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Beaudoin-Bussières G, Finzi A. Deciphering Fc-effector functions against SARS-CoV-2. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:756-768. [PMID: 38365562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Major efforts were deployed to study the antibody response against SARS-CoV-2. Antibodies neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 have been extensively studied in the context of infections, vaccinations, and breakthrough infections. Antibodies, however, are pleiotropic proteins that have many functions in addition to neutralization. These include Fc-effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Although important to combat viral infections, these Fc-effector functions were less studied in the context of SARS-CoV-2 compared with binding and neutralization. This is partly due to the difficulty in developing reliable assays to measure Fc-effector functions compared to antibody binding and neutralization. Multiple assays have now been developed and can be used to measure different Fc-effector functions. Here, we review these assays and what is known regarding anti-SARS-CoV-2 Fc-effector functions. Overall, this review summarizes and updates our current state of knowledge regarding anti-SARS-CoV-2 Fc-effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada.
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2
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Lippold S, Mistry K, Lenka S, Whang K, Liu P, Pitschi S, Kuhne F, Reusch D, Cadang L, Knaupp A, Izadi S, Dunkle A, Yang F, Schlothauer T. Function-structure approach reveals novel insights on the interplay of Immunoglobulin G 1 proteoforms and Fc gamma receptor IIa allotypes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260446. [PMID: 37790943 PMCID: PMC10544997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Fc gamma receptor IIa (FcγRIIa) or CD32a has two major allotypes with a single amino acid difference at position 131 (histidine or arginine). Differences in FcγRIIa allotypes are known to impact immunological responses such as the clinical outcome of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). FcγRIIa is involved in antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), which is an important contributor to the mechanism-of-action of mAbs by driving phagocytic clearance of cancer cells. Hence, understanding the impact of individual mAb proteoforms on the binding to FcγRIIa, and its different allotypes, is crucial for defining meaningful critical quality attributes (CQAs). Here, we report a function-structure based approach guided by novel FcγRIIa affinity chromatography-mass spectrometry (AC-MS) assays to assess individual IgG1 proteoforms. This allowed to unravel allotype-specific differences of IgG1 proteoforms on FcγRIIa binding. FcγRIIa AC-MS confirmed and refined structure-function relationships of IgG1 glycoform interactions. For example, the positive impact of afucosylation was higher than galactosylation for FcγRIIa Arg compared to FcγRIIa His. Moreover, we observed FcγRIIa allotype-opposing and IgG1 proteoform integrity-dependent differences in the binding response of stress-induced IgG1 proteoforms comprising asparagine 325 deamidation. The FcγRIIa-allotype dependent binding differences resolved by AC-MS were in line with functional ADCP-surrogate bioassay models. The molecular basis of the observed allotype specificity and proteoform selectivity upon asparagine 325 deamidation was elucidated using molecular dynamics. The observed differences were attributed to the contributions of an inter-molecular salt bridge between IgG1 and FcγRIIa Arg and the contribution of an intra-molecular hydrophobic pocket in IgG1. Our work highlights the unprecedented structural and functional resolution of AC-MS approaches along with predictive biological significance of observed affinity differences within relevant cell-based methods. This makes FcγRIIa AC-MS an invaluable tool to streamline the CQA assessment of therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Lippold
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Karishma Mistry
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sunidhi Lenka
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, A Member of The Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kevin Whang
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Peilu Liu
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sebastian Pitschi
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Felix Kuhne
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Lance Cadang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Knaupp
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Saeed Izadi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, A Member of The Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alexis Dunkle
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Feng Yang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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3
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Tada M, Aoyama M, Ishii-Watabe A. Target-independent Immune-cell Activation by Aggregates of T Cell-redirecting Bispecific Antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2419-2426. [PMID: 37392901 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
T cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) have been under development as a new class of biotherapeutics for cancer immunotherapy. T cell-redirecting bsAbs simultaneously bind tumor-associated antigens on tumor cells and CD3 on T cells, resulting in T cell-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells. In this study, we prepared a tandem scFv-typed bsAb targeting HER2 and CD3 (HER2-CD3), and evaluated the impact of aggregation of HER2-CD3 on the in vitro immunotoxicity. A cell-based assay using CD3-expressing reporter cells revealed that the aggregates of HER2-CD3 directly activated CD3-expressing immune cells in the absence of target antigen (HER2)-expressing cells. Comparison of the aggregates generated under various stress conditions indicated the possibility that insoluble protein particles, which were detected by qLD analysis and contained non-denatured functional domains, contributed to the activation of CD3-expressing immune cells. In addition, HER2-CD3 aggregates stimulated hPBMCs and strongly induced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The cytokine/chemokine-release profiles suggested that the aggregates could induce inflammatory responses not only by CD3-mediated T cell activation but also by other immune cell activations. These results indicated the potential risk of aggregation of T cell-redirecting bsAbs, which could induce unwanted immune cell activation and inflammation and thereby immune-mediated adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Michihiko Aoyama
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
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4
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Yanaka S, Yogo R, Yagi H, Onitsuka M, Wakaizumi N, Yamaguchi Y, Uchiyama S, Kato K. Negative interference with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated by rituximab from its interactions with human serum proteins. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1090898. [PMID: 36761774 PMCID: PMC9905677 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1090898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although interactions of small molecular drugs with serum proteins have been widely studied from pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic perspectives, there have been few reports on the effects of serum components on therapeutic antibody functions. This study reports the effect of abundant serum proteins on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by rituximab and Fcγ receptor III (FcγRIII). Human serum albumin (HSA) and the Fab fragment from the pooled serum polyclonal IgG were found to compromise ADCC as non-competitive inhibitors. Our nuclear magnetic resonance data provided direct evidence for the interactions of HSA with both the Fab and Fc regions of rituximab and also with the extracellular region of FcγRIII (sFcγRIII). The degree of involvement in the interaction decreased in the order of rituximab-Fab > rituximab-Fc > sFcγRIII, suggesting preferential binding of HSA to net positively charged proteins. Although much less pronounced than the effect of HSA, polyclonal IgG-Fab specifically interacted with rituximab-Fc. The NMR data also showed that the serum protein interactions cover the Fc surface extensively, suggesting that they can act as pan-inhibitors against various Fc receptor-mediated functions and pharmacokinetics. Our findings highlight the importance of considering serum-protein interactions in the design and application of antibody-based drugs with increased efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Yanaka
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Rina Yogo
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yagi
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Onitsuka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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5
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Instability Challenges and Stabilization Strategies of Pharmaceutical Proteins. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112533. [PMID: 36432723 PMCID: PMC9699111 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the structure of protein and peptide drugs has become one of the most important goals of scientists in recent decades. Cold and thermal denaturation conditions, lyophilization and freeze drying, different pH conditions, concentrations, ionic strength, environmental agitation, the interaction between the surface of liquid and air as well as liquid and solid, and even the architectural structure of storage containers are among the factors that affect the stability of these therapeutic biomacromolecules. The use of genetic engineering, side-directed mutagenesis, fusion strategies, solvent engineering, the addition of various preservatives, surfactants, and additives are some of the solutions to overcome these problems. This article will discuss the types of stress that lead to instabilities of different proteins used in pharmaceutics including regulatory proteins, antibodies, and antibody-drug conjugates, and then all the methods for fighting these stresses will be reviewed. New and existing analytical methods that are used to detect the instabilities, mainly changes in their primary and higher order structures, are briefly summarized.
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Aoyama M, Tada M, Ishii-Watabe A. FcγRIIIa-158V/F polymorphism affects the performance of FcγRIIIa-related bioassay. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 608:149-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chen H, Maul‐Pavicic A, Holzer M, Huber M, Salzer U, Chevalier N, Voll RE, Hengel H, Kolb P. Detection and functional resolution of soluble immune complexes by an FcγR reporter cell panel. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14182. [PMID: 34842342 PMCID: PMC8749491 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fc-gamma receptor (FcγR) activation by soluble IgG immune complexes (sICs) represents a major mechanism of inflammation in certain autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A robust and scalable test system allowing for the detection and quantification of sIC bioactivity is missing. We developed a comprehensive reporter cell panel detecting activation of FcγRs. The reporter cell lines were integrated into an assay that enables the quantification of sIC reactivity via ELISA or a faster detection using flow cytometry. This identified FcγRIIA(H) and FcγRIIIA as the most sIC-sensitive FcγRs in our test system. Reaching a detection limit in the very low nanomolar range, the assay proved also to be sensitive to sIC stoichiometry and size reproducing for the first time a complete Heidelberger-Kendall curve in terms of immune receptor activation. Analyzing sera from SLE patients and mouse models of lupus and arthritis proved that sIC-dependent FcγR activation has predictive capabilities regarding severity of SLE disease. The assay provides a sensitive and scalable tool to evaluate the size, amount, and bioactivity of sICs in all settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhang Chen
- Institute of VirologyUniversity Medical CenterAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Faculty of MedicineAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Andrea Maul‐Pavicic
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyMedical Center – University of FreiburgFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI)Medical Center‐University of FreiburgFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Martin Holzer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Magdalena Huber
- Institute of VirologyUniversity Medical CenterAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Faculty of MedicineAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Ulrich Salzer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyMedical Center – University of FreiburgFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Nina Chevalier
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyMedical Center – University of FreiburgFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Reinhard E Voll
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyMedical Center – University of FreiburgFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI)Medical Center‐University of FreiburgFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of VirologyUniversity Medical CenterAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Faculty of MedicineAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Philipp Kolb
- Institute of VirologyUniversity Medical CenterAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Faculty of MedicineAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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8
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Aoyama M, Tada M, Yokoo H, Demizu Y, Ishii-Watabe A. Fcγ Receptor-Dependent Internalization and Off-Target Cytotoxicity of Antibody-Drug Conjugate Aggregates. Pharm Res 2021; 39:89-103. [PMID: 34961908 PMCID: PMC8837541 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) conjugated with highly toxic payloads, achieve high tumor killing efficacy due to the specific delivery of payloads in accordance with mAbs’ function. On the other hand, the conjugation of payloads often increases the hydrophobicity of mAbs, resulting in reduced stability and increased aggregation. It is considered that mAb aggregates have potential risk for activating Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on immune cells, and are internalized into cells via FcγRs. Based on the mechanism of action of ADCs, the internalization of ADCs into target-negative cells may cause the off-target toxicity. However, the impacts of aggregation on the safety of ADCs including off-target cytotoxicity have been unclear. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of ADC aggregates in target-negative cells. Methods The ADC aggregates were generated by stirring stress or thermal stress. The off-target cytotoxicity of ADC aggregates was evaluated in several target-negative cell lines, and FcγR-activation properties of ADC aggregates were characterized using a reporter cell assay. Results Aggregation of ADCs enhanced the off-target cytotoxicity in several target-negative cell lines compared with non-stressed ADCs. Notably, ADC aggregates with FcγR-activation properties showed dramatically enhanced cytotoxicity in FcγR-expressing cells. The FcγR-mediated off-target cytotoxicity of ADC aggregates was reduced by using a FcγR-blocking antibody or Fc-engineering for silencing Fc-mediated effector functions. Conclusions These results indicated that FcγRs play an important role for internalization of ADC aggregates into non-target cells, and the aggregation of ADCs increases the potential risk for off-target toxicity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-021-03158-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiko Aoyama
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Yokoo
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Demizu
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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Liu C, Yu C, Yang Y, Huang J, Yu X, Duan M, Wang L, Wang J. Development of a novel reporter gene assay to evaluate antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis for anti-CD20 therapeutic antibodies. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108112. [PMID: 34521023 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
More than 100 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been approved by FDA. The mechanism of action (MoA) involves in neutralization of a specific target via the Fab region and Fc effector functions through Fc region, while the latter include complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). ADCP has been recognized one of the most important MoAs, especially for anti-cancer mAbs in recent years. However, traditional bioassays measuring ADCP always introduced primary macrophages and flow cytometry, which are difficult to handle and highly variable. In this study, we engineered a monoclonal Jurkat/NFAT/CD32a-FcεRIγ effector cell line that stably expresses CD32a-FcεRIγ chimeric receptor and NFAT-controlled luciferase. The corresponding mAb could bind with the membrane antigens on the target cells with its Fab fragment and CD32a-FcεRIγ on the effector cells with its Fc fragment, leading to the crosslinking of CD32a-FcεRIγ and the resultant expression of subsequent NFAT-controlled luciferase, which represents the bioactivity of ADCP based on the MoA of the mAb. With rituximab as the model mAb, Raji cells as the target cells, and Jurkat/NFAT/CD32a-FcεRIγ cells as the effector cells, we adopted the strategy of Design of Experiment (DoE) to optimize the bioassay. Then we fully validated the established bioassay according to ICH-Q2(R1), which proved the good assay performance characteristics of the bioassay, including specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, stability and robustness. This RGA can be applied to evaluate the -ADCP bioactivity for anti-CD20 mAbs in lot release, stability testing as well as biosimilar comparability. The engineered cells may also potentially be used to evaluate the ADCP bioactivity of mAbs with other targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Liu
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institu-tes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institu-tes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Yalan Yang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institu-tes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institu-tes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yu
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institu-tes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Maoqin Duan
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institu-tes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Lang Wang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institu-tes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing 102629, China.
| | - Junzhi Wang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institu-tes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing 102629, China
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10
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The Role of Fc Receptors on the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168947. [PMID: 34445651 PMCID: PMC8396266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the approval of the first monoclonal antibody (mAb) in 1986, a huge effort has been made to guarantee safety and efficacy of therapeutic mAbs. As of July 2021, 118 mAbs are approved for the European market for a broad range of clinical indications. In order to ensure clinical efficacy and safety aspects, (pre-)clinical experimental approaches evaluate the respective modes of action (MoA). In addition to antigen-specificity including binding affinity and -avidity, MoA comprise Fc-mediated effector functions such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and the closely related antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). For this reason, a variety of cell-based assays have been established investigating effector functions of therapeutic mAbs with different effector/target-cell combinations and several readouts including Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated lysis, fluorescence, or luminescence. Optimized FcγR-mediated effector functions regarding clinical safety and efficacy are addressed with modification strategies such as point mutations, altered glycosylation patterns, combination of different Fc subclasses (cross isotypes), and Fc-truncation of the mAb. These strategies opened the field for a next generation of therapeutic mAbs. In conclusion, it is of major importance to consider FcγR-mediated effector functions for the efficacy of therapeutic mAbs.
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11
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Dash R, Rathore AS. Freeze thaw and lyophilization induced alteration in mAb therapeutics: Trastuzumab as a case study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 201:114122. [PMID: 33989996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-term stability of therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) products is necessary for their successful commercialization. Freeze-thaw (F/T) operations are often performed for a mAb product during processing, storage and distribution. Lyophilization (Lyo) is another unit operation that is commonly used for drug product manufacturing of mAbs. This paper aims to explore the impact of these operations on structure and function of a mAb therapeutic, as well as of biosimilars. Trastuzumab innovator and its five biosimilars were analysed for aggregation, charge heterogeneity, secondary structure, binding kinetics, and potency after each freeze-thaw and lyophilization cycle. It is observed that both F/T and Lyo induce protein aggregation, which in turn causes perturbations in the biological potency of the mAb therapeutic. The average value of the percentage of aggregation increased from 0.6 % (week 1) to 5.3 % (week 10) in F/T study and from 0.8 % (week 1) to 10.1 % (week 10) in Lyo study. The acidic pool increased from 26.5 % (week 1) to 44.4 % (week 10) and the basic variants from 13.9 % (week 1) to 24.0 % (week 10) in F/T study. Similarly, acidic pool increased from 27.1 % (week 1) to 42.0 % (week 10) and basic variants from 14.8 % (week 1) to 24.4 % (week 10) in Lyo study. The average percentage of beta-sheet increased from 58.4 % (week 1) to 60.9 % (week 10) in F/T study and from 59.7 % (week 1) to 72.6 % (week 10) in Lyo study. Lower binding affinity was found in week 7 as compared to week 1 in Lyo study whereas no change in binding affinity was observed in the F/T study. The average potency value gradually decreased from 0.97IU/ ml (week 1) to 0.75IU/ ml (week 10) in F/T study and from 1.0IU/ ml (week 1) to 0.66IU/ ml (week 10) in Lyo study. Results indicate that lyophilization has a bigger impact on binding affinity than freeze thaw and as expected, the impact was comparable across the innovator and biosimilar products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozaleen Dash
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.
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Kiyoshi M, Tada M, Shibata H, Aoyama M, Ishii-Watabe A. Characterization of Aggregated Antibody-Silicone Oil Complexes: From Perspectives of Morphology, 3D Image, and Fcγ Receptor Activation. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1189-1196. [PMID: 33069712 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pre-filled syringes (PFS) have been in widespread use as an administration device for therapeutic antibodies in recent decades. Generally, the inner barrel and syringe of PFS are coated with silicone oil (SO) for lubrication. Multiple studies have focused on the fact that the SO adsorbs denatured antibody molecules, and induces antibody aggregation. Aggregated antibodies are recognized as a potential risk for evoking immunogenic responses in patients. The characteristics of the aggregated antibody-SO complexes, including their concentration, population, shape, three-dimensional (3D) image, and Fcγ Receptors (FcγRs) activation have been obscurely acknowledged so far. In the present work, we prepared aggregated antibody-SO complexes by agitation and analyzed using multifaceted techniques such as flow imaging, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and cell-based assays for FcγRs activation. The results emphasized that the SO accelerates the increase in sub-visible particles and antibody aggregation. The confocal fluorescence microscopy analysis revealed the high-resolution 3D images of aggregated antibody-SO complexes. The FcγRs reporter cell assay clarified that the pre-mixed and agitated Ab + SO have higher FcγRs activation capability compared to the agitated Ab. Overall, this study advances the view that SO has an effect to increase the risk of agitation-induced aggregated antibody particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kiyoshi
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroko Shibata
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Michihiko Aoyama
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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13
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Bansal R, Dash R, Rathore AS. Impact of mAb Aggregation on Its Biological Activity: Rituximab as a Case Study. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2684-2698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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14
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Bajardi-Taccioli A, Co C, Bond C, Masci A, Brantley T, Xu C, Bergelson S, Feschenko M. Biolayer Interferometry-based FcγRIIa binding assay for a therapeutic antibody with strong effector function. Anal Biochem 2020; 611:113842. [PMID: 32755599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
FcγRIIa receptor binding is part of the mechanism of action for many therapeutic antibodies. AlphaScreen® technology and Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) are often used to assess protein-protein interactions. Recently we demonstrated that the presence of aggregates in samples significantly increased binding potency values in AlphaScreen®-based FcRn binding assays, sometimes masking the loss of potency. Even bigger effect of aggregates was observed in an AlphaScreen®-based FcγRIIa binding assay for a monoclonal antibody with strong effector function. To resolve this issue a novel BLI-based FcγRIIa binding assay was developed and qualified. The assay measures association binding responses and calculates the binding potency of the samples relative to the standard using Parallel Line Analysis. The method overcomes interference of aggregates present in the samples, distinguishes different Fc glycosylation patterns, and is stability-indicating. It can be used for sample characterization, drug product release and stability testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl Co
- Department of Analytical Development, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Christine Bond
- Department of Analytical Development, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Allyson Masci
- Department of Analytical Development, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Tim Brantley
- Department of Analytical Development, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Chongfeng Xu
- Department of Analytical Development, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Svetlana Bergelson
- Department of Analytical Development, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Marina Feschenko
- Department of Analytical Development, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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15
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Differential influence on antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis by different glycoforms on therapeutic Monoclonal antibodies. J Biotechnol 2020; 317:5-15. [PMID: 32361021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), particularly of the IgG1 subclass, are capable of effector function activities that may be important for their mechanism of action. One such effector function activity is Antibody Dependent Cellular Phagocytosis (ADCP), which has been shown to be mediated primarily through the activating FcγR, FcγRIIa, on macrophages and neutrophils. The critical quality attributes that are the most impactful and predictive of ADCP activity, and therefore most suitable to monitor during IgG1 antibody manufacturing, are not well established. Primary cell assays for ADCP are often laborious and subject to donor to donor variability, making such assays less desirable for product characterization. By developing and employing an ADCP reporter gene assay, we have been able to determine with high sensitivity the glycan structures that can impact FcγRIIa mediated ADCP across multiple different IgG1 antibodies. Interestingly we observed that some IgG1 antibodies are very potent mediators of ADCP while others do not mediate ADCP even though they possess other effector function activities (ADCC and CDC). Additionally, we find that ADCP by different IgG1 antibodies has markedly different sensitivity to glycan species, with one antibody demonstrating a surprisingly strong influence of β-galactosylation and high mannose levels.
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16
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Tada M, Aoyama M, Ishii-Watabe A. Fcγ Receptor Activation by Human Monoclonal Antibody Aggregates. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:576-583. [PMID: 31676270 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregates are a potential risk factor for immunogenicity. The measurement, characterization, and control of protein aggregates in drug products are indispensable for the development of biopharmaceuticals, including therapeutic mAbs. In this study, Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-expressing reporter cell lines were used to analyze the FcγR-activation properties of mAb aggregates. Comparison of aggregates of mAbs harboring different IgG subclasses revealed that the FcγR-activation profiles of the mAb aggregates were dependent on IgG subclass. In addition, aggregates of Fc-engineered mAb with enhanced FcγR-activation properties exhibited stronger activation of FcγRs than was observed in the wild-type aggregates, whereas aggregates of Fc-engineered mAb with decreased FcγR-activation properties showed reduced activation. These results suggest that FcγR activation by mAb aggregates depends greatly on the Fc functions of the native (nonaggregated) mAbs. We also showed that aggregates of mAbs smaller than 1 μm in size have the potential to directly activate FcγRs. Unintended immune cell activation can be induced on account of FcγR activation by mAb aggregates and such FcγR activation may contribute to immunogenicity, and therefore, analysis of the FcγR-activation properties of mAb aggregates using FcγR-expressing reporter cell lines is a promising approach for the characterization of mAb aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Michihiko Aoyama
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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17
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Lewis GK, Ackerman ME, Scarlatti G, Moog C, Robert-Guroff M, Kent SJ, Overbaugh J, Reeves RK, Ferrari G, Thyagarajan B. Knowns and Unknowns of Assaying Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1025. [PMID: 31134085 PMCID: PMC6522882 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well-accepted that Fc-mediated effector functions, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), can contribute to vaccine-elicited protection as well as post-infection control of HIV viremia. This picture was derived using a wide array of ADCC assays, no two of which are strictly comparable, and none of which is qualified at the clinical laboratory level. An earlier comparative study of assay protocols showed that while data from different ADCC assay formats were often correlated, they remained distinct in terms of target cells and the epitopes and antigen(s) available for recognition by antibodies, the effector cells, and the readout of cytotoxicity. This initial study warrants expanded analyses of the relationships among all current assay formats to determine where they detect overlapping activities and where they do not. Here we summarize knowns and unknowns of assaying ADCC against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K. Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Department of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Christiane Moog
- INSERM U1109, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institues of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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18
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Aoyama M, Hashii N, Tsukimura W, Osumi K, Harazono A, Tada M, Kiyoshi M, Matsuda A, Ishii-Watabe A. Effects of terminal galactose residues in mannose α1-6 arm of Fc-glycan on the effector functions of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2019; 11:826-836. [PMID: 30990348 PMCID: PMC6601563 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1608143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical crystallizable fragment (Fc) glycans attached to the CH2 domain in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are core-fucosylated and asialo-biantennary complex-type glycans, e.g., G2F (full galactosylation), G1aF (terminal galactosylation on the Man α1-6 arm), G1bF (terminal galactosylation on the Man α1-3 arm), and G0F (non-galactosylation). Terminal galactose (Gal) residues of Fc-glycans are known to influence effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), but the impact of the G1F isomers (G1aF and G1bF) on the effector functions has not been reported. Here, we prepared four types of glycoengineered anti-CD20 mAbs bearing homogeneous G2F, G1aF, G1bF, or G0F (G2F mAb, G1aF mAb, G1bF mAb, or G0F mAb, respectively), and evaluated their biological activities. Interestingly, G1aF mAb showed higher C1q- and FcγR-binding activities, CDC activity, and FcγR-activation property than G1bF mAb. The activities of G1aF mAb and G1bF mAb were at the same level as G2F mAb and G0F mAb, respectively. Hydrogen–deuterium exchange/mass spectrometry analysis of dynamic structures of mAbs revealed the greater involvement of the terminal Gal residue on the Man α1-6 arm in the structural stability of the CH2 domain. Considering that mAbs interact with FcγR and C1q via their hinge proximal region in the CH2 domain, the structural stabilization of the CH2 domain by the terminal Gal residue on the Man α1-6 arm of Fc-glycans may be important for the effector functions of mAbs. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing the impact of G1F isomers on the effector functions and dynamic structure of mAbs. Abbreviations: ABC, ammonium bicarbonate solution; ACN, acetonitrile; ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; C1q, complement component 1q; CDC, complement-dependent cytotoxicity; CQA, critical quality attribute; Endo, endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase; FA, formic acid; Fc, crystallizable fragment; FcγR, Fcγ receptors; Fuc, fucose; Gal, galactose; GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine; GST, glutathione S-transferase; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; HDX, hydrogen–deuterium exchange; HILIC, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography; HLB-SPE, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance–solid-phase extraction; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; mAb, monoclonal antibody; Man, mannose; MS, mass spectrometry; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; SGP, hen egg yolk sialylglycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiko Aoyama
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Noritaka Hashii
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
| | | | | | - Akira Harazono
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Masato Kiyoshi
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
| | | | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
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19
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Aoyama M, Tada M, Ishii-Watabe A. A Cell-Based Reporter Assay Measuring the Activation of Fc Gamma Receptors Induced by Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1904:423-429. [PMID: 30539484 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8958-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) are expressed on the surface of various immune cells, and the interactions between FcγRs and the Fc region of immunoglobulin G are involved in the activation of immune cells by antigen-bound antibodies. Fc-mediated immune-cell activations are related to both the efficacy and the safety of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. It is indispensable to elucidate the Fc-mediated functions in the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Here, we describe a cell-based assay using FcγR-expressing reporter cell lines that can be used to evaluate the human FcγR-activation properties of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies by a rapid and simple procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiko Aoyama
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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20
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González-González E, Camacho-Sandoval R, Jiménez-Uribe A, Montes-Luna A, Cortés-Paniagua I, Sánchez-Morales J, Muñoz-García L, Tenorio-Calvo AV, López-Morales CA, Velasco-Velázquez MA, Pavón L, Pérez-Tapia SM, Medina-Rivero E. Validation of an ADCC assay using human primary natural killer cells to evaluate biotherapeutic products bearing an Fc region. J Immunol Methods 2018; 464:87-94. [PMID: 30395815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of biotherapeutics requires continuous improvement in analytical methodologies for the assessment of their quality attributes. A subset of biotherapeutics is designed to interact with specific antigens that are exposed on the membranes of target cells or circulating in a soluble form, and effector functions are achieved via recognition of their Fc region by effector cells that induce mechanisms such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Thus, ADCC induction is a critical quality attribute (CQA) that must be evaluated to ensure biotherapeutic efficacy. Induction of ADCC can be evaluated by employing effector cells from different sources, such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and genetically modified cell lines (e.g., transfected NKs or Jurkat cells), and different approaches can be used for detection and results interpretation depending on the type of effector cells used. In this regard, validation of the assays is relevant to ensure the reliability of the results according to the intended purpose. Herein, we show the standardization and validation of ADCC assays to test the potency of three biotherapeutic proteins using primary NK cells obtained from fresh blood as effector cells and detecting cell death by flow cytometry. The advantage of using primary NKs instead of modified cells is that the response is closer to that occurring in vivo since cytotoxicity is evaluated in a direct manner. Our results indicate that in all cases, the assays exhibited a characteristic sigmoidal dose/response curve complying with accurate, precise and specific parameters. Thereby, the validated ADCC assay is an appropriate alternative to evaluate the biological activities of these type of biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith González-González
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rosa Camacho-Sandoval
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alexis Jiménez-Uribe
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Montes-Luna
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ilselena Cortés-Paniagua
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jazmín Sánchez-Morales
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Leslie Muñoz-García
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandra V Tenorio-Calvo
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos A López-Morales
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Marco A Velasco-Velázquez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Unidad Periférica de Investigación en Biomedicina Traslacional (CMN 20 de noviembre, ISSSTE), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Lenin Pavón
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Sonia Mayra Pérez-Tapia
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Emilio Medina-Rivero
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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21
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Effects of amino acid substitutions on the biological activity of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody produced by transgenic silkworms (Bombyx mori). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2633-2638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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Balakrishnan G, Barnett GV, Kar SR, Das TK. Detection and Identification of the Vibrational Markers for the Quantification of Methionine Oxidation in Therapeutic Proteins. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6959-6966. [PMID: 29741878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Methionine oxidation is a major degradation pathway in therapeutic proteins which can impact the structure and function of proteins as well as risk to drug product quality. Detecting Met oxidation in proteins by peptide mapping followed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is the industry standard but is also labor intensive and susceptible to artifacts. In this work, vibrational difference spectroscopy in combination with 18O isotopic shift enabled us to demonstrate the application of Raman and FTIR techniques for the detection and quantification of Met oxidation in various therapeutic proteins, including mAbs, fusion proteins, and antibody drug conjugate. Vibrational markers of Met oxidation products, such as sulfoxide and sulfone, corresponding to S═O and C-S═O stretching frequencies were unequivocally identified based 18O isotoptic shifts. The intensity of the isolated νC-S Raman band at 702 cm-1 was successfully applied to quantify the average Met oxidation level in multiple proteins. These results are further corroborated by oxidation levels measured by tryptic peptide mapping, and thus the confirmed Met oxidation levels derived from Raman and mass spectrometry are indeed consistent with each other. Thus, we demonstrate the broader application of vibrational spectroscopy to detect the subtle spectral changes associated with various chemical or physical degradation of proteins, including Met oxidation as well as higher order structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurusamy Balakrishnan
- Molecular and Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road , Pennington , New Jersey 08534 , United States
| | - Gregory V Barnett
- Molecular and Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road , Pennington , New Jersey 08534 , United States
| | - Sambit R Kar
- Molecular and Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road , Pennington , New Jersey 08534 , United States
| | - Tapan K Das
- Molecular and Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road , Pennington , New Jersey 08534 , United States
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23
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Lee J, Kang HA, Bae JS, Kim KD, Lee KH, Lim KJ, Choo MJ, Chang SJ. Evaluation of analytical similarity between trastuzumab biosimilar CT-P6 and reference product using statistical analyses. MAbs 2018; 10:547-571. [PMID: 29482416 PMCID: PMC5973688 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1440170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of analytical similarity has been a challenging issue for the biosimilar industry because the number of lots for reference and biosimilar products available at the time of development are limited, whilst measurable quality attributes of target molecule are numerous, which can lead to potential bias or false negative/positive conclusions regarding biosimilarity. Therefore, appropriate statistical analyses are highly desirable to achieve a high level of confidence in the similarity evaluation. A recent guideline for the risk-based statistical approaches recommended by the US Food and Drug Administration provides useful tools to systematically evaluate analytical similarity of biosimilar products compared with reference products. Here, we evaluated analytical similarity of CT-P6, a biosimilar product of trastuzumab, with the reference products (EU-Herceptin® or US-Herceptin®) following these statistical approaches. Various quality attributes of trastuzumab were first ranked based on the clinical impact of each attribute and subsequently adjusted to one of three tiers (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) considering the characteristics of the assay, the level of attribute present and the feasibility of statistical analysis. Two biological activities with highest potential clinical impact were evaluated by an equivalent test (Tier 1), and other bioactivities and structural/physicochemical properties relevant to the clinical impact were evaluated by a quality range approach (Tier 2). The attributes with low risk ranking or qualitative assay were evaluated by visual comparison (Tier 3). Analytical similarity assessment analyzed by the three tiers clearly demonstrated that CT-P6 exhibits highly similar structural and physicochemical properties, as well as functional activities, compared with the reference products. There were small differences observed in a few quality attributes between CT-P6 and the reference products, but the differences were very minor, and unlikely to impact on clinical outcome. The recently reported equivalent clinical efficacy of CT-P6 with the reference product further supports that CT-P6 is highly similar compared with the reference product in the view of totality-of-evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihun Lee
- a Biotechnology Research Institute, R&D Division, Celltrion Inc. , Incheon , Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Kang
- a Biotechnology Research Institute, R&D Division, Celltrion Inc. , Incheon , Korea
| | - Jin Soo Bae
- a Biotechnology Research Institute, R&D Division, Celltrion Inc. , Incheon , Korea
| | - Kyu Dae Kim
- a Biotechnology Research Institute, R&D Division, Celltrion Inc. , Incheon , Korea
| | - Kyoung Hoon Lee
- a Biotechnology Research Institute, R&D Division, Celltrion Inc. , Incheon , Korea
| | - Ki Jung Lim
- a Biotechnology Research Institute, R&D Division, Celltrion Inc. , Incheon , Korea
| | - Min Joo Choo
- a Biotechnology Research Institute, R&D Division, Celltrion Inc. , Incheon , Korea
| | - Shin Jae Chang
- a Biotechnology Research Institute, R&D Division, Celltrion Inc. , Incheon , Korea
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24
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Assessing the Heterogeneity of the Fc-Glycan of a Therapeutic Antibody Using an engineered FcγReceptor IIIa-Immobilized Column. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3955. [PMID: 29500371 PMCID: PMC5834517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-glycan moiety of IgG-Fc has a significant impact on multifaceted properties of antibodies such as in their effector function, structure, and stability. Numerous studies have been devoted to understanding its biological effect since the exact composition of the Fc N-glycan modulates the magnitude of effector functions such as the antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and the complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). To date, systematic analyses of the properties and influence of glycan variants have been of great interest. Understanding the principles on how N-glycosylation modulates those properties is important for the molecular design, manufacturing, process optimization, and quality control of therapeutic antibodies. In this study, we have separated a model therapeutic antibody into three fractions according to the composition of the N-glycan by using a novel FcγRIIIa chromatography column. Notably, Fc galactosylation was a major factor influencing the affinity of IgG-Fc to the FcγRIIIa immobilized on the column. Each antibody fraction was employed for structural, biological, and physicochemical analysis, illustrating the mechanism by which galactose modulates the affinity to FcγRIIIa. In addition, we discuss the benefits of the FcγRIIIa chromatography column to assess the heterogeneity of the N-glycan.
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Stopforth RJ, Oldham RJ, Tutt AL, Duriez P, Chan HTC, Binkowski BF, Zimprich C, Li D, Hargreaves PG, Cong M, Reddy V, Leandro MJ, Cambridge G, Lux A, Nimmerjahn F, Cragg MS. Detection of Experimental and Clinical Immune Complexes by Measuring SHIP-1 Recruitment to the Inhibitory FcγRIIB. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:1937-1950. [PMID: 29351998 PMCID: PMC5837011 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fc γ receptors (FcγR) are involved in multiple aspects of immune cell regulation, are central to the success of mAb therapeutics, and underpin the pathology of several autoimmune diseases. However, reliable assays capable of accurately measuring FcγR interactions with their physiological ligands, IgG immune complexes (IC), are limited. A method to study and detect IC interactions with FcγRs was therefore developed. This method, designed to model the signaling pathway of the inhibitory FcγRIIB (CD32B), used NanoLuc Binary Interaction Technology to measure recruitment of the Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol phosphatase 1 to the ITIM of this receptor. Such recruitment required prior cross-linking of an ITAM-containing activatory receptor, and evoked luciferase activity in discrete clusters at the cell surface, recapitulating the known biology of CD32B signaling. The assay detected varying forms of experimental IC, including heat-aggregated IgG, rituximab-anti-idiotype complexes, and anti-trinitrophenol-trinitrophenol complexes in a sensitive manner (≤1 μg/ml), and discriminated between complexes of varying size and isotype. Proof-of-concept for the detection of circulating ICs in autoimmune disease was provided, as responses to sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis were detected in small pilot studies. Finally, the method was translated to a stable cell line system. In conclusion, a rapid and robust method for the detection of IC was developed, which has numerous potential applications including the monitoring of IC in autoimmune diseases and the study of underlying FcγR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Stopforth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Alison L Tutt
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Duriez
- Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine/Cancer Research U.K. Centre, Protein Core Facility, Cancer Sciences Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Dun Li
- Promega Corp., Fitchburg, WI 53711
| | - Philip G Hargreaves
- Promega UK Ltd., Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Cong
- Promega Corp., Fitchburg, WI 53711
| | - Venkat Reddy
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Maria J Leandro
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Geraldine Cambridge
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Anja Lux
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom;
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Hashimoto Y, Hata T, Tada M, Iida M, Watari A, Okada Y, Doi T, Kuniyasu H, Yagi K, Kondoh M. Safety evaluation of a human chimeric monoclonal antibody that recognizes the extracellular loop domain of claudin-2. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 117:161-167. [PMID: 29448044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Claudin-2 (CLDN-2), a pore-forming tight junction protein with a tetra-transmembrane domain, is involved in carcinogenesis and the metastasis of some cancers. Although CLDN-2 is highly expressed in the tight junctions of the liver and kidney, whether CLDN-2 is a safe target for cancer therapy remains unknown. We recently generated a rat monoclonal antibody (mAb, clone 1A2) that recognizes the extracellular domains of human and mouse CLDN-2. Here, we investigated the safety of CLDN-2-targeted cancer therapy by using 1A2 as a model therapeutic antibody. Because most human therapeutic mAbs are IgG1 subtype that can induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, we generated a human-rat chimeric IgG1 form of 1A2 (xi-1A2). xi-1A2 activated Fcγ receptor IIIa in the presence of CLDN-2-expressing cells, indicating that xi-1A2 likely exerts antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. At 24 h after its intravenous injection, xi-1A2 was distributed into the liver, kidney, and tumor tissues of mice bearing CLDN-2-expressing fibrosarcoma cells. Treatment of the xenografted mice with xi-1A2 attenuated tumor growth without apparent adverse effects, such as changes in body weight and biochemical markers of liver and kidney injury. These results support xi-1A2 as the lead candidate mAb for safe CLDN-2-targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Hata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-0098, Japan
| | - Manami Iida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihiro Watari
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takefumi Doi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Egashira Y, Nagatoishi S, Kiyoshi M, Ishii-Watabe A, Tsumoto K. Characterization of glycoengineered anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies produced by using a silkworm–baculovirus expression system. J Biochem 2018; 163:481-488. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Egashira
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Protein Development Center, Sysmex Corporation, Sayama, Saitama 350-1332, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masato Kiyoshi
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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28
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Abstract
During the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other therapeutic proteins, immunogenicity, in particular the induction of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs), is an important concern, and thus immunogenicity assessment is a requirement for their approval. Establishment of appropriate methods for detecting and characterizing ADAs is necessary for immunogenicity assessment, but the lack of commonly available reference standards makes it difficult to compare and evaluate the methods. It is also difficult to compare the data with those obtained by other methods or facilities without reference standards. Here, we developed a panel of ADAs against anti-CD20 rituximab (Rituxan®, MabThera®); the panel consisted of eight clones of recombinant human-rat chimeric mAbs that target rituximab. The anti-rituximab mAbs showed different binding properties (specificity, epitope and affinity), and different neutralization potencies for CD20 binding, complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The molecular size of the immune complex consisting of rituximab and the anti-rituximab mAb differed among the clones, and was well correlated with their level of Fcγ-receptor activation. These results suggest that the ADAs chosen for the newly developed panel are suitable surrogates for human ADAs, which exhibit different potential to affect the efficacy and safety of rituximab. Next, we used this panel to compare several ADA-detecting assays and revealed that the assays had different abilities to detect the ADAs with different binding characteristics. We conclude that our panel of ADAs against rituximab will be useful for the future development and characterization of assays for immunogenicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tada
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki, Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Takuo Suzuki
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki, Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki, Kanagawa , Japan
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29
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Shiga Y, Murata D, Sugimoto A, Oshima Y, Tada M, Ishii-Watabe A, Imai K, Tomii K, Takeuchi T, Kagaya S, Sato A. Hinge-Deficient IgG1 Fc Fusion: Application to Human Lactoferrin. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3025-3035. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shiga
- School
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Daisuke Murata
- School
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Akinori Sugimoto
- School
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Yuta Oshima
- School
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division
of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division
of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Imai
- Artificial
Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
- Biotechnology
Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tomii
- Artificial
Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
- Biotechnology
Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeuchi
- Department
of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Shinji Kagaya
- NRL Pharma, Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sato
- School
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
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30
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Wang X, An Z, Luo W, Xia N, Zhao Q. Molecular and functional analysis of monoclonal antibodies in support of biologics development. Protein Cell 2017; 9:74-85. [PMID: 28733914 PMCID: PMC5777976 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics are playing an increasingly important role in the treatment or prevention of many important diseases such as cancers, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. Multi-domain mAbs are far more complex than small molecule drugs with intrinsic heterogeneities. The critical quality attributes of a given mAb, including structure, post-translational modifications, and functions at biomolecular and cellular levels, need to be defined and profiled in details during the developmental phases of a biologics. These critical quality attributes, outlined in this review, serve an important database for defining the drug properties during commercial production phase as well as post licensure life cycle management. Specially, the molecular characterization, functional assessment, and effector function analysis of mAbs, are reviewed with respect to the critical parameters and the methods used for obtaining them. The three groups of analytical methods are three essential and integral facets making up the whole analytical package for a mAb-based drug. Such a package is critically important for the licensure and the post-licensure life cycle management of a therapeutic or prophylactic biologics. In addition, the basic principles on the evaluation of biosimilar mAbs were discussed briefly based on the recommendations by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Wenxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China
| | - Qinjian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China.
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31
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Radinsky O, Edri A, Brusilovsky M, Fedida-Metula S, Sobarzo A, Gershoni-Yahalom O, Lutwama J, Dye J, Lobel L, Porgador A. Sudan ebolavirus long recovered survivors produce GP-specific Abs that are of the IgG1 subclass and preferentially bind FcγRI. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6054. [PMID: 28729706 PMCID: PMC5519693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebolavirus is a highly lethal pathogen, causing a severe hemorrhagic disease with a high fatality rate. To better understand immune correlates of protection by virus specific IgG, we investigated the evolution of the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs)-activating capabilities of antiviral IgG in serum samples of long recovered survivors. To this end, longitudinal serum samples from survivors of Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) infection, studied over years, were examined for the presence of Ebola-GP specific IgG subclasses, and for their binding to FcγRs. We developed a cell-based reporter system to quantitate pathogen-specific antibody binding to FcγRIIIA, FcγRIIA, FcγRIIB and FcγRI. With this system, we demonstrate that anti-GP-specific stimulation of the FcγRI reporter by survivors’ sera was substantially high one year after acute infection, with a slight reduction in activity over a decade post infection. We further demonstrate that GP-specific IgG1 is by far the seroprevalent subclass that retained and even enhanced its presence in the sera, over ten years post infection; the prevalence of other GP-specific IgG subclasses was considerably reduced over time. In accordance, GP-specific FcγRI reporter response and GP-specific total IgG1 subclass correlated in the studied group of Ebola survivors. These observations are important for further informing Ebola vaccine and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Radinsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Avishay Edri
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael Brusilovsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Shlomit Fedida-Metula
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ariel Sobarzo
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Orly Gershoni-Yahalom
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - John Dye
- Virology Division - U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, 21701, USA
| | - Leslie Lobel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. .,Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. .,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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Tada M, Ishii-Watabe A. Characterization of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies by Using FcγR-expressing Reporter Cell Lines. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2017; 137:837-843. [PMID: 28674297 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), which bind to the Fc regions of antibodies, play an important role in antibody effector functions. In humans, there are four types of activating FcγRs: FcγRI, FcγRIIa, FcγRIIIa, and FcγRIIIb. These are expressed on various effector cells such as natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils and macrophages. FcγRIIIa expressed on NK cells is known to play a pivotal role in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). To assess the ADCC activity of mAbs, the killing of target cells is often measured using human peripheral mononuclear blood cells (hPBMCs) or isolated primary NK cells as effector cells. These assays can directly assess the cytotoxicity induced by mAbs, but require fresh blood from donors, and are insufficiently reproducible due to differences in effector cell activity among donors. We developed a cell-based assay using reporter cell lines expressing human FcγR and a nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-driven luciferase reporter gene (Jurkat/FcγR/NFAT-Luc), which can estimate the activation of various FcγRs by antigen-bound mAbs in vitro, with high reproducibility. The usefulness of this assay was confirmed by comparing mAbs activity with different abilities to activate FcγRs, including Fc-engineered anti-CD20 mAbs and anti-EGFR mAbs with different IgG subclasses. We also confirmed the application of this assay for the characterization of mAbs product-related substances. Our FcγR reporter assay is a promising new tool for the characterization of therapeutic mAbs in various stages of mAbs development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences
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33
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Surrogate CD16-expressing effector cell lines for determining the bioactivity of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 143:188-198. [PMID: 28605680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traditional antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays use donor derived natural killer (NK) or peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but donor genetic variability and the technically challenging nature of the assay means that alternative in vitro assay formats are required. We explored the utility of two reporter gene cell lines, the J2 and J9, as surrogate effector cells for ADCC assays. Both express the ADCC relevant Fcγ receptor CD16, crosslinking of which leads to firefly luciferase expression. For anti-CD20 rituximab and anti-HER2 trastuzumab (both IgG1 monoclonal antibodies, mAbs) a dose dependent firefly luciferase response was observed exclusively in the presence of their respective targets, representing the molecular interaction which potentiates ADCC activity. Importantly, both surrogate effector and NK cell based assays gave statistically similar values for rituximab ADCC activity. Increased engagement with target cell bound mAbs was determined to be cytotoxic for the J2 and J9 cell lines at the assay end point (at which luciferase expression is measured). However, use of the J9 cells containing the constitutively expressed renilla luciferase gene enabled data normalisation and corrected for fluctuations in both cell number and viability providing an advantage over currently available surrogate effector cell-lines. Abrogated ADCC activity with IgG4 mAbs, but enhanced activity with an IgG1 non-fucosylated mAb, was seen with the J9 cell line, as expected. Additionally, two rituximab products (biosimilars in development) with similar binding by flow cytometry, N-glycan profiles using HPLC and CD16 binding by surface plasmon resonance showed comparable ADCC activity to Mabthera. The ADCC activity of another anti-CD20 mAb, ofatumumab, reported only with primary cell based assays to date was also measured. This is the first report of a dual reporter gene based ADCC assay.
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34
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Montacir O, Montacir H, Eravci M, Springer A, Hinderlich S, Saadati A, Parr MK. Comparability study of Rituximab originator and follow-on biopharmaceutical. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 140:239-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Gavin PG, Song N, Kim SR, Lipchik C, Johnson NL, Bandos H, Finnigan M, Rastogi P, Fehrenbacher L, Mamounas EP, Swain SM, Wickerham DL, Geyer CE, Jeong JH, Costantino JP, Wolmark N, Paik S, Pogue-Geile KL. Association of Polymorphisms in FCGR2A and FCGR3A With Degree of Trastuzumab Benefit in the Adjuvant Treatment of ERBB2/HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: Analysis of the NSABP B-31 Trial. JAMA Oncol 2017; 3:335-341. [PMID: 27812689 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.4884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Importance Preclinical models and studies in the metastatic and neoadjuvant settings suggest that single nucleotide polymorphisms in FCGR3A and FCGR2A may be associated with differential response to trastuzumab in the treatment of ERBB2/HER2-positive breast cancer, by modulating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic effects. Objective To evaluate the effect of FCGR2A and FCGR3A polymorphisms on trastuzumab efficacy in the adjuvant treatment of ERBB2/HER2-positive breast cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants This is a retrospective analysis of patients enrolled in the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) B-31 trial, a phase 3 cooperative group study conducted between 2000 and 2005. The NSABP B-31 trial randomized 2119 women with surgically resected node-positive, ERBB2/HER2-positive breast cancer to treatment with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel or the same regimen with the addition of 1 year of weekly trastuzumab. Patients were accrued at cooperative group sites across the United States and Canada. This analysis was performed between 2013 and 2016. Interventions Doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel or the same regimen with the addition of 1 year of weekly trastuzumab. Main Outcomes and Measures Disease-free survival. Results The genotyped cohort (N = 1251) resembled the entire B-31 cohort based on clinical variables and the degree of benefit from trastuzumab. Median follow-up time was 8.2 years in the genotyped samples. The disease-free survival probability at 3, 5, and 8 years was 74% (95% CI, 71%-79%), 66% (95% CI, 62%-71%), and 58% (95% CI, 54%-63%) in patients who received ACT and 86% (95% CI, 83%-89%), 82% (95% CI, 79%-85%), and 78% (95% CI, 74%-81%) in patients who received ACTH. Addition of trastuzumab significantly improved patient outcome (hazard ratio [HR], 0.46; 95% CI, 0.37-0.57; P < .001). The expected trend for interaction between polymorphisms and trastuzumab was observed for both genes, but only FCGR3A-158 polymorphism reached statistical significance for interaction (P < .001). As hypothesized, patients with genotypes FCB3A-158V/V or FCB3A-158V/F received greater benefit from trastuzumab (HR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.22-0.43; P < .001) than patients who were homozygous for the low-affinity allele (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.51-1.01; P = .05). Conclusions and Relevance The FCGR3A-158 polymorphism is predictive of trastuzumab efficacy in this cohort of patients with early ERBB2/HER2-positive breast cancer. Patients who are homozygous for phenylalanine at this position represent a considerable proportion of the population and, in contrast to previously reported analyses from similarly designed trials, our results indicate that trastuzumab may be less efficacious in these patients. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00004067.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Gavin
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nan Song
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - S Rim Kim
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Corey Lipchik
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole L Johnson
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hanna Bandos
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Melanie Finnigan
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Priya Rastogi
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania3University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Louis Fehrenbacher
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania4Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Vallejo, California
| | - Eleftherios P Mamounas
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania5UF Cancer Center at Orlando Health, Orlando, Florida
| | - Sandra M Swain
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania6Washington Cancer Institute, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC7Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - D Lawrence Wickerham
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania8Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles E Geyer
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania9Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond
| | - Jong-Hyeon Jeong
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania2Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph P Costantino
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania2Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Norman Wolmark
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania8Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Soonmyung Paik
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania10Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Department of Medical Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kay L Pogue-Geile
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Krayukhina E, Noda M, Ishii K, Maruno T, Wakabayashi H, Tada M, Suzuki T, Ishii-Watabe A, Kato M, Uchiyama S. Analytical ultracentrifugation with fluorescence detection system reveals differences in complex formation between recombinant human TNF and different biological TNF antagonists in various environments. MAbs 2017; 9:664-679. [PMID: 28387583 PMCID: PMC5419078 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1297909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have attempted to elucidate the binding mechanism between tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and clinically relevant antagonists. None of these studies, however, have been conducted as close as possible to physiologic conditions, and so the relationship between the size distribution of TNF-antagonist complexes and the antagonists' biological activity or adverse effects remains elusive. Here, we characterized the binding stoichiometry and sizes of soluble TNF-antagonist complexes for adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept that were formed in human serum and in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Fluorescence-detected sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation analyses revealed that adalimumab and infliximab formed a range of complexes with TNF, with the major complexes consisting of 3 molcules of the respective antagonist and one or 2 molcules of TNF. Considerably greater amounts of high-molecular-weight complexes were detected for infliximab in human serum. The emergence of peaks with higher sedimentation coefficients than the adalimumab monomer as a function of added human serum albumin (HSA) concentration in PBS suggested weak reversible interactions between HSA and immunoglobulins. Etanerept exclusively formed 1:1 complexes with TNF in PBS, and a small amount of complexes with higher stoichiometry was detected in human serum. Consistent with these biophysical characterizations, a reporter assay showed that adalimumab and infliximab, but not etanercept, exerted FcγRIIa- and FcγRIIIa-mediated cell signaling in the presence of TNF and that infliximab exhibited higher potency than adalimumab. This study shows that assessing distribution profiles in serum will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the in vivo behavior of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Krayukhina
- a Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Yamadaoka, Suita , Osaka , Japan.,b U-Medico Inc. , Yamadaoka, Suita , Osaka , Japan
| | - Masanori Noda
- a Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Yamadaoka, Suita , Osaka , Japan.,b U-Medico Inc. , Yamadaoka, Suita , Osaka , Japan
| | - Kentaro Ishii
- c Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences , Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki , Aichi , Japan
| | - Takahiro Maruno
- a Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Yamadaoka, Suita , Osaka , Japan.,b U-Medico Inc. , Yamadaoka, Suita , Osaka , Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Wakabayashi
- a Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Yamadaoka, Suita , Osaka , Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- d Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takuo Suzuki
- d Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- d Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masahiko Kato
- e Sysmex Corporation , Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe-shi , Hyogo , Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- a Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Yamadaoka, Suita , Osaka , Japan.,b U-Medico Inc. , Yamadaoka, Suita , Osaka , Japan.,c Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences , Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki , Aichi , Japan
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37
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Alvarez RA, Maestre AM, Law K, Durham ND, Barria MI, Ishii-Watabe A, Tada M, Kapoor M, Hotta MT, Rodriguez-Caprio G, Fierer DS, Fernandez-Sesma A, Simon V, Chen BK. Enhanced FCGR2A and FCGR3A signaling by HIV viremic controller IgG. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e88226. [PMID: 28239647 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 viremic controllers (VC) spontaneously control infection without antiretroviral treatment. Several studies indicate that IgG Abs from VCs induce enhanced responses from immune effector cells. Since signaling through Fc-γ receptors (FCGRs) modulate these Ab-driven responses, here we examine if enhanced FCGR activation is a common feature of IgG from VCs. Using an infected cell-based system, we observed that VC IgG stimulated greater FCGR2A and FCGR3A activation as compared with noncontrollers, independent of the magnitude of HIV-specific Ab binding or virus neutralization activities. Multivariate regression analysis showed that enhanced FCGR signaling was a significant predictor of VC status as compared with chronically infected patients (CIP) on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of patient IgG functions primarily grouped VC IgG profiles by enhanced FCGR2A, FCGR3A, or dual signaling activity. Our findings demonstrate that enhanced FCGR signaling is a common and significant predictive feature of VC IgG, with VCs displaying a distinct spectrum of FCGR activation profiles. Thus, profiling FCGR activation may provide a useful method for screening and distinguishing protective anti-HIV IgG responses in HIV-infected patients and in monitoring HIV vaccination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Alvarez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute
| | - Ana M Maestre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth Law
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute
| | - Natasha D Durham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute
| | - Maria Ines Barria
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute.,Department of Microbiology, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manav Kapoor
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mathew T Hotta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute
| | | | - Daniel S Fierer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin K Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute
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38
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Takakura M, Tada M, Ishii-Watabe A. Development of cell-based assay for predictively evaluating the FcγR-mediated human immune cell activation by therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 485:189-194. [PMID: 28196745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have important roles in treatments for various cancers and inflammatory diseases. Their highly target specificities provide controlled safety profiles. However, therapeutic mAbs commonly pose a risk of the induction of the release of cytokines, which may result in adverse events including infusion reaction and cytokine release syndrome. Several mechanisms are involved in the cytokine releases induced by therapeutic mAbs, and the activation of immune effector cells via Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) is one of the putative mechanisms for most IgG-subclass mAbs. The relationship between cytokine releases and mAbs' Fc functions is not fully understood. Here we developed a simple reporter cell-based assay for estimating the FcγR-mediated activation of human immune effector cells by mAbs. Our use of the cell-based assay to compare Fc-engineered mAbs with different FcγR-activation profiles revealed that the releases of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) induced by the mAbs were elevated by treatment with Fc-engineered mAbs with higher FcγR-activation properties. Our results also suggested the involvement of monocytic effector cells in the activation of hPBMCs as sources of released cytokines and chemokines, which may lead to the immune cell-mediated adverse events. Our new reporter cell assay is a promising tool for evaluating and predicting the activation of human immune cells by novel Fc-engineered mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Takakura
- AMED, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan; Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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39
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Kawanishi T. Regulatory science for innovative drug development. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 148:272-277. [PMID: 27803441 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.148.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Hashimoto Y, Kawahigashi Y, Hata T, Li X, Watari A, Tada M, Ishii-Watabe A, Okada Y, Doi T, Fukasawa M, Kuniyasu H, Yagi K, Kondoh M. Efficacy and safety evaluation of claudin-4-targeted antitumor therapy using a human and mouse cross-reactive monoclonal antibody. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00266. [PMID: 27713828 PMCID: PMC5045943 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin‐4 (CLDN‐4), a tight‐junction protein, is overexpressed in various malignant tumors, including gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, and breast cancers. However, CLDN‐4 is also expressed in normal tissues, including the liver, pancreas, kidney, and small intestine. Whether CLDN‐4 is an effective and safe target for cancer therapy has been unclear owing to the lack of a binder with both CLDN‐4 specificity and cross‐reactivity to human and murine cells. In this study, we successfully generated a rat anti‐CLDN‐4 monoclonal antibody (5D12) that was specific to, and cross‐reactive with, human and mouse CLDN‐4. 5D12 recognized the second extracellular domain of human CLDN‐4 in a conformation‐dependent manner. A human–rat chimeric IgG1 of 5D12 (xi‐5D12) activated the FcγIIIa receptor, indicating the activation of antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity in CLDN‐4‐expressing cells. Moreover, xi‐5D12 significantly suppressed tumor growth in mice bearing human colorectal and gastric tumors without apparent adverse effects, such as weight loss or liver and kidney damage. These results suggest that CLDN‐4 is a potent target for cancer therapy and that an anti‐CLDN‐4 antibody is a promising candidate anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yumi Kawahigashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Hata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Xiangru Li
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Akihiro Watari
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals National Institute of Health Sciences Tokyo 158-0098 Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals National Institute of Health Sciences Tokyo 158-0098 Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Takefumi Doi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo 162-8640 Japan
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology Nara Medical University Nara 634-8521 Japan
| | - Kiyohito Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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41
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Wines BD, Vanderven HA, Esparon SE, Kristensen AB, Kent SJ, Hogarth PM. Dimeric FcγR Ectodomains as Probes of the Fc Receptor Function of Anti-Influenza Virus IgG. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1507-16. [PMID: 27385782 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, and Ag presentation are key mechanisms of action of Abs arising in vaccine or naturally acquired immunity, as well of therapeutic mAbs. Cells expressing the low-affinity FcγRs (FcγRII or CD32 and FcγRIII or CD16) are activated for these functions when receptors are aggregated following the binding of IgG-opsonized targets. Despite the diversity of the Fc receptor proteins, IgG ligands, and potential responding cell types, the induction of all FcγR-mediated responses by opsonized targets requires the presentation of multiple Fc regions in close proximity to each other. We demonstrated that such "near-neighbor" Fc regions can be detected using defined recombinant soluble (rs) dimeric low-affinity ectodomains (rsFcγR) that have an absolute binding requirement for the simultaneous engagement of two IgG Fc regions. Like cell surface-expressed FcγRs, the binding of dimeric rsFcγR ectodomains to Ab immune complexes was affected by Ab subclass, presentation, opsonization density, Fc fucosylation, or mutation. The activation of an NK cell line and primary NK cells by human IgG-opsonized influenza A hemagglutinin correlated with dimeric rsFcγRIIIa binding activity but not with Ab titer. Furthermore, the dimeric rsFcγR binding assay sensitively detected greater Fc receptor activity to pandemic H1N1 hemagglutinin after the swine influenza pandemic of 2009 in pooled human polyclonal IgG. Thus these dimeric rsFcγR ectodomains are validated, defined probes that should prove valuable in measuring the immune-activating capacity of IgG Abs elicited by infection or vaccination or experimentally derived IgG and its variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Wines
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Hillary A Vanderven
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sandra E Esparon
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Anne B Kristensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; and Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Infectious Diseases Department, Alfred Health, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia;
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42
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Hashimoto Y, Tada M, Iida M, Nagase S, Hata T, Watari A, Okada Y, Doi T, Fukasawa M, Yagi K, Kondoh M. Generation and characterization of a human-mouse chimeric antibody against the extracellular domain of claudin-1 for cancer therapy using a mouse model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:91-95. [PMID: 27286708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Claudin-1 (CLDN-1), an integral transmembrane protein, is an attractive target for drug absorption, prevention of infection, and cancer therapy. Previously, we generated mouse anti-CLDN-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and found that they enhanced epidermal absorption of a drug and prevented hepatitis C virus infection in human hepatocytes. Here, we investigated anti-tumor activity of a human-mouse chimeric IgG1, xi-3A2, from one of the anti-CLDN-1 mAbs, clone 3A2. Xi-3A2 accumulated in the tumor tissues in mice bearing with human CLDN-1-expressing tumor cells. Xi-3A2 activated Fcγ receptor IIIa-expressing reporter cells in the presence of human CLDN-1-expressing cells, suggesting xi-3A2 has a potential to exhibit antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against CLDN-1 expressing tumor cells. We also constructed a mutant xi-3A2 antibody with Gly, Ser, and Ile substituted with Ala, Asp, and Arg at positions 236, 239, and 332 of the Fc domain. This mutant antibody showed greater activation of Fcγ receptor IIIa and in vivo anti-tumor activity in mice bearing human CLDN-1-expressing tumors than xi-3A2 did. These findings indicate that the G236A/S239D/I332E mutant of xi-3A2 might be a promising lead for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-0098, Japan
| | - Manami Iida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shotaro Nagase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Hata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihiro Watari
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takefumi Doi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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43
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Yang Y, Guo Q, Xia M, Li Y, Peng X, Liu T, Tong X, Xu J, Guo H, Qian W, Hou S, Dai J, Wang H, Liu R, Guo Y. Generation and characterization of a target-selectively activated antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor with enhanced anti-tumor potency. MAbs 2015; 7:440-50. [PMID: 25679409 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1008352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Panitumumab, as a commercially available antibody, is an effective anticancer therapeutic against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), although it exerts weak antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity owing to its IgG2 nature. Here, we firstly engineered panitumumab by grafting its variable region into an IgG1 backbone. The engineered panitumumab (denoted as Pan) retained binding activity identical to the parental antibody while exhibiting stronger ADCC activity in vitro and more potent antitumor effect in vivo. To further enhance the target selectivity of Pan, we generated Pan-P by tethering an epitope-blocking peptide to Pan via a tumor-specific protease selective linker. Pan-P showed almost 40-fold weaker affinity compared with Pan, but functional activity was restored to a similar extent as Pan when Pan-P was selectively activated by urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). More importantly, targeted localization of Pan-P was observed in tumor samples from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and tumor-bearing nude mice, strongly indicating that specific activation also existed ex vivo and in vivo. Furthermore, Pan-P also exhibited effective in vivo antitumor potency similar to Pan. Taken together, our data evidence the enhanced antitumor potency and excellent target selectivity of Pan-P, suggesting its potential use for minimizing on-target toxicity in anti-EGFR therapy.
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Key Words
- ADCC
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit 8Yun
- CI, confidence interval
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- ECD, extracellular domain
- EGFR
- EGFR VIII, EGFR Type III Variant
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- HC, heavy chain
- IgG, Immunoglobulin G
- LC, light chain
- Probody™
- SEC, size exclusion chromatography
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- monoclonal antibody
- panitumumab
- target-selective activation
- uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- a PLA General Hospital Cancer Center ; PLA School of Medicine ; Beijing , China
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Tada M, Tatematsu KI, Ishii-Watabe A, Harazono A, Takakura D, Hashii N, Sezutsu H, Kawasaki N. Characterization of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody produced by transgenic silkworms (Bombyx mori). MAbs 2015; 7:1138-50. [PMID: 26261057 PMCID: PMC4966511 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1078054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to the successful use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the treatment of various diseases, systems for expressing recombinant mAbs using transgenic animals or plants have been widely developed. The silkworm (Bombyx mori) is a highly domesticated insect that has recently been used for the production of recombinant proteins. Because of their cost-effective breeding and relatively easy production scale-up, transgenic silkworms show great promise as a novel production system for mAbs. In this study, we established a transgenic silkworm stably expressing a human-mouse chimeric anti-CD20 mAb having the same amino acid sequence as rituximab, and compared its characteristics with rituximab produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (MabThera®). The anti-CD20 mAb produced in the transgenic silkworm showed a similar antigen-binding property, but stronger antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and weaker complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) compared to MabThera. Post-translational modification analysis was performed by peptide mapping using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. There was a significant difference in the N-glycosylation profile between the CHO- and the silkworm-derived mAbs, but not in other post-translational modifications including oxidation and deamidation. The mass spectra of the N-glycosylated peptide revealed that the observed biological properties were attributable to the characteristic N-glycan structures of the anti-CD20 mAbs produced in the transgenic silkworms, i.e., the lack of the core-fucose and galactose at the non-reducing terminal. These results suggest that the transgenic silkworm may be a promising expression system for the tumor-targeting mAbs with higher ADCC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tada
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals; National Institute of Health Sciences ; Tokyo , Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Tatematsu
- b Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences ; Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals; National Institute of Health Sciences ; Tokyo , Japan
| | - Akira Harazono
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals; National Institute of Health Sciences ; Tokyo , Japan
| | - Daisuke Takakura
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals; National Institute of Health Sciences ; Tokyo , Japan.,c Manufacturing Technology Research Association of Biologics ; Kobe , Japan
| | - Noritaka Hashii
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals; National Institute of Health Sciences ; Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- b Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences ; Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Nana Kawasaki
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals; National Institute of Health Sciences ; Tokyo , Japan
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45
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Kurogochi M, Mori M, Osumi K, Tojino M, Sugawara SI, Takashima S, Hirose Y, Tsukimura W, Mizuno M, Amano J, Matsuda A, Tomita M, Takayanagi A, Shoda SI, Shirai T. Glycoengineered Monoclonal Antibodies with Homogeneous Glycan (M3, G0, G2, and A2) Using a Chemoenzymatic Approach Have Different Affinities for FcγRIIIa and Variable Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Activities. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26200113 PMCID: PMC4511734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many therapeutic antibodies have been developed, and IgG antibodies have been extensively generated in various cell expression systems. IgG antibodies contain N-glycans at the constant region of the heavy chain (Fc domain), and their N-glycosylation patterns differ during various processes or among cell expression systems. The Fc N-glycan can modulate the effector functions of IgG antibodies, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). To control Fc N-glycans, we performed a rearrangement of Fc N-glycans from a heterogeneous N-glycosylation pattern to homogeneous N-glycans using chemoenzymatic approaches with two types of endo-β-N-acetyl glucosaminidases (ENG'ases), one that works as a hydrolase to cleave all heterogeneous N-glycans, another that is used as a glycosynthase to generate homogeneous N-glycans. As starting materials, we used an anti-Her2 antibody produced in transgenic silkworm cocoon, which consists of non-fucosylated pauci-mannose type (Man2-3GlcNAc2), high-mannose type (Man4-9GlcNAc2), and complex type (Man3GlcNAc3-4) N-glycans. As a result of the cleavage of several ENG'ases (endoS, endoM, endoD, endoH, and endoLL), the heterogeneous glycans on antibodies were fully transformed into homogeneous-GlcNAc by a combination of endoS, endoD, and endoLL. Next, the desired N-glycans (M3; Man3GlcNAc1, G0; GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc1, G2; Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc1, A2; NeuAc2Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc1) were transferred from the corresponding oxazolines to the GlcNAc residue on the intact anti-Her2 antibody with an ENG'ase mutant (endoS-D233Q), and the glycoengineered anti-Her2 antibody was obtained. The binding assay of anti-Her2 antibody with homogenous N-glycans with FcγRIIIa-V158 showed that the glycoform influenced the affinity for FcγRIIIa-V158. In addition, the ADCC assay for the glycoengineered anti-Her2 antibody (mAb-M3, mAb-G0, mAb-G2, and mAb-A2) was performed using SKBR-3 and BT-474 as target cells, and revealed that the glycoform influenced ADCC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kurogochi
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Mori
- Laboratory of Glyco-Bioengineering, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Osumi
- Laboratory of Glyco-organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Tojino
- Laboratory of Glyco-organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu-ichi Sugawara
- Laboratory of Glyco-organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shou Takashima
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Hirose
- Laboratory of Glyco-organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Tsukimura
- Laboratory of Glyco-Bioengineering, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Mizuno
- Laboratory of Glyco-organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Amano
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Matsuda
- Laboratory of Glyco-Bioengineering, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tomita
- Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., 1091-1 Naka, Fujioka-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takayanagi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Shoda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Shirai
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Glyco-Bioengineering, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Glyco-organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Ishii-Watabe A, Tada M, Suzuki T, Kawasaki N. Nonclinical Evaluation of Next-generation Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2015; 135:857-66. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.15-00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Takuo Suzuki
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Nana Kawasaki
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences
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Seiter K, Mamorska-Dyga A. Obinutuzumab treatment in the elderly patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Interv Aging 2015; 10:951-61. [PMID: 26109852 PMCID: PMC4472072 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s69278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in adults in Western countries. Fludarabine-based regimens demonstrate higher response rates in younger patients but have a significant risk of infection and are thus poorly tolerated by older, frail patients. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies have added to the efficacy of chemotherapy in CLL. Obinutuzumab is a potent Type II anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody with enhanced antibody-dependent cellular toxicity and direct cell death compared with rituximab. In Phase I studies, infusion reactions and neutropenia were the predominant toxicities. Phase II studies demonstrated efficacy both as a single agent and in combination with chemotherapy in patients with CLL. The CLL11 trial was a Phase III randomized trial of chlorambucil alone or with either obinutuzumab or rituximab in elderly, unfit patients. Progression-free survival (the primary end point) was 26.7 months for patients receiving obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil versus 16.3 months for those receiving rituximab plus chlorambucil and 11.1 months for those receiving chlorambucil alone (P<0.001). Overall survival was improved for patients receiving obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil versus chlorambucil alone (P=0.002). This trial led to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of obinutuzumab in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Seiter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Aleksandra Mamorska-Dyga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Yamashita M, Iida M, Tada M, Shirasago Y, Fukasawa M, Nagase S, Watari A, Ishii-Watabe A, Yagi K, Kondoh M. Discovery of anti-claudin-1 antibodies as candidate therapeutics against hepatitis C virus. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:112-8. [PMID: 25628391 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.217653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudin-1 (CLDN1), a known host factor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry and cell-to-cell transmission, is a target molecule for inhibiting HCV infection. We previously developed four clones of mouse anti-CLDN1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) that prevented HCV infection in vitro. Two of these mAbs showed the highest antiviral activity. Here, we optimized the anti-CLDN1 mAbs as candidates for therapeutics by protein engineering. Although Fab fragments of the mAbs prevented in vitro HCV infection, their inhibitory effects were much weaker than those of the whole mAbs. In contrast, human chimeric IgG1 mAbs generated by grafting the variable domains of the mouse mAb light and heavy chains inhibited in vitro HCV infection as efficiently as the parental mouse mAbs. However, the chimeric IgG1 mAbs activated Fcγ receptor, suggesting that cytotoxicity against mAb-bound CLDN1-expressing cells occurred through the induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). To avoid ADCC-induced side effects, we prepared human chimeric IgG4 mAbs. The chimeric IgG4 mAbs did not activate Fcγ receptor or induce ADCC, but they prevented in vitro HCV infection as efficiently as did the parental mouse mAbs. These findings indicate that the IgG4 form of human chimeric anti-CLDN1 mAb may be a candidate molecule for clinically applicable HCV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayo Yamashita
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Manami Iida
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Minoru Tada
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Yoshitaka Shirasago
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Shotaro Nagase
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Akihiro Watari
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Kiyohito Yagi
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Laboratory of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (M.Y., M.I., S.N., A.W., K.Y., M.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (Y.S., M.F.); and Graduate School of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Y.S.)
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49
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Li X, Iida M, Tada M, Watari A, Kawahigashi Y, Kimura Y, Yamashita T, Ishii-Watabe A, Uno T, Fukasawa M, Kuniyasu H, Yagi K, Kondoh M. Development of an anti-claudin-3 and -4 bispecific monoclonal antibody for cancer diagnosis and therapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:206-13. [PMID: 25118216 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.216911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Most malignant tumors are derived from epithelium, and claudin (CLDN)-3 and CLDN-4 are frequently overexpressed in such tumors. Although antibodies have potential in cancer diagnostics and therapy, development of antibodies against CLDNs has been difficult because the extracellular domains of CLDNs are too small and there is high homology among human, rat, and mouse sequences. Here, we created a monoclonal antibody that recognizes human CLDN-3 and CLDN-4 by immunizing rats with a plasmid vector encoding human CLDN-4. A hybridoma clone that produced a rat monoclonal antibody recognizing both CLDN-3 and -4 (clone 5A5) was obtained from a hybridoma screen by using CLDN-3- and -4-expressing cells; 5A5 did not bind to CLDN-1-, -2-, -5-, -6-, -7-, or -9-expressing cells. Fluorescence-conjugated 5A5 injected into xenograft mice bearing human cancer MKN74 or LoVo cells could visualize the tumor cells. The human-rat chimeric IgG1 monoclonal antibody (xi5A5) activated FcγRIIIa in the presence of CLDN-3- or -4-expressing cells, indicating that xi5A5 may exert antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Administration of xi5A5 attenuated tumor growth in xenograft mice bearing MKN74 or LoVo cells. These results suggest that 5A5 shows promise in the development of a diagnostic and therapeutic antibody for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangru Li
- Laboratories of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry (X.L., M.I., A.W., Y.Ka., Y.Ki., K.Y., M.K.) and Analytical Chemistry (T.Y., T.U.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Manami Iida
- Laboratories of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry (X.L., M.I., A.W., Y.Ka., Y.Ki., K.Y., M.K.) and Analytical Chemistry (T.Y., T.U.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Minoru Tada
- Laboratories of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry (X.L., M.I., A.W., Y.Ka., Y.Ki., K.Y., M.K.) and Analytical Chemistry (T.Y., T.U.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Akihiro Watari
- Laboratories of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry (X.L., M.I., A.W., Y.Ka., Y.Ki., K.Y., M.K.) and Analytical Chemistry (T.Y., T.U.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Yumi Kawahigashi
- Laboratories of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry (X.L., M.I., A.W., Y.Ka., Y.Ki., K.Y., M.K.) and Analytical Chemistry (T.Y., T.U.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Yuka Kimura
- Laboratories of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry (X.L., M.I., A.W., Y.Ka., Y.Ki., K.Y., M.K.) and Analytical Chemistry (T.Y., T.U.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Taku Yamashita
- Laboratories of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry (X.L., M.I., A.W., Y.Ka., Y.Ki., K.Y., M.K.) and Analytical Chemistry (T.Y., T.U.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Laboratories of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry (X.L., M.I., A.W., Y.Ka., Y.Ki., K.Y., M.K.) and Analytical Chemistry (T.Y., T.U.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Tadayuki Uno
- Laboratories of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry (X.L., M.I., A.W., Y.Ka., Y.Ki., K.Y., M.K.) and Analytical Chemistry (T.Y., T.U.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Laboratories of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry (X.L., M.I., A.W., Y.Ka., Y.Ki., K.Y., M.K.) and Analytical Chemistry (T.Y., T.U.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Laboratories of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry (X.L., M.I., A.W., Y.Ka., Y.Ki., K.Y., M.K.) and Analytical Chemistry (T.Y., T.U.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Kiyohito Yagi
- Laboratories of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry (X.L., M.I., A.W., Y.Ka., Y.Ki., K.Y., M.K.) and Analytical Chemistry (T.Y., T.U.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Laboratories of Bio-Functional Molecular Chemistry (X.L., M.I., A.W., Y.Ka., Y.Ki., K.Y., M.K.) and Analytical Chemistry (T.Y., T.U.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (M.T., A.I.-W.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); and Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan (H.K.)
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