Years of life lost due to external causes of death in the lodz province, poland

Magnitude of admission, premature mortality and potential years of life lost due to acute diseases among pediatric patients admitted to public hospitals in Jimma City, Southwest Ethiopia

Introduction

although evidence suggests recent reductions in infant and child mortality, little is known about the magnitude, and causes of pediatrics admission, premature mortality, and associated years of potential life lost among hospitalized children in Ethiopia, particularly in Jimma City.

Methods

a retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on hospital's care registries of pediatric patients who presented with acute disease over three years period, from September 7^th, 2014, to September 10^th, 2017, at Jimma Medical Canter and Shenen Gibe Hospital in Jimma City. The data were cleaned and imported to statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) V.23.0 for descriptive statistical analysis.

Results

a total of 7612 children were admitted to two public hospitals in Jimma City during the study period. Among them, 4457(58.6%) were males. The mean (SD) age of the children at admission was 4.1± (4.25) years. The major cause of admission was pneumonia in 2274 (29.9 %) children. The major causes of premature mortality were Pneumonia 36 (22.1%), sepsis 25 (15.3%), and severe acute malnutrition 25 (15.3%). A total of 9633 years were lost due to premature deaths, of which the majority 7663 (79.6%) were attributed to communicable and nutritional diseases. Pneumonia was responsible for the highest proportion of years of life lost 2178 (22.1%).

Conclusion

it is indicated that the leading causes of hospital admissions and deaths were communicable and nutritional diseases. A significant number of years of life have been lost because of preventable and curable diseases. Therefore, early detection and initiation of an appropriate intervention could reduce the hospital´s burden and years of potential life lost due to these diseases.

Years of life lost due to alcohol-related mortality: A nationwide population study in Poland, 1999-2017

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to assess alcohol-related mortality and years of life lost (YLL) in Poland between 1999 and 2017.

METHODS

A database of 7,168,765 death certificates of Polish residents who died in 1999-2017 was reviewed. This number included 112,512 people who had died due to alcohol consumption. YLL was calculated with the use of the Standard Expected Years of Life Lost (SEYLL) measure; its value was related to the size of the study population and calculated per 100,000 people (SEYLLp). Time trends were determined by joinpoint regression analysis.

RESULTS

In 1999, the SEYLLp value was 653.99 years among males and 71.20 years among females; in 2017, these numbers rose to 1,263.76 and 293.10 years, respectively. Time trend analysis revealed that SEYLLp increased more quickly in females (by 8.69 % per year) than in males (by 3.68 %). The ratio of male to female SEYLLp values decreased from 9.18 to 4.31 over the study period.

CONCLUSIONS

In Poland, both males and females are experiencing adverse changes in the number of alcohol-induced YLLs. However, the disparity in YLLs between males and females is gradually decreasing, primarily due to the value increasing more quickly in females.

Long-term trends of potential years of life lost due to main causes of death in the Slovak population, 2004-2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate trends of potential years of life lost (PYLL) rates in the Slovak population and analyze the average annual percent change (AAPC) of PYLL rates regarding the most common causes of death between 2004 and 2013. National mortality and demographic data were obtained from the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic, and 378,535 causes of death within the period were analyzed. The PYLL values in both genders and each disease category were added up across all age groups to form annual values. For the trend analysis, the AAPC indicator was proposed. The PYLL rate is age-standardized and expressed as a sum of all deaths per 100,000. In the period 2004-2013, the highest mean PYLL rates were observed in neoplasms in the whole population (2,103 per 100,000), as well as in females (2,088 per 100,000), with a permanent high significant increase of AAPC of PYLL in both genders. The second highest mean PYLL rate in the ten-year period was related to circulatory system diseases in total (1,922 per 100,000) as well as in females (1,449 per 100,000). In males, circulatory system diseases had the highest PYLL rate (2,397 per 100,000). The PYLL rates trend regarding external causes of morbidity and mortality showed the most notable decrease in the assessed period and the AAPC of PYLL showed significant negative values both in males (-2.5%; p < 0.001) and females (-4%; p < 0.001). Our results should contribute in developing intervention programs aimed at reducing the burden of premature mortality since the main causes of premature death are associated to well-known and preventable risk factors.

Years of Life Lost Due to Cervical Cancer in Poland in 2000 to 2015

The aim of the study was an analysis of years of life lost due to cervical cancer in Poland in the period 2000 to 2015 with consideration given to differences related to education and place of residence. The study material was 28,274 death certificates of all female inhabitants of Poland, who died in 2000 to 2015 due to cervical cancer. In order to calculate years of life lost, the authors used indices: SEYLL_p (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person), SEYLL_d (per deaths) and AAPC (Average Annual Percentage Change). The SEYLL_p index (per 100,000) due to cervical cancer in Poland decreased from 394.3 in 2000 to 220.9 years of life in 2015 (AAPC = −3.6%). Women with university education lost the smallest number of years of life (SEYLL_p = 139.0 in 2000 and 53.7 in 2015; AAPC = −5.4%), whereas those with elementary education had the greatest number of years of life lost (524.2 and 312.8; AAPC = −3.4%). Women living in rural areas lost on average 329.5 years in 2000 and 177.0 in 2015 (AAPC = −3.8%). In city areas, the values were 428.6 and 247.1 (AAPC = −3.4%). Many of the years of life lost could have been avoided by including more women, particularly those with elementary education, in screening examinations.

Burden of suicide in Poland in 2012: how could it be measured and how big is it?

OBJECTIVES

The aim of our study was to estimate the health-related and economic burden of suicide in Poland in 2012 and to demonstrate the effects of using different assumptions on the disease burden estimation.

METHODS

Years of life lost (YLL) were calculated by multiplying the number of deaths by the remaining life expectancy. Local expected YLL (LEYLL) and standard expected YLL (SEYLL) were computed using Polish life expectancy tables and WHO standards, respectively. In the base case analysis LEYLL and SEYLL were computed with 3.5 and 0% discount rates, respectively, and no age-weighting. Premature mortality costs were calculated using a human capital approach, with discounting at 5%, and are reported in Polish zloty (PLN) (1 euro = 4.3 PLN). The impact of applying different assumptions on base-case estimates was tested in sensitivity analyses.

RESULTS

The total LEYLLs and SEYLLs due to suicide were 109,338 and 279,425, respectively, with 88% attributable to male deaths. The cost of male premature mortality (2,808,854,532 PLN) was substantially higher than for females (177,852,804 PLN). Discounting and age-weighting have a large effect on the base case estimates of LEYLLs. The greatest impact on the estimates of suicide-related premature mortality costs was due to the value of the discount rate.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings provide quantitative evidence on the burden of suicide. In our opinion each of the demonstrated methods brings something valuable to the evaluation of the impact of suicide on a given population, but LEYLLs and premature mortality costs estimated according to national guidelines have the potential to be useful for local public health policymakers.

Fifteen-year mortality trends in Poland analysed with the use of standard expected years of life lost, 2000-2014

The aim of the study is an evaluation of years of life lost by inhabitants of Poland according to the most important causes of mortality and identification of trends in the period 2000-2014. The study material included a database which contained information gathered from 5,601,568 death certificates of inhabitants of Poland. In order to calculate years of life lost, the SEYLL_p index (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person) was applied. We also calculated AAPC (Average Annual Percentage Change). The SEYLL_p index (per 10,000 population) in Poland decreased from 2503.4 in 2000 to 2193.2 in 2014 among males (AAPC = -0.8%, p < 0.05) and from 1430.2 in 2000 to 1269.4 in 2014 among females (AAPC = -0.6%, p < 0.05). In 2014, the top 5 causes of years of life lost were: cardiovascular diseases (721.4 per 10,000 males and 475.6 per 10,000 females), malignant tumours (575.5 and 418.3), unintentional injuries (202.2 and 46.8), intentional injuries (114.6 and 16.3) and digestive diseases (120.2 and 58.3). Due to negative trends, there is a need to implement preventative measures, aimed at reducing mortality caused by respiratory infections in both males and females, malignant tumours in females and diabetes mellitus and intentional injuries in males.

Years of life lost due to infectious diseases in Poland

Purpose

An evaluation of mortality due to infectious diseases in Poland in 1999–2012 and an analysis of standard expected years of life lost due to the above diseases.

Methods

The study material included a database created on the basis of 5,219,205 death certificates of Polish inhabitants, gathered between 1999 and 2012 and provided by the Central Statistical Office. Crude Death Rates (CDR), Standardized Death Rates (SDR) and Standard Expected Years of Life Lost (SEYLL) due to infectious and parasitic diseases were also evaluated in the study period as well as Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person (SEYLL_p) and Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per dead person (SEYLL_d). Time trends were evaluated with the application of joinpoint models and an annual percentage change in their values.

Results

Death certificates report that 38,261 people died due to infectious diseases in Poland in the period 1999–2012, which made up 0.73% of the total number of deaths. SDR caused by these diseases decreased, particularly in the male group: Annual Percentage Change (APC = -1.05; 95% CI:-2.0 to -0.2; p<0.05). The most positive trends were observed in mortality caused by tuberculosis (A15-A19) (APC = -5.40; 95% CI:-6.3 to -4.5; p<0.05) and also meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis and encephalomyelitis (G03-G04) (APC = -3.42; 95% CI:-4.7 to -2.1; p<0.05). The most negative mortality trends were observed for intestinal infectious diseases (A00-A09) Annual Average Percentage Change (AAPC = 7.3; 95% CI:3.1 to 11.7; p<0.05). SDR substantially decreased in the first half of the study period, but then significantly increased in the second half. Infectious and parasitic diseases contributed to a loss of around 37,000 standard expected years of life in 1999 and more than 28,000 in 2012. During the study period, the SEYLL_p index decreased from 9.59 to 7.39 per 10,000 population and the SEYLL_d index decreased from 14.26 to 10.34 years (AAPC = 2.3; 95% CI:-2,9 to -1.7; p<0.05).

Conclusions

Despite smaller numbers of deaths reported from infectious causes these diseases still represent a serious problem for Poland compared to countries in Western Europe.

Educational inequalities in premature mortality in Poland, 2002-2011: a population-based cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

The aim of the study is to evaluate the differences in premature mortality between educational groups of Polish inhabitants in 2002 and 2011.

METHODS

The analysis included all deaths among inhabitants of Poland, aged 25-64 years, which occurred in 2002 (N=97 004) and 2011 (N=104 598). We calculated age-standardised death rates (SDRs) and summary measures on inequalities. The relative index of inequality (RII) was calculated with Poisson regression.

RESULTS

The SDR for Poland decreased from 285.7 per 100 000 in 2002 to 246.0 in 2011 among males with higher education and increased from 1141.0 in 2002 to 1183.0 in 2011 among males with lower secondary or less education (the rate ratio increased from 4.0 to 4.8). With regard to females with higher education, the SDR decreased from 127.2 per 100 000 in 2002 to 115.6 in 2011. Among females with lower secondary or less education, the SDR increased from 375.8 per 100 000 in 2002 to 423.1 in 2011 (the rate ratio increased from 3.0 to 3.7). The RII increased from 5.8 to 9.7 in the male group and from 4.4 to 8.3 in the female group. The greatest educational inequalities in 2011 were observed in females who died of cardiovascular diseases (RII=14.9) and lung cancer (RII=6.6) and in males who died of suicides (RII=19.3) and lung cancer (RII=11.9).

CONCLUSIONS

Educational inequalities in premature mortality in Poland are growing. There is a need to implement health education programmes targeted at groups of the most poorly educated Polish inhabitants, especially for diseases resulting from smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

Years of Life Lost (YLL) in Colombia 1998-2011: Overall and Avoidable Causes of Death Analysis

Objective

Estimate the Years of Life Lost (YLL) for overall and avoidable causes of death (CoD) in Colombia for the period 1998-2011.

Methods

From the reported deaths to the Colombian mortality database during 1998-2011, we classified deaths from avoidable causes. With the reference life table of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2010 study, we estimated the overall YLL and YLL due to avoidable causes. Calculations were performed with the difference between life expectancy and the age of death. Results are reported by group of cause of death, events, sex, year and department. Comparative analysis between number of deaths and YLL was carried out.

Results

A total of 83,856,080 YLL were calculated in Colombia during period 1998-2011, 75.9% of them due to avoidable CoD. The year 2000 reported the highest number of missed YLL by both overall and avoidable CoD. The departments with the highest YLL rates were Caquetá, Guaviare, Arauca, Meta, and Risaralda. In men, intentional injuries and cardiovascular and circulatory diseases had the higher losses, while in women YLL were mainly due to cardiovascular and circulatory diseases.

Conclusions

The public health priorities should focus on preventing the loss of YLL due to premature death and differentiated interventions by sex.

The burden of premature mortality in Poland analysed with the use of standard expected years of life lost

Background

Despite positive changes in the health of the population of Poland, compared to the EU average, the average life expectancy in 2011 was 5 years shorter for males and 2.2 years shorter for females. The immediate cause is the great number of premature deaths, which results in years of life lost in the population. The aim of the study was to identify the major causes of years of life lost in Poland.

Methods

The analysis was based on a database of the Central Statistical Office of Poland, containing information gathered from 375,501 death certificates of inhabitants of Poland who died in 2011. The SEYLL_p (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person) and the SEYLL_d (SEYLL per death) measures were calculated to determine years of life lost.

Results

In 2011, the total number of years of life lost by in Polish residents due to premature mortality was 2,249,213 (1,415,672 for males and 833,541 for females). The greatest number of years of life lost in males were due to ischemic heart disease (7.8 per 1,000), lung cancer (6.0), suicides (6.6), cerebrovascular disease (4.6) and road traffic accidents (5.4). In females, the factors contributing to the greatest number of deaths were cerebrovascular disease (3.8 per 1,000), ischemic heart disease (3.7), heart failure (2.7), lung cancer (2.5) and breast cancer (2.3). Regarding the individual scores per person in both males and females, the greatest death factors were road traffic accidents (20.2 years in males and 17.1 in females), suicides (17.4 years in males and 15.4 in females) and liver cirrhosis (12.1 years in males and 11.3 in females).

Conclusions

It would be most beneficial to further reduce the number of deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, because they contribute to the greatest number of years of life lost. Moreover, from the economic point of view, the most effective preventative activities are those which target causes which result in a large number of years of life lost at productive age for each death due to a particular reason, i.e. road traffic accidents, suicides and liver cirrhosis.