1
|
Cigliano A, Liao W, Deiana GA, Rizzo D, Chen X, Calvisi DF. Preclinical Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Utility, Limitations, and Challenges. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1624. [PMID: 39062197 PMCID: PMC11274649 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the predominant primary liver tumor, remains one of the most lethal cancers worldwide, despite the advances in therapy in recent years. In addition to the traditional chemically and dietary-induced HCC models, a broad spectrum of novel preclinical tools have been generated following the advent of transgenic, transposon, organoid, and in silico technologies to overcome this gloomy scenario. These models have become rapidly robust preclinical instruments to unravel the molecular pathogenesis of liver cancer and establish new therapeutic approaches against this deadly disease. The present review article aims to summarize and discuss the commonly used preclinical models for HCC, evaluating their strengths and weaknesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cigliano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (G.A.D.); (D.R.)
| | - Weiting Liao
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (W.L.); (X.C.)
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Giovanni A. Deiana
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (G.A.D.); (D.R.)
| | - Davide Rizzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (G.A.D.); (D.R.)
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (W.L.); (X.C.)
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Diego F. Calvisi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (G.A.D.); (D.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Souid A, Giambastiani L, Castagna A, Santin M, Vivarelli F, Canistro D, Morosini C, Paolini M, Franchi P, Lucarini M, Raffaelli A, Giorgetti L, Ranieri A, Longo V, Pozzo L, Vornoli A. Assessment of the Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic Properties of Salicornia europaea for the Prevention of TAFLD in Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:596. [PMID: 38790701 PMCID: PMC11118816 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Halophyte species represent valuable reservoirs of natural antioxidants, and, among these, Salicornia europaea stands out as a promising edible plant. In this study, young and old S. europaea leaves were compared for the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity to assess changes in different growth phases; then, the potential protective effects against low-dose CCl4-induced toxicant-associated fatty liver disease (TAFLD) were investigated by administering an aqueous suspension of young leaves to rats daily for two weeks. Quantification of total and individual phenolic compounds and in vitro antioxidant activity assays (DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC) showed the highest values in young leaves compared to mature ones. Salicornia treatment mitigated CCl4-induced hepatic oxidative stress, reducing lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl levels, and preserving the decrease in glutathione levels. Electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy confirmed these results in the liver and evidenced free radicals increase prevention in the brain. Salicornia treatment also attenuated enzymatic disruptions in the liver's drug metabolizing system and Nrf2-dependent antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, histopathological examination revealed reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation. Overall, this study highlights Salicornia's potential as a source of bioactive compounds with effective hepatoprotective properties capable to prevent TAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Souid
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Agro-Environmental Sciences, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.S.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (A.R.)
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology—National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.R.); (L.G.); (V.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Lucia Giambastiani
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology—National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.R.); (L.G.); (V.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Antonella Castagna
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Agro-Environmental Sciences, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.S.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Marco Santin
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Agro-Environmental Sciences, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.S.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Fabio Vivarelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.V.); (D.C.); (C.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Donatella Canistro
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.V.); (D.C.); (C.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Camilla Morosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.V.); (D.C.); (C.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Moreno Paolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.V.); (D.C.); (C.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Paola Franchi
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (P.F.); (M.L.)
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (P.F.); (M.L.)
| | - Andrea Raffaelli
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology—National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.R.); (L.G.); (V.L.); (A.V.)
- Crop Science Research Center, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Giorgetti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology—National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.R.); (L.G.); (V.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Annamaria Ranieri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Agro-Environmental Sciences, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.S.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Vincenzo Longo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology—National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.R.); (L.G.); (V.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Luisa Pozzo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology—National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.R.); (L.G.); (V.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Andrea Vornoli
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology—National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.R.); (L.G.); (V.L.); (A.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ali FEM, Ibrahim IM, Althagafy HS, Hassanein EHM. Role of immunotherapies and stem cell therapy in the management of liver cancer: A comprehensive review. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:112011. [PMID: 38581991 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Liver cancer (LC) is the sixth most common disease and the third most common cause of cancer-related mortality. The WHO predicts that more than 1 million deaths will occur from LC by 2030. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common form of primary LC. Today, the management of LC involves multiple disciplines, and multimodal therapy is typically selected on an individual basis, considering the intricate interactions between the patient's overall health, the stage of the tumor, and the degree of underlying liver disease. Currently, the treatment of cancers, including LC, has undergone a paradigm shift in the last ten years because of immuno-oncology. To treat HCC, immune therapy approaches have been developed to enhance or cause the body's natural immune response to specifically target tumor cells. In this context, immune checkpoint pathway inhibitors, engineered cytokines, adoptive cell therapy, immune cells modified with chimeric antigen receptors, and therapeutic cancer vaccines have advanced to clinical trials and offered new hope to cancer patients. The outcomes of these treatments are encouraging. Additionally, treatment using stem cells is a new approach for restoring deteriorated tissues because of their strong differentiation potential and capacity to release cytokines that encourage cell division and the formation of blood vessels. Although there is no proof that stem cell therapy works for many types of cancer, preclinical research on stem cells has shown promise in treating HCC. This review provides a recent update regarding the impact of immunotherapy and stem cells in HCC and promising outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt; Michael Sayegh, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aqaba University of Technology, Aqaba 77110, Jordan.
| | - Islam M Ibrahim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Hanan S Althagafy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saeed RA, Maqsood M, Saeed RA, Muzammil HS, Khan MI, Asghar L, Nisa SU, Rabail R, Aadil RM. Plant-based foods and hepatocellular carcinoma: A review on mechanistic understanding. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:11750-11783. [PMID: 35796706 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2095974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regardless of etiology, hepatocarcinogenesis is frequently preceded by a distinctive sequence of chronic necroinflammation, compensatory hepatic regeneration, development of hepatic fibrosis, and ultimately cirrhosis. The liver being central immunomodulators, closely maintains immunotolerance. Any dysregulation in this management of immunotolerance is a hallmark of chronic hepatic disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Apart from other malignancies, hepatocellular carcinoma accounts for 90% of liver cancers. Several emerging evidences have recognized diet as lifestyle associated risk factor in HCC development. However, natural compounds have the potential to fight hepatoma aggressiveness via inhibition of cellular proliferation and modulation of oncogenic pathways. This review aimed to identify the several plant-based foods for their protective role in HCC prevention by understating the molecular mechanisms involved in inhibition of progression and proliferation of cancer. Information from relevant publications in which several plant-based foods demonstrated protective potential against HCC has been integrated as well as evaluated. For data integration, Science direct, Google scholar, and Scopus websites were used. Nutrition-based approaches in the deterrence of several cancers offer a substantial benefit to currently used medical therapies and should be implemented more often as an adjunct to first-line medical therapy. Furthermore, the inclusion of these plant-based foods (vegetables, fruits, herbs, and spices) may improve general health and decline cancer incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raakia Anam Saeed
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Maria Maqsood
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Raafia Anam Saeed
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Shehzad Muzammil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Issa Khan
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Laiba Asghar
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sahar Un Nisa
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Roshina Rabail
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Shen L, Wang B, Wu X. Ethanolamine-phosphate phospho-lyase (ETNPPL) contributes to the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15834. [PMID: 37637156 PMCID: PMC10448887 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by high mortality, difficulty in early screening, relapse, and poor prognosis. This study aimed to explore the expression of ethanolamine-phosphate phospho-lyase (ETNPPL) and its clinical significance in HCC. Methods Differentially expressed mRNAs were screened using microarray analysis. Functional enrichment was performed using GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis. We used qRT-PCR to measure the expression of ETNPPL in HCC tissues and paired paracarcinoma tissues. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Kaplan-Meier curve were conducted to assess the diagnostic and prognostic values. Cell behaviors were evaluated using a scratch test and transwell assay. Results The results showed that numerous mRNAs are abnormally expressed in HCC. ETNPPL was decreased in HCC tissues and cells. The area under curve (AUC) of ETNPPL was 0.9089, demonstrating that ETNPPL had diagnostic value. Low expression of ETNPPL was related to poor prognosis for patients with HCC. Moreover, the over-expression of ETNPPL inhibited HCC cell migration and invasion. Conclusions In conclusion, downregulated ETNPPL was found in HCC and is related to poor patient prognosis and the promotion of cell metastasis. This suggests that ETNPPL serves both as a promising diagnosis and prognosis biomarker, and a therapy target of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Shen
- Disinfection Supply Center, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bojun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Yixing Fourth People’s Hospital, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Polyzos SA, Chrysavgis L, Vachliotis ID, Chartampilas E, Cholongitas E. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma:Insights in epidemiology, pathogenesis, imaging, prevention and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 93:20-35. [PMID: 37149203 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is estimated to be the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality and is characterized by low survival rates. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as a leading cause of HCC, whose rates are increasing, owing to the increasing prevalence of NAFLD. The pathogenesis of NAFLD-associated HCC is multifactorial: insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes and the low-grade hepatic inflammation, which characterizes NAFLD, seem to play key roles in the development and progression of HCC. The diagnosis of NAFLD-associated HCC is based on imaging in the presence of liver cirrhosis, preferably computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, but liver biopsy for histological confirmation is usually required in the absence of liver cirrhosis. Some preventive measures have been recommended for NAFLD-associated HCC, including weight loss, cessation of even moderate alcohol drinking and smoking, as well as the use of metformin, statins and aspirin. However, these preventive measures are mainly based on observational studies, thus they need validation in trials of different design before introducing in clinical practice. The treatment of NAFLD should be tailored on an individual basis and should be ideally determined by a multidisciplinary team. In the last two decades, new medications, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoints inhibitors, have improved the survival of patients with advanced HCC, but trials specifically designed for patients with NAFLD-associated HCC are scarce. The aim of this review was to overview evidence on the epidemiology and pathophysiology of NAFLD-associated HCC, then to comment on imaging tools for its appropriate screening and diagnosis, and finally to critically summarize the currently available options for its prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Lampros Chrysavgis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital Laiko, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias D Vachliotis
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelos Chartampilas
- Department of Radiology, University General Hospital of Thessaloniki AHEPA, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelos Cholongitas
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital Laiko, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Povero D, Lazic M, McBride C, Ambrus-Aikelin G, Stansfield R, Johnson CD, Santini AM, Pranadinata RF, McGeough MD, Stafford JA, Hoffman HM, Feldstein AE, Veal JM, Bain G. Pharmacology of a Potent and Novel Inhibitor of the NOD-Like Receptor Pyrin Domain-Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3) Inflammasome that Attenuates Development of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Liver Fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 386:242-258. [PMID: 37308266 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multiprotein complex and component of the innate immune system that is activated by exogenous and endogenous danger signals to promote activation of caspase-1 and the maturation and release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Inappropriate activation of NLRP3 has been implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), thus increasing the clinical interest of this target. We describe in this study the preclinical pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties of a novel and highly specific NLRP3 inhibitor, JT001 (6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrazolo[5,1-b][1,3]oxazine-3-sulfonylurea). In cell-based assays, JT001 potently and selectively inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome assembly, resulting in the inhibition of cytokine release and the prevention of pyroptosis, a form of inflammatory cell death triggered by active caspase-1. Oral administration of JT001 to mice inhibited IL-1β production in peritoneal lavage fluid at plasma concentrations that correlated with mouse in vitro whole blood potency. Orally administered JT001 was effective in reducing hepatic inflammation in three different murine models, including the Nlrp3A350V /+CreT model of Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS), a diet-induced obesity NASH model, and a choline-deficient diet-induced NASH model. Significant reductions in hepatic fibrosis and cell damage were also observed in the MWS and choline-deficient models. Our findings demonstrate that blockade of NLRP3 attenuates hepatic inflammation and fibrosis and support the use of JT001 to investigate the role of NLRP3 in other inflammatory disease models. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Persistent inflammasome activation is the consequence of inherited mutations of NLRP3 and results in the development of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes associated with severe systemic inflammation. NLRP3 is also upregulated in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, a metabolic chronic liver disease currently missing a cure. Selective and potent inhibitors of NLRP3 hold great promise and have the potential to overcome an urgent unmet need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Povero
- Jecure Therapeutics, San Diego, California (D.P., M.L., C.M., G.A.-A., R.S., A.M.S., R.F.P., J.A.S., J.M.V., G.B.) and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California (C.D.J., M.D.M., H.M.H., A.E.F.)
| | - Milos Lazic
- Jecure Therapeutics, San Diego, California (D.P., M.L., C.M., G.A.-A., R.S., A.M.S., R.F.P., J.A.S., J.M.V., G.B.) and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California (C.D.J., M.D.M., H.M.H., A.E.F.)
| | - Christopher McBride
- Jecure Therapeutics, San Diego, California (D.P., M.L., C.M., G.A.-A., R.S., A.M.S., R.F.P., J.A.S., J.M.V., G.B.) and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California (C.D.J., M.D.M., H.M.H., A.E.F.)
| | - Geza Ambrus-Aikelin
- Jecure Therapeutics, San Diego, California (D.P., M.L., C.M., G.A.-A., R.S., A.M.S., R.F.P., J.A.S., J.M.V., G.B.) and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California (C.D.J., M.D.M., H.M.H., A.E.F.)
| | - Ryan Stansfield
- Jecure Therapeutics, San Diego, California (D.P., M.L., C.M., G.A.-A., R.S., A.M.S., R.F.P., J.A.S., J.M.V., G.B.) and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California (C.D.J., M.D.M., H.M.H., A.E.F.)
| | - Casey D Johnson
- Jecure Therapeutics, San Diego, California (D.P., M.L., C.M., G.A.-A., R.S., A.M.S., R.F.P., J.A.S., J.M.V., G.B.) and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California (C.D.J., M.D.M., H.M.H., A.E.F.)
| | - Angelina M Santini
- Jecure Therapeutics, San Diego, California (D.P., M.L., C.M., G.A.-A., R.S., A.M.S., R.F.P., J.A.S., J.M.V., G.B.) and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California (C.D.J., M.D.M., H.M.H., A.E.F.)
| | - Rama F Pranadinata
- Jecure Therapeutics, San Diego, California (D.P., M.L., C.M., G.A.-A., R.S., A.M.S., R.F.P., J.A.S., J.M.V., G.B.) and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California (C.D.J., M.D.M., H.M.H., A.E.F.)
| | - Matthew D McGeough
- Jecure Therapeutics, San Diego, California (D.P., M.L., C.M., G.A.-A., R.S., A.M.S., R.F.P., J.A.S., J.M.V., G.B.) and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California (C.D.J., M.D.M., H.M.H., A.E.F.)
| | - Jeffrey A Stafford
- Jecure Therapeutics, San Diego, California (D.P., M.L., C.M., G.A.-A., R.S., A.M.S., R.F.P., J.A.S., J.M.V., G.B.) and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California (C.D.J., M.D.M., H.M.H., A.E.F.)
| | - Hal M Hoffman
- Jecure Therapeutics, San Diego, California (D.P., M.L., C.M., G.A.-A., R.S., A.M.S., R.F.P., J.A.S., J.M.V., G.B.) and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California (C.D.J., M.D.M., H.M.H., A.E.F.)
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Jecure Therapeutics, San Diego, California (D.P., M.L., C.M., G.A.-A., R.S., A.M.S., R.F.P., J.A.S., J.M.V., G.B.) and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California (C.D.J., M.D.M., H.M.H., A.E.F.)
| | - James M Veal
- Jecure Therapeutics, San Diego, California (D.P., M.L., C.M., G.A.-A., R.S., A.M.S., R.F.P., J.A.S., J.M.V., G.B.) and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California (C.D.J., M.D.M., H.M.H., A.E.F.)
| | - Gretchen Bain
- Jecure Therapeutics, San Diego, California (D.P., M.L., C.M., G.A.-A., R.S., A.M.S., R.F.P., J.A.S., J.M.V., G.B.) and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California (C.D.J., M.D.M., H.M.H., A.E.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fang J, Celton-Morizur S, Desdouets C. NAFLD-Related HCC: Focus on the Latest Relevant Preclinical Models. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3723. [PMID: 37509384 PMCID: PMC10377912 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer and one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. Despite extensive research, the biological mechanisms underlying HCC's development and progression remain only partially understood. Chronic overeating and/or sedentary-lifestyle-associated obesity, which promote Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), have recently emerged as worrying risk factors for HCC. NAFLD is characterized by excessive hepatocellular lipid accumulation (steatosis) and affects one quarter of the world's population. Steatosis progresses in the more severe inflammatory form, Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), potentially leading to HCC. The incidence of NASH is expected to increase by up to 56% over the next 10 years. Better diagnoses and the establishment of effective treatments for NAFLD and HCC will require improvements in our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of the disease's development. This review describes the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the mechanisms underlying the transition from NAFL/NASH to HCC. We also discuss a selection of appropriate preclinical models of NAFLD for research, from cellular models such as liver-on-a-chip models to in vivo models, focusing particularly on mouse models of dietary NAFLD-HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- Genomic Instability, Metabolism, Immunity and Liver Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Séverine Celton-Morizur
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- Genomic Instability, Metabolism, Immunity and Liver Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chantal Desdouets
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- Genomic Instability, Metabolism, Immunity and Liver Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abdalla MMI. Serum resistin and the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma in diabetic patients. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4271-4288. [PMID: 37545641 PMCID: PMC10401662 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i27.4271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the predominant type of liver cancer, is a major contributor to cancer-related fatalities across the globe. Diabetes has been identified as a significant risk factor for HCC, with recent research indicating that the hormone resistin could be involved in the onset and advancement of HCC in diabetic individuals. Resistin is a hormone that is known to be involved in inflammation and insulin resistance. Patients with HCC have been observed to exhibit increased resistin levels, which could be correlated with more severe disease stages and unfavourable prognoses. Nevertheless, the exact processes through which resistin influences the development and progression of HCC in diabetic patients remain unclear. This article aims to examine the existing literature on the possible use of resistin levels as a biomarker for HCC development and monitoring. Furthermore, it reviews the possible pathways of HCC initiation due to elevated resistin and offers new perspectives on comprehending the fundamental mechanisms of HCC in diabetic patients. Gaining a better understanding of these processes may yield valuable insights into HCC’s development and progression, as well as identify possible avenues for prevention and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mohamed Ibrahim Abdalla
- Department of Human Biology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang J, He J, Feng Y, Xiang M. Obesity contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma development via immunosuppressive microenvironment remodeling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166440. [PMID: 37266440 PMCID: PMC10231659 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally recognized that the initiation of obesity-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is closely associated with hepatic inflammation. However, the paradoxical role of inflammation in the initiation and progression of HCC is highlighted by the fact that the inflammatory HCC is accompanied by significant immune effector cells infiltration compared to non-inflammatory HCC and HCC with enhanced immune response exhibits better survival. Importantly, the cancer progression has been primarily attributed to the immunosuppression, which can also be induced by obesity. Furthermore, the increased risk of viral infection and thus viral-HCC in obese individuals supports the view that obesity contributes to HCC via immunosuppression. Here, we have reviewed the various mechanisms responsible for obesity-induced tumor immune microenvironment and immunosuppression in obesity-related HCC. We highlight that the obesity-induced immunosuppression originates from lipid disorder as well as metabolic reprogramming and propose potential therapeutic strategy for HCC based on the current success of immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
11
|
Tovo CV, de Mattos AZ, Coral GP, Sartori GDP, Nogueira LV, Both GT, Villela-Nogueira CA, de Mattos AA. Hepatocellular carcinoma in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis without cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:343-356. [PMID: 36687125 PMCID: PMC9846942 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i2.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is an emerging major cause of the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), up to 50% of patients with HCC had no clinical or histological evidence of cirrhosis. It is currently challenging to propose general recommendations for screening patients with NAFLD without cirrhosis, and each patient should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis based on the profile of specific risk factors identified. For HCC screening in NAFLD, a valid precision-based screening is needed. Currently, when evaluating this population of patients, the use of non-invasive methods can guide the selection of those who should undergo a screening and surveillance program. Hence, the objective of the present study is to review the epidemiology, the pathophysiology, the histopathological aspects, the current recommendations, and novel perspectives in the surveillance of non-cirrhotic NAFLD-related HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Valle Tovo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050170, RS, Brazil
| | - Angelo Zambam de Mattos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050170, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Perdomo Coral
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050170, RS, Brazil
| | - Giovana D P Sartori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050170, RS, Brazil
| | - Livia Villela Nogueira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fundação Técnico Educacional Souza Marques, RJ 21491-630, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Tovo Both
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas 92425-350, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Angelo A de Mattos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050170, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Flessa CM, Nasiri-Ansari N, Kyrou I, Leca BM, Lianou M, Chatzigeorgiou A, Kaltsas G, Kassi E, Randeva HS. Genetic and Diet-Induced Animal Models for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415791. [PMID: 36555433 PMCID: PMC9780957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapidly increasing incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is noted worldwide due to the adoption of western-type lifestyles and eating habits. This makes the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive the pathogenesis of this chronic disease and the development of newly approved treatments of utmost necessity. Animal models are indispensable tools for achieving these ends. Although the ideal mouse model for human NAFLD does not exist yet, several models have arisen with the combination of dietary interventions, genetic manipulations and/or administration of chemical substances. Herein, we present the most common mouse models used in the research of NAFLD, either for the whole disease spectrum or for a particular disease stage (e.g., non-alcoholic steatohepatitis). We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each model, along with the challenges facing the researchers who aim to develop and use animal models for translational research in NAFLD. Based on these characteristics and the specific study aims/needs, researchers should select the most appropriate model with caution when translating results from animal to human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina-Maria Flessa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Narjes Nasiri-Ansari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Bianca M. Leca
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Maria Lianou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (H.S.R.)
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (H.S.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Phung HH, Lee CH. Mouse models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and their application to new drug development. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:761-794. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
14
|
Shao G, Liu Y, Lu L, Zhang G, Zhou W, Wu T, Wang L, Xu H, Ji G. The Pathogenesis of HCC Driven by NASH and the Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Natural Products. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:944088. [PMID: 35873545 PMCID: PMC9301043 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.944088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a clinical syndrome with pathological changes that are similar to those of alcoholic hepatitis without a history of excessive alcohol consumption. It is a specific form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that is characterized by hepatocyte inflammation based on hepatocellular steatosis. Further exacerbation of NASH can lead to cirrhosis, which may then progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There is a lack of specific and effective treatments for NASH and NASH-driven HCC, and the mechanisms of the progression of NASH to HCC are unclear. Therefore, there is a need to understand the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases to identify new therapeutic approaches. Currently, an increasing number of studies are focusing on the utility of natural products in NASH, which is likely to be a promising prospect for NASH. This paper reviews the possible mechanisms of the pathogenesis and progression of NASH and NASH-derived HCC, as well as the potential therapeutic role of natural products in NASH and NASH-derived HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxuan Shao
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangtao Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanchen Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Arvanitakis K, Koufakis T, Kotsa K, Germanidis G. The effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on hepatocellular carcinoma: From molecular mechanisms to potential clinical implications. Pharmacol Res 2022; 181:106261. [PMID: 35588918 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurs in the setting of prolonged liver inflammation, hepatocyte necrosis and regeneration in patients with cirrhosis. Despite the progress made in the medical management of the disorder during the past decades, the available pharmacological options remain limited, leading to poor survival rates and quality of life for patients with HCC. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2) originally emerged as drugs for the treatment of hyperglycemia; however, they soon demonstrated important extra-glycemic properties, which led to their evaluation as potential treatments for a wide range of non-metabolic disorders. Evidence from animal studies suggests that SGLT2i have the potential to modulate molecular pathways that affect hallmarks of HCC, including inflammatory responses, cell proliferation, and oxidative stress. The impressive benefits of neurohormonal modulation observed with SGLT2i in congestive heart failure set the stage for human trials in cirrhotic ascites. However, future studies need to evaluate several aspects of the benefit to risk ratio of such a therapeutic strategy, including the co-administration with antineoplastic agents and diuretics, infections, use in hospitalized individuals, renal safety and hypovolemia. In this narrative review, we discuss the putative role of SGLT2i in the treatment of patients with HCC, starting with the mechanisms that could justify a possible benefit and ending with potential clinical implications and areas for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Arvanitakis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; Basic and Translational Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theocharis Koufakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Centre, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Centre, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Germanidis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; Basic and Translational Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chrysavgis L, Giannakodimos I, Diamantopoulou P, Cholongitas E. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: Clinical challenges of an intriguing link. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:310-331. [PMID: 35110952 PMCID: PMC8771615 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i3.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most common liver disorder worldwide mainly attributed to the epidemic spread of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although it is considered a benign disease, NAFLD can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Most data regarding the epidemiology of NAFLD-related HCC are derived from cohort and population studies and show that its incidence is increasing as well as it is likely to emerge as the leading indication for liver transplantation, especially in the Western World. Although cirrhosis constitutes the main risk factor for HCC development, in patients with NAFLD, HCC can arise in the absence of cirrhosis, indicating specific carcinogenic molecular pathways. Since NAFLD as an underlying liver disease for HCC is often underdiagnosed due to lack of sufficient surveillance in this population, NAFLD-HCC patients are at advanced HCC stage at the time of diagnosis making the management of those patients clinically challenging and affecting their prognostic outcomes. In this current review, we summarize the latest literature on the epidemiology, other than liver cirrhosis-pathogenesis, risk factors and prognosis of NAFLD-HCC patients. Finally, we emphasize the prevention of the development of NAFLD-associated HCC and we provide some insight into the open questions and issues regarding the appropriate surveillance policies for those patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lampros Chrysavgis
- Department of Experimental Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Ilias Giannakodimos
- First Department of Internal Medicine, "Laiko" General Hospital of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Panagiota Diamantopoulou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, "Laiko" General Hospital of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Evangelos Cholongitas
- First Department of Internal Medicine, "Laiko" General Hospital of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang D, Zheng J, Qiu G, Niu T, Gong Y, Cui S. CCl 4 inhibits the expressions of hepatic taurine biosynthetic enzymes and taurine synthesis in the progression of mouse liver fibrosis. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221135033. [DOI: 10.1177/09603271221135033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a widely used hepatotoxin for the studies of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, and taurine has function to abate liver fibrosis induced by CCl4. But the interacting mechanisms between taurine and CCl4 in liver are still largely unknown. These made us to hypothesize that CCl4 may induce liver fibrosis by affecting the expressions of taurine biosynthetic enzymes and taurine synthesis. We thus assayed the expressions of hepatic cysteine dioxygenase (CDO), cysteine sulfonate acid decarboxylase (CSAD) and taurine transporter (TauT) in the progression of mouse liver fibrosis induced by CCl4. The results demonstrated that CCl4 treatment markedly decreased hepatic CSAD, CDO expressions, and taurine levels in hepatic tissue, although TauT expression did not exhibit significant decline. It was contrasting that hepatic α-SMA, serum AST, ALT, ALP kept increasing, which were accompanied by the pathological characters of liver, whereas taurine supplement attenuated the progression of liver fibrosis induced by CCl4. These results demonstrate that CCl4 may induce liver fibrosis by inhibiting hepatic CSAD and CDO expressions and taurine synthesis, which are crucial for our understanding the mechanisms of liver fibrosis induced by CCl4, and also potential for establishing therapeutic strategies of liver fibrosis and related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiaming Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Guobin Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Tongjuan Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuneng Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Sheng Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Institute of Reproduction and Metabolism, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Grgurevic I, Bozin T, Mikus M, Kukla M, O’Beirne J. Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: From Epidemiology to Diagnostic Approach. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5844. [PMID: 34830997 PMCID: PMC8616369 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the leading cause of liver morbidity worldwide and, as such, represents the pathogenic background for the increasing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The annual incidence of NAFLD-related HCC is expected to increase by 45-130% by 2030. Diabetes mellitus is the most important risk factor for HCC development in NAFLD, with the risk further increased when associated with other metabolic traits, such as obesity, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia. The highest risk of HCC exists in patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis, although 20-50% of HCC cases arise in NAFLD patients with an absence of cirrhosis. This calls for further investigation of the pathogenic mechanisms that are involved in hepatocarcinogenesis, including genetics, metabolomics, the influence of the gut microbiota and immunological responses. Early identification of patients with or at risk of NAFLD is of utmost importance to improve outcomes. As NAFLD is highly prevalent in the community, the identification of cases should rely upon simple demographic and clinical characteristics. Once identified, these patients should then be evaluated for the presence of advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis and subsequently enter HCC surveillance programs if appropriate. A significant problem is the early recognition of non-cirrhotic NAFLD patients who will develop HCC, where new biomarkers and scores are potential solutions to tackle this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Grgurevic
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Dubrava, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tonci Bozin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Dubrava, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Mislav Mikus
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Michal Kukla
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30688 Cracow, Poland;
| | - James O’Beirne
- Department of Hepatology, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast 4556, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Romualdo GR, Leroy K, Costa CJS, Prata GB, Vanderborght B, da Silva TC, Barbisan LF, Andraus W, Devisscher L, Câmara NOS, Vinken M, Cogliati B. In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Strategies for Translational Modeling. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5583. [PMID: 34771745 PMCID: PMC8582701 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related death globally. HCC is a complex multistep disease and usually emerges in the setting of chronic liver diseases. The molecular pathogenesis of HCC varies according to the etiology, mainly caused by chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections, chronic alcohol consumption, aflatoxin-contaminated food, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus. The establishment of HCC models has become essential for both basic and translational research to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology and unravel new molecular drivers of this disease. The ideal model should recapitulate key events observed during hepatocarcinogenesis and HCC progression in view of establishing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to be translated into clinical practice. Despite considerable efforts currently devoted to liver cancer research, only a few anti-HCC drugs are available, and patient prognosis and survival are still poor. The present paper provides a state-of-the-art overview of in vivo and in vitro models used for translational modeling of HCC with a specific focus on their key molecular hallmarks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Ribeiro Romualdo
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.R.R.); (C.J.S.C.); (T.C.d.S.)
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (G.B.P.); (L.F.B.)
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Kaat Leroy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (K.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Cícero Júlio Silva Costa
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.R.R.); (C.J.S.C.); (T.C.d.S.)
| | - Gabriel Bacil Prata
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (G.B.P.); (L.F.B.)
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Bart Vanderborght
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Liver Research Center Ghent, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Hepatology Research Unit, Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Tereza Cristina da Silva
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.R.R.); (C.J.S.C.); (T.C.d.S.)
| | - Luís Fernando Barbisan
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (G.B.P.); (L.F.B.)
| | - Wellington Andraus
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Hepatology Research Unit, Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (K.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (G.R.R.); (C.J.S.C.); (T.C.d.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
An Efficient Model of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Versus Current Experimental Models: Effects of Fructose, Fat, and Carbon Tetrachloride on NAFLD. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.117696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Accumulation of fat in the liver is one of the causes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which affects about 30% of the world's population. Animal models have been useful tools for investigating the mechanisms involved in the etiology of NAFLD and developing new drugs. Objectives: This study aimed to present a new model for the detection of NAFLD in rats. Methods: Forty-eight rats were randomly divided into six experimental groups: (1) control; (2) 45% fructose + 35% olive oil + carbon tetrachloride (FFC1); (3) carbon tetrachloride (1: 4 in olive oil) (C1); (4) carbon tetrachloride (1: 6 in olive oil) (C2); (5) 12.5% fructose + 12.5% olive oil (FF); and (6) 20% fructose + carbon tetrachloride (1: 4 in olive oil) (FC1). Blood samples were taken in three steps, and liver tissue was dissected at the end of the sixth week for histopathological assessments. Results: After six weeks, the alanine transaminase (131.63 ± 1.51), aspartate transaminase (275 ± 1.0), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (4.30 ± 0.1) levels increased significantly in the C1 group (P < 0.05). The serum lipid profile showed significant changes in all groups compared to the controls (P < 0.01). According to the histological results, all experimental groups, except the C2 group, showed symptoms of NAFLD; nevertheless, a higher NAFLD Activity Score (NAS) was found in the C1 group, followed by the FC1 group, compared to the other groups. Conclusions: The present results revealed that injection of 0.1 mL/kg of carbon tetrachloride (C1 group), alone or along with a diet containing 20% fructose (FC1 group), provided useful animal models of NAFLD, although carbon tetrachloride injection alone is the most effective model in inducing NAFLD model that can be used as a new strategy in nutritional and pharmacological studies.
Collapse
|
21
|
Foglia B, Sutti S, Cannito S, Rosso C, Maggiora M, Autelli R, Novo E, Bocca C, Villano G, Ramavath NN, Younes R, Tusa I, Rovida E, Pontisso P, Bugianesi E, Albano E, Parola M. Hepatocyte-Specific Deletion of HIF2α Prevents NASH-Related Liver Carcinogenesis by Decreasing Cancer Cell Proliferation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:459-482. [PMID: 34655812 PMCID: PMC8688724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are involved in chronic liver disease progression. We previously showed that hepatocyte HIF-2α activation contributed significantly to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression in experimental animals and human patients. In this study, using an appropriate genetic murine model, we mechanistically investigated the involvement of hepatocyte HIF-2α in experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related carcinogenesis. METHODS The role of HIF-2α was investigated by morphologic, cellular, and molecular biology approaches in the following: (1) mice carrying hepatocyte-specific deletion of HIF-2α (HIF-2α-/- mice) undergoing a NASH-related protocol of hepatocarcinogenesis; (2) HepG2 cells stably transfected to overexpress HIF-2α; and (3) liver specimens from NASH patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. RESULTS Mice carrying hepatocyte-specific deletion of HIF-2α (hHIF-2α-/-) showed a significant decrease in the volume and number of liver tumors compared with wild-type littermates. These effects did not involve HIF-1α changes and were associated with a decrease of cell proliferation markers proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki67. In both human and rodent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-related tumors, HIF-2α levels were strictly associated with hepatocyte production of SerpinB3, a mediator previously shown to stimulate liver cancer cell proliferation through the Hippo/Yes-associated protein (YAP)/c-Myc pathway. Consistently, we observed positive correlations between the transcripts of HIF-2α, YAP, and c-Myc in individual hepatocellular carcinoma tumor masses, while HIF-2α deletion down-modulated c-Myc and YAP expression without affecting extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and AKT-dependent signaling. In vitro data confirmed that HIF-2α overexpression induced HepG2 cell proliferation through YAP-mediated mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the activation of HIF-2α in hepatocytes has a critical role in liver carcinogenesis during NASH progression, suggesting that HIF-2α-blocking agents may serve as novel putative therapeutic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Foglia
- Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sutti
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University Amedeo Avogadro of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Stefania Cannito
- Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Rosso
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy; Division of Gastroenterology, San Giovanni Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Marina Maggiora
- Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Riccardo Autelli
- Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Erica Novo
- Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Bocca
- Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | | | - Naresh Naik Ramavath
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University Amedeo Avogadro of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Ramy Younes
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy; Division of Gastroenterology, San Giovanni Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Ignazia Tusa
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Pathology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rovida
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Pathology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Bugianesi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy; Division of Gastroenterology, San Giovanni Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuele Albano
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University Amedeo Avogadro of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Parola
- Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kurhe Y, Caputo M, Cansby E, Xia Y, Kumari S, Anand SK, Howell BW, Marschall HU, Mahlapuu M. Antagonizing STK25 Signaling Suppresses the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Through Targeting Metabolic, Inflammatory, and Pro-Oncogenic Pathways. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:405-423. [PMID: 34624527 PMCID: PMC8688184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most fatal and fastest-growing cancers. Recently, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has been recognized as a major catalyst for HCC. Thus, additional research is critically needed to identify mechanisms involved in NASH-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, to advance the prevention and treatment of NASH-driven HCC. Because the sterile 20-type kinase serine/threonine kinase 25 (STK25) exacerbates NASH-related phenotypes, we investigated its role in HCC development and aggravation in this study. METHODS Hepatocarcinogenesis was induced in the context of NASH in Stk25 knockout and wild-type mice by combining chemical procarcinogens and a dietary challenge. In the first cohort, a single injection of diethylnitrosamine was combined with a high-fat diet-feeding. In the second cohort, chronic administration of carbon tetrachloride was combined with a choline-deficient L-amino-acid-defined diet. To study the cell-autonomous mode of action of STK25, we silenced this target in the human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2 by small interfering RNA. RESULTS In both mouse models of NASH-driven HCC, the livers from Stk25-/- mice showed a markedly lower tumor burden compared with wild-type controls. We also found that genetic depletion of STK25 in mice suppressed liver tumor growth through reduced hepatocellular apoptosis and decreased compensatory proliferation, by a mechanism that involves protection against hepatic lipotoxicity and inactivation of STAT3, ERK1/2, and p38 signaling. Consistently, silencing of STK25 suppressed proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion in HepG2 cells, which was accompanied by lower expression of the markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and autophagic flux. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that antagonizing STK25 signaling hinders the development of NASH-related HCC and provides an impetus for further analysis of STK25 as a therapeutic target for NASH-induced HCC treatment in human beings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeshwant Kurhe
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mara Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emmelie Cansby
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sima Kumari
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sumit Kumar Anand
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Brian W Howell
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margit Mahlapuu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kawaguchi T, Charlton M, Kawaguchi A, Yamamura S, Nakano D, Tsutsumi T, Zafer M, Torimura T. Effects of Mediterranean Diet in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:225-234. [PMID: 34147036 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1723751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the effects of the Mediterranean Diet (Med-Diet) on hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Six randomized controlled trials were selected for the meta-analysis (sample size: 250 participants). In the meta-analysis, there was no significant difference in body mass index and waist circumference between the Med-Diet and control groups. Med-Diet significantly reduced fatty liver index (FLI) compared with the control diet (standard mean difference [SMD]: -1.06; 95% CI: -1.95 to -0.17; p = 0.02). Med-Diet significantly reduced homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) compared with the control diet (SMD: -0.34; 95% CI: -0.65 to -0.03; p = 0.03). Similarly, a meta-regression analysis using age showed that Med-Diet significantly reduced FLI and HOMA-IR (95% CI: -0.956 to -0.237, p = 0.001 and 95% CI: -0.713 to -0.003, p = 0.048, respectively). This meta-analysis demonstrated that Med-Diet improved hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in patients with NAFLD. Thus, Med-Diet is a beneficial pharmaconutritional therapy in patients with NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kawaguchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Michael Charlton
- Department of Medicine, Center for Liver Diseases, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Atsushi Kawaguchi
- Section of Clinical Cooperation System, Center for Comprehensive Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Sakura Yamamura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Dan Nakano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Tsutsumi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Maryam Zafer
- Department of Medicine, Center for Liver Diseases, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Takuji Torimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tan H, Wang N, Zhang C, Chan Y, Yuen M, Feng Y. Lysyl Oxidase-Like 4 Fosters an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment During Hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology 2021; 73:2326-2341. [PMID: 33068461 PMCID: PMC8251926 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lysyl oxidase-like 4 (LOXL4) is an amine oxidase that is primarily involved in extracellular matrix remodeling and is highly expressed in HCC tissues, but its functional role in mediating liver carcinogenesis is poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of LOXL4 in hepatocarcinogenesis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that hepatic LOXL4 expression was increased during the liver carcinogenesis in mice concomitantly fed a choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined diet. LOXL4 was secreted by the neoplastic cells and primarily localized within hepatic macrophages through exosome internalization. Supplementation of LOXL4 had minimal effect on neoplastic cells. In vitro exposure of macrophages to LOXL4 invoked an immunosuppressive phenotype and activated programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, which further suppressed the function of CD8+ T cells. Injection of LOXL4 promoted macrophages infiltration into the liver and accelerated tumor growth, which was further abolished by adoptive T-cell transfer or PD-L1 neutralization. Label-free proteomics analysis revealed that the immunosuppressive function of LOXL4 on macrophages primarily relied on interferon (IFN)-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription-dependent PD-L1 activation. Hydrogen peroxide scavenger or copper chelation on macrophages abolished the IFN-mediated PD-L1 presentation by LOXL4. In human HCC tissue, expression of LOXL4 in CD68+ cells was positively correlated with PD-L1 level. High expression of LOXL4 in CD68+ cells and low expression of CD8A in tumor tissue cooperatively predict poor survival of patients with HCC. CONCLUSIONS LOXL4 facilitates immune evasion by tumor cells and leads to hepatocarcinogenesis. Our study unveils the role of LOXL4 in fostering an immunosuppressive microenvironment during hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hor‐Yue Tan
- School of Chinese MedicineLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese MedicineLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Chinese MedicineLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Yau‐Tuen Chan
- School of Chinese MedicineLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Man‐Fung Yuen
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese MedicineLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kalra S, Bhattacharya S, Rawal P. Hepatocrinology. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:medsci9020039. [PMID: 34205986 PMCID: PMC8293374 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocrinology is defined as a bidirectional, complex relationship between hepatic physiology and endocrine function, hepatic disease and endocrine dysfunction, hepatotropic drugs and endocrine function, and endocrine drugs and hepatic health. The scope of hepatocrinology includes conditions of varied etiology (metabolic, infectious, autoimmune, and invasive) that we term as hepato-endocrine syndromes. This perspective shares the definition, concept, and scope of hepatocrinology and shares insight related to this aspect of medicine. It is hoped that this communication will encourage further attention and research in this critical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal 132001, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +09-(19)-896048555
| | | | - Pawan Rawal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Artemis Hospital, Gurgaon 122002, India;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang Z, Zhang T, Han S, Kusumanchi P, Huda N, Jiang Y, Liangpunsakul S. Long noncoding RNA H19 - a new player in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Transl Res 2021; 230:139-150. [PMID: 33227504 PMCID: PMC9330166 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a vital organ that controls glucose and lipid metabolism, hormone regulation, and bile secretion. Liver injury can occur from various insults such as viruses, metabolic diseases, and alcohol, which lead to acute and chronic liver diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated the implications of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. These newly discovered lncRNAs have various functions attributing to many cellular biological processes via distinct and diverse mechanisms. LncRNA H19, one of the first lncRNAs being identified, is highly expressed in fetal liver but not in adult normal liver. Its expression, however, is increased in liver diseases with various etiologies. In this review, we focused on the roles of H19 in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. This comprehensive review is aimed to provide useful perspectives and translational applications of H19 as a potential therapeutic target of liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
| | - Ting Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sen Han
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Praveen Kusumanchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nazmul Huda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yanchao Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shimizu Y, Tamura T, Kemmochi A, Owada Y, Ozawa Y, Hisakura K, Matsuzaka T, Shimano H, Nakano N, Sakashita S, Oda T, Ohkohchi N. Oxidative stress and Liver X Receptor agonist induce hepatocellular carcinoma in Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:800-810. [PMID: 32870526 PMCID: PMC7983938 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The incidence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is progressively increasing. However, the pathophysiology and etiology of NASH progression to HCC are unknown. We hypothesized that steatosis was the key factor in NASH-related hepatocarcinogenesis and aimed to evaluate the effects of long-term liver X receptor (LXR) agonist stimulation on hepatic steatosis induced by a high-fat diet and oxidative stress. METHODS We used an LXR agonist (T0901317) and CCl4 to induce hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress, respectively. C57BL/6 mice fed with a high-fat diet were treated with either T0901317 + CCl4 (T09 + CCl4 group) or CCl4 alone (CCl4 group). T0901317 (2.5 mg/kg) and CCl4 (0.1 mL/kg) were intraperitoneally administered twice weekly for 24 weeks. RESULTS The liver-to-body weight ratio was significantly higher in the T09 + CCl4 group than in the CCl4 group. Mice in the T09 + CCl4 group exhibited abnormal lipid metabolism and NASH-like histopathological features. Additionally, all mice in the T09 + CCl4 group developed liver tumors diagnosed as well-differentiated HCC. The genes identified via microarray analysis were related to NASH and HCC development. CONCLUSIONS By combining long-term LXR agonist stimulation with oxidative stress and a high-fat diet, we successfully reproduced liver conditions in mice similar to those in humans with NASH and progression to HCC. Our results provide new insight into NASH-related HCC progression and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Shimizu
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Takafumi Tamura
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Akira Kemmochi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Yohei Owada
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Yusuke Ozawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Katsuji Hisakura
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Takashi Matsuzaka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Hitoshi Shimano
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI‐IIIS)University of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
- AMED‐CRESTJapan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)TokyoJapan
| | - Noriyuki Nakano
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Shingo Sakashita
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Nobuhiro Ohkohchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ngo MHT, Jeng HY, Kuo YC, Nanda JD, Brahmadhi A, Ling TY, Chang TS, Huang YH. The Role of IGF/IGF-1R Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinomas: Stemness-Related Properties and Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041931. [PMID: 33669204 PMCID: PMC7919800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)/IGF-1 Receptor (IGF-1R) signaling is known to regulate stem cell pluripotency and differentiation to trigger cell proliferation, organ development, and tissue regeneration during embryonic development. Unbalanced IGF/IGF-1R signaling can promote cancer cell proliferation and activate cancer reprogramming in tumor tissues, especially in the liver. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death, with a high incidence and mortality rate in Asia. Most patients with advanced HCC develop tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-refractoriness after receiving TKI treatment. Dysregulation of IGF/IGF-1R signaling in HCC may activate expression of cancer stemness that leads to TKI refractoriness and tumor recurrence. In this review, we summarize the evidence for dysregulated IGF/IGF-1R signaling especially in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated HCC. The regulation of cancer stemness expression and drug resistance will be highlighted. Current clinical treatments and potential therapies targeting IGF/IGF-1R signaling for the treatment of HCC will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai-Huong Thi Ngo
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.N.); (J.D.N.); (A.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yin Jeng
- Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.J.); (Y.-C.K.)
| | - Yung-Che Kuo
- Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.J.); (Y.-C.K.)
| | - Josephine Diony Nanda
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.N.); (J.D.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Ageng Brahmadhi
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.N.); (J.D.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Thai-Yen Ling
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-Y.L.); (T.-S.C.); (Y.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 8-8322) (T.-Y.L.); +886-5-3621-000 (ext. 2242) (T.-S.C.); +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3150) (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Te-Sheng Chang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33382, Taiwan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-Y.L.); (T.-S.C.); (Y.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 8-8322) (T.-Y.L.); +886-5-3621-000 (ext. 2242) (T.-S.C.); +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3150) (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.N.); (J.D.N.); (A.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.J.); (Y.-C.K.)
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-Y.L.); (T.-S.C.); (Y.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 8-8322) (T.-Y.L.); +886-5-3621-000 (ext. 2242) (T.-S.C.); +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3150) (Y.-H.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Okishio S, Yamaguchi K, Ishiba H, Tochiki N, Yano K, Takahashi A, Kataoka S, Okuda K, Seko Y, Liu Y, Fujii H, Takahashi D, Ito Y, Kamon J, Umemura A, Moriguchi M, Yasui K, Okanoue T, Itoh Y. PPARα agonist and metformin co-treatment ameliorates NASH in mice induced by a choline-deficient, amino acid-defined diet with 45% fat. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19578. [PMID: 33177546 PMCID: PMC7658250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the beneficial effects of GW7647, a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist, and metformin, an anti-diabetic drug on an advanced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model in rodents and investigated the possible mechanisms involved. Mice were fed control chow or a choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined diet containing 45% fat (HF-CDAA). The mice fed HF-CDAA diets for 16 weeks were divided into four groups: the no treatment (HF-CDAA), HF-CDAA containing 1000 mg/kg metformin, HF-CDAA containing 10 mg/kg GW7647, and HF-CDAA with both metformin and GW7647 groups. Metformin alone slightly deteriorated the aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) values, whereas co-treatment with GW7647 and metformin greatly suppressed liver injury and fibrosis via activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. Further study revealed that co-treatment decreased the expression of inflammatory-, fibrogenesis-, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes and increased the oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)/reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) ratio, suggesting the superiority of co-treatment due to restoration of mitochondrial function. The additive benefits of a PPARα agonist and metformin in a HF-CDAA diet-induced advanced NASH model was firstly demonstrated, possibly through restoration of mitochondrial function and AMPK activation, which finally resulted in suppression of hepatic inflammation, ER stress, then, fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Okishio
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyou-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kanji Yamaguchi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyou-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ishiba
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyou-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Nozomi Tochiki
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyou-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kota Yano
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyou-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Aya Takahashi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyou-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Seita Kataoka
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyou-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Keiichiroh Okuda
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyou-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yuya Seko
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyou-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yu Liu
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyou-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hideki Fujii
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyou-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Daiki Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ito
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, Saitama, Japan
| | - Junji Kamon
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, Saitama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Umemura
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyou-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Michihisa Moriguchi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyou-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kohichiroh Yasui
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyou-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okanoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyou-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gut-Pancreas-Liver Axis as a Target for Treatment of NAFLD/NASH. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165820. [PMID: 32823659 PMCID: PMC7461212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the most common form of chronic liver disease worldwide. Due to its association with obesity and diabetes and the fall in hepatitis C virus morbidity, cirrhosis in NAFLD is becoming the most frequent indication to liver transplantation, but the pathogenetic mechanisms are still not completely understood. The so-called gut-liver axis has gained enormous interest when data showed that its alteration can lead to NAFLD development and might favor the occurrence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Moreover, several therapeutic approaches targeting the gut-pancreas-liver axis, e.g., incretins, showed promising results in NASH treatment. In this review, we describe the role of incretin hormones in NAFLD/NASH pathogenesis and treatment and how metagenomic/metabolomic alterations in the gut microbiota can lead to NASH in the presence of gut barrier modifications favoring the passage of bacteria or bacterial products in the portal circulation, i.e., bacterial translocation.
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen Y, Tian Z. Roles of Hepatic Innate and Innate-Like Lymphocytes in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1500. [PMID: 32765518 PMCID: PMC7378363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a progressive form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is accompanied by steatosis, hepatocyte injury and liver inflammation, which has been a health problem in the world as one of the major high risk factors of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Complex immune responses involving T cells, B cells, Kupffer cells, monocytes, neutrophils, DCs and other innate lymphocytes account for the pathogenesis of NASH; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been clearly elucidated in detail. In the liver, innate and innate-like lymphocytes account for more than two-thirds of total lymphocytes and play an important role in maintaining the immune homeostasis. Therefore, their roles in the progression of NASH deserves investigation. In this review, we summarized murine NASH models for immunological studies, including the diet-induced NASH, chemical-induced NASH and genetic-induced NASH. The role of innate and innate-like lymphocytes including NK cells, ILCs, NKT, γδT and MAIT cells in the progression of NASH were elucidated. Further, the metabolic regulation of the innate immune response was addressed in consideration to explain the molecular mechanisms. Based on the findings of the reviewed studies, strategies of immune intervention are proposed to control the progression of NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rosso C, Caviglia GP, Younes R, Ribaldone DG, Fagoonee S, Pellicano R, Bugianesi E. Molecular mechanisms of hepatic fibrosis in chronic liver diseases. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.20.02619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
33
|
Radhakrishnan S, Ke JY, Pellizzon MA. Targeted Nutrient Modifications in Purified Diets Differentially Affect Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Metabolic Disease Development in Rodent Models. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa078. [PMID: 32494762 PMCID: PMC7250583 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex spectrum of disorders ranging from simple benign steatosis to more aggressive forms of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis. Although not every patient with NAFLD/NASH develops liver complications, if left untreated it may eventually lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Purified diets formulated with specific nutritional components can drive the entire spectrum of NAFLD in rodent models. Although they may not perfectly replicate the clinical and histological features of human NAFLD, they provide a model to gain further understanding of disease progression in humans. Owing to the growing demand of diets for NAFLD research, and for our further understanding of how manipulation of dietary components can alter disease development, we outlined several commonly used dietary approaches for rodent models, including mice, rats, and hamsters, time frames required for disease development and whether other metabolic diseases commonly associated with NAFLD in humans occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jia-Yu Ke
- Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Guarino M, Kumar P, Felser A, Terracciano LM, Guixé-Muntet S, Humar B, Foti M, Nuoffer JM, St-Pierre MV, Dufour JF. Exercise Attenuates the Transition from Fatty Liver to Steatohepatitis and Reduces Tumor Formation in Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1407. [PMID: 32486073 PMCID: PMC7352494 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) leads to steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. For sedentary patients, lifestyle interventions combining exercise and dietary changes are a cornerstone of treatment. However, the benefit of exercise alone when dietary changes have failed is uncertain. We query whether exercise alone arrests the progression of NASH and tumorigenesis in a choline-deficient, high-fat diet (CD-HFD) murine model. Male C57Bl/6N mice received a control diet or CD-HFD for 12 weeks. CD-HFD mice were randomized further for 8 weeks of sedentariness (SED) or treadmill exercise (EXE). CD-HFD for 12 weeks produced NAFL. After 20 weeks, SED mice developed NASH and hepatic adenomas. Exercise attenuated the progression to NASH. EXE livers showed lower triglycerides and tumor necrosis factor-α expression, less fibrosis, less ballooning, and a lower NAFLD activity score than did SED livers. Plasma transaminases and triglycerides were lower. Exercise activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) with inhibition of mTORC1 and decreased S6 phosphorylation, reducing hepatocellular adenoma. Exercise activated autophagy with increased LC3-II/LC3-I and mitochondrial recruitment of phosphorylated PTEN-induced kinase. Therefore, exercise attenuates the transition from NAFL to NASH, improves biochemical and histological parameters of NAFLD, and impedes the progression of fibrosis and tumorigenesis associated with enhanced activation of AMPK signaling and favors liver autophagy. Our work supports the benefits of exercise independently of dietary changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Guarino
- Hepatology, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (M.G.); (P.K.); (S.G.-M.); (M.V.S.-P.)
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pavitra Kumar
- Hepatology, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (M.G.); (P.K.); (S.G.-M.); (M.V.S.-P.)
| | - Andrea Felser
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (A.F.); (J.-M.N.)
| | | | - Sergi Guixé-Muntet
- Hepatology, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (M.G.); (P.K.); (S.G.-M.); (M.V.S.-P.)
| | - Bostjan Humar
- Laboratory of the Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Michelangelo Foti
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Jean-Marc Nuoffer
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (A.F.); (J.-M.N.)
| | - Marie V. St-Pierre
- Hepatology, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (M.G.); (P.K.); (S.G.-M.); (M.V.S.-P.)
| | - Jean-François Dufour
- Hepatology, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (M.G.); (P.K.); (S.G.-M.); (M.V.S.-P.)
- University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Roehlen N, Crouchet E, Baumert TF. Liver Fibrosis: Mechanistic Concepts and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040875. [PMID: 32260126 PMCID: PMC7226751 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis due to viral or metabolic chronic liver diseases is a major challenge of global health. Correlating with liver disease progression, fibrosis is a key factor for liver disease outcome and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite different mechanism of primary liver injury and disease-specific cell responses, the progression of fibrotic liver disease follows shared patterns across the main liver disease etiologies. Scientific discoveries within the last decade have transformed the understanding of the mechanisms of liver fibrosis. Removal or elimination of the causative agent such as control or cure of viral infection has shown that liver fibrosis is reversible. However, reversal often occurs too slowly or too infrequent to avoid life-threatening complications particularly in advanced fibrosis. Thus, there is a huge unmet medical need for anti-fibrotic therapies to prevent liver disease progression and HCC development. However, while many anti-fibrotic candidate agents have shown robust effects in experimental animal models, their anti-fibrotic effects in clinical trials have been limited or absent. Thus, no approved therapy exists for liver fibrosis. In this review we summarize cellular drivers and molecular mechanisms of fibrogenesis in chronic liver diseases and discuss their impact for the development of urgently needed anti-fibrotic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Roehlen
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (E.C.)
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques U1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Emilie Crouchet
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (E.C.)
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques U1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (E.C.)
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques U1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle Hepato-digestif, Institut Hopitalo-Universitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-366853703
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Recent Advances in Practical Methods for Liver Cell Biology: A Short Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062027. [PMID: 32188134 PMCID: PMC7139397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and cellular research modalities for the study of liver pathologies have been tremendously improved over the recent decades. Advanced technologies offer novel opportunities to establish cell isolation techniques with excellent purity, paving the path for 2D and 3D microscopy and high-throughput assays (e.g., bulk or single-cell RNA sequencing). The use of stem cell and organoid research will help to decipher the pathophysiology of liver diseases and the interaction between various parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells. Furthermore, sophisticated animal models of liver disease allow for the in vivo assessment of fibrogenesis, portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and for the preclinical testing of therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is to portray in detail novel in vitro and in vivo methods for the study of liver cell biology that had been presented at the workshop of the 8th meeting of the European Club for Liver Cell Biology (ECLCB-8) in October of 2018 in Bonn, Germany.
Collapse
|
37
|
Košuta I, Mrzljak A, Kolarić B, Vučić Lovrenčić M. Leptin as a Key Player in Insulin Resistance of Liver Cirrhosis? A Cross-Sectional Study in Liver Transplant Candidates. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E560. [PMID: 32092909 PMCID: PMC7073684 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is associated with increased risk of death and liver transplantation in the cirrhotic population, independent of disease aetiology. However, factors accounting for insulin resistance in the context of cirrhosis are incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between adiponectin and leptin with insulin resistance in cirrhotic patients and to assess the influence of disease severity on insulin resistance and metabolic status. This cross-sectional study included 126 non-diabetic cirrhotic transplant candidates. The homeostasis model assessment 2 model was used to determine the insulin resistance index, and fasting adiponectin, leptin, insulin, c-peptide, glucose, HbA1c, and lipid profiles were analysed. Insulin resistance was detected in 83% of subjects and associated with increased leptin, fasting plasma glucose and body mass index, and lower triglyceride levels. Logistic regression analysis identified leptin and triglycerides as independent predictors of insulin resistance (OR 1.247, 95% CI 1.076-1.447, p = 0.003; OR 0.357, 95% CI 0.137-0.917, p = 0.032.). Leptin levels remained unchanged, whereas adiponectin levels increased (p < 0.001) with disease progression, and inversely correlated with HbA1c (ρ = -0.349, p < 0.001). Our results indicate that leptin resistance, as indicated by elevated leptin levels, can be regarded as a contributing factor to insulin resistance in cirrhotic patients, whereas triglycerides elicited a weak protective effect. Progressively increasing adiponectin levels elicited a positive effect on glucose homeostasis, but not insulin sensitivity across disease stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Košuta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Merkur University Hospital, Zajčeva 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Anna Mrzljak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Merkur University Hospital, Zajčeva 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branko Kolarić
- Department of Epidemiology, Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Mirogojska cesta 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Ul. Braće Branchetta 20/1, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marijana Vučić Lovrenčić
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, Zajčeva 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
In the past decade, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a leading cause of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, as well as an important risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of liver lesions, including simple steatosis, steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Although steatosis is often harmless, the lobular inflammation that characterizes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is considered a driving force in the progression of NAFLD. The current view is that innate immune mechanisms represent a key element in supporting hepatic inflammation in NASH. However, increasing evidence points to the role of adaptive immunity as an additional factor promoting liver inflammation. This Review discusses data regarding the role of B cells and T cells in sustaining the progression of NASH to fibrosis and HCC, along with the findings that antigens originating from oxidative stress act as a trigger for immune responses. We also highlight the mechanisms affecting liver immune tolerance in the setting of steatohepatitis that favour lymphocyte activation. Finally, we analyse emerging evidence concerning the possible application of immune modulating treatments in NASH therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sutti
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Emanuele Albano
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Obesity-Induced Upregulation of ZBTB7A Promotes Lipid Accumulation through SREBP1. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4087928. [PMID: 31998789 PMCID: PMC6973189 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4087928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is among the most common chronic liver diseases. However, the pathogenesis of NAFLD is not still unclear. This study aims at evaluating the role of zinc finger and BTB domain-containing 7A (ZBTB7A) in NAFLD. Methods Western blotting, real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry were submitted to evaluate the level of ZBTB7A in the high fatty diet- (HFD-) induced NAFLD mouse model. In vitro, the expression of ZBTB7A was assessed in oleic acid- (OA-) induced HepG2 cells with western blotting and RT-PCR. The luciferase reporter assay was used to estimate the effect of ZBTB7A on the SREBP1 and NF-κB, and the ChIP assay was subjected to evaluate the direct binding to the SREBP1 promoter. Oil Red staining was used to detect lipid accumulation, and the ELISA was used to verify the levels of TG, T-CHO, and MDA. ZBTB7A was knocked down with siRNA, and RT-PCR was performed to analyze the lipogenesis-, fatty acid transporter-, and oxidation metabolism-related genes expression. The levels of ZBTB7A in primary hepatocyte, Kupffer, and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were tested by RT-PCR. Results The upregulation of ZBTB7A expression was assessed in NAFLD mice, and ZBTB7A expression was positively correlated with TNFα, IL-6, TG, T-CHO, and MDA. ZBTB7A was highly expressed in the hepatocytes. In vitro, OA-induced ZBTB7A expression and ZBTB7A expression were closely associated with SREBP1c. ZBTB7A could activate the promoter activity of SREBP1 and activate NF-κB activity. Interestingly, the direct binding of ZBTB7A in the SREBP1 promoter was acquired in HepG2 cells. Inhibition of ZBTB7A expression could attenuate OA-induced lipid accumulation, inhibit the expression of the lipogenesis-related genes and fatty acid transporter genes, and promote the expression of oxidation metabolism-related genes. Conclusion ZBTB7A plays a significant role in the development process of NAFLD, and obesity-induced upregulation of ZBTB7A promotes lipid accumulation through activation of SREBP1 and NF-κB. ZBTB7A may be a potential novel target for the therapy of NAFLD.
Collapse
|
40
|
Wei G, An P, Vaid KA, Nasser I, Huang P, Tan L, Zhao S, Schuppan D, Popov YV. Comparison of murine steatohepatitis models identifies a dietary intervention with robust fibrosis, ductular reaction, and rapid progression to cirrhosis and cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G174-G188. [PMID: 31630534 PMCID: PMC6985845 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00041.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Progressive fibrosis, functional liver failure, and cancer are the central liver-related outcomes of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) but notoriously difficult to achieve in mouse models. We performed a direct, quantitative comparison of hepatic fibrosis progression in well-defined methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) and choline-deficient, amino-acid defined (CDAA) diets with increasing fat content (10-60% by calories) in C57Bl/6J and BALB/cAnNCrl mice. In C57Bl/6J mice, MCD feeding resulted in moderate fibrosis at week 8 (up to twofold increase in total hepatic collagen content) and progressive weight loss irrespective of dietary fat. In contrast, CDAA-fed mice did not lose weight and developed progressive fibrosis starting from week 4. High dietary fat in the CDAA diet model induced the lipid metabolism genes for sterol regulatory element-binding protein and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-2 and increased ductular reaction and fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner. Longitudinal analysis of CDAA with 60% fat (HF-CDAA) feeding revealed pronounced ductular reaction and perisinusoidal bridging fibrosis, with a sevenfold increase of hepatic collagen at week 12, which showed limited spontaneous reversibility. At 24 wk, HF-CDAA mice developed signs of cirrhosis with pan-lobular "chicken wire" fibrosis, 10-fold hydroxyproline increase, regenerative nodules, portal hypertension and elevated serum bilirubin and ammonia levels; 80% of mice (8/10) developed multiple glypican-3- and/or glutamine synthetase-positive hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). High-fat (60%) supplementation of MCD in C57Bl/6J or feeding the HF-CDAA diet fibrosis-prone BALB/cAnNCrl strain failed to result in increased fibrosis. In conclusion, HF-CDAA feeding in C57Bl/6J mice was identified as an optimal model of steatohepatitis with robust fibrosis and ductular proliferations that progress to cirrhosis and HCC within 24 wk. This robust model will aid the testing of interventions and drugs for severe NASH.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Via quantitative comparison of several dietary models, we report HF-CDAA feeding in C57Bl/6 mice as an excellent model recapitulating several key aspects of fibrotic NASH: 1) robust, poorly reversible liver fibrosis, 2) prominent ductular reaction, and 3) progression to cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and liver cancer within 24 wk. High fat dose-dependently activates SREBP2/SCD2 genes and drives liver fibrosis in e HF-CDAA model. These features qualify the model as a robust and practical tool to study mechanisms and novel treatments addressing severe human NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Wei
- 1Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,2Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ping An
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,3Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kahini A. Vaid
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Imad Nasser
- 4Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pinzhu Huang
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,5Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Tan
- 1Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,2Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shuangshuang Zhao
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,6Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yury V. Popov
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hassan NF, Nada SA, Hassan A, El-Ansary MR, Al-Shorbagy MY, Abdelsalam RM. Saroglitazar Deactivates the Hepatic LPS/TLR4 Signaling Pathway and Ameliorates Adipocyte Dysfunction in Rats with High-Fat Emulsion/LPS Model-Induced Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Inflammation 2019; 42:1056-1070. [PMID: 30737662 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-00967-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The most epidemic liver disorder non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by hepatic steatosis and inflammation with hepatocellular damage. Recently, it is predictable to be the extensive cause for liver transplantation. The absence of an approved therapeutic agent for NASH is the reason for investigating saroglitazar (SAR) which showed promising effects as a dual PPAR-α/γ agonist in recent studies on NASH. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of SAR on NASH induced in rats by the administration of high-fat emulsion (HFE) and small doses of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for 5 weeks. Rats were divided into three groups: negative control group (saline and standard rodent chow), model group (HFE(10 ml/kg/day, oral gavage) + LPS(0.5 mg/kg/week, i.p)), and SAR-treated group (HFE(10 ml/kg/day, oral gavage) + LPS(0.5 mg/kg/week, i.p.) + SAR(4 mg/kg/day, oral gavage) starting at week 3.Treatment with SAR successfully ameliorated the damaging effects of HFE with LPS, by counteracting body weight gain and biochemically by normalization of liver function parameters activity, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model of assessment (HOMA-IR) score, lipid profile levels, and histopathological examination. Significant changes in adipokine levels were perceived, resulting in a significant decline in serum leptin and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level concurrent with adiponectin normalization. The positive effects observed for SAR on NASH are due to the downregulation of the LPS/TLR4 pathway, as indicated by the suppression of hepatic Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), NF-κB, TNF-α, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression. In conclusion, this work verified that SAR ameliorates NASH through deactivation of the hepatic LPS/TLR4 pathway and inhibition of adipocyte dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noha F Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Somaia A Nada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Azza Hassan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona R El-Ansary
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Al-Mokattam, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Muhammad Y Al-Shorbagy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rania M Abdelsalam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Raza S, Rajak S, Anjum B, Sinha RA. Molecular links between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:42. [PMID: 31867441 PMCID: PMC6924993 DOI: 10.20517/2394-5079.2019.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its advanced complication, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), have become leading causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. In this review, we discuss the role of metabolic, gut microbial, immune and endocrine mediators which promote the progression of NAFLD to HCC. In particular, this progression involves multiple hits resulting from lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, inhibition of hepatic autophagy and inflammation. Furthermore, dysbiosis in the gut associated with obesity also promotes HCC via induction of proinflammatory cytokines and Toll like receptor signalling as well as altered bile metabolism. Additionally, compromised T-cell function and impaired hepatic hormonal action promote the development of NASH-associated HCC. Lastly, we discuss the current challenges involved in the diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD/NASH-associated HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sana Raza
- Department of Bioscience, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Sangam Rajak
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Baby Anjum
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Rohit A Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Svegliati-Baroni G, Pierantonelli I, Torquato P, Marinelli R, Ferreri C, Chatgilialoglu C, Bartolini D, Galli F. Lipidomic biomarkers and mechanisms of lipotoxicity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 144:293-309. [PMID: 31152791 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the most common form of chronic liver disease worldwide (about 25% of the general population) and 3-5% of patients develop non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by hepatocytes damage, inflammation and fibrosis, which increase the risk of developing liver failure, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis of NAFLD, particularly the mechanisms whereby a minority of patients develop a more severe phenotype, is still incompletely understood. In this review we examine the available literature on initial mechanisms of hepatocellular damage and inflammation, deriving from toxic effects of excess lipids. Accumulating data indicate that the total amount of triglycerides stored in the liver cells is not the main determinant of lipotoxicity and that specific lipid classes act as damaging agents. These lipotoxic species affect the cell behavior via multiple mechanisms, including activation of death receptors, endoplasmic reticulum stress, modification of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. The gut microbiota, which provides signals through the intestine to the liver, is also reported to play a key role in lipotoxicity. Finally, we summarize the most recent lipidomic strategies utilized to explore the liver lipidome and its modifications in the course of NALFD. These include measures of lipid profiles in blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes that can surrogate to some extent lipid investigation in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Svegliati-Baroni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Obesity Center, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Irene Pierantonelli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Gastroenterology, Senigallia Hospital, Senigallia, Italy
| | | | - Rita Marinelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Carla Ferreri
- ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Alqahtani A, Khan Z, Alloghbi A, Said Ahmed TS, Ashraf M, Hammouda DM. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Molecular Mechanisms and Targeted Therapies. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E526. [PMID: 31450841 PMCID: PMC6780754 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and lethal malignant tumors worldwide. HCC is a complex process that is associated with several etiological factors, which in turn result in aberrant activation of different cellular and molecular pathways and the disruption of balance between activation and inactivation of protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, respectively. Since HCC most often occurs in the setting of a diseased or cirrhotic liver and most of the patients are diagnosed at the late stage of disease, prognosis is generally poor. At present, limited treatment options with marginal clinical benefits are available. Systemic therapy, particularly in the form of conventional cytotoxic drugs, are generally ineffective. In recent years, molecular-targeted therapies have been clinically used to treat various cancers, including liver cancer. This approach inhibits the growth of tumor cells by interfering with molecules that are involved in carcinogenesis, which makes it more selective and specific than cytotoxic chemotherapy. Many clinical trials have been carried out while using molecular targeted drugs in advanced HCC with many more in progress. The clinical trials in HCC to date have evaluated a single-targeted therapy alone, or two or more targeted therapies in parallel. The aim of this review is to provide insight of various molecular mechanisms, leading to HCC development and progression, and also the range of experimental therapeutics for patients with advanced HCC. The review will summarize different clinical trials data the successes and failures of these treatments, as well as the most effective and approved drugs designed against HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alqahtani
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
| | - Zubair Khan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Health Science Center at Houston, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abdurahman Alloghbi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Tamer S Said Ahmed
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Mushtaq Ashraf
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Danae M Hammouda
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Haldar D, Kern B, Hodson J, Armstrong MJ, Adam R, Berlakovich G, Fritz J, Feurstein B, Popp W, Karam V, Muiesan P, O'Grady J, Jamieson N, Wigmore SJ, Pirenne J, Malek-Hosseini SA, Hidalgo E, Tokat Y, Paul A, Pratschke J, Bartels M, Trunecka P, Settmacher U, Pinzani M, Duvoux C, Newsome PN, Schneeberger S. Outcomes of liver transplantation for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A European Liver Transplant Registry study. J Hepatol 2019; 71:313-322. [PMID: 31071367 PMCID: PMC6656693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Little is known about outcomes of liver transplantation for patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We aimed to determine the frequency and outcomes of liver transplantation for patients with NASH in Europe and identify prognostic factors. METHODS We analysed data from patients transplanted for end-stage liver disease between January 2002 and December 2016 using the European Liver Transplant Registry database. We compared data between patients with NASH versus other aetiologies. The principle endpoints were patient and overall allograft survival. RESULTS Among 68,950 adults undergoing first liver transplantation, 4.0% were transplanted for NASH - an increase from 1.2% in 2002 to 8.4% in 2016. A greater proportion of patients transplanted for NASH (39.1%) had hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than non-NASH patients (28.9%, p <0.001). NASH was not significantly associated with survival of patients (hazard ratio [HR] 1.02, p = 0.713) or grafts (HR 0.99; p = 0.815) after accounting for available recipient and donor variables. Infection (24.0%) and cardio/cerebrovascular complications (5.3%) were the commonest causes of death in patients with NASH without HCC. Increasing recipient age (61-65 years: HR 2.07, p <0.001; >65: HR 1.72, p = 0.017), elevated model for end-stage liver disease score (>23: HR 1.48, p = 0.048) and low (<18.5 kg/m2: HR 4.29, p = 0.048) or high (>40 kg/m2: HR 1.96, p = 0.012) recipient body mass index independently predicted death in patients transplanted for NASH without HCC. Data must be interpreted in the context of absent recognised confounders, such as pre-morbid metabolic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS The number and proportion of liver transplants performed for NASH in Europe has increased from 2002 through 2016. HCC was more common in patients transplanted with NASH. Survival of patients and grafts in patients with NASH is comparable to that of other disease indications. LAY SUMMARY The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has increased dramatically in parallel with the worldwide increase in obesity and diabetes. Its progressive form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, is a growing indication for liver transplantation in Europe, with good overall outcomes reported. However, careful risk factor assessment is required to maintain favourable post-transplant outcomes in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Haldar
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK,Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK,Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Barbara Kern
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria,Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - James Hodson
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matthew James Armstrong
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK,Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rene Adam
- Hepato-Biliary Center, AP-HP Paul Brousse Hospital, University of Paris-Sud, Inserm U776, Villejuif, France
| | - Gabriela Berlakovich
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Fritz
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benedikt Feurstein
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Popp
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vincent Karam
- Hepato-Biliary Center, AP-HP Paul Brousse Hospital, University of Paris-Sud, Inserm U776, Villejuif, France
| | - Paolo Muiesan
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK,Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - John O'Grady
- King’s Liver Transplant Unit, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Neville Jamieson
- Cambridge Transplant Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge UK
| | - Stephen J. Wigmore
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research and Royal Infirmary, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jacques Pirenne
- Laboratory of Abdominal Transplantation, Universitaire Zeikenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Yaman Tokat
- Liver Transplantation Center, Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Andreas Paul
- Department of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bartels
- Universitatsklinikum Leipzig, Chirurgische Klinik Und Poliklinik Ii Visceral, Transplantations, Thorax und Gefabchirurgie, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pavel Trunecka
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Transplant Center, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Utz Settmacher
- Universitatsklinikum Jena, Allgemeine, Viszerale und Transplantationschirurgie, Jena, Germany
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Christophe Duvoux
- Service De Chirurgie Digestive, Hopital Henri Mondor, Creteil, France
| | - Philip Noel Newsome
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Stefan Schneeberger
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Recent Insight into the Role of Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071745. [PMID: 30970564 PMCID: PMC6480228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most widespread tumors in the world and its prognosis is poor because of lack of effective treatments. Epidemiological studies show that non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and advanced fibrosis represent a relevant risk factors to the HCC development. However little is known of pathophysiological mechanisms linking liver fibrogenesis to HCC in NASH. Recent advances in scientific research allowed to discover some mechanisms that may represent potential therapeutic targets. These include the integrin signaling, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation, Hedgehog signaling and alteration of immune system. In the near future, knowledge of fibrosis-dependent carcinogenic mechanisms, will help optimize antifibrotic therapies as an approach to prevent and treat HCC in patients with NASH and advanced fibrosis.
Collapse
|
47
|
Disease Progression and Pharmacological Intervention in a Nutrient-Deficient Rat Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:1238-1256. [PMID: 30511198 PMCID: PMC6548202 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a marked need for improved animal models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to facilitate the development of more efficacious drug therapies for the disease. METHODS Here, we investigated the development of fibrotic NASH in male Wistar rats fed a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet with or without cholesterol supplementation for subsequent assessment of drug treatment efficacy in NASH biopsy-confirmed rats. The metabolic profile and liver histopathology were evaluated after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of dieting. Subsequently, rats with biopsy-confirmed NASH were selected for pharmacological intervention with vehicle, elafibranor (30 mg/kg/day) or obeticholic acid (OCA, 30 mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks. RESULTS The CDAA diet led to marked hepatomegaly and fibrosis already after 4 weeks of feeding, with further progression of collagen deposition and fibrogenesis-associated gene expression during the 12-week feeding period. Cholesterol supplementation enhanced the stimulatory effect of CDAA on gene transcripts associated with fibrogenesis without significantly increasing collagen deposition. Pharmacological intervention with elafibranor, but not OCA, significantly reduced steatohepatitis scores, and fibrosis-associated gene expression, however, was unable to prevent progression in fibrosis scores. CONCLUSION CDAA-fed rats develop early-onset progressive NASH, which offers the opportunity to probe anti-NASH compounds with potential disease-modifying properties.
Collapse
|
48
|
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Basic Pathogenetic Mechanisms in the Progression From NAFLD to NASH. Transplantation 2019; 103:e1-e13. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
49
|
Chen K, Ma J, Jia X, Ai W, Ma Z, Pan Q. Advancing the understanding of NAFLD to hepatocellular carcinoma development: From experimental models to humans. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1871:117-125. [PMID: 30528647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has recently been recognized as an important etiology contributing to the increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD, characterized by fat accumulation in the liver, is affecting at least one-third of the global population. The more aggressive form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is characterized by hepatocyte necrosis and inflammation. The development of effective approaches for disease prevention and/or treatment heavily relies on deep understanding of the mechanisms underlying NAFLD to HCC development. However, this has been largely hampered by the lack of robust experimental models that recapitulate the full disease spectrum. This review will comprehensively describe the current in vitro and mouse models for studying NAFLD/NASH/HCC, and further emphasize their applications and possible future improvement for better understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the cascade of NAFLD to HCC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China; Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jianbo Ma
- Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoyuan Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Ai
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, China
| | - Zhongren Ma
- Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China; Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Altered hepatic genes related to retinol metabolism and plasma retinol in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205747. [PMID: 30379862 PMCID: PMC6209208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), especially non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic liver disease commonly associated with hepatic fibrosis. NASH patients have an increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). An altered retinol metabolism is one of the pathways involved in the process of hepatic fibrosis, and enzymes involved in retinol metabolism have been associated with HCC. We aimed to determine the association between plasma retinol levels and hepatic expression of genes related to retinol metabolism, as well as to assess the hepatic expression of transcription factors regulated by retinoic acid in patients with NAFLD. Cross-sectional study where hepatic gene expression (Illumina microarray) and plasma retinol levels (HPLC) were measured in 17 patients with simple steatosis (SS), 15 with NASH, and 22 living liver donors (LD) as controls. Plasma retinol levels were higher in SS (1.53 ± 0.44 μmol/L) and NASH (1.51 ± 0.56 μmol/L) compared to LD (1.21 ± 0.38 μmol/L; p<0.05). AKR1B10 was highly overexpressed in NASH compared to SS (+6.2-fold) and LD (+9.9-fold; p = 4.89E-11). Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A2 (ALDH1A2) and retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A3 (ALDH1A3), key enzymes for retinoic acid synthesis, were underexpressed in SS (-1.48 and -2.3-fold, respectively) and NASH (-1.47 and -2.6-fold, respectively) versus LD. In NASH, hepatic ALDH1A2 and ALDH1A3 were underexpressed and inversely correlated with plasma retinol levels, which may reduce retinoic acid in the liver. This, in addition to changes in expression of other genes involved in retinol metabolism, suggests a role for altered retinol homeostasis in NASH.
Collapse
|