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Cullen PF, Gammerdinger WJ, Sui SJH, Mazumder AG, Sun D. Transcriptional profiling of retinal astrocytes identifies a specific marker and points to functional specialization. Glia 2024; 72:1604-1628. [PMID: 38785355 PMCID: PMC11262981 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Astrocyte heterogeneity is an increasingly prominent research topic, and studies in the brain have demonstrated substantial variation in astrocyte form and function, both between and within regions. In contrast, retinal astrocytes are not well understood and remain incompletely characterized. Along with optic nerve astrocytes, they are responsible for supporting retinal ganglion cell axons and an improved understanding of their role is required. We have used a combination of microdissection and Ribotag immunoprecipitation to isolate ribosome-associated mRNA from retinal astrocytes and investigate their transcriptome, which we also compared to astrocyte populations in the optic nerve. Astrocytes from these regions are transcriptionally distinct, and we identified retina-specific astrocyte genes and pathways. Moreover, although they share much of the "classical" gene expression patterns of astrocytes, we uncovered unexpected variation, including in genes related to core astrocyte functions. We additionally identified the transcription factor Pax8 as a highly specific marker of retinal astrocytes and demonstrated that these astrocytes populate not only the retinal surface, but also the prelaminar region at the optic nerve head. These findings are likely to contribute to a revised understanding of the role of astrocytes in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Cullen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - William J Gammerdinger
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shannan J Ho Sui
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Arpan G Mazumder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Daniel Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
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2
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Liu R, Collier JM, Abdul-Rahman NH, Capuk O, Zhang Z, Begum G. Dysregulation of Ion Channels and Transporters and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1748-1770. [PMID: 38300642 PMCID: PMC11272208 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a critical role in maintaining ion and fluid homeostasis, essential for brain metabolism and neuronal function. Regulation of nutrient, water, and ion transport across the BBB is tightly controlled by specialized ion transporters and channels located within its unique cellular components. These dynamic transport processes not only influence the BBB's structure but also impact vital signaling mechanisms, essential for its optimal function. Disruption in ion, pH, and fluid balance at the BBB is associated with brain pathology and has been implicated in various neurological conditions, including stroke, epilepsy, trauma, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, knowledge gaps exist regarding the impact of ion transport dysregulation on BBB function in neurodegenerative dementias. Several factors contribute to this gap: the complex nature of these conditions, historical research focus on neuronal mechanisms and technical challenges in studying the ion transport mechanisms in in vivo models and the lack of efficient in vitro BBB dementia models. This review provides an overview of current research on the roles of ion transporters and channels at the BBB and poses specific research questions: 1) How are the expression and activity of key ion transporters altered in AD and vascular dementia (VaD); 2) Do these changes contribute to BBB dysfunction and disease progression; and 3) Can restoring ion transport function mitigate BBB dysfunction and improve clinical outcomes. Addressing these gaps will provide a greater insight into the vascular pathology of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
- Department of Neurology, The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Jenelle M Collier
- Department of Neurology, The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | | | - Okan Capuk
- Department of Neurology, The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Zhongling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Gulnaz Begum
- Department of Neurology, The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Iyer AK, Schoch KM, Verbeck A, Galasso G, Chen H, Smith S, Oldenborg A, Miller TM, Karch CM, Bonni A. Targeted ASO-mediated Atp1a2 knockdown in astrocytes reduces SOD1 aggregation and accelerates disease onset in mutant SOD1 mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294731. [PMID: 38015828 PMCID: PMC10683999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte-specific ion pump α2-Na+/K+-ATPase plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here, we test the effect of Atp1a2 mRNA-specific antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to induce α2-Na+/K+-ATPase knockdown in the widely used ALS animal model, SOD1*G93A mice. Two ASOs led to efficient Atp1a2 knockdown and significantly reduced SOD1 aggregation in vivo. Although Atp1a2 ASO-treated mice displayed no off-target or systemic toxicity, the ASO-treated mice exhibited an accelerated disease onset and shorter lifespan than control mice. Transcriptomics studies reveal downregulation of genes involved in oxidative response, metabolic pathways, trans-synaptic signaling, and upregulation of genes involved in glutamate receptor signaling and complement activation, suggesting a potential role for these molecular pathways in de-coupling SOD1 aggregation from survival in Atp1a2 ASO-treated mice. Together, these results reveal a role for α2-Na+/K+-ATPase in SOD1 aggregation and highlight the critical effect of temporal modulation of genetically validated therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirami K. Iyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Schoch
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anthony Verbeck
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Grant Galasso
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sarah Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anna Oldenborg
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Timothy M. Miller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Celeste M. Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Azad Bonni
- Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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de Melo AD, Freire VAF, Diogo ÍL, Santos HDL, Barbosa LA, de Carvalho LED. Antioxidant Therapy Reduces Oxidative Stress, Restores Na,K-ATPase Function and Induces Neuroprotection in Rodent Models of Seizure and Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1397. [PMID: 37507936 PMCID: PMC10376594 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by epileptic seizures resulting from neuronal hyperexcitability, which may be related to failures in Na,K-ATPase activity and oxidative stress participation. We conducted this study to investigate the impact of antioxidant therapy on oxidative stress, Na,K-ATPase activity, seizure factors, and mortality in rodent seizure/epilepsy models induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), pilocarpine (PILO), and kainic acid (KA). After screening 561 records in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus databases, 22 were included in the systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines. The meta-analysis included 14 studies and showed that in epileptic animals there was an increase in the oxidizing agents nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), with a reduction in endogenous antioxidants reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SO). The Na,K-ATPase activity was reduced in all areas evaluated. Antioxidant therapy reversed all of these parameters altered by seizure or epilepsy induction. In addition, there was a percentage decrease in the number of seizures and mortality, and a meta-analysis showed a longer seizure latency in animals using antioxidant therapy. Thus, this study suggests that the use of antioxidants promotes neuroprotective effects and mitigates the effects of epilepsy. The protocol was registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42022356960.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Dutra de Melo
- Departamento de Ciências e Linguagens, Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, Bambui 38900-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Divinopolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victor Antonio Ferreira Freire
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Divinopolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Leonardo Diogo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Divinopolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hérica de Lima Santos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Divinopolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leandro Augusto Barbosa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Divinopolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Rajanathan R, Riera CVI, Pedersen TM, Staehr C, Bouzinova EV, Nyengaard JR, Thomsen MB, Bøtker HE, Matchkov VV. Hypercontractile Cardiac Phenotype in Mice with Migraine-Associated Mutation in the Na +,K +-ATPase α 2-Isoform. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081108. [PMID: 37190017 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Two α-isoforms of the Na+,K+-ATPase (α1 and α2) are expressed in the cardiovascular system, and it is unclear which isoform is the preferential regulator of contractility. Mice heterozygous for the familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 (FHM2) associated mutation in the α2-isoform (G301R; α2+/G301R mice) have decreased expression of cardiac α2-isoform but elevated expression of the α1-isoform. We aimed to investigate the contribution of the α2-isoform function to the cardiac phenotype of α2+/G301R hearts. We hypothesized that α2+/G301R hearts exhibit greater contractility due to reduced expression of cardiac α2-isoform. Variables for contractility and relaxation of isolated hearts were assessed in the Langendorff system without and in the presence of ouabain (1 µM). Atrial pacing was performed to investigate rate-dependent changes. The α2+/G301R hearts displayed greater contractility than WT hearts during sinus rhythm, which was rate-dependent. The inotropic effect of ouabain was more augmented in α2+/G301R hearts than in WT hearts during sinus rhythm and atrial pacing. In conclusion, cardiac contractility was greater in α2+/G301R hearts than in WT hearts under resting conditions. The inotropic effect of ouabain was rate-independent and enhanced in α2+/G301R hearts, which was associated with increased systolic work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clàudia Vilaseca I Riera
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, International University of Catalonia, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Christian Staehr
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten B Thomsen
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1168 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Erik Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
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Conti F, Pietrobon D. Astrocytic Glutamate Transporters and Migraine. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1167-1179. [PMID: 36583835 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03849-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate levels and lifetime in the brain extracellular space are dinamically regulated by a family of Na+- and K+-dependent glutamate transporters, which thereby control numerous brain functions and play a role in numerous neurological and psychiatric diseases. Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of typically throbbing and unilateral headache and by a global dysfunction in multisensory processing. Familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 (FHM2) is a rare monogenic form of migraine with aura caused by loss-of-function mutations in the α2 Na/K ATPase (α2NKA). In the adult brain, this pump is expressed almost exclusively in astrocytes where it is colocalized with glutamate transporters. Knockin mouse models of FHM2 (FHM2 mice) show a reduced density of glutamate transporters in perisynaptic astrocytic processes (mirroring the reduced expression of α2NKA) and a reduced rate of glutamate clearance at cortical synapses during neuronal activity and sensory stimulation. Here we review the migraine-relevant alterations produced by the astrocytic glutamate transport dysfunction in FHM2 mice and their underlying mechanisms, in particular regarding the enhanced brain susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (the phenomenon that underlies migraine aura and can also initiate the headache mechanisms) and the enhanced algesic response to a migraine trigger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenzo Conti
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Daniela Pietrobon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy.
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 35131, Padua, Italy.
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7
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Jakkamsetti V, Ma Q, Pascual JM. A subset of synaptic transmission events is coupled to acetyl coenzyme A production. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:623-636. [PMID: 35080429 PMCID: PMC8897004 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00200.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological principles sustain the inference that synaptic function is coupled to neural metabolism, but the precise relationship between these two activities is not known. For example, it is unclear whether all synaptic transmission events are uniformly dependent on metabolic flux. Most synapses use glutamate, and the principal metabolic function of the brain is glucose oxidation, which starts with glycolysis. Thus, we asked how glutamatergic synaptic currents are modified by partial deficiency of the main glycolytic enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which generates the intermediary metabolism product acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). Using brain slices obtained from mice that were genetically modified to harbor a behaviorally relevant degree of PDH suppression, we also asked whether such impact is indeed metabolic via the bypassing of PDH with a glycolysis-independent acetyl-CoA substrate. We analyzed spontaneous synaptic currents under recording conditions that minimize artificial metabolic augmentation. Principal component analysis identified synaptic charge transfer as the major difference between a subset of wild-type and PDH-deficiency (PDHD) postsynaptic currents. This was due to reduced charge transfer as well as diminished current rise and decay times. The alternate acetyl-CoA source acetate rapidly restored these features but only for events of large amplitude as revealed by correlational and kernel density analyses. Application of tetrodotoxin to block large-amplitude events evoked by action potentials removed synaptic event charge transfer and decay-time differences between wild-type and PDHD neurons. These results suggest that glucose metabolic flux and excitatory transmission are intimately coupled for synaptic events characterized by large current amplitude.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In all tissues, metabolism and excitation are coupled but the details of this relationship remain elusive. Using a brain-targeted genetic approach in mice, reduction of pyruvate dehydrogenase, a major gateway in glucose metabolism, leads to changes that affect the synaptic event charge associated primarily with large excitatory (i.e., glutamate mediated) synaptic potentials. This can be modified in the direction of normal using the alternative fuel acetate, indicating that this phenomenon depends on rapid metabolic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Jakkamsetti
- 1Rare Brain Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Qian Ma
- 1Rare Brain Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Juan M. Pascual
- 1Rare Brain Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas,2Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas,3Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas,4Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development/Center for Human Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Protective Effect of Memantine on Bergmann Glia and Purkinje Cells Morphology in Optogenetic Model of Neurodegeneration in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157822. [PMID: 34360588 PMCID: PMC8346112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias are a family of fatal inherited diseases affecting the brain. Although specific mutated proteins are different, they may have a common pathogenetic mechanism, such as insufficient glutamate clearance. This function fails in reactive glia, leading to excitotoxicity and overactivation of NMDA receptors. Therefore, NMDA receptor blockers could be considered for the management of excitotoxicity. One such drug, memantine, currently used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, could potentially be used for the treatment of other forms of neurodegeneration, for example, spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA). We previously demonstrated close parallels between optogenetically induced cerebellar degeneration and SCA1. Here we induced reactive transformation of cerebellar Bergmann glia (BG) using this novel optogenetic approach and tested whether memantine could counteract changes in BG and Purkinje cell (PC) morphology and expression of the main glial glutamate transporter-excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1). Reactive BG induced by chronic optogenetic stimulation presented increased GFAP immunoreactivity, increased thickness and decreased length of its processes. Oral memantine (~90 mg/kg/day for 4 days) prevented thickening of the processes (1.57 to 1.81 vs. 1.62 μm) and strongly antagonized light-induced reduction in their average length (186.0 to 150.8 vs. 171.9 μm). Memantine also prevented the loss of the key glial glutamate transporter EAAT1 on BG. Finally, memantine reduced the loss of PC (4.2 ± 0.2 to 3.2 ± 0.2 vs. 4.1 ± 0.3 cells per 100 μm of the PC layer). These results identify memantine as potential neuroprotective therapeutics for cerebellar ataxias.
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Kravtsova VV, Krivoi II. Molecular and Functional Heterogeneity of Na,K-ATPase in the Skeletal Muscle. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wyse ATS, Bobermin LD, Dos Santos TM, Quincozes-Santos A. Homocysteine and Gliotoxicity. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:966-974. [PMID: 33786757 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine is a sulfur amino acid that does not occur in the diet, but it is an essential intermediate in normal mammalian metabolism of methionine. Hyperhomocysteinemia results from dietary intakes of Met, folate, and vitamin B12 and lifestyle or from the deficiency of specific enzymes, leading to tissue accumulation of this amino acid and/or its metabolites. Severe hyperhomocysteinemic patients can present neurological symptoms and structural brain abnormalities, of which the pathogenesis is poorly understood. Moreover, a possible link between homocysteine (mild hyperhomocysteinemia) and neurodegenerative/neuropsychiatric disorders has been suggested. In recent years, increasing evidence has emerged suggesting that astrocyte dysfunction is involved in the neurotoxicity of homocysteine and possibly associated with the physiopathology of hyperhomocysteinemia. This review addresses some of the findings obtained from in vivo and in vitro experimental models, indicating high homocysteine levels as an important neurotoxin determinant of the neuropathophysiology of brain damage. Recent data show that this amino acid impairs glutamate uptake, redox/mitochondrial homeostasis, inflammatory response, and cell signaling pathways. Therefore, the discussion of this review focuses on homocysteine-induced gliotoxicity, and its impacts in the brain functions. Through understanding the Hcy-induced gliotoxicity, novel preventive/therapeutic strategies might emerge for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela T S Wyse
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Marcon Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Moya-Mendez ME, Mueller DM, Pratt M, Bonner M, Elliott C, Hunanyan A, Kucera G, Bock C, Prange L, Jasien J, Keough K, Shashi V, McDonald M, Mikati MA. Early onset severe ATP1A2 epileptic encephalopathy: Clinical characteristics and underlying mutations. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 116:107732. [PMID: 33493807 PMCID: PMC7940561 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATP1A2 mutations cause hemiplegic migraine with or without epilepsy or acute reversible encephalopathy. Typical onset is in adulthood or older childhood without subsequent severe long-term developmental impairments. AIM We aimed to describe the manifestations of early onset severe ATP1A2-related epileptic encephalopathy and its underlying mutations in a cohort of seven patients. METHODS A retrospective chart review of a cohort of seven patients was conducted. Response to open-label memantine therapy, used off-label due to its NMDA receptor antagonist effects, was assessed by the Global Rating Scale of Change (GRSC) and Clinical Global Impression Scale of Improvement (CGI-I) methodologies. Molecular modeling was performed using PyMol program. RESULTS Patients (age 2.5-20 years) had symptom onset at an early age (6 days-1 year). Seizures were either focal or generalized. Common features were: drug resistance, recurrent status epilepticus, etc., severe developmental delay with episodes of acute severe encephalopathy often with headaches, dystonias, hemiplegias, seizures, and developmental regression. All had variants predicted to be disease causing (p.Ile293Met, p.Glu1000Lys, c.1017+5G>A, p.Leu809Arg, and 3 patients with p.Met813Lys). Modeling revealed that mutations interfered with ATP1A2 ion binding and translocation sites. Memantine, given to five, was tolerated in all (mean treatment: 2.3 years, range 6 weeks-4.8 years) with some improvements reported in all five. CONCLUSIONS Our observations describe a distinctive clinical profile of seven unrelated probands with early onset severe ATP1A2-related epileptic encephalopathy, provide insights into structure-function relationships of ATP1A2 mutations, and support further studies of NMDAR antagonist therapy in ATP1A2-encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Moya-Mendez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David M. Mueller
- Center for Genetic Diseases, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Milton Pratt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Melanie Bonner
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Courtney Elliott
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Arsen Hunanyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gary Kucera
- Duke Cancer Institute Rodent Cancer Models Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Cheryl Bock
- Duke Cancer Institute Rodent Cancer Models Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lyndsey Prange
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Joan Jasien
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Karen Keough
- Dell Medical School at the University of Texas, Austin TX, United States
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Dell Medical School at the University of Texas, Austin TX, United States
| | - Marie McDonald
- Dell Medical School at the University of Texas, Austin TX, United States
| | - Mohamad A. Mikati
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States,Corresponding Author: Mohamad Mikati, MD, Children Health Center, T913J, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, Phone: 919-668-4073, Fax: 919-681-8943,
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12
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Smith SE, Chen X, Brier LM, Bumstead JR, Rensing NR, Ringel AE, Shin H, Oldenborg A, Crowley JR, Bice AR, Dikranian K, Ippolito JE, Haigis MC, Papouin T, Zhao G, Wong M, Culver JP, Bonni A. Astrocyte deletion of α2-Na/K ATPase triggers episodic motor paralysis in mice via a metabolic pathway. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6164. [PMID: 33268780 PMCID: PMC7710756 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hemiplegic migraine is an episodic neurological disorder characterized by transient sensory and motor symptoms and signs. Mutations of the ion pump α2-Na/K ATPase cause familial hemiplegic migraine, but the mechanisms by which α2-Na/K ATPase mutations lead to the migraine phenotype remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that mice in which α2-Na/K ATPase is conditionally deleted in astrocytes display episodic paralysis. Functional neuroimaging reveals that conditional α2-Na/K ATPase knockout triggers spontaneous cortical spreading depression events that are associated with EEG low voltage activity events, which correlate with transient motor impairment in these mice. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses show that α2-Na/K ATPase loss alters metabolic gene expression with consequent serine and glycine elevation in the brain. A serine- and glycine-free diet rescues the transient motor impairment in conditional α2-Na/K ATPase knockout mice. Together, our findings define a metabolic mechanism regulated by astrocytic α2-Na/K ATPase that triggers episodic motor paralysis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- MD-PhD Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lindsey M Brier
- MD-PhD Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan R Bumstead
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63105, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rensing
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alison E Ringel
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Haewon Shin
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Anna Oldenborg
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jan R Crowley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Annie R Bice
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Krikor Dikranian
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joseph E Ippolito
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Marcia C Haigis
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Papouin
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Guoyan Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joseph P Culver
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63105, USA
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63105, USA
| | - Azad Bonni
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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13
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Zhang J, Li X, Yu H, Larre I, Dube PR, Kennedy DJ, Tang WHW, Westfall K, Pierre SV, Xie Z, Chen Y. Regulation of Na/K-ATPase expression by cholesterol: isoform specificity and the molecular mechanism. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C1107-C1119. [PMID: 32997514 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00083.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that the reduction in plasma membrane cholesterol could decrease cellular Na/K-ATPase α1-expression through a Src-dependent pathway. However, it is unclear whether cholesterol could regulate other Na/K-ATPase α-isoforms and the molecular mechanisms of this regulation are not fully understood. Here we used cells expressing different Na/K-ATPase α isoforms and found that membrane cholesterol reduction by U18666A decreased expression of the α1-isoform but not the α2- or α3-isoform. Imaging analyses showed the cellular redistribution of α1 and α3 but not α2. Moreover, U18666A led to redistribution of α1 to late endosomes/lysosomes, while the proteasome inhibitor blocked α1-reduction by U18666A. These results suggest that the regulation of the Na/K-ATPase α-subunit by cholesterol is isoform specific and α1 is unique in this regulation through the endocytosis-proteasome pathway. Mechanistically, loss-of-Src binding mutation of A425P in α1 lost its capacity for regulation by cholesterol. Meanwhile, gain-of-Src binding mutations in α2 partially restored the regulation. Furthermore, through studies in caveolin-1 knockdown cells, as well as subcellular distribution studies in cell lines with different α-isoforms, we found that Na/K-ATPase, Src, and caveolin-1 worked together for the cholesterol regulation. Taken together, these new findings reveal that the putative Src-binding domain and the intact Na/K-ATPase/Src/caveolin-1 complex are indispensable for the isoform-specific regulation of Na/K-ATPase by cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Zhang
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia.,Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Isabel Larre
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Prabhatchandra R Dube
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - David J Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kristen Westfall
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sandrine V Pierre
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Zijian Xie
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Yiliang Chen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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14
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Verkhratsky A, Semyanov A, Zorec R. Physiology of Astroglial Excitability. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2020; 1:zqaa016. [PMID: 35330636 PMCID: PMC8788756 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Classic physiology divides all neural cells into excitable neurons and nonexcitable neuroglia. Neuroglial cells, chiefly responsible for homeostasis and defense of the nervous tissue, coordinate their complex homeostatic responses with neuronal activity. This coordination reflects a specific form of glial excitability mediated by complex changes in intracellular concentration of ions and second messengers organized in both space and time. Astrocytes are equipped with multiple molecular cascades, which are central for regulating homeostasis of neurotransmitters, ionostasis, synaptic connectivity, and metabolic support of the central nervous system. Astrocytes are further provisioned with multiple receptors for neurotransmitters and neurohormones, which upon activation trigger intracellular signals mediated by Ca2+, Na+, and cyclic AMP. Calcium signals have distinct organization and underlying mechanisms in different astrocytic compartments thus allowing complex spatiotemporal signaling. Signals mediated by fluctuations in cytosolic Na+ are instrumental for coordination of Na+ dependent astrocytic transporters with tissue state and homeostatic demands. Astroglial ionic excitability may also involve K+, H+, and Cl-. The cyclic AMP signalling system is, in comparison to ions, much slower in targeting astroglial effector mechanisms. This evidence review summarizes the concept of astroglial intracellular excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, Ikerbasque, 48011 Bilbao, Spain,Address correspondence to A.V. (e-mail: )
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia,Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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15
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Felix L, Delekate A, Petzold GC, Rose CR. Sodium Fluctuations in Astroglia and Their Potential Impact on Astrocyte Function. Front Physiol 2020; 11:871. [PMID: 32903427 PMCID: PMC7435049 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the main cell type responsible for the regulation of brain homeostasis, including the maintenance of ion gradients and neurotransmitter clearance. These processes are tightly coupled to changes in the intracellular sodium (Na+) concentration. While activation of the sodium-potassium-ATPase (NKA) in response to an elevation of extracellular K+ may decrease intracellular Na+, the cotransport of transmitters, such as glutamate, together with Na+ results in an increase in astrocytic Na+. This increase in intracellular Na+ can modulate, for instance, metabolic downstream pathways. Thereby, astrocytes are capable to react on a fast time scale to surrounding neuronal activity via intracellular Na+ fluctuations and adjust energy production to the demand of their environment. Beside the well-documented conventional roles of Na+ signaling mainly mediated through changes in its electrochemical gradient, several recent studies have identified more atypical roles for Na+, including protein interactions leading to changes in their biochemical activity or Na+-dependent regulation of gene expression. In this review, we will address both the conventional as well as the atypical functions of astrocytic Na+ signaling, presenting the role of transporters and channels involved and their implications for physiological processes in the central nervous system (CNS). We will also discuss how these important functions are affected under pathological conditions, including stroke and migraine. We postulate that Na+ is an essential player not only in the maintenance of homeostatic processes but also as a messenger for the fast communication between neurons and astrocytes, adjusting the functional properties of various cellular interaction partners to the needs of the surrounding network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Felix
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Delekate
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabor C Petzold
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Division of Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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16
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Melone M, Ciriachi C, Pietrobon D, Conti F. Heterogeneity of Astrocytic and Neuronal GLT-1 at Cortical Excitatory Synapses, as Revealed by its Colocalization With Na+/K+-ATPase α Isoforms. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3331-3350. [PMID: 30260367 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
GLT-1, the major glutamate transporter, is expressed at perisynaptic astrocytic processes (PAP) and axon terminals (AxT). GLT-1 is coupled to Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) α1-3 isoforms, whose subcellular distribution and spatial organization in relationship to GLT-1 are largely unknown. Using several microscopy techniques, we showed that at excitatory synapses α1 and α3 are exclusively neuronal (mainly in dendrites and in some AxT), while α2 is predominantly astrocytic. GLT-1 displayed a differential colocalization with α1-3. GLT-1/α2 and GLT-1/α3 colocalization was higher in GLT-1 positive puncta partially (for GLT-1/α2) or almost totally (for GLT-1/α3) overlapping with VGLUT1 positive terminals than in nonoverlapping ones. GLT-1 colocalized with α2 at PAP, and with α1 and α3 at AxT. GLT-1 and α2 gold particles were ∼1.5-2 times closer than GLT-1/α1 and GLT-1/α3 particles. GLT-1/α2 complexes (edge to edge interdistance of gold particles ≤50 nm) concentrated at the perisynaptic region of PAP membranes, whereas neuronal GLT-1/α1 and GLT-1/α3 complexes were fewer and more uniformly distributed in AxT. These data unveil different composition of GLT-1 and α subunits complexes in the glial and neuronal domains of excitatory synapses. The spatial organization of GLT-1/α1-3 complexes suggests that GLT-1/NKA interaction is more efficient in astrocytes than in neurons, further supporting the dominant role of astrocytic GLT-1 in glutamate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Melone
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.,Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Ciriachi
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniela Pietrobon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Conti
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.,Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy.,Foundation for Molecular Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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17
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Chatron N, Cabet S, Alix E, Buenerd A, Cox P, Guibaud L, Labalme A, Marks P, Osio D, Putoux A, Sanlaville D, Lesca G, Vasiljevic A. A novel lethal recognizable polymicrogyric syndrome caused by ATP1A2 homozygous truncating variants. Brain 2020; 142:3367-3374. [PMID: 31608932 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymicrogyria is a heterogeneous malformation of cortical development microscopically defined by an excessive folding of the cortical mantle resulting in small gyri with a fused surface. Polymicrogyria is responsible for a wide range of neurological symptoms (e.g. epilepsy, intellectual disability, motor dysfunction). Most cases have a supposed environmental clastic vascular or infectious origin but progress in genomics has revealed new monogenic entities. We report four cases from two independent families sharing a common recognizable lethal syndromic polymicrogyria of autosomal recessive inheritance. Beyond diffuse polymicrogyria detected prenatally, pathological examination revealed a common pattern associating meningeal arterial calcifications, necrotic and calcified areas in basal ganglia, dentato-olivary dysplasia and severe hypoplasia/agenesis of the pyramidal tracts. In all affected cases, exome sequencing showed a pathogenic homozygous nonsense ATP1A2 variant. This resulted in absence of immunodetectable ATP1A2 protein in two brains analysed. ATP1A2 encodes the alpha-2 isoform of the Na+/K+-ATPase, which is highly expressed in brain tissues and has previously been related to familial hemiplegic migraine (MIM#602481) and alternating hemiplegia of childhood (MIM#104290). Through the description of this genetic entity, we emphasize the possibility of dual mode of transmission for disease-causing genes and provide the key neuropathological features that should prompt geneticists to test for mutations in the ATP1A2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chatron
- Genetics Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,GENDEV Team, CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, UCBL1, Lyon, France
| | - Sara Cabet
- Imagerie pédiatrique et fœtale, UCBL Lyon I, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Lyon-Bron, France
| | - Eudeline Alix
- Genetics Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Annie Buenerd
- Institut de Pathologie Multi-sites des HCL/Centre de Pathologie et Fœtopathologie Est, Lyon, France
| | - Phillip Cox
- Department of Histopathology, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHSFT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Laurent Guibaud
- Imagerie pédiatrique et fœtale, UCBL Lyon I, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Lyon-Bron, France
| | - Audrey Labalme
- Genetics Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Peter Marks
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHSFT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Deborah Osio
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHSFT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Audrey Putoux
- Genetics Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,GENDEV Team, CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, UCBL1, Lyon, France
| | - Damien Sanlaville
- Genetics Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,GENDEV Team, CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, UCBL1, Lyon, France
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Genetics Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,GENDEV Team, CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, UCBL1, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Vasiljevic
- Institut de Pathologie Multi-sites des HCL/Centre de Pathologie et Fœtopathologie Est, Lyon, France
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18
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Filipi T, Hermanova Z, Tureckova J, Vanatko O, Anderova M. Glial Cells-The Strategic Targets in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Treatment. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E261. [PMID: 31963681 PMCID: PMC7020059 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurological disease, which is characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons in the motor cortex and the spinal cord and subsequently by muscle atrophy. To date, numerous gene mutations have been linked to both sporadic and familial ALS, but the effort of many experimental groups to develop a suitable therapy has not, as of yet, proven successful. The original focus was on the degenerating motor neurons, when researchers tried to understand the pathological mechanisms that cause their slow death. However, it was soon discovered that ALS is a complicated and diverse pathology, where not only neurons, but also other cell types, play a crucial role via the so-called non-cell autonomous effect, which strongly deteriorates neuronal conditions. Subsequently, variable glia-based in vitro and in vivo models of ALS were established and used for brand-new experimental and clinical approaches. Such a shift towards glia soon bore its fruit in the form of several clinical studies, which more or less successfully tried to ward the unfavourable prognosis of ALS progression off. In this review, we aimed to summarize current knowledge regarding the involvement of each glial cell type in the progression of ALS, currently available treatments, and to provide an overview of diverse clinical trials covering pharmacological approaches, gene, and cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Filipi
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.F.); (Z.H.); (J.T.); (O.V.)
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hermanova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.F.); (Z.H.); (J.T.); (O.V.)
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Tureckova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.F.); (Z.H.); (J.T.); (O.V.)
| | - Ondrej Vanatko
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.F.); (Z.H.); (J.T.); (O.V.)
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.F.); (Z.H.); (J.T.); (O.V.)
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19
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Wyse AT, Siebert C, Bobermin LD, Dos Santos TM, Quincozes-Santos A. Changes in Inflammatory Response, Redox Status and Na +, K +-ATPase Activity in Primary Astrocyte Cultures from Female Wistar Rats Subject to Ovariectomy. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:445-454. [PMID: 31773642 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are dynamic glial cells that maintain brain homeostasis, particularly metabolic functions, inflammatory response, and antioxidant defense. Since menopause may be associated with brain dysfunction, in the present study, we evaluated anti- and proinflammatory cytokine release in cortical and hippocampal astrocyte cultures obtained from adult female Wistar rats subjected to ovariectomy, a known experimental model of menopause. We also tested some parameters of metabolic functionality (Na+, K+-ATPase activity) and cellular redox status, such as antioxidant enzyme defenses (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species in this experimental model. Female adult Wistar rats (180 days-age) were assigned to one of the following groups: sham (submitted to surgery without removal of the ovaries) and ovariectomy (submitted to surgery to removal of the ovaries). Thirty days after ovariectomy or sham surgery, we prepared astrocyte cultures from control and ovariectomy surgery animals. Ovariectomized rats presented an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukins 1β, 6, and 18) and a decrease in interleukin 10 release, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, in cortical and hippocampal astrocytes, when compared to those obtained from sham group (control). In addition, Na+,K+-ATPase activity decreased in hippocampal astrocytes, but not in cortical astrocyte cultures. In contrast, antioxidant enzymes did not alter in cortical astrocyte cultures, but increased in hippocampal astrocytes. In summary, our findings suggest that ovariectomy is able to induce an inflammatory response in vivo, which could be detected in in vitro astrocytes after approximately 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ts Wyse
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. .,Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Cassiana Siebert
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Larissa D Bobermin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Laboratório de Neurotoxicidade e Glioproteção, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tiago M Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Laboratório de Neurotoxicidade e Glioproteção, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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20
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Gonçalves-Ribeiro J, Pina CC, Sebastião AM, Vaz SH. Glutamate Transporters in Hippocampal LTD/LTP: Not Just Prevention of Excitotoxicity. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:357. [PMID: 31447647 PMCID: PMC6691053 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate uptake is a process mediated by sodium-dependent glutamate transporters, preventing glutamate spillover from the synapse. Typically, astrocytes express higher amounts of glutamate transporters, thus being responsible for most of the glutamate uptake; nevertheless, neurons can also express these transporters, albeit in smaller concentrations. When not regulated, glutamate uptake can lead to neuronal death. Indeed, the majority of the studies regarding glutamate transporters have focused on excitotoxicity and the subsequent neuronal loss. However, later studies have found that glutamate uptake is not a static process, evincing a possible correlation between this phenomenon and the efficiency of synaptic transmission and plasticity. In this review, we will focus on the role of the increase in glutamate uptake that occurs during long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus, as well as on the impairment of long-term depression (LTD) under the same conditions. The mechanism underpinning the modulatory effect of glutamate transporters over synaptic plasticity still remains unascertained; yet, it appears to have a more prominent effect over the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), despite changes in other glutamate receptors may also occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gonçalves-Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina Campos Pina
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Sebastião
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandra Henriques Vaz
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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21
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Sampedro Castañeda M, Zanoteli E, Scalco RS, Scaramuzzi V, Marques Caldas V, Conti Reed U, da Silva AMS, O'Callaghan B, Phadke R, Bugiardini E, Sud R, McCall S, Hanna MG, Poulsen H, Männikkö R, Matthews E. A novel ATP1A2 mutation in a patient with hypokalaemic periodic paralysis and CNS symptoms. Brain 2019; 141:3308-3318. [PMID: 30423015 PMCID: PMC6262219 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis is a rare genetic neuromuscular disease characterized by episodes of skeletal muscle paralysis associated with low serum potassium. Muscle fibre inexcitability during attacks of paralysis is due to an aberrant depolarizing leak current through mutant voltage sensing domains of either the sarcolemmal voltage-gated calcium or sodium channel. We report a child with hypokalaemic periodic paralysis and CNS involvement, including seizures, but without mutations in the known periodic paralysis genes. We identified a novel heterozygous de novo missense mutation in the ATP1A2 gene encoding the α2 subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase that is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle and in brain astrocytes. Pump activity is crucial for Na+ and K+ homeostasis following sustained muscle or neuronal activity and its dysfunction is linked to the CNS disorders hemiplegic migraine and alternating hemiplegia of childhood, but muscle dysfunction has not been reported. Electrophysiological measurements of mutant pump activity in Xenopus oocytes revealed lower turnover rates in physiological extracellular K+ and an anomalous inward leak current in hypokalaemic conditions, predicted to lead to muscle depolarization. Our data provide important evidence supporting a leak current as the major pathomechanism underlying hypokalaemic periodic paralysis and indicate ATP1A2 as a new hypokalaemic periodic paralysis gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Sampedro Castañeda
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Edmar Zanoteli
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata S Scalco
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Vinicius Scaramuzzi
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor Marques Caldas
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Umbertina Conti Reed
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Benjamin O'Callaghan
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Rahul Phadke
- Division of Neuropathology, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Enrico Bugiardini
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Richa Sud
- Neurogenetics Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Samuel McCall
- Neurogenetics Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Michael G Hanna
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Hanne Poulsen
- DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Roope Männikkö
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Emma Matthews
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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22
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Héja L, Simon Á, Szabó Z, Kardos J. Feedback adaptation of synaptic excitability via Glu:Na + symport driven astrocytic GABA and Gln release. Neuropharmacology 2019; 161:107629. [PMID: 31103619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutamatergic transmission composed of the arriving of action potential at the axon terminal, fast vesicular Glu release, postsynaptic Glu receptor activation, astrocytic Glu clearance and Glu→Gln shuttle is an abundantly investigated phenomenon. Despite its essential role, however, much less is known about the consequences of the mechanistic connotations of Glu:Na+ symport. Due to the coupled Na+ transport, Glu uptake results in significantly elevated intracellular astrocytic [Na+] that markedly alters the driving force of other Na+-coupled astrocytic transporters. The resulting GABA and Gln release by reverse transport through the respective GAT-3 and SNAT3 transporters help to re-establish the physiological Na+ homeostasis without ATP dissipation and consequently leads to enhanced tonic inhibition and replenishment of axonal glutamate pool. Here, we place this emerging astrocytic adjustment of synaptic excitability into the centre of future perspectives. This article is part of the issue entitled 'Special Issue on Neurotransmitter Transporters'.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Héja
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Simon
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szabó
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julianna Kardos
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
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23
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Verkhratsky A, Untiet V, Rose CR. Ionic signalling in astroglia beyond calcium. J Physiol 2019; 598:1655-1670. [PMID: 30734296 DOI: 10.1113/jp277478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are homeostatic and protective cells of the central nervous system. Astroglial homeostatic responses are tightly coordinated with neuronal activity. Astrocytes maintain neuronal excitability through regulation of extracellular ion concentrations, as well as assisting and modulating synaptic transmission by uptake and catabolism of major neurotransmitters. Moreover, they support neuronal metabolism and detoxify ammonium and reactive oxygen species. Astroglial homeostatic actions are initiated and controlled by intercellular signalling of ions, including Ca2+ , Na+ , Cl- , H+ and possibly K+ . This review summarises current knowledge on ionic signals mediated by the major monovalent ions, which occur in microdomains, as global events, or as propagating intercellular waves and thereby represent the substrate for astroglial excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK.,Centre for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Verena Untiet
- Centre for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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24
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Corbetta C, Di Ianni N, Bruzzone MG, Patanè M, Pollo B, Cantini G, Cominelli M, Zucca I, Pisati F, Poliani PL, Finocchiaro G, Pellegatta S. Altered function of the glutamate–aspartate transporter GLAST, a potential therapeutic target in glioblastoma. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:2539-2554. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Corbetta
- Unit of Molecular Neuro‐OncologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | - Natalia Di Ianni
- Unit of Molecular Neuro‐OncologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Bruzzone
- Experimental Imaging and Neuro‐RadiologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | - Monica Patanè
- Unit of PathologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | - Bianca Pollo
- Unit of PathologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | - Gabriele Cantini
- Unit of Molecular Neuro‐OncologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | | | - Ileana Zucca
- Experimental Imaging and Neuro‐RadiologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | - Federica Pisati
- Unit of Molecular Neuro‐OncologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Finocchiaro
- Unit of Molecular Neuro‐OncologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | - Serena Pellegatta
- Unit of Molecular Neuro‐OncologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
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25
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Mahan VL. Neurointegrity and neurophysiology: astrocyte, glutamate, and carbon monoxide interactions. Med Gas Res 2019; 9:24-45. [PMID: 30950417 PMCID: PMC6463446 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.254639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte contributions to brain function and prevention of neuropathologies are as extensive as that of neurons. Astroglial regulation of glutamate, a primary neurotransmitter, is through uptake, release through vesicular and non-vesicular pathways, and catabolism to intermediates. Homeostasis by astrocytes is considered to be of primary importance in determining normal central nervous system health and central nervous system physiology - glutamate is central to dynamic physiologic changes and central nervous system stability. Gasotransmitters may affect diverse glutamate interactions positively or negatively. The effect of carbon monoxide, an intrinsic central nervous system gasotransmitter, in the complex astrocyte homeostasis of glutamate may offer insights to normal brain development, protection, and its use as a neuromodulator and neurotherapeutic. In this article, we will review the effects of carbon monoxide on astrocyte homeostasis of glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L. Mahan
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery in the Department of Surgery, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children/Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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26
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Kurauchi Y, Noma K, Hisatsune A, Seki T, Katsuki H. Na +, K +-ATPase inhibition induces neuronal cell death in rat hippocampal slice cultures: Association with GLAST and glial cell abnormalities. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 138:167-175. [PMID: 30322800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Na+, K+-ATPase is a highly expressed membrane protein. Dysfunction of Na+, K+-ATPase has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, however, the underlying mechanism of neuronal cell death resulting from Na+, K+-ATPase dysfunction is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the mechanism of neurotoxicity due to Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition using rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Treatment with ouabain, a Na+, K+-ATPase inhibitor, increased the ratio of propidium iodide-positive cells among NeuN-positive cells in the hippocampal CA1 region, which was prevented by MK-801 and d-AP5, specific blockers of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. EGTA, a Ca2+-chelating agent, also protected neurons from ouabain-induced injury. We observed that astrocytes expressed the glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST), and ouabain changed the immunoreactive area of GFAP-positive astrocytes as well as GLAST. We also observed that ouabain increased the number of Iba1-positive microglial cells in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, lithium carbonate, a mood-stabilizing drug, protected hippocampal neurons and reduced disturbances of astrocytes and microglia after ouabain treatment. Notably, lithium carbonate improved ouabain-induced decreases in GLAST intensity in astrocytes. These results suggest that glial cell abnormalities resulting in excessive extracellular concentrations of glutamate contribute to neurotoxicity due to Na+, K+-ATPase dysfunction in the hippocampal CA1 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kurauchi
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kazuki Noma
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Akinori Hisatsune
- Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan; Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program", Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Takahiro Seki
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katsuki
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
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27
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Lopachev AV, Abaimov DA, Fedorova TN, Lopacheva OM, Akkuratova NV, Akkuratov EE. Cardiotonic Steroids as Potential Endogenous Regulators in the Nervous System. NEUROCHEM J+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712418010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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29
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Verkhratsky A, Nedergaard M. Physiology of Astroglia. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:239-389. [PMID: 29351512 PMCID: PMC6050349 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 952] [Impact Index Per Article: 158.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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30
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Cerebral Malaria Causes Enduring Behavioral and Molecular Changes in Mice Brain Without Causing Gross Histopathological Damage. Neuroscience 2017; 369:66-75. [PMID: 29113928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, parasitic disease considered a major health public problem, is caused by Plasmodium protozoan genus and transmitted by the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquito genus. Cerebral malaria (CM) is the most severe presentation of malaria, caused by P. falciparum and responsible for high mortality and enduring development of cognitive deficits which may persist even after cure and cessation of therapy. In the present study we evaluated selected behavioral, neurochemical and neuropathologic parameters after rescue from experimental cerebral malaria caused by P. berghei ANKA in C57BL/6 mice. Behavioral tests showed impaired nest building activity as well as increased marble burying, indicating that natural behavior of mice remains altered even after cure of infection. Regarding the neurochemical data, we found decreased α2/α3 Na+,K+-ATPase activity and increased immunoreactivity of phosphorylated Na+,K+-ATPase at Ser943 in cerebral cortex after CM. In addition, [3H]-Flunitrazepam binding assays revealed a decrease of benzodiazepine/GABAA receptor binding sites in infected animals. Moreover, in hippocampus, dot blot analysis revealed increased levels of protein carbonyls, suggesting occurrence of oxidative damage to proteins. Interestingly, no changes in the neuropathological markers Fluoro-Jade C, Timm staining or IBA-1 were detected. Altogether, present data indicate that behavioral and neurochemical alterations persist even after parasitemia clearance and CM recovery, which agrees with available clinical findings. Some of the molecular mechanisms reported in the present study may underlie the behavioral changes and increased seizure susceptibility that persist after recovery from CM and may help in the future development of therapeutic strategies for CM sequelae.
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31
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Li Y, Yin A, Sun X, Zhang M, Zhang J, Wang P, Xie R, Li W, Fan Z, Zhu Y, Wang H, Dong H, Wu S, Xiong L. Deficiency of tumor suppressor NDRG2 leads to attention deficit and hyperactive behavior. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4270-4284. [PMID: 29058689 DOI: 10.1172/jci94455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder in children. Although an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs has been proposed as contributing to this disorder, the mechanisms underlying this highly heterogeneous disease remain largely unknown. Here, we show that N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) deficiency is involved in the development of ADHD in both mice and humans. Ndrg2-knockout (Ndrg2-/-) mice exhibited ADHD-like symptoms characterized by attention deficits, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and impaired memory. Furthermore, interstitial glutamate levels and excitatory transmission were markedly increased in the brains of Ndrg2-/- mice due to reduced astroglial glutamate clearance. We developed an NDRG2 peptide that rescued astroglial glutamate clearance and reduced excitatory glutamate transmission in NDRG2-deficient astrocytes. Additionally, NDRG2 peptide treatment rescued ADHD-like hyperactivity in the Ndrg2-/- mice, while routine methylphenidate treatment had no effect on hyperactivity in these animals. Finally, children who were heterozygous for rs1998848, a SNP in NDRG2, had a higher risk of ADHD than children who were homozygous for rs1998848. Our results indicate that NDRG2 deficiency leads to ADHD phenotypes and that impaired astroglial glutamate clearance, a mechanism distinct from the well-established dopamine deficit hypothesis for ADHD, underlies the resultant behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- 1, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine.,2, Institute of Neuroscience.,3, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Anqi Yin
- 1, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | - Xin Sun
- 4, Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- 1, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine.,5, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianfang Zhang
- 6, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ping Wang
- 4, Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rougang Xie
- 1, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine.,2, Institute of Neuroscience
| | - Wen Li
- 1, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | - Ze Fan
- 1, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | | | - Han Wang
- 7, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hailong Dong
- 1, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | | | - Lize Xiong
- 1, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
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32
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Ellman DG, Isaksen TJ, Lund MC, Dursun S, Wirenfeldt M, Jørgensen LH, Lykke-Hartmann K, Lambertsen KL. The loss-of-function disease-mutation G301R in the Na +/K +-ATPase α 2 isoform decreases lesion volume and improves functional outcome after acute spinal cord injury in mice. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:66. [PMID: 28886701 PMCID: PMC5590116 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Na+/K+-ATPases are transmembrane ion pumps important for maintenance of ion gradients across the plasma membrane that serve to support multiple cellular functions, such as membrane potentials, regulation of cellular volume and pH, and co-transport of signaling transmitters in all animal cells. The α2Na+/K+-ATPase subunit isoform is predominantly expressed in astrocytes, which us the sharp Na+-gradient maintained by the sodium pump necessary for astroglial metabolism. Prolonged ischemia induces an elevation of [Na+]i, decreased ATP levels and intracellular pH owing to anaerobic metabolism and lactate accumulation. During ischemia, Na+/K+-ATPase-related functions will naturally increase the energy demand of the Na+/K+-ATPase ion pump. However, the role of the α2Na+/K+-ATPase in contusion injury to the spinal cord remains unknown. We used mice heterozygous mice for the loss-of-function disease-mutation G301R in the Atp1a2 gene (α2+/G301R) to study the effect of reduced α2Na+/K+-ATPase expression in a moderate contusion spinal cord injury (SCI) model. Results We found that α2+/G301R mice display significantly improved functional recovery and decreased lesion volume compared to littermate controls (α2+/+) 7 days after SCI. The protein level of the α1 isoform was significantly increased, in contrast to the α3 isoform that significantly decreased 3 days after SCI in both α2+/G301R and α2+/+ mice. The level of the α2 isoform was significantly decreased in α2+/G301R mice both under naïve conditions and 3 days after SCI compared to α2+/+ mice. We found no differences in astroglial aquaporin 4 levels and no changes in the expression of chemokines (CCL2, CCL5 and CXCL1) and cytokines (TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-5) between genotypes, just as no apparent differences were observed in location and activation of CD45 and F4/80 positive microglia and infiltrating leukocytes. Conclusion Our proof of concept study demonstrates that reduced expression of the α2 isoform in the spinal cord is protective following SCI. Importantly, the BMS and lesion volume were assessed at 7 days after SCI, and longer time points after SCI were not evaluated. However, the α2 isoform is a potential possible target of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Gry Ellman
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Toke Jost Isaksen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Minna Christiansen Lund
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Safinaz Dursun
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Martin Wirenfeldt
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern Denmark/Odense University Hospital, Odense, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark/Odense University Hospital, Odense, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Louise Helskov Jørgensen
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern Denmark/Odense University Hospital, Odense, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark/Odense University Hospital, Odense, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Karin Lykke-Hartmann
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. .,Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark. .,Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense C, Denmark. .,BRIDGE, Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
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33
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Alpha 2 Na +,K +-ATPase silencing induces loss of inflammatory response and ouabain protection in glial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4894. [PMID: 28687727 PMCID: PMC5501845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ouabain (OUA) is a cardiac glycoside that binds to Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA), a conserved membrane protein that controls cell transmembrane ionic concentrations and requires ATP hydrolysis. At nM concentrations, OUA activates signaling pathways that are not related to its typical inhibitory effect on the NKA pump. Activation of these signaling pathways protects against some types of injury of the kidneys and central nervous system. There are 4 isoforms of the alpha subunit of NKA, which are differentially distributed across tissues and may have different physiological roles. Glial cells are important regulators of injury and inflammation in the brain and express the α1 and α2 NKA isoforms. This study investigated the role of α2 NKA in OUA modulation of the neuroinflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mouse primary glial cell cultures. LPS treatment increased lactate dehydrogenase release, while OUA did not decrease cell viability and blocked LPS-induced NF-κB activation. Silencing α2 NKA prevented ERK and NF-κB activation by LPS. α2 NKA also regulates TNF-α and IL-1β levels. The data reported here indicate a significant role of α2 NKA in regulating central LPS effects, with implications in the associated neuroinflammatory processes.
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Wang H, Wang S, Zhang K, Wang H, Lan L, Ma X, Liu X, Zhang S, Zheng J, Wei X, Yan H. Aquaporin 4 Forms a Macromolecular Complex with Glutamate Transporter 1 and Mu Opioid Receptor in Astrocytes and Participates in Morphine Dependence. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 62:17-27. [PMID: 28341892 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The water channel aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is abundantly expressed in astrocytes and provides a mechanism by which water permeability of the plasma membrane can be regulated. Evidence suggests that AQP4 is associated with glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) for glutamate clearance and contributes to morphine dependence. Previous studies show that AQP4 deficiency changed the mu opioid receptor expression and opioid receptors' characteristics as well. In this study, we focused on whether AQP4 could form macromolecular complex with GLT-1 and mu opioid receptor (MOR) and participates in morphine dependence. By using immunofluorescence staining, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and co-immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that AQP4 forms protein complexes with GLT-1 and MOR in both brain tissue and primary cultured astrocytes. We then showed that the C-terminus of AQP4 containing the amino acid residues 252 to 323 is the site of interaction with GLT-1. Protein kinase C, activated by morphine, played an important role in regulating the expression of these proteins. These findings may help to reveal the mechanism that AQP4, GLT-1, and MOR form protein complex and participate in morphine dependence, and deeply understand the reason that AQP4 deficiency maintains extracellular glutamate homeostasis and attenuates morphine dependence, moreover emphasizes the function of astrocyte in morphine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Liting Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Shuzhuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jianquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Haitao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Homocysteine Induces Glial Reactivity in Adult Rat Astrocyte Cultures. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1966-1976. [PMID: 28255907 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are dynamic glial cells associated to neurotransmitter systems, metabolic functions, antioxidant defense, and inflammatory response, maintaining the brain homeostasis. Elevated concentrations of homocysteine (Hcy) are involved in the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases. In line with this, our hypothesis was that Hcy could promote glial reactivity in a model of cortical primary astrocyte cultures from adult Wistar rats. Thus, cortical astrocytes were incubated with different concentrations of Hcy (10, 30, and 100 μM) during 24 h. After the treatment, we analyzed cell viability, morphological parameters, antioxidant defenses, and inflammatory response. Hcy did not induce any alteration in cell viability; however, it was able to induce cytoskeleton rearrangement. The treatment with Hcy also promoted a significant decrease in the activities of Na+, K+ ATPase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as in the glutathione (GSH) content. Additionally, Hcy induced an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokine release. In an attempt to elucidate the putative mechanisms involved in the Hcy-induced glial reactivity, we measured the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) transcriptional activity and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression, which were activated and inhibited by Hcy, respectively. In summary, our findings provide important evidences that Hcy modulates critical astrocyte parameters from adult rats, which might be associated to the aging process.
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Capuani C, Melone M, Tottene A, Bragina L, Crivellaro G, Santello M, Casari G, Conti F, Pietrobon D. Defective glutamate and K+ clearance by cortical astrocytes in familial hemiplegic migraine type 2. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:967-86. [PMID: 27354390 PMCID: PMC4967947 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a common disabling brain disorder. A subtype of migraine with aura (familial hemiplegic migraine type 2: FHM2) is caused by loss‐of‐function mutations in α2 Na+,K+ATPase (α2NKA), an isoform almost exclusively expressed in astrocytes in adult brain. Cortical spreading depression (CSD), the phenomenon that underlies migraine aura and activates migraine headache mechanisms, is facilitated in heterozygous FHM2‐knockin mice with reduced expression of α2NKA. The mechanisms underlying an increased susceptibility to CSD in FHM2 are unknown. Here, we show reduced rates of glutamate and K+ clearance by cortical astrocytes during neuronal activity and reduced density of GLT‐1a glutamate transporters in cortical perisynaptic astrocytic processes in heterozygous FHM2‐knockin mice, demonstrating key physiological roles of α2NKA and supporting tight coupling with GLT‐1a. Using ceftriaxone treatment of FHM2 mutants and partial inhibition of glutamate transporters in wild‐type mice, we obtain evidence that defective glutamate clearance can account for most of the facilitation of CSD initiation in FHM2‐knockin mice, pointing to excessive glutamatergic transmission as a key mechanism underlying the vulnerability to CSD ignition in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clizia Capuani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marcello Melone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy Center for Neurobiology of Aging, INRCA IRCCS, Ancona, Italy
| | - Angelita Tottene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Bragina
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy Center for Neurobiology of Aging, INRCA IRCCS, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Mirko Santello
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Casari
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Conti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy Center for Neurobiology of Aging, INRCA IRCCS, Ancona, Italy Fondazione di Medicina Molecolare, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniela Pietrobon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
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Larsen BR, Holm R, Vilsen B, MacAulay N. Glutamate transporter activity promotes enhanced Na + /K + -ATPase-mediated extracellular K + management during neuronal activity. J Physiol 2016; 594:6627-6641. [PMID: 27231201 DOI: 10.1113/jp272531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Management of glutamate and K+ in brain extracellular space is of critical importance to neuronal function. The astrocytic α2β2 Na+ /K+ -ATPase isoform combination is activated by the K+ transients occurring during neuronal activity. In the present study, we report that glutamate transporter-mediated astrocytic Na+ transients stimulate the Na+ /K+ -ATPase and thus the clearance of extracellular K+ . Specifically, the astrocytic α2β1 Na+ /K+ -ATPase subunit combination displays an apparent Na+ affinity primed to react to physiological changes in intracellular Na+ . Accordingly, we demonstrate a distinct physiological role in K+ management for each of the two astrocytic Na+ /K+ -ATPase β-subunits. ABSTRACT Neuronal activity is associated with transient [K+ ]o increases. The excess K+ is cleared by surrounding astrocytes, partly by the Na+ /K+ -ATPase of which several subunit isoform combinations exist. The astrocytic Na+ /K+ -ATPase α2β2 isoform constellation responds directly to increased [K+ ]o but, in addition, Na+ /K+ -ATPase-mediated K+ clearance could be governed by astrocytic [Na+ ]i . During most neuronal activity, glutamate is released in the synaptic cleft and is re-absorbed by astrocytic Na+ -coupled glutamate transporters, thereby elevating [Na+ ]i . It thus remains unresolved whether the different Na+ /K+ -ATPase isoforms are controlled by [K+ ]o or [Na+ ]i during neuronal activity. Hippocampal slice recordings of stimulus-induced [K+ ]o transients with ion-sensitive microelectrodes revealed reduced Na+ /K+ -ATPase-mediated K+ management upon parallel inhibition of the glutamate transporter. The apparent intracellular Na+ affinity of isoform constellations involving the astrocytic β2 has remained elusive as a result of inherent expression of β1 in most cell systems, as well as technical challenges involved in measuring intracellular affinity in intact cells. We therefore expressed the different astrocytic isoform constellations in Xenopus oocytes and determined their apparent Na+ affinity in intact oocytes and isolated membranes. The Na+ /K+ -ATPase was not fully saturated at basal astrocytic [Na+ ]i , irrespective of isoform constellation, although the β1 subunit conferred lower apparent Na+ affinity to the α1 and α2 isoforms than the β2 isoform. In summary, enhanced astrocytic Na+ /K+ -ATPase-dependent K+ clearance was obtained with parallel glutamate transport activity. The astrocytic Na+ /K+ -ATPase isoform constellation α2β1 appeared to be specifically geared to respond to the [Na+ ]i transients associated with activity-induced glutamate transporter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Roland Larsen
- Department Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bente Vilsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kinoshita PF, Leite JA, Orellana AMM, Vasconcelos AR, Quintas LEM, Kawamoto EM, Scavone C. The Influence of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase on Glutamate Signaling in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Senescence. Front Physiol 2016; 7:195. [PMID: 27313535 PMCID: PMC4890531 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased Na(+), K(+)-ATPase (NKA) activity causes energy deficiency, which is commonly observed in neurodegenerative diseases. The NKA is constituted of three subunits: α, β, and γ, with four distinct isoforms of the catalytic α subunit (α1-4). Genetic mutations in the ATP1A2 gene and ATP1A3 gene, encoding the α2 and α3 subunit isoforms, respectively can cause distinct neurological disorders, concurrent to impaired NKA activity. Within the central nervous system (CNS), the α2 isoform is expressed mostly in glial cells and the α3 isoform is neuron-specific. Mutations in ATP1A2 gene can result in familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM2), while mutations in the ATP1A3 gene can cause Rapid-onset dystonia-Parkinsonism (RDP) and alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC), as well as the cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pescavus, optic atrophy and sensorineural hearing loss (CAPOS) syndrome. Data indicates that the central glutamatergic system is affected by mutations in the α2 isoform, however further investigations are required to establish a connection to mutations in the α3 isoform, especially given the diagnostic confusion and overlap with glutamate transporter disease. The age-related decline in brain α2∕3 activity may arise from changes in the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) pathway. Glutamate, through nitric oxide synthase (NOS), cGMP and PKG, stimulates brain α2∕3 activity, with the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor cascade able to drive an adaptive, neuroprotective response to inflammatory and challenging stimuli, including amyloid-β. Here we review the NKA, both as an ion pump as well as a receptor that interacts with NMDA, including the role of NKA subunits mutations. Failure of the NKA-associated adaptive response mechanisms may render neurons more susceptible to degeneration over the course of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula F. Kinoshita
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline A. Leite
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria M. Orellana
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea R. Vasconcelos
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis E. M. Quintas
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisa M. Kawamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristoforo Scavone
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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Matchkov VV, Krivoi II. Specialized Functional Diversity and Interactions of the Na,K-ATPase. Front Physiol 2016; 7:179. [PMID: 27252653 PMCID: PMC4879863 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Na,K-ATPase is a protein ubiquitously expressed in the plasma membrane of all animal cells and vitally essential for their functions. A specialized functional diversity of the Na,K-ATPase isozymes is provided by molecular heterogeneity, distinct subcellular localizations, and functional interactions with molecular environment. Studies over the last decades clearly demonstrated complex and isoform-specific reciprocal functional interactions between the Na,K-ATPase and neighboring proteins and lipids. These interactions are enabled by a spatially restricted ion homeostasis, direct protein-protein/lipid interactions, and protein kinase signaling pathways. In addition to its "classical" function in ion translocation, the Na,K-ATPase is now considered as one of the most important signaling molecules in neuronal, epithelial, skeletal, cardiac and vascular tissues. Accordingly, the Na,K-ATPase forms specialized sub-cellular multimolecular microdomains which act as receptors to circulating endogenous cardiotonic steroids (CTS) triggering a number of signaling pathways. Changes in these endogenous cardiotonic steroid levels and initiated signaling responses have significant adaptive values for tissues and whole organisms under numerous physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This review discusses recent progress in the studies of functional interactions between the Na,K-ATPase and molecular microenvironment, the Na,K-ATPase-dependent signaling pathways and their significance for diversity of cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor I Krivoi
- Department of General Physiology, St. Petersburg State University St. Petersburg, Russia
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Larsen BR, Stoica A, MacAulay N. Managing Brain Extracellular K(+) during Neuronal Activity: The Physiological Role of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase Subunit Isoforms. Front Physiol 2016; 7:141. [PMID: 27148079 PMCID: PMC4841311 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During neuronal activity in the brain, extracellular K+ rises and is subsequently removed to prevent a widespread depolarization. One of the key players in regulating extracellular K+ is the Na+/K+-ATPase, although the relative involvement and physiological impact of the different subunit isoform compositions of the Na+/K+-ATPase remain unresolved. The various cell types in the brain serve a certain temporal contribution in the face of network activity; astrocytes respond directly to the immediate release of K+ from neurons, whereas the neurons themselves become the primary K+ absorbers as activity ends. The kinetic characteristics of the catalytic α subunit isoforms of the Na+/K+-ATPase are, partly, determined by the accessory β subunit with which they combine. The isoform combinations expressed by astrocytes and neurons, respectively, appear to be in line with the kinetic characteristics required to fulfill their distinct physiological roles in clearance of K+ from the extracellular space in the face of neuronal activity. Understanding the nature, impact and effects of the various Na+/K+-ATPase isoform combinations in K+ management in the central nervous system might reveal insights into pathological conditions such as epilepsy, migraine, and spreading depolarization following cerebral ischemia. In addition, particular neurological diseases occur as a result of mutations in the α2- (familial hemiplegic migraine type 2) and α3 isoforms (rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism/alternating hemiplegia of childhood). This review addresses aspects of the Na+/K+-ATPase in the regulation of extracellular K+ in the central nervous system as well as the related pathophysiology. Understanding the physiological setting in non-pathological tissue would provide a better understanding of the pathological events occurring during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Roland Larsen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anca Stoica
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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Astroglial glutamate transporters coordinate excitatory signaling and brain energetics. Neurochem Int 2016; 98:56-71. [PMID: 27013346 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, a family of sodium-dependent transporters maintains low extracellular glutamate and shapes excitatory signaling. The bulk of this activity is mediated by the astroglial glutamate transporters GLT-1 and GLAST (also called EAAT2 and EAAT1). In this review, we will discuss evidence that these transporters co-localize with, form physical (co-immunoprecipitable) interactions with, and functionally couple to various 'energy-generating' systems, including the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, glycogen metabolizing enzymes, glycolytic enzymes, and mitochondria/mitochondrial proteins. This functional coupling is bi-directional with many of these systems both being regulated by glutamate transport and providing the 'fuel' to support glutamate uptake. Given the importance of glutamate uptake to maintaining synaptic signaling and preventing excitotoxicity, it should not be surprising that some of these systems appear to 'redundantly' support the energetic costs of glutamate uptake. Although the glutamate-glutamine cycle contributes to recycling of neurotransmitter pools of glutamate, this is an over-simplification. The ramifications of co-compartmentalization of glutamate transporters with mitochondria for glutamate metabolism are discussed. Energy consumption in the brain accounts for ∼20% of the basal metabolic rate and relies almost exclusively on glucose for the production of ATP. However, the brain does not possess substantial reserves of glucose or other fuels. To ensure adequate energetic supply, increases in neuronal activity are matched by increases in cerebral blood flow via a process known as 'neurovascular coupling'. While the mechanisms for this coupling are not completely resolved, it is generally agreed that astrocytes, with processes that extend to synapses and endfeet that surround blood vessels, mediate at least some of the signal that causes vasodilation. Several studies have shown that either genetic deletion or pharmacologic inhibition of glutamate transport impairs neurovascular coupling. Together these studies strongly suggest that glutamate transport not only coordinates excitatory signaling, but also plays a pivotal role in regulating brain energetics.
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Zhao J, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Wang C, Mao J, Li T, Wang X, Nie X, Jiang S, Wu Q. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure influence the expression of glutamate transporter GLT-1 in C6 glioma cells via the Ca(2+) /protein kinase C pathway. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1409-17. [PMID: 26988466 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The widespread environmental contaminant, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), is considered one of the most toxic dioxin-like compounds. Although epidemiological studies have shown that TCDD exposure is linked to some neurological and neurophysiological disorders, the underlying mechanism of TCDD-mediated neurotoxicity has remained unclear. Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the nervous systems, and are recognized as the important mediators of normal brain functions as well as neurological, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative brain diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of TCDD in regulating the expression of glutamate transporter GLT-1 in astrocytes. TCDD, at concentrations of 0.1-100 nm, had no significantly harmful effect on the viability of C6 glioma cells. However, the expression of GLT-1 in C6 glioma cells was downregulated in a dose- and time-dependent manner. TCDD also caused activation of protein kinase C (PKC), as TCDD induced translocation of the PKC from the cytoplasm or perinuclear to the membrane. The translocation of PKC was inhibited by one Ca(2+) blocker, nifedipine, suggesting that the effects are triggered by the initial elevated intracellular concentration of free Ca(2+) . Finally, we showed that inhibition of the PKC activity reverses the TCDD-triggered reduction of GLT-1. In summary, our results suggested that TCDD exposure could downregulate the expression of GLT-1 in C6 via Ca(2+) /PKC pathway. The downregulation of GLT-1 might participate in TCDD-mediated neurotoxicity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianya Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Mao
- Department of Labor and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Labor and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- Department of Labor and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoke Nie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyang Jiang
- Department of Labor and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyun Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.
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Rose CR, Verkhratsky A. Principles of sodium homeostasis and sodium signalling in astroglia. Glia 2016; 64:1611-27. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine R. Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences; the University of Manchester; Manchester United Kingdom
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED; Leioa Spain
- University of Nizhny Novgorod; Nizhny Novgorod Russia
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45
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Zhang LN, Sun YJ, Wang LX, Gao ZB. Glutamate Transporters/Na(+), K(+)-ATPase Involving in the Neuroprotective Effect as a Potential Regulatory Target of Glutamate Uptake. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1124-1131. [PMID: 25586061 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The glutamate (Glu) transporters GLAST and GLT-1, as the two most important transporters in brain tissue, transport Glu from the extracellular space into the cell protecting against Glu toxicity. Furthermore, GLAST and GLT-1 are sodium-dependent Glu transporters (GluTs) that rely on sodium and potassium gradients generated principally by Na(+), K(+)-ATPase to generate ion gradients that drive Glu uptake. There is an interaction between Na(+), K(+)-ATPase and GluTs to modulate Glu uptake, and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase α, β or γ subunit can be directly coupled to GluTs, co-localizing with GLAST or GLT-1 in vivo to form a macromolecular complex and operate as a functional unit to regulate glutamatergic neurotransmission. Therefore, GluTs/Na(+), K(+)-ATPase may be involved in the neuroprotective effect as a potential regulatory target of Glu uptake in neurodegenerative diseases induced by Glu-mediated neurotoxicity as the final common pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Nan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 70 Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 70 Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050018, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xue Wang
- Cadre Ward, Capital Medical University Electric Power Teaching Hospital, Compound A1, Taiping Bridge Xili, Beijing, 100073, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Bin Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 70 Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050018, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, 70 Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050018, People's Republic of China.
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Jackson JG, O'Donnell JC, Krizman E, Robinson MB. Displacing hexokinase from mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel impairs GLT-1-mediated glutamate uptake but does not disrupt interactions between GLT-1 and mitochondrial proteins. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:999-1008. [PMID: 25546576 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The glutamate transporter GLT-1 is the major route for the clearance of extracellular glutamate in the forebrain, and most GLT-1 protein is found in astrocytes. This protein is coupled to the Na(+) electrochemical gradient, supporting the active intracellular accumulation of glutamate. We recently used a proteomic approach to identify proteins that may interact with GLT-1 in rat cortex, including the Na(+)/K(+) -ATPase, most glycolytic enzymes, and several mitochondrial proteins. We also showed that most GLT-1 puncta (∼ 70%) are overlapped by mitochondria in astroglial processes in organotypic slices. From this analysis, we proposed that the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase (HK)-1 might physically form a scaffold to link GLT-1 and mitochondria because HK1 is known to interact with the outer mitochondrial membrane protein voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC). The current study validates the interactions among HK-1, VDAC, and GLT-1 by using forward and reverse immunoprecipitations and provides evidence that a subfraction of HK1 colocalizes with GLT-1 in vivo. A peptide known to disrupt the interaction between HK and VDAC did not disrupt interactions between GLT-1 and several mitochondrial proteins. In parallel experiments, displacement of HK from VDAC reduced GLT-1-mediated glutamate uptake. These results suggest that, although HK1 forms coimmunoprecipitatable complexes with both VDAC and GLT-1, it does not physically link GLT-1 to mitochondrial proteins. However, the interaction of HK1 with VDAC supports GLT-1-mediated transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Jackson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John C O'Donnell
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth Krizman
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael B Robinson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Krivoi II. Functional interactions of Na,K-ATPase with molecular environment. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s000635091405011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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