Road, Taipei, 10055, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 33, Linsen S. Road, Taipei, 10055, Taiwan
| | - Yufeng Jane Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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Lejeune S, Kaushik A, Parsons ES, Chinthrajah S, Snyder M, Desai M, Manohar M, Prunicki M, Contrepois K, Gosset P, Deschildre A, Nadeau K. Untargeted metabolomic profiling in children identifies novel pathways in asthma and atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:418-434. [PMID: 38344970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma and other atopic disorders can present with varying clinical phenotypes marked by differential metabolomic manifestations and enriched biological pathways. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify these unique metabolomic profiles in atopy and asthma. METHODS We analyzed baseline nonfasted plasma samples from a large multisite pediatric population of 470 children aged <13 years from 3 different sites in the United States and France. Atopy positivity (At+) was defined as skin prick test result of ≥3 mm and/or specific IgE ≥ 0.35 IU/mL and/or total IgE ≥ 173 IU/mL. Asthma positivity (As+) was based on physician diagnosis. The cohort was divided into 4 groups of varying combinations of asthma and atopy, and 6 pairwise analyses were conducted to best assess the differential metabolomic profiles between groups. RESULTS Two hundred ten children were classified as At-As-, 42 as At+As-, 74 as At-As+, and 144 as At+As+. Untargeted global metabolomic profiles were generated through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. We applied 2 independent machine learning classifiers and short-listed 362 metabolites as discriminant features. Our analysis showed the most diverse metabolomic profile in the At+As+/At-As- comparison, followed by the At-As+/At-As- comparison, indicating that asthma is the most discriminant condition associated with metabolomic changes. At+As+ metabolomic profiles were characterized by higher levels of bile acids, sphingolipids, and phospholipids, and lower levels of polyamine, tryptophan, and gamma-glutamyl amino acids. CONCLUSION The At+As+ phenotype displays a distinct metabolomic profile suggesting underlying mechanisms such as modulation of host-pathogen and gut microbiota interactions, epigenetic changes in T-cell differentiation, and lower antioxidant properties of the airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Lejeune
- Department of Medicine, Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; University of Lille, Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy Department, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHU Lille, Lille, France; University of Lille, INSERM Unit 1019, CNRS UMR 9017, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Abhinav Kaushik
- Department of Medicine, Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Mass
| | - Ella S Parsons
- Department of Medicine, Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Sharon Chinthrajah
- Department of Medicine, Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Michael Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Manisha Desai
- Quantitative Science Unit, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Monali Manohar
- Department of Medicine, Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Mary Prunicki
- Department of Medicine, Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Mass
| | - Kévin Contrepois
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Philippe Gosset
- University of Lille, INSERM Unit 1019, CNRS UMR 9017, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Antoine Deschildre
- University of Lille, Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy Department, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHU Lille, Lille, France; University of Lille, INSERM Unit 1019, CNRS UMR 9017, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Mass
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Sasiene ZJ, LeBrun ES, Schaller E, Mach PM, Taylor R, Candelaria L, Glaros TG, Baca J, McBride EM. Real-time breath analysis towards a healthy human breath profile. J Breath Res 2024; 18:026003. [PMID: 38198707 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ad1cf1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The direct analysis of molecules contained within human breath has had significant implications for clinical and diagnostic applications in recent decades. However, attempts to compare one study to another or to reproduce previous work are hampered by: variability between sampling methodologies, human phenotypic variability, complex interactions between compounds within breath, and confounding signals from comorbidities. Towards this end, we have endeavored to create an averaged healthy human 'profile' against which follow-on studies might be compared. Through the use of direct secondary electrospray ionization combined with a high-resolution mass spectrometry and in-house bioinformatics pipeline, we seek to curate an average healthy human profile for breath and use this model to distinguish differences inter- and intra-day for human volunteers. Breath samples were significantly different in PERMANOVA analysis and ANOSIM analysis based on Time of Day, Participant ID, Date of Sample, Sex of Participant, and Age of Participant (p< 0.001). Optimal binning analysis identify strong associations between specific features and variables. These include 227 breath features identified as unique identifiers for 28 of the 31 participants. Four signals were identified to be strongly associated with female participants and one with male participants. A total of 37 signals were identified to be strongly associated with the time-of-day samples were taken. Threshold indicator taxa analysis indicated a shift in significant breath features across the age gradient of participants with peak disruption of breath metabolites occurring at around age 32. Forty-eight features were identified after filtering from which a healthy human breath profile for all participants was created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Joseph Sasiene
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States of America
| | - Erick Scott LeBrun
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States of America
| | - Eric Schaller
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States of America
| | - Phillip Michael Mach
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States of America
| | - Robert Taylor
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States of America
| | - Lionel Candelaria
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States of America
| | - Trevor Griffiths Glaros
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States of America
| | - Justin Baca
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States of America
| | - Ethan Matthew McBride
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States of America
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Bajo-Fernández M, Souza-Silva ÉA, Barbas C, Rey-Stolle MF, García A. GC-MS-based metabolomics of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath: applications in health and disease. A review. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1295955. [PMID: 38298553 PMCID: PMC10828970 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1295955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Exhaled breath analysis, with particular emphasis on volatile organic compounds, represents a growing area of clinical research due to its obvious advantages over other diagnostic tests. Numerous pathologies have been extensively investigated for the identification of specific biomarkers in exhalates through metabolomics. However, the transference of breath tests to clinics remains limited, mainly due to deficiency in methodological standardization. Critical steps include the selection of breath sample types, collection devices, and enrichment techniques. GC-MS is the reference analytical technique for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhalates, especially during the biomarker discovery phase in metabolomics. This review comprehensively examines and compares metabolomic studies focusing on cancer, lung diseases, and infectious diseases. In addition to delving into the experimental designs reported, it also provides a critical discussion of the methodological aspects, ranging from the experimental design and sample collection to the identification of potential pathology-specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Bajo-Fernández
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Érica A. Souza-Silva
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
- Departmento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Ma Fernanda Rey-Stolle
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Antonia García
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
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Martínez-Martínez M, Martínez-Martínez M, Soria-Guerra R, Gamiño-Gutiérrez S, Senés-Guerrero C, Santacruz A, Flores-Ramírez R, Salazar-Martínez A, Portales-Pérez D, Bach H, Martínez-Gutiérrez F. Influence of feeding practices in the composition and functionality of infant gut microbiota and its relationship with health. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294494. [PMID: 38170702 PMCID: PMC10763948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Establishing the infant's gut microbiota has long-term implications on health and immunity. Breastfeeding is recognized as the best practice of infant nutrition in comparison with formula feeding. We evaluated the effects of the primary feeding practices by analyzing the infant growth and the potential association with gut diseases. A cross-sectional and observational study was designed. This study included 55 mothers with infants, who were divided according to their feeding practices in breastfeeding (BF), formula feeding (FF), and combined breast and formula feeding (CF). Anthropometric measurements of the participants were recorded. Additionally, non-invasive fecal samples from the infants were collected to analyze the microbiota by sequencing, immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration (ELISA), and volatile organic compounds (gas chromatography with an electronic nose). Results showed that the microbiota diversity in the BF group was the highest compared to the other two groups. The IgA levels in the BF group were twice as high as those in the FF group. Moreover, the child´s growth in the BF group showed the best infant development when the data were compared at birth to the recollection time, as noted by the correlation with a decreased concentration of toxic volatile organic compounds. Interestingly, the CF group showed a significant difference in health status when the data were compared with the FF group. We conclude that early health practices influence children's growth, which is relevant to further research about how those infants' health evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruth Soria-Guerra
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | | | | | - Arlette Santacruz
- Posgrado en Biotecnología, Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Salud Total, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud -CIACYT, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | | | - Diana Portales-Pérez
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Torreón, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Horacio Bach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fidel Martínez-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
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9
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Moura PC, Raposo M, Vassilenko V. Breath biomarkers in Non-Carcinogenic diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 552:117692. [PMID: 38065379 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from human matrices like breath, perspiration, and urine has received increasing attention from academic and medical researchers worldwide. These biological-borne VOCs molecules have characteristics that can be directly related to physiologic and pathophysiologic metabolic processes. In this work, gathers a total of 292 analytes that have been identified as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of various non-carcinogenic diseases. Herein we review the advances in VOCs with a focus on breath biomarkers and their potential role as minimally invasive tools to improve diagnosis prognosis and therapeutic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Catalão Moura
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus FCT-UNL, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Maria Raposo
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus FCT-UNL, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Valentina Vassilenko
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus FCT-UNL, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
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Glöckler J, Mizaikoff B, Díaz de León-Martínez L. SARS CoV-2 infection screening via the exhaled breath fingerprint obtained by FTIR spectroscopic gas-phase analysis. A proof of concept. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 302:123066. [PMID: 37356392 PMCID: PMC10286574 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic remains a global challenge now with the long-COVID arising. Mitigation measures focused on case counting, assessment and determination of variants and their likely targets of infection and transmission, the pursuit of drug treatments, use and enhancement of masks, social distancing, vaccination, post-infection rehabilitation, and mass screening. The latter is of utmost importance given the current scenario of infections, reinfections, and long-term health effects. Research on screening platforms has been developed to provide more sensitive, specific, and reliable tests that are accessible to the entire population and can be used to assess the prognosis of the disease as well as the subsequent health follow-up of patients with sequelae of COVID-19. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the simulation of exhaled breath of COVID-19 patients by evaluation of three identified COVID-19 indicator breath biomarkers (acetone (ACE), acetaldehyde (ACH) and nitric oxide (NO)) by gas-phase infrared spectroscopy as a proof-of-concept principle for the detection of infected patients' exhaled breath fingerprint and subsequent follow-up. The specific fingerprints of each of the compounds and the overall fingerprint were obtained. The synthetic exhaled breath evaluation concept revealed a linearity of r = 0.99 for all compounds, and LODs of 6.42, 13.81, 9.22 ppm, and LOQs of 42.26, 52.57, 69.23 ppm for NO, ACE, and ACH, respectively. This study proves the fundamental feasibility of gas-phase infrared spectroscopy for fingerprinting lung damage biomarkers in exhaled breath of patients with COVID-19. This analysis would allow faster and cheaper screening and follow-up of infected individuals, which could improve mass screening in POC settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Glöckler
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Hahn-Schickard Institute for Microanalysis Systems, Sedanstrasse 14, 89077 Ulm, Germany
| | - Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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11
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Moura PC, Ribeiro PA, Raposo M, Vassilenko V. The State of the Art on Graphene-Based Sensors for Human Health Monitoring through Breath Biomarkers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9271. [PMID: 38005657 PMCID: PMC10674474 DOI: 10.3390/s23229271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic-borne biomarkers has been gaining relevance due to its suitability for diagnosing pathologies and health conditions in a rapid, accurate, non-invasive, painless and low-cost way. Due to the lack of analytical techniques with features capable of analysing such a complex matrix as the human breath, the academic community has focused on developing electronic noses based on arrays of gas sensors. These sensors are assembled considering the excitability, sensitivity and sensing capacities of a specific nanocomposite, graphene. In this way, graphene-based sensors can be employed for a vast range of applications that vary from environmental to medical applications. This review work aims to gather the most relevant published papers under the scope of "Graphene sensors" and "Biomarkers" in order to assess the state of the art in the field of graphene sensors for the purposes of biomarker identification. During the bibliographic search, a total of six pathologies were identified as the focus of the work. They were lung cancer, gastric cancer, chronic kidney diseases, respiratory diseases that involve inflammatory processes of the airways, like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sleep apnoea and diabetes. The achieved results, current development of the sensing sensors, and main limitations or challenges of the field of graphene sensors are discussed throughout the paper, as well as the features of the experiments addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Valentina Vassilenko
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-NOVA), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus FCT-NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (P.C.M.); (P.A.R.); (M.R.)
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12
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Li Y, Wei X, Zhou Y, Wang J, You R. Research progress of electronic nose technology in exhaled breath disease analysis. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:129. [PMID: 37829158 PMCID: PMC10564766 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath analysis has attracted considerable attention as a noninvasive and portable health diagnosis method due to numerous advantages, such as convenience, safety, simplicity, and avoidance of discomfort. Based on many studies, exhaled breath analysis is a promising medical detection technology capable of diagnosing different diseases by analyzing the concentration, type and other characteristics of specific gases. In the existing gas analysis technology, the electronic nose (eNose) analysis method has great advantages of high sensitivity, rapid response, real-time monitoring, ease of use and portability. Herein, this review is intended to provide an overview of the application of human exhaled breath components in disease diagnosis, existing breath testing technologies and the development and research status of electronic nose technology. In the electronic nose technology section, the three aspects of sensors, algorithms and existing systems are summarized in detail. Moreover, the related challenges and limitations involved in the abovementioned technologies are also discussed. Finally, the conclusion and perspective of eNose technology are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
- Laboratory of Intelligent Microsystems, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
| | - Xiangyang Wei
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
- Laboratory of Intelligent Microsystems, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
| | - Yumeng Zhou
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022 China
| | - Rui You
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
- Laboratory of Intelligent Microsystems, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
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13
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Jouyban-Gharamaleki V, Jin H, Jouyban A, Soleymani J. The influence of advanced materials on the analytical performance of semiconductor-based gas sensors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23358-23369. [PMID: 37615695 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01756g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemiresistive gas sensors are metal oxide-based sensors that have received significant attention in different fields. Ambient gas sensors are especially important in the fabrication of wearable probes for the real-time detection of biomarkers in human body samples. Usually, room temperature sensors are affordable due to their low power consumption, resulting in simple instrumentation and maintenance. To fabricate versatile gas sensors, i.e. sensitive, selective, ambient temperature operating gas sensors, and improve the sensing performance of the traditionally used sensor, new materials play an important role. In other words, new advanced materials are essential for designing and fabricating new gas sensors. Hence, in this review, the application and impact of new advanced materials in the fabrication of reliable gas sensors are discussed in detail. Special emphasis is given to the effect of new materials in the fabrication of room-temperature operating systems. Finally, future research outlook and possible challenges that may be encountered by reliable gas sensors are also explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Jouyban-Gharamaleki
- Kimia Idea Pardaz Azerbaijan (KIPA) Science-Based Company, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Han Jin
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Soleymani
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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14
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Romero-Tapia SDJ, Becerril-Negrete JR, Castro-Rodriguez JA, Del-Río-Navarro BE. Early Prediction of Asthma. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5404. [PMID: 37629446 PMCID: PMC10455492 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12165404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical manifestations of asthma in children are highly variable, are associated with different molecular and cellular mechanisms, and are characterized by common symptoms that may diversify in frequency and intensity throughout life. It is a disease that generally begins in the first five years of life, and it is essential to promptly identify patients at high risk of developing asthma by using different prediction models. The aim of this review regarding the early prediction of asthma is to summarize predictive factors for the course of asthma, including lung function, allergic comorbidity, and relevant data from the patient's medical history, among other factors. This review also highlights the epigenetic factors that are involved, such as DNA methylation and asthma risk, microRNA expression, and histone modification. The different tools that have been developed in recent years for use in asthma prediction, including machine learning approaches, are presented and compared. In this review, emphasis is placed on molecular mechanisms and biomarkers that can be used as predictors of asthma in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio de Jesus Romero-Tapia
- Health Sciences Academic Division (DACS), Juarez Autonomous University of Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa 86040, Mexico
| | - José Raúl Becerril-Negrete
- Department of Clinical Immunopathology, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Mexico;
| | - Jose A. Castro-Rodriguez
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile;
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Savito L, Scarlata S, Bikov A, Carratù P, Carpagnano GE, Dragonieri S. Exhaled volatile organic compounds for diagnosis and monitoring of asthma. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:4996-5013. [PMID: 37583852 PMCID: PMC10424019 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i21.4996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The asthmatic inflammatory process results in the generation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are subsequently secreted by the airways. The study of these elements through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which can identify individual molecules with a discriminatory capacity of over 85%, and electronic-Nose (e-NOSE), which is able to perform a quick onboard pattern-recognition analysis of VOCs, has allowed new prospects for non-invasive analysis of the disease in an "omics" approach. In this review, we aim to collect and compare the progress made in VOCs analysis using the two methods and their instrumental characteristics. Studies have described the potential of GC-MS and e-NOSE in a multitude of relevant aspects of the disease in both children and adults, as well as differential diagnosis between asthma and other conditions such as wheezing, cystic fibrosis, COPD, allergic rhinitis and last but not least, the accuracy of these methods compared to other diagnostic tools such as lung function, FeNO and eosinophil count. Due to significant limitations of both methods, it is still necessary to improve and standardize techniques. Currently, e-NOSE appears to be the most promising aid in clinical practice, whereas GC-MS, as the gold standard for the structural analysis of molecules, remains an essential tool in terms of research for further studies on the pathophysiologic pathways of the asthmatic inflammatory process. In conclusion, the study of VOCs through GC-MS and e-NOSE appears to hold promise for the non-invasive diagnosis, assessment, and monitoring of asthma, as well as for further research studies on the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Savito
- Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Respiratory Pathophysiology and Thoracic Endoscopy, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio Medico, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Simone Scarlata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Respiratory Pathophysiology and Thoracic Endoscopy, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio Medico, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Andras Bikov
- Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Pierluigi Carratù
- Department of Internal Medicine "A.Murri", University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70124, Italy
| | | | - Silvano Dragonieri
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
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Seong SH, Kim HS, Lee YM, Kim JS, Park S, Oh J. Exploration of Potential Breath Biomarkers of Chronic Kidney Disease through Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2023; 13:837. [PMID: 37512544 PMCID: PMC10385797 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Breath volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis is a non-invasive tool for assessing health status; the compositional profile of these compounds in the breath of patients with chronic kidney disease is believed to change with decreasing renal function. We aimed to identify breath VOCs for recognizing patients with chronic kidney disease. Using thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, untargeted analysis of breath markers was performed using breath samples of healthy controls (n = 18) versus non-dialysis (n = 21) and hemodialysis (n = 12) patients with chronic kidney disease in this cross-sectional study. A total of 303 VOCs alongside 12 clinical variables were used to determine the breath VOC profile. Metabolomic analysis revealed that age, systolic blood pressure, and fifty-eight breath VOCs differed significantly between the chronic kidney disease group (non-dialysis + hemodialysis) and healthy controls. Thirty-six VOCs and two clinical variables that showed significant associations with chronic kidney disease in the univariate analysis were further analyzed. Different spectra of breath volatile organic compounds between the control and chronic kidney disease groups were obtained. A multivariate model incorporating age, 2-methyl-pentane, and cyclohexanone showed high performance (accuracy, 86%) in identifying patients with chronic kidney disease with odds ratios of 0.18 (95% CI, 0.07-2.49, p = 0.013); 2.10 (0.94-2.24, p = 0.025); and 2.31 (0.88-2.64, p = 0.008), respectively. Hence, this study showed that renal dysfunction induces a characteristic profile of breath VOCs that can be used as non-invasive potential biomarkers in screening tests for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hyun Seong
- Mass Spectrometry & Advanced Instrumentation Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheonju 28119, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Kim
- Mass Spectrometry & Advanced Instrumentation Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheonju 28119, Republic of Korea
- ASTA Corporation, Research & Development Center, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Moon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 05355, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Park
- Koscom Fund Services Corporation, Seoul 07330, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 05355, Republic of Korea
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17
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Shahbazi Khamas S, Alizadeh Bahmani AH, Vijverberg SJ, Brinkman P, Maitland-van der Zee AH. Exhaled volatile organic compounds associated with risk factors for obstructive pulmonary diseases: a systematic review. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9:00143-2023. [PMID: 37650089 PMCID: PMC10463028 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00143-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma and COPD are among the most common respiratory diseases. To improve the early detection of exacerbations and the clinical course of asthma and COPD new biomarkers are needed. The development of noninvasive metabolomics of exhaled air into a point-of-care tool is an appealing option. However, risk factors for obstructive pulmonary diseases can potentially introduce confounding markers due to altered volatile organic compound (VOC) patterns being linked to these risk factors instead of the disease. We conducted a systematic review and presented a comprehensive list of VOCs associated with these risk factors. Methods A PRISMA-oriented systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Libraries between 2000 and 2022. Full-length studies evaluating VOCs in exhaled breath were included. A narrative synthesis of the data was conducted, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of included studies. Results The search yielded 2209 records and, based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 24 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis. In total, 232 individual VOCs associated with risk factors for obstructive pulmonary diseases were found; 58 compounds were reported more than once and 12 were reported as potential markers of asthma and/or COPD in other studies. Critical appraisal found that the identified studies were methodologically heterogeneous and had a variable risk of bias. Conclusion We identified a series of exhaled VOCs associated with risk factors for asthma and/or COPD. Identification of these VOCs is necessary for the further development of exhaled metabolites-based point-of-care tests in these obstructive pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriyar Shahbazi Khamas
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amir Hossein Alizadeh Bahmani
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne J.H. Vijverberg
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Anke H. Maitland-van der Zee
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- These authors contributed equally
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18
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Schulz E, Woollam M, Grocki P, Davis MD, Agarwal M. Methods to Detect Volatile Organic Compounds for Breath Biopsy Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114533. [PMID: 37299010 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are byproducts from metabolic pathways that can be detected in exhaled breath and have been reported as biomarkers for different diseases. The gold standard for analysis is gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which can be coupled with various sampling methods. The current study aims to develop and compare different methods for sampling and preconcentrating VOCs using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). An in-house sampling method, direct-breath SPME (DB-SPME), was developed to directly extract VOCs from breath using a SPME fiber. The method was optimized by exploring different SPME types, the overall exhalation volume, and breath fractionation. DB-SPME was quantitatively compared to two alternative methods involving the collection of breath in a Tedlar bag. In one method, VOCs were directly extracted from the Tedlar bag (Tedlar-SPME) and in the other, the VOCs were cryothermally transferred from the Tedlar bag to a headspace vial (cryotransfer). The methods were verified and quantitatively compared using breath samples (n = 15 for each method respectively) analyzed by GC-MS quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) for compounds including but not limited to acetone, isoprene, toluene, limonene, and pinene. The cryotransfer method was the most sensitive, demonstrating the strongest signal for the majority of the VOCs detected in the exhaled breath samples. However, VOCs with low molecular weights, including acetone and isoprene, were detected with the highest sensitivity using the Tedlar-SPME. On the other hand, the DB-SPME was less sensitive, although it was rapid and had the lowest background GC-MS signal. Overall, the three breath-sampling methods can detect a wide variety of VOCs in breath. The cryotransfer method may be optimal when collecting a large number of samples using Tedlar bags, as it allows the long-term storage of VOCs at low temperatures (-80 °C), while Tedlar-SPME may be more effective when targeting relatively small VOCs. The DB-SPME method may be the most efficient when more immediate analyses and results are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eray Schulz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mark Woollam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Paul Grocki
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Michael D Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mangilal Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Mechanical & Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Sas V, Cherecheș-Panța P, Borcau D, Schnell CN, Ichim EG, Iacob D, Coblișan AP, Drugan T, Man SC. Breath Prints for Diagnosing Asthma in Children. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082831. [PMID: 37109167 PMCID: PMC10146639 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic nose (e-nose) is a new technology applied for the identification of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in breath air. Measuring VOC in exhaled breath can adequately identify airway inflammation, especially in asthma. Its noninvasive character makes e-nose an attractive technology applicable in pediatrics. We hypothesized that an electronic nose could discriminate the breath prints of patients with asthma from controls. A cross-sectional study was conducted and included 35 pediatric patients. Eleven cases and seven controls formed the two training models (models A and B). Another nine cases and eight controls formed the external validation group. Exhaled breath samples were analyzed using Cyranose 320, Smith Detections, Pasadena, CA, USA. The discriminative ability of breath prints was investigated by principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical discriminative analysis (CDA). Cross-validation accuracy (CVA) was calculated. For the external validation step, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Duplicate sampling of exhaled breath was obtained for ten patients. E-nose was able to discriminate between the controls and asthmatic patient group with a CVA of 63.63% and an M-distance of 3.13 for model A and a CVA of 90% and an M-distance of 5.55 for model B in the internal validation step. In the second step of external validation, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were 64%, 77% and 50%, respectively, for model A, and 58%, 66% and 50%, respectively, for model B. Between paired breath sample fingerprints, there were no significant differences. An electronic nose can discriminate pediatric patients with asthma from controls, but the accuracy obtained in the external validation was lower than the CVA obtained in the internal validation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sas
- Department of Pediatrics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400124 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Clinical Hospital for Pediatric Emergencies, 400124 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paraschiva Cherecheș-Panța
- Department of Pediatrics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400124 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Clinical Hospital for Pediatric Emergencies, 400124 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Borcau
- Clinical Hospital for Pediatric Emergencies, 400124 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina-Nicoleta Schnell
- Department of Pediatrics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400124 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Clinical Hospital for Pediatric Emergencies, 400124 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Edita-Gabriela Ichim
- Department of Pediatrics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400124 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Clinical Hospital for Pediatric Emergencies, 400124 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniela Iacob
- Department of Pediatrics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400124 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Clinical Hospital for Pediatric Emergencies, 400124 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina-Petronela Coblișan
- Clinical Hospital for Pediatric Emergencies, 400124 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Nursing, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400124 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tudor Drugan
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400124 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sorin-Claudiu Man
- Department of Pediatrics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400124 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Clinical Hospital for Pediatric Emergencies, 400124 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Kienhorst S, van Aarle MHD, Jöbsis Q, Bannier MAGE, Kersten ETG, Damoiseaux J, van Schayck OCP, Merkus PJFM, Koppelman GH, van Schooten FJ, Smolinska A, Dompeling E. The ADEM2 project: early pathogenic mechanisms of preschool wheeze and a randomised controlled trial assessing the gain in health and cost-effectiveness by application of the breath test for the diagnosis of asthma in wheezing preschool children. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:629. [PMID: 37013496 PMCID: PMC10068201 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of asthma-like symptoms in preschool children is high. Despite numerous efforts, there still is no clinically available diagnostic tool to discriminate asthmatic children from children with transient wheeze at preschool age. This leads to potential overtreatment of children outgrowing their symptoms, and to potential undertreatment of children who turn out to have asthma. Our research group developed a breath test (using GC-tof-MS for VOC-analysis in exhaled breath) that is able to predict a diagnosis of asthma at preschool age. The ADEM2 study assesses the improvement in health gain and costs of care with the application of this breath test in wheezing preschool children. METHODS This study is a combination of a multi-centre, parallel group, two arm, randomised controlled trial and a multi-centre longitudinal observational cohort study. The preschool children randomised into the treatment arm of the RCT receive a probability diagnosis (and corresponding treatment recommendations) of either asthma or transient wheeze based on the exhaled breath test. Children in the usual care arm do not receive a probability diagnosis. Participants are longitudinally followed up until the age of 6 years. The primary outcome is disease control after 1 and 2 years of follow-up. Participants of the RCT, together with a group of healthy preschool children, also contribute to the parallel observational cohort study developed to assess the validity of alternative VOC-sensing techniques and to explore numerous other potential discriminating biological parameters (such as allergic sensitisation, immunological markers, epigenetics, transcriptomics, microbiomics) and the subsequent identification of underlying disease pathways and relation to the discriminative VOCs in exhaled breath. DISCUSSION The potential societal and clinical impact of the diagnostic tool for wheezing preschool children is substantial. By means of the breath test, it will become possible to deliver customized and high qualitative care to the large group of vulnerable preschool children with asthma-like symptoms. By applying a multi-omics approach to an extensive set of biological parameters we aim to explore (new) pathogenic mechanisms in the early development of asthma, creating potentially interesting targets for the development of new therapies. TRIAL REGISTRATION Netherlands Trial Register, NL7336, Date registered 11-10-2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kienhorst
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Moniek H D van Aarle
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Quirijn Jöbsis
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel A G E Bannier
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elin T G Kersten
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, and GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Damoiseaux
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C P van Schayck
- Department of Family Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J F M Merkus
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, and GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Smolinska
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edward Dompeling
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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21
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Weber R, Streckenbach B, Welti L, Inci D, Kohler M, Perkins N, Zenobi R, Micic S, Moeller A. Online breath analysis with SESI/HRMS for metabolic signatures in children with allergic asthma. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1154536. [PMID: 37065443 PMCID: PMC10102578 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1154536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: There is a need to improve the diagnosis and management of pediatric asthma. Breath analysis aims to address this by non-invasively assessing altered metabolism and disease-associated processes. Our goal was to identify exhaled metabolic signatures that distinguish children with allergic asthma from healthy controls using secondary electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (SESI/HRMS) in a cross-sectional observational study. Methods: Breath analysis was performed with SESI/HRMS. Significant differentially expressed mass-to-charge features in breath were extracted using the empirical Bayes moderated t-statistics test. Corresponding molecules were putatively annotated by tandem mass spectrometry database matching and pathway analysis. Results: 48 allergic asthmatics and 56 healthy controls were included in the study. Among 375 significant mass-to-charge features, 134 were putatively identified. Many of these could be grouped to metabolites of common pathways or chemical families. We found several pathways that are well-represented by the significant metabolites, for example, lysine degradation elevated and two arginine pathways downregulated in the asthmatic group. Assessing the ability of breath profiles to classify samples as asthmatic or healthy with supervised machine learning in a 10 times repeated 10-fold cross-validation revealed an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.83. Discussion: For the first time, a large number of breath-derived metabolites that discriminate children with allergic asthma from healthy controls were identified by online breath analysis. Many are linked to well-described metabolic pathways and chemical families involved in pathophysiological processes of asthma. Furthermore, a subset of these volatile organic compounds showed high potential for clinical diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Weber
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Streckenbach
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lara Welti
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Demet Inci
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Perkins
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Srdjan Micic
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Moeller
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Westphal K, Dudzik D, Waszczuk-Jankowska M, Graff B, Narkiewicz K, Markuszewski MJ. Common Strategies and Factors Affecting Off-Line Breath Sampling and Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis Using Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). Metabolites 2022; 13:8. [PMID: 36676933 PMCID: PMC9866406 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An analysis of exhaled breath enables specialists to noninvasively monitor biochemical processes and to determine any pathological state in the human body. Breath analysis holds the greatest potential to remold and personalize diagnostics; however, it requires a multidisciplinary approach and collaboration of many specialists. Despite the fact that breath is considered to be a less complex matrix than blood, it is not commonly used as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for early detection of disordered conditions due to its problematic sampling, analysis, and storage. This review is intended to determine, standardize, and marshal experimental strategies for successful, reliable, and especially, reproducible breath analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Westphal
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Danuta Dudzik
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Waszczuk-Jankowska
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Beata Graff
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Narkiewicz
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał Jan Markuszewski
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
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23
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Xu W, Zou X, Ding Y, Zhang J, Zheng L, Zuo H, Yang M, Zhou Q, Liu Z, Ge D, Zhang Q, Song W, Huang C, Shen C, Chu Y. Rapid screen for ventilator associated pneumonia using exhaled volatile organic compounds. Talanta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Exhaled Breath Analysis for Investigating the Use of Inhaled Corticosteroids and Corticosteroid Responsiveness in Wheezing Preschool Children. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175160. [PMID: 36079088 PMCID: PMC9456576 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaled breath analysis has great potential in diagnosing various respiratory and non-respiratory diseases. In this study, we investigated the influence of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) on exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of wheezing preschool children. Furthermore, we assessed whether exhaled VOCs could predict a clinical steroid response in wheezing preschool children. We performed a crossover 8-week ICS trial, in which 147 children were included. Complete data were available for 89 children, of which 46 children were defined as steroid-responsive. Exhaled VOCs were measured by GC-tof-MS. Statistical analysis by means of Random Forest was used to investigate the effect of ICS on exhaled VOCs. A set of 20 VOCs could best discriminate between measurements before and after ICS treatment, with a sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 67% (area under ROC curve = 0.72). Most discriminative VOCs were branched C11H24, butanal, octanal, acetic acid and methylated pentane. Other VOCs predominantly included alkanes. Regularised multivariate analysis of variance (rMANOVA) was used to determine treatment response, which showed a significant effect between responders and non-responders (p < 0.01). These results show that ICS significantly altered the exhaled breath profiles of wheezing preschool children, irrespective of clinical treatment response. Furthermore, exhaled VOCs were capable of determining corticosteroid responsiveness in wheezing preschool children.
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25
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Ogbodo JO, Arazu AV, Iguh TC, Onwodi NJ, Ezike TC. Volatile organic compounds: A proinflammatory activator in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928379. [PMID: 35967306 PMCID: PMC9373925 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, has been linked to human exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC) present in the environment. Chronic inflammation due to immune breakdown and malfunctioning of the immune system has been projected to play a major role in the initiation and progression of autoimmune disorders. Macrophages, major phagocytes involved in the regulation of chronic inflammation, are a major target of VOC. Excessive and prolonged activation of immune cells (T and B lymphocytes) and overexpression of the master pro-inflammatory constituents [cytokine and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, together with other mediators (interleukin-6, interleukin-1, and interferon-gamma)] have been shown to play a central role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory responses. The function and efficiency of the immune system resulting in immunostimulation and immunosuppression are a result of exogenous and endogenous factors. An autoimmune disorder is a by-product of the overproduction of these inflammatory mediators. Additionally, an excess of these toxicants helps in promoting autoimmunity through alterations in DNA methylation in CD4 T cells. The purpose of this review is to shed light on the possible role of VOC exposure in the onset and progression of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Onyebuchi Ogbodo
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukkagu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Amarachukwu Vivan Arazu
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukkagu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Tochukwu Chisom Iguh
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ngozichukwuka Julie Onwodi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Tobechukwu Christian Ezike
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Tobechukwu Christian Ezike,
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26
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Barbosa JMG, de Mendonça DR, David LC, E Silva TC, Fortuna Lima DA, de Oliveira AE, Lopes WDZ, Fioravanti MCS, da Cunha PHJ, Antoniosi Filho NR. A cerumenolomic approach to bovine trypanosomosis diagnosis. Metabolomics 2022; 18:42. [PMID: 35739279 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma vivax (T. vivax, subgenus Duttonella) is a burden disease in bovines that induces losses of billions of dollars in livestock activity worldwide. To control the disease, the first step is identifying the infected animals at early stages. However, convention tools for animal infection detection by T. vivax present some challenges, facilitating the spread of the pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES This work aims to develop a new procedure to identify infected bovines by T. vivax using cerumen (earwax) in a volatilomic approach, here named cerumenolomic, which is performed in an easy, quick, accurate, and non-invasive manner. METHODS Seventy-eight earwax samples from Brazilian Curraleiro Pé-Duro calves were collected in a longitudinal study protocol during health and inoculated stages. The samples were analyzed using Headspace/Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry followed by multivariate analysis approaches. RESULTS The cerumen analyses lead to the identification of a broad spectrum of volatile organic metabolites (VOMs), of which 20 VOMs can discriminate between healthy and infected calves (AUC = 0.991, sensitivity = 0.967, specificity = 1.000). Furthermore, 13 VOMs can indicate a pattern of discrimination between the acute and chronic phases of the T. vivax infection in the animals (AUC = 0.989, sensitivity = 0.944, specificity = 1.000). CONCLUSION The cerumen volatile metabolites present alterations in their occurrence during the T.vivax infection, which may lead to identifying the infection in the first weeks of inoculation and discriminating between the acute and chronic phases of the illness. These results may be a breakthrough to avoid the T. vivax outbreak and provide a faster clinical approach to the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Marcos G Barbosa
- Laboratório de Métodos de Extração e Separação (LAMES), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Campus II - Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Débora Ribeiro de Mendonça
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia (EVZ), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus II - Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, CEP, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Lurian C David
- Laboratório de Métodos de Extração e Separação (LAMES), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Campus II - Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Taynara C E Silva
- Laboratório de Métodos de Extração e Separação (LAMES), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Campus II - Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Danielly A Fortuna Lima
- Laboratório de Métodos de Extração e Separação (LAMES), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Campus II - Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Anselmo E de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Instituto de Química, UFG, Goiânia, GO, 74690-970, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia (EVZ), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus II - Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Clorinda S Fioravanti
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia (EVZ), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus II - Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, CEP, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo H Jorge da Cunha
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia (EVZ), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus II - Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, CEP, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Nelson R Antoniosi Filho
- Laboratório de Métodos de Extração e Separação (LAMES), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Campus II - Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
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Sola-Martínez RA, Sanchez-Solis M, Lozano-Terol G, Gallego-Jara J, García-Marcos L, Cánovas Díaz M, de Diego Puente T. Relationship between lung function and exhaled volatile organic compounds in healthy infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 2022; 57:1282-1292. [PMID: 35092361 PMCID: PMC9304127 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to assess, for the first time, the relationship between the volatilome and lung function in healthy infants, which may be of help for the early detection of certain respiratory diseases. Lung function tests are crucial in chronic respiratory diseases diagnosis. Moreover, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) analysis in exhaled breath is a noninvasive technique that enables the monitorization of oxidative stress, typical of some forms of airway inflammation. METHODS Lung function was studied in 50 healthy infants of 3-8 months of age and the following parameters were obtained: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at 0.5 s (FEV0.5 ), forced expiratory flow at 75% of FVC (FEF75 ), forced expiratory flow at 25%-75% of FVC (FEF25-75 ), and FEV0.5 /FVC. Lung function was measured according to the raised volume rapid thoracoabdominal compression technique. In addition, a targeted analysis of six endogenous VOCs (acetone, isoprene, decane, undecane, tetradecane, and pentadecane) in the exhaled breath of the children was carried out by means of thermal desorption coupled gas chromatography-single quadrupole mass spectrometry system. RESULTS A negatively significant relationship has been observed between levels of acetone, tetradecane, and pentadecane in exhaled breath and several of the lung function parameters. Levels of acetone (feature m/z = 58) were significantly negatively associated with FVC and FVE0.5 , levels of tetradecane (feature m/z = 71) with FEV0.5, and levels of pentadecane (feature m/z = 71) with FEV0.5 and FEF25-75 . CONCLUSION The findings of this study highlight a significant association between VOCs related to oxidative stress and lung function in healthy infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A Sola-Martínez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Group of Molecular Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Sanchez-Solis
- Group of Pediatric Research, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,Respiratory and Allergy Units, Arrixaca Children's University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Network of Asthma and Adverse and Allergy Reactions (ARADyAL), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Lozano-Terol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Group of Molecular Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Julia Gallego-Jara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Group of Molecular Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis García-Marcos
- Group of Pediatric Research, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,Respiratory and Allergy Units, Arrixaca Children's University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Network of Asthma and Adverse and Allergy Reactions (ARADyAL), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Cánovas Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Group of Molecular Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa de Diego Puente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Group of Molecular Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
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Patel D, Hall GL, Broadhurst D, Smith A, Schultz A, Foong RE. Does machine learning have a role in the prediction of asthma in children? Paediatr Respir Rev 2022; 41:51-60. [PMID: 34210588 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic lung disease in childhood. There has been a significant worldwide effort to develop tools/methods to identify children's risk for asthma as early as possible for preventative and early management strategies. Unfortunately, most childhood asthma prediction tools using conventional statistical models have modest accuracy, sensitivity, and positive predictive value. Machine learning is an approach that may improve on conventional models by finding patterns and trends from large and complex datasets. Thus far, few studies have utilized machine learning to predict asthma in children. This review aims to critically assess these studies, describe their limitations, and discuss future directions to move from proof-of-concept to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimpalben Patel
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Graham L Hall
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
| | - David Broadhurst
- Centre for Integrative Metabolomics & Computational Biology, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.
| | - Anne Smith
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
| | - André Schultz
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, Australia; Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - Rachel E Foong
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
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Haworth JJ, Pitcher CK, Ferrandino G, Hobson AR, Pappan KL, Lawson JLD. Breathing new life into clinical testing and diagnostics: perspectives on volatile biomarkers from breath. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2022; 59:353-372. [PMID: 35188863 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2022.2038075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human breath offers several benefits for diagnostic applications, including simple, noninvasive collection. Breath is a rich source of clinically-relevant biological information; this includes a volatile fraction, where greater than 1,000 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been described so far, and breath aerosols that carry nucleic acids, proteins, signaling molecules, and pathogens. Many of these factors, especially VOCs, are delivered to the lung by the systemic circulation, and diffusion of candidate biomarkers from blood into breath allows systematic profiling of organismal health. Biomarkers on breath offer the capability to advance early detection and precision medicine in areas of global clinical need. Breath tests are noninvasive and can be performed at home or in a primary care setting, which makes them well-suited for the kind of public screening program that could dramatically improve the early detection of conditions such as lung cancer. Since measurements of VOCs on breath largely report on metabolic changes, this too aids in the early detection of a broader range of illnesses and can be used to detect metabolic shifts that could be targeted through precision medicine. Furthermore, the ability to perform frequent sampling has envisioned applications in monitoring treatment responses. Breath has been investigated in respiratory, liver, gut, and neurological diseases and in contexts as diverse as infectious diseases and cancer. Preclinical research studies using breath have been ongoing for some time, yet only a few breath-based diagnostics tests are currently available and in widespread clinical use. Most recently, tests assessing the gut microbiome using hydrogen and methane on breath, in addition to tests using urea to detect Helicobacter pylori infections have been released, yet there are many more applications of breath tests still to be realized. Here, we discuss the strengths of breath as a clinical sampling matrix and the technical challenges to be addressed in developing it for clinical use. Historically, a lack of standardized methodologies has delayed the discovery and validation of biomarker candidates, resulting in a proliferation of early-stage pilot studies. We will explore how advancements in breath collection and analysis are in the process of driving renewed progress in the field, particularly in the context of gastrointestinal and chronic liver disease. Finally, we will provide a forward-looking outlook for developing the next generation of clinically relevant breath tests and how they may emerge into clinical practice.
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30
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Ray B, Parmar S, Vijayan V, Vishwakarma S, Datar S. Detection of trace volatile organic compounds in spiked breath samples: a leap towards breathomics. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:205505. [PMID: 35042201 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac4c5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Breathomics is the future of non-invasive point-of-care devices. The field of breathomics can be split into the isolation of disease-specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their detection. In the present work, an array of five quartz tuning fork (QTF)-based sensors modified by polymer with nanomaterial additive has been utilized. The array has been used to detect samples of human breath spiked with ∼0.5 ppm of known VOCs namely, acetone, acetaldehyde, octane, decane, ethanol, methanol, styrene, propylbenzene, cyclohexanone, butanediol, and isopropyl alcohol which are bio-markers for certain diseases. Polystyrene was used as the base polymer and it was functionalized with 4 different fillers namely, silver nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide composite, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, zinc ferrite nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide composite, and cellulose acetate. Each of these fillers enhanced the selectivity of a particular sensor towards a certain VOC compared to the pristine polystyrene-modified sensor. Their interaction with the VOCs in changing the mechanical properties of polymer giving rise to change in the resonant frequency of QTF is used as sensor response for detection. The interaction of functionalized polymers with VOCs was analyzed by FTIR and UV-vis spectroscopy. The collective sensor response of five sensors is used to identify VOCs using an ensemble classifier with 92.8% accuracy of prediction. The accuracy of prediction improved to 96% when isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, and methanol were considered as one class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishakha Ray
- Department of Applied Physics, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune, MH, 411025, India
| | - Saurabh Parmar
- Department of Applied Physics, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune, MH, 411025, India
| | - Varsha Vijayan
- Department of Applied Physics, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune, MH, 411025, India
| | - Satyendra Vishwakarma
- Department of Applied Physics, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune, MH, 411025, India
| | - Suwarna Datar
- Department of Applied Physics, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune, MH, 411025, India
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Issitt T, Wiggins L, Veysey M, Sweeney S, Brackenbury W, Redeker K. Volatile compounds in human breath: critical review and meta-analysis. J Breath Res 2022; 16. [PMID: 35120340 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac5230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Volatile compounds contained in human breath reflect the inner workings of the body. A large number of studies have been published that link individual components of breath to disease, but diagnostic applications remain limited, in part due to inconsistent and conflicting identification of breath biomarkers. New approaches are therefore required to identify effective biomarker targets. Here, volatile organic compounds have been identified in the literature from four metabolically and physiologically distinct diseases and grouped into chemical functional groups (e.g. - methylated hydrocarbons or aldehydes; based on known metabolic and enzymatic pathways) to support biomarker discovery and provide new insight on existing data. Using this functional grouping approach, principal component analysis doubled explanatory capacity from 19.1% to 38% relative to single individual compound approaches. Random forest and linear discriminant analysis reveal 93% classification accuracy for cancer. This review and meta-analysis provides insight for future research design by identifying volatile functional groups associated with disease. By incorporating our understanding of the complexities of the human body, along with accounting for variability in methodological and analytical approaches, this work demonstrates that a suite of targeted, functional volatile biomarkers, rather than individual biomarker compounds, will improve accuracy and success in diagnostic research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Issitt
- Biology, University of York, University of York, York, York, YO10 5DD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Laura Wiggins
- Biology, University of York, University of York, York, York, YO10 5DD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Martin Veysey
- The University of Newcastle, School of Medicine & Public Health, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, AUSTRALIA
| | - Sean Sweeney
- Biology, University of York, University of York, York, York, YO10 5DD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - William Brackenbury
- Biology, University of York, University of York, York, York, YO10 5DD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Kelly Redeker
- Biology, University of York, Biology Dept. University of York, York, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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Plantier L, Smolinska A, Fijten R, Flamant M, Dallinga J, Mercadier JJ, Pachen D, d'Ortho MP, van Schooten FJ, Crestani B, Boots AW. The use of exhaled air analysis in discriminating interstitial lung diseases: a pilot study. Respir Res 2022; 23:12. [PMID: 35057817 PMCID: PMC8772159 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrotic Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are a heterogeneous group of chronic lung diseases characterized by diverse degrees of lung inflammation and remodeling. They include idiopathic ILD such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and ILD secondary to chronic inflammatory diseases such as connective tissue disease (CTD). Precise differential diagnosis of ILD is critical since anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs, which are beneficial in inflammatory ILD, are detrimental in IPF. However, differential diagnosis of ILD is still difficult and often requires an invasive lung biopsy. The primary aim of this study is to identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) patterns in exhaled air to non-invasively discriminate IPF and CTD-ILD. As secondary aim, the association between the IPF and CTD-ILD discriminating VOC patterns and functional impairment is investigated. METHODS Fifty-three IPF patients, 53 CTD-ILD patients and 51 controls donated exhaled air, which was analyzed for its VOC content using gas chromatograph- time of flight- mass spectrometry. RESULTS By applying multivariate analysis, a discriminative profile of 34 VOCs was observed to discriminate between IPF patients and healthy controls whereas 11 VOCs were able to distinguish between CTD-ILD patients and healthy controls. The separation between IPF and CTD-ILD could be made using 16 discriminating VOCs, that also displayed a significant correlation with total lung capacity and the 6 min' walk distance. CONCLUSIONS This study reports for the first time that specific VOC profiles can be found to differentiate IPF and CTD-ILD from both healthy controls and each other. Moreover, an ILD-specific VOC profile was strongly correlated with functional parameters. Future research applying larger cohorts of patients suffering from a larger variety of ILDs should confirm the potential use of breathomics to facilitate fast, non-invasive and proper differential diagnosis of specific ILDs in the future as first step towards personalized medicine for these complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Plantier
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Function Testing, CHRU, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
- Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, INSERM UMR1100, Tours, France
| | - A Smolinska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R Fijten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro) GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ET, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Flamant
- Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - J Dallinga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J J Mercadier
- Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - D Pachen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M P d'Ortho
- Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1141, NeuroDiderot, France
| | - F J van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - B Crestani
- Service de Pneumologie A, DHU FIRE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR1152, Labex Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - A W Boots
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Gautam Y, Johansson E, Mersha TB. Multi-Omics Profiling Approach to Asthma: An Evolving Paradigm. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12010066. [PMID: 35055381 PMCID: PMC8778153 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a complex multifactorial and heterogeneous respiratory disease. Although genetics is a strong risk factor of asthma, external and internal exposures and their interactions with genetic factors also play important roles in the pathophysiology of asthma. Over the past decades, the application of high-throughput omics approaches has emerged and been applied to the field of asthma research for screening biomarkers such as genes, transcript, proteins, and metabolites in an unbiased fashion. Leveraging large-scale studies representative of diverse population-based omics data and integrating with clinical data has led to better profiling of asthma risk. Yet, to date, no omic-driven endotypes have been translated into clinical practice and management of asthma. In this article, we provide an overview of the current status of omics studies of asthma, namely, genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, exposomics, and metabolomics. The current development of the multi-omics integrations of asthma is also briefly discussed. Biomarker discovery following multi-omics profiling could be challenging but useful for better disease phenotyping and endotyping that can translate into advances in asthma management and clinical care, ultimately leading to successful precision medicine approaches.
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Paleczek A, Rydosz AM. Review of the algorithms used in exhaled breath analysis for the detection of diabetes. J Breath Res 2022; 16. [PMID: 34996056 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac4916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently, intensive work is underway on the development of truly noninvasive medical diagnostic systems, including respiratory analysers based on the detection of biomarkers of several diseases including diabetes. In terms of diabetes, acetone is considered as a one of the potential biomarker, although is not the single one. Therefore, the selective detection is crucial. Most often, the analysers of exhaled breath are based on the utilization of several commercially available gas sensors or on specially designed and manufactured gas sensors to obtain the highest selectivity and sensitivity to diabetes biomarkers present in the exhaled air. An important part of each system are the algorithms that are trained to detect diabetes based on data obtained from sensor matrices. The prepared review of the literature showed that there are many limitations in the development of the versatile breath analyser, such as high metabolic variability between patients, but the results obtained by researchers using the algorithms described in this paper are very promising and most of them achieve over 90% accuracy in the detection of diabetes in exhaled air. This paper summarizes the results using various measurement systems, feature extraction and feature selection methods as well as algorithms such as Support Vector Machines, k-Nearest Neighbours and various variations of Neural Networks for the detection of diabetes in patient samples and simulated artificial breath samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Paleczek
- Institute of Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology Faculty of Computer Science Electronics and Telecommunications, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, 30-059, POLAND
| | - Artur Maciej Rydosz
- Institute of Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology Faculty of Computer Science Electronics and Telecommunications, Al. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, 30-059, POLAND
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Rutjes N, Van den Bongaardt I, Hashimoto S, Sterk P, Van Aalderen W, Terheggen-Lagro S, Brinkman P, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Van der Schee M, Haarman E. Prediction of asthma in early preschool wheezing by electronic nose analysis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13612. [PMID: 34407242 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Rutjes
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Van den Bongaardt
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Hashimoto
- Respiratory Disease, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Sterk
- Respiratory Disease, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Van Aalderen
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Terheggen-Lagro
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marc Van der Schee
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Haarman
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Metabolic Phenotypes in Asthmatic Adults: Relationship with Inflammatory and Clinical Phenotypes and Prognostic Implications. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080534. [PMID: 34436475 PMCID: PMC8400680 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a chronic disease that affects individuals of all ages. It has a high prevalence and is associated with high morbidity and considerable levels of mortality. However, asthma is not a single disease, and multiple subtypes or phenotypes (clinical, inflammatory or combinations thereof) can be detected, namely in aggregated clusters. Most studies have characterised asthma phenotypes and clusters of phenotypes using mainly clinical and inflammatory parameters. These studies are important because they may have clinical and prognostic implications and may also help to tailor personalised treatment approaches. In addition, various metabolomics studies have helped to further define the metabolic features of asthma, using electronic noses or targeted and untargeted approaches. Besides discriminating between asthma and a healthy state, metabolomics can detect the metabolic signatures associated with some asthma subtypes, namely eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic phenotypes or the obese asthma phenotype, and this may prove very useful in point-of-care application. Furthermore, metabolomics also discriminates between asthma and other “phenotypes” of chronic obstructive airway diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or Asthma–COPD Overlap (ACO). However, there are still various aspects that need to be more thoroughly investigated in the context of asthma phenotypes in adequately designed, homogeneous, multicentre studies, using adequate tools and integrating metabolomics into a multiple-level approach.
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Lawson J, Beauchamp J. Pursuing breath research in unprecedented circumstances-report from the Breath Biopsy Conference 2020. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 34107459 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac09d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The global outbreak of Sars-CoV-2 commencing early in 2020 had a dramatic impact on breath research, imposing abrupt restrictions but also presenting unforeseen opportunities. Taking place against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 Breath Biopsy Conference provided the breath research community with a platform to showcase and discuss the latest findings, including COVID-19 related research. As with most conferences under the present circumstance, it differed from its predecessor meetings by shifting to a virtual format, but retained its broad scope and interactive nature. The conference centred on four key themes, featuring applications of volatile organic compounds, breath biomarkers for liver disease, study design and data analytics, and, notably this year, breath-based endeavours to detect COVID-19 infection. This meeting report summarizes the events of the conference and spotlights selected contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lawson
- Owlstone Medical Ltd, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Beauchamp
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
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Sola Martínez RA, Pastor Hernández JM, Yanes Torrado Ó, Cánovas Díaz M, de Diego Puente T, Vinaixa Crevillent M. Exhaled volatile organic compounds analysis in clinical pediatrics: a systematic review. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:1352-1363. [PMID: 32919397 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measured exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath also referred to as exhaled volatilome have been long claimed as a potential source of non-invasive and clinically applicable biomarkers. However, the feasibility of using exhaled volatilome in clinical practice remains to be demonstrated, particularly in pediatrics where the need for improved non-invasive diagnostic and monitoring methods is most urgent. This work presents the first formal evidence-based judgment of the clinical potential of breath volatilome in the pediatric population. METHODS A rigorous systematic review across Web of Science, SCOPUS, and PubMed databases following the PRISMA statement guidelines. A narrative synthesis of the evidence was conducted and QUADAS-2 was used to assess the quality of selected studies. RESULTS Two independent reviewers deemed 22 out of the 229 records initially found to satisfy inclusion criteria. A summary of breath VOCs found to be relevant for several respiratory, infectious, and metabolic pathologies was conducted. In addition, we assessed their associated metabolism coverage through a functional characterization analysis. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that current research remains stagnant in a preclinical exploratory setting. Designing exploratory experiments in compliance with metabolomics practice should drive forward the clinical translation of VOCs breath analysis. IMPACT What is the key message of your article? Metabolomics practice could help to achieve the clinical utility of exhaled volatilome analysis. What does it add to the existing literature? This work is the first systematic review focused on disease status discrimination using analysis of exhaled breath in the pediatric population. A summary of the reported exhaled volatile organic compounds is conducted together with a functional characterization analysis. What is the impact? Having noted challenges preventing the clinical translation, we summary metabolomics practices and the experimental designs that are closer to clinical practice to create a framework to guide future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A Sola Martínez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B) and Immunology, University of Murcia and Murcian Institute of Biosanitary Research Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - José M Pastor Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B) and Immunology, University of Murcia and Murcian Institute of Biosanitary Research Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Óscar Yanes Torrado
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Metabolomics Platform, Reus, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Cánovas Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B) and Immunology, University of Murcia and Murcian Institute of Biosanitary Research Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa de Diego Puente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B) and Immunology, University of Murcia and Murcian Institute of Biosanitary Research Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
| | - María Vinaixa Crevillent
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Metabolomics Platform, Reus, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Sharma R, Zang W, Zhou M, Schafer N, Begley LA, Huang YJ, Fan X. Real Time Breath Analysis Using Portable Gas Chromatography for Adult Asthma Phenotypes. Metabolites 2021; 11:265. [PMID: 33922762 PMCID: PMC8145057 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is heterogeneous but accessible biomarkers to distinguish relevant phenotypes remain lacking, particularly in non-Type 2 (T2)-high asthma. Moreover, common clinical characteristics in both T2-high and T2-low asthma (e.g., atopy, obesity, inhaled steroid use) may confound interpretation of putative biomarkers and of underlying biology. This study aimed to identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath that distinguish not only asthmatic and non-asthmatic subjects, but also atopic non-asthmatic controls and also by variables that reflect clinical differences among asthmatic adults. A total of 73 participants (30 asthma, eight atopic non-asthma, and 35 non-asthma/non-atopic subjects) were recruited for this pilot study. A total of 79 breath samples were analyzed in real-time using an automated portable gas chromatography (GC) device developed in-house. GC-mass spectrometry was also used to identify the VOCs in breath. Machine learning, linear discriminant analysis, and principal component analysis were used to identify the biomarkers. Our results show that the portable GC was able to complete breath analysis in 30 min. A set of nine biomarkers distinguished asthma and non-asthma/non-atopic subjects, while sets of two and of four biomarkers, respectively, further distinguished asthmatic from atopic controls, and between atopic and non-atopic controls. Additional unique biomarkers were identified that discriminate subjects by blood eosinophil levels, obese status, inhaled corticosteroid treatment, and also acute upper respiratory illnesses within asthmatic groups. Our work demonstrates that breath VOC profiling can be a clinically accessible tool for asthma diagnosis and phenotyping. A portable GC system is a viable option for rapid assessment in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (R.S.); (W.Z.); (M.Z.)
| | - Wenzhe Zang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (R.S.); (W.Z.); (M.Z.)
| | - Menglian Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (R.S.); (W.Z.); (M.Z.)
| | - Nicole Schafer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (N.S.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Lesa A. Begley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (N.S.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Yvonne J. Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (N.S.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (R.S.); (W.Z.); (M.Z.)
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Drabińska N, Flynn C, Ratcliffe N, Belluomo I, Myridakis A, Gould O, Fois M, Smart A, Devine T, Costello BDL. A literature survey of all volatiles from healthy human breath and bodily fluids: the human volatilome. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33761469 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abf1d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper comprises an updated version of the 2014 review which reported 1846 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) identified from healthy humans. In total over 900 additional VOCs have been reported since the 2014 review and the VOCs from semen have been added. The numbers of VOCs found in breath and the other bodily fluids are: blood 379, breath 1488, faeces 443, milk 290, saliva 549, semen 196, skin 623 and urine 444. Compounds were assigned CAS registry numbers and named according to a common convention where possible. The compounds have been included in a single table with the source reference(s) for each VOC, an update on our 2014 paper. VOCs have also been grouped into tables according to their chemical class or functionality to permit easy comparison. Careful use of the database is needed, as a number of the identified VOCs only have level 2-putative assignment, and only a small fraction of the reported VOCs have been validated by standards. Some clear differences are observed, for instance, a lack of esters in urine with a high number in faeces and breath. However, the lack of compounds from matrices such a semen and milk compared to breath for example could be due to the techniques used or reflect the intensity of effort e.g. there are few publications on VOCs from milk and semen compared to a large number for breath. The large number of volatiles reported from skin is partly due to the methodologies used, e.g. by collecting skin sebum (with dissolved VOCs and semi VOCs) onto glass beads or cotton pads and then heating to a high temperature to desorb VOCs. All compounds have been included as reported (unless there was a clear discrepancy between name and chemical structure), but there may be some mistaken assignations arising from the original publications, particularly for isomers. It is the authors' intention that this work will not only be a useful database of VOCs listed in the literature but will stimulate further study of VOCs from healthy individuals; for example more work is required to confirm the identification of these VOCs adhering to the principles outlined in the metabolomics standards initiative. Establishing a list of volatiles emanating from healthy individuals and increased understanding of VOC metabolic pathways is an important step for differentiating between diseases using VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Drabińska
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Cheryl Flynn
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, QEQM Building, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Antonis Myridakis
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, QEQM Building, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Gould
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Fois
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Smart
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Devine
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Ben De Lacy Costello
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
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Application of Metabolomics in Pediatric Asthma: Prediction, Diagnosis and Personalized Treatment. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11040251. [PMID: 33919626 PMCID: PMC8072856 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma in children remains a significant public health challenge affecting 5–20% of children in Europe and is associated with increased morbidity and societal healthcare costs. The high variation in asthma incidence among countries may be attributed to differences in genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. This respiratory disorder is described as a heterogeneous syndrome of multiple clinical manifestations (phenotypes) with varying degrees of severity and airway hyper-responsiveness, which is based on patient symptoms, lung function and response to pharmacotherapy. However, an accurate diagnosis is often difficult due to diversities in clinical presentation. Therefore, identifying early diagnostic biomarkers and improving the monitoring of airway dysfunction and inflammatory through non-invasive methods are key goals in successful pediatric asthma management. Given that asthma is caused by the interaction between genes and environmental factors, an emerging approach, metabolomics—the systematic analysis of small molecules—can provide more insight into asthma pathophysiological mechanisms, enable the identification of early biomarkers and targeted personalized therapies, thus reducing disease burden and societal cost. The purpose of this review is to present evidence on the utility of metabolomics in pediatric asthma through the analysis of intermediate metabolites of biochemical pathways that involve carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, organic acids and nucleotides and discuss their potential application in clinical practice. Also, current challenges on the integration of metabolomics in pediatric asthma management and needed next steps are critically discussed.
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Elenius V, Chawes B, Malmberg PL, Adamiec A, Ruszczyński M, Feleszko W, Jartti T. Lung function testing and inflammation markers for wheezing preschool children: A systematic review for the EAACI Clinical Practice Recommendations on Diagnostics of Preschool Wheeze. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:501-513. [PMID: 33222297 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preschool wheeze is highly prevalent; 30%-50% of children have wheezed at least once before age six. Wheezing is not a disorder; it is a symptom of obstruction in the airways, and it is essential to identify the correct diagnosis behind this symptom. An increasing number of studies provide evidence for novel diagnostic tools for monitoring and predicting asthma in the pediatric population. Several techniques are available to measure airway obstruction and airway inflammation, including spirometry, impulse oscillometry, whole-body plethysmography, bronchial hyperresponsiveness test, multiple breath washout test, measurements of exhaled NO, and analyses of various other biomarkers. METHODS We systematically reviewed all the existing techniques available for measuring lung function and airway inflammation in preschool children to assess their potential and clinical value in the routine diagnostics and monitoring of airway obstruction. RESULTS If applicable, measuring FEV1 using spirometry is considered useful. For those unable to perform spirometry, whole-body plethysmography and IOS may be useful. Bronchial reversibility to beta2-agonist and hyperresponsiveness test with running exercise challenge may improve the sensitivity of these tests. CONCLUSIONS The difficulty of measuring lung function and the lack of large randomized controlled trials makes it difficult to establish guidelines for monitoring asthma in preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varpu Elenius
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital and Turku University, Turku, Finland
| | - Bo Chawes
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pekka L Malmberg
- The Skin and Allergy Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aleksander Adamiec
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Ruszczyński
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Feleszko
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Monedeiro F, Monedeiro-Milanowski M, Ratiu IA, Brożek B, Ligor T, Buszewski B. Needle Trap Device-GC-MS for Characterization of Lung Diseases Based on Breath VOC Profiles. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061789. [PMID: 33810121 PMCID: PMC8004837 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been assessed in breath samples as possible indicators of diseases. The present study aimed to quantify 29 VOCs (previously reported as potential biomarkers of lung diseases) in breath samples collected from controls and individuals with lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Besides that, global VOC profiles were investigated. A needle trap device (NTD) was used as pre-concentration technique, associated to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Univariate and multivariate approaches were applied to assess VOC distributions according to the studied diseases. Limits of quantitation ranged from 0.003 to 6.21 ppbv and calculated relative standard deviations did not exceed 10%. At least 15 of the quantified targets presented themselves as discriminating features. A random forest (RF) method was performed in order to classify enrolled conditions according to VOCs' latent patterns, considering VOCs responses in global profiles. The developed model was based on 12 discriminating features and provided overall balanced accuracy of 85.7%. Ultimately, multinomial logistic regression (MLR) analysis was conducted using the concentration of the nine most discriminative targets (2-propanol, 3-methylpentane, (E)-ocimene, limonene, m-cymene, benzonitrile, undecane, terpineol, phenol) as input and provided an average overall accuracy of 95.5% for multiclass prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Monedeiro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 4 Wileńska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (F.M.); (M.M.-M.); (I.-A.R.); (B.B.)
| | - Maciej Monedeiro-Milanowski
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 4 Wileńska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (F.M.); (M.M.-M.); (I.-A.R.); (B.B.)
| | - Ileana-Andreea Ratiu
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 4 Wileńska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (F.M.); (M.M.-M.); (I.-A.R.); (B.B.)
- “Raluca Ripan” Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babeş-Bolyai University, 30 Fântânele St., RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Beata Brożek
- Department of Lung Diseases, Provincial Polyclinic Hospital in Toruń, 4 Krasińskiego St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Ligor
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 4 Wileńska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (F.M.); (M.M.-M.); (I.-A.R.); (B.B.)
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(56)-665-60-58
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 4 Wileńska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (F.M.); (M.M.-M.); (I.-A.R.); (B.B.)
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Khoubnasabjafari M, Mogaddam MRA, Rahimpour E, Soleymani J, Saei AA, Jouyban A. Breathomics: Review of Sample Collection and Analysis, Data Modeling and Clinical Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1461-1487. [PMID: 33691552 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1889961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics research is rapidly gaining momentum in disease diagnosis, on top of other Omics technologies. Breathomics, as a branch of metabolomics is developing in various frontiers, for early and noninvasive monitoring of disease. This review starts with a brief introduction to metabolomics and breathomics. A number of important technical issues in exhaled breath collection and factors affecting the sampling procedures are presented. We review the recent progress in metabolomics approaches and a summary of their applications on the respiratory and non-respiratory diseases investigated by breath analysis. Recent reports on breathomics studies retrieved from Scopus and Pubmed were reviewed in this work. We conclude that analyzing breath metabolites (both volatile and nonvolatile) is valuable in disease diagnoses, and therefore believe that breathomics will turn into a promising noninvasive discipline in biomarker discovery and early disease detection in personalized medicine. The problem of wide variations in the reported metabolite concentrations from breathomics studies should be tackled by developing more accurate analytical methods and sophisticated numerical analytical alogorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khoubnasabjafari
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Soleymani
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Liver and Gastrointestinal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Grasemann H, Holguin F. Oxidative stress and obesity-related asthma. Paediatr Respir Rev 2021; 37:18-21. [PMID: 32660723 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an asthma comorbidity associated with poor control, increased exacerbation risk and reduced response to inhaled and systemic corticosteroids. It affects children and adults differentially. In those with early onset asthma, it associated with increased eosinophilic inflammation, whereas in late onset, it correlates with lower nitric oxide (NO) and predominantly non-T2 inflammation. There are probably multiple pathways by which obesity impacts asthma; airway and systemic oxidative stress has been proposed as a mechanism that could potentially explain the obesity mediated increased comorbidity and poor response to treatment. More likely than not, oxidative stress is an epiphenomenon of a very diverse set of processes driven by complex changes in airway and systemic metabolism. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical, metabolic, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects of oxidative stress in patients with obesity and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Grasemann
- Hospital for Sick Children, Respiratory Medicine, University of Toronto. Toronto, Canada
| | - Fernando Holguin
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care. University of Colorado. Denver, CO, United States.
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46
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Course CW, Watkins J, Muller C, Odd D, Kotecha S, Chakraborty M. Volatile organic compounds as disease predictors in newborn infants: a systematic review. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33530065 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abe283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) detected in human breath, urine, stool, sweat, saliva, and blood result from metabolic processes in the body during health or disease. Using sophisticated measurement systems, small amounts of these compounds can be detected in the above bodily fluids. Multiple studies in adults and children have shown the potential of these compounds to differentiate between healthy individuals and patients by detecting profiles of compounds in non-invasively collected samples. However, the detection of biomarkers in VOCs from neonates is particularly attractive due to the non-invasive nature of its approach, and its ability to track disease progress by longitudinal sampling. In this work we have reviewed the literature on the use of VOCs in neonates and identified areas for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher William Course
- University Hospital of Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - John Watkins
- Cardiff University, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Carsten Muller
- Cardiff University, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - David Odd
- Cardiff University, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Sailesh Kotecha
- Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Mallinath Chakraborty
- Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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47
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Wilms E, An R, Smolinska A, Stevens Y, Weseler AR, Elizalde M, Drittij MJ, Ioannou A, van Schooten FJ, Smidt H, Masclee AAM, Zoetendal EG, Jonkers DMAE. Galacto-oligosaccharides supplementation in prefrail older and healthy adults increased faecal bifidobacteria, but did not impact immune function and oxidative stress. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:3019-3031. [PMID: 33509667 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Ageing is associated with an increased risk of frailty, intestinal microbiota perturbations, immunosenescence and oxidative stress. Prebiotics such as galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) may ameliorate these ageing-related alterations. We aimed to compare the faecal microbiota composition, metabolite production, immune and oxidative stress markers in prefrail elderly and younger adults, and investigate the effects of GOS supplementation in both groups. METHODS In a randomised controlled cross-over study, 20 prefrail elderly and 24 healthy adults received 21.6 g/day Biotis™ GOS (containing 15.0 g/day GOS) or placebo. Faecal 16S rRNA gene-based microbiota and short-chain fatty acids were analysed at 0, 1 and 4 weeks of intervention.Volatile organic compounds were analysed in breath, and stimulated cytokine production, CRP, malondialdehyde, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and uric acid (UA) in blood at 0 and 4 weeks. RESULTS Principle coordinate analysis showed differences in microbial composition between elderly and adults (P≤0.05), with elderly having lower bifidobacteria (P≤0.033) at baseline. In both groups, GOS affected microbiota composition (P≤0.05), accompanied by increases in bifidobacteria (P<0.001) and decreased microbial diversity (P≤0.023). Faecal and breath metabolites, immune and oxidative stress markers neither differed between groups (P ≥ 0.125) nor were affected by GOS (P ≥ 0.236). TEAC values corrected for UA were higher in elderly versus adults (P<0.001), but not different between interventions (P ≥ 0.455). CONCLUSIONS Elderly showed lower faecal bifidobacterial (relative) abundance than adults, which increased after GOS intake in both groups. Faecal and breath metabolites, parameters of immune function and oxidative stress were not different at baseline, and not impacted by GOS supplementation. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV WITH STUDY ID NUMBER NCT03077529.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Wilms
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Ran An
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Smolinska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Yala Stevens
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Antje R Weseler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Montserrat Elizalde
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Drittij
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Athanasia Ioannou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik J van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ad A M Masclee
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin G Zoetendal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Daisy M A E Jonkers
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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48
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Ophelders DRMG, Boots AW, Hütten MC, Al-Nasiry S, Jellema RK, Spiller OB, van Schooten FJ, Smolinska A, Wolfs TGAM. Screening of Chorioamnionitis Using Volatile Organic Compound Detection in Exhaled Breath: A Pre-clinical Proof of Concept Study. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:617906. [PMID: 34123958 PMCID: PMC8187797 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.617906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chorioamnionitis is a major risk factor for preterm birth and an independent risk factor for postnatal morbidity for which currently successful therapies are lacking. Emerging evidence indicates that the timing and duration of intra-amniotic infections are crucial determinants for the stage of developmental injury at birth. Insight into the dynamical changes of organ injury after the onset of chorioamnionitis revealed novel therapeutic windows of opportunity. Importantly, successful development and implementation of therapies in clinical care is currently impeded by a lack of diagnostic tools for early (prenatal) detection and surveillance of intra-amniotic infections. In the current study we questioned whether an intra-amniotic infection could be accurately diagnosed by a specific volatile organic compound (VOC) profile in exhaled breath of pregnant sheep. For this purpose pregnant Texel ewes were inoculated intra-amniotically with Ureaplasma parvum and serial collections of exhaled breath were performed for 6 days. Ureaplasma parvum infection induced a distinct VOC-signature in expired breath of pregnant sheep that was significantly different between day 0 and 1 vs. day 5 and 6. Based on a profile of only 15 discriminatory volatiles, animals could correctly be classified as either infected (day 5 and 6) or not (day 0 and 1) with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 71% and an area under the curve of 0.93. Chemical identification of these distinct VOCs revealed the presence of a lipid peroxidation marker nonanal and various hydrocarbons including n-undecane and n-dodecane. These data indicate that intra-amniotic infections can be detected by VOC analyses of exhaled breath and might provide insight into temporal dynamics of intra-amniotic infection and its underlying pathways. In particular, several of these volatiles are associated with enhanced oxidative stress and undecane and dodecane have been reported as predictive biomarker of spontaneous preterm birth in humans. Applying VOC analysis for the early detection of intra-amniotic infections will lead to appropriate surveillance of these high-risk pregnancies, thereby facilitating appropriate clinical course of action including early treatment of preventative measures for pre-maturity-associated morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan R M G Ophelders
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Agnes W Boots
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Matthias C Hütten
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Salwan Al-Nasiry
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Reint K Jellema
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Owen B Spiller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Smolinska
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tim G A M Wolfs
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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49
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Mule NM, Patil DD, Kaur M. A comprehensive survey on investigation techniques of exhaled breath (EB) for diagnosis of diseases in human body. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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50
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Peltrini R, Cordell R, Ibrahim W, Wilde M, Salman D, Singapuri A, Hargadon B, Brightling CE, Thomas CLP, Monks P, Siddiqui S. Volatile organic compounds in a headspace sampling system and asthmatics sputum samples. J Breath Res 2020; 15. [PMID: 33227714 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abcd2a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background:The headspace of a biological sample contains exogenous VOCs present within the sampling environment which represent the background signal.Study aims:This study aimed to characterise the background signal generated from a headspace sampling system in a clinical site, to evaluate intra- and inter-day variation of background VOC and to understand the impact of a sample itself upon commonly reported background VOC using sputum headspace samples from severe asthmatics.Methods:The headspace, in absence of a biological sample, was collected hourly from 11am to 3pm within a day (time of clinical samples acquisition), and from Monday to Friday in a week, and analysed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). Chemometric analysis identified 1120 features, 37 of which were present in at least the 80% of all the samples. The analyses of intra- and inter-day background variations were performed on thirteen of the most abundant features, ubiquitously present in headspace samples. The concentration ratios relative to background were reported for the selected abundant VOC in 36 asthmatic sputum samples, acquired from 36 stable severe asthma patients recruited at Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK.Results:The results identified no significant intra- or inter-day variations in compounds levels and no systematic bias of z-scores, with the exclusion of benzothiazole, whose abundance increased linearly between 11am and 3pm with a maximal intra-day fold change of 2.13. Many of the identified background features are reported in literature as components of headspace of biological samples and are considered potential biomarkers for several diseases. The selected background features were identified in headspace of all severe asthma sputum samples, albeit with varying levels of enrichment relative to background.Conclusion:Our observations support the need to consider the background signal derived from the headspace sampling system when developing and validating headspace biomarker signatures using clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Peltrini
- University of Leicester College of Life Sciences, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Rebecca Cordell
- Chemistry department, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Wadah Ibrahim
- University of Leicester College of Life Sciences, Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Michael Wilde
- Chemistry department, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Dahlia Salman
- Chemistry, Loughborough University School of Science, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Amisha Singapuri
- University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Beverley Hargadon
- University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Christopher E Brightling
- University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - C L Paul Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analytical Science, Loughborough University School of Science, LOUGHBOROUGH, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Paul Monks
- Chemistry department, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Salman Siddiqui
- University of Leicester College of Life Sciences, Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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