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Guillory A, Lopez-Obando M, Bouchenine K, Le Bris P, Lécureuil A, Pillot JP, Steinmetz V, Boyer FD, Rameau C, de Saint Germain A, Bonhomme S. SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1-LIKE (SMXL) homologs are MAX2-dependent repressors of Physcomitrium patens growth. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1655-1672. [PMID: 38242840 PMCID: PMC11062456 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 (SMAX)1-LIKE (SMXL) proteins are a plant-specific clade of type I HSP100/Clp-ATPases. SMXL genes are present in virtually all land plant genomes. However, they have mainly been studied in angiosperms. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), 3 functional SMXL subclades have been identified: SMAX1/SMXL2, SMXL345, and SMXL678. Of these, 2 subclades ensure endogenous phytohormone signal transduction. SMAX1/SMXL2 proteins are involved in KAI2 ligand (KL) signaling, while SMXL678 proteins are involved in strigolactone (SL) signaling. Many questions remain regarding the mode of action of these proteins, as well as their ancestral roles. We addressed these questions by investigating the functions of the 4 SMXL genes in the moss Physcomitrium patens. We demonstrate that PpSMXL proteins are involved in the conserved ancestral MAX2-dependent KL signaling pathway and negatively regulate growth. However, PpSMXL proteins expressed in Arabidopsis cannot replace SMAX1 or SMXL2 function in KL signaling, whereas they can functionally replace SMXL4 and SMXL5 and restore root growth. Therefore, the molecular functions of SMXL proteins are conserved, but their interaction networks are not. Moreover, the PpSMXLC/D clade positively regulates SL signal transduction in P. patens. Overall, our data reveal that SMXL proteins in moss mediate crosstalk between the SL and KL signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambre Guillory
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Mauricio Lopez-Obando
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Khalissa Bouchenine
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Philippe Le Bris
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Alain Lécureuil
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Paul Pillot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Vincent Steinmetz
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François-Didier Boyer
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Catherine Rameau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Alexandre de Saint Germain
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Sandrine Bonhomme
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
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Causier B, McKay M, Hopes T, Lloyd J, Wang D, Harrison CJ, Davies B. The TOPLESS corepressor regulates developmental switches in the bryophyte Physcomitrium patens that were critical for plant terrestrialisation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1331-1344. [PMID: 37243383 PMCID: PMC10953049 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific TOPLESS (TPL) family of transcriptional corepressors is integral to multiple angiosperm developmental processes. Despite this, we know little about TPL function in other plants. To address this gap, we investigated the roles TPL plays in the bryophyte Physcomitrium patens, which diverged from angiosperms approximately 0.5 billion years ago. Although complete loss of PpTPL function is lethal, transgenic lines with reduced PpTPL activity revealed that PpTPLs are essential for two fundamental developmental switches in this plant: the transitions from basal photosynthetic filaments (chloronemata) to specialised foraging filaments (caulonemata) and from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) growth. Using a transcriptomics approach, we integrated PpTPL into the regulatory network governing 3D growth and we propose that PpTPLs represent another important class of regulators that are essential for the 2D-to-3D developmental switch. Transcriptomics also revealed a previously unknown role for PpTPL in the regulation of flavonoids. Intriguingly, 3D growth and the formation of caulonemata were crucial innovations that facilitated the colonisation of land by plants, a major transformative event in the history of life on Earth. We conclude that TPL, which existed before the land plants, was co-opted into new developmental pathways, enabling phytoterrestrialisation and the evolution of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Causier
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Mary McKay
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Tayah Hopes
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - James Lloyd
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWA6009Australia
| | - Dapeng Wang
- LeedsOmicsUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College LondonLondonSW3 6LYUK
| | - C. Jill Harrison
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Bristol24 Tyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
| | - Brendan Davies
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
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3
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Waters MT, Nelson DC. Karrikin perception and signalling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1525-1541. [PMID: 36333982 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Karrikins (KARs) are a class of butenolide compounds found in smoke that were first identified as seed germination stimulants for fire-following species. Early studies of KARs classified the germination and postgermination responses of many plant species and investigated crosstalk with plant hormones that regulate germination. The discovery that Arabidopsis thaliana responds to KARs laid the foundation for identifying mutants with altered KAR responses. Genetic analysis of KAR signalling revealed an unexpected link to strigolactones (SLs), a class of carotenoid-derived plant hormones. Substantial progress has since been made towards understanding how KARs are perceived and regulate plant growth, in no small part due to advances in understanding SL perception. KAR and SL signalling systems are evolutionarily related and retain a high degree of similarity. There is strong evidence that KARs are natural analogues of an endogenous signal(s), KAI2 ligand (KL), which remains unknown. KAR/KL signalling regulates many developmental processes in plants including germination, seedling photomorphogenesis, and root and root hair growth. KAR/KL signalling also affects abiotic stress responses and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Here, we summarise the current knowledge of KAR/KL signalling and discuss current controversies and unanswered questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Waters
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - David C Nelson
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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4
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Yusup S, Sundberg S, Ooi MKJ, Zhang M, Sun Z, Rydin H, Wang M, Feng L, Chen X, Bu ZJ. Smoke promotes germination of peatland bryophyte spores. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:251-264. [PMID: 36256538 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Northern peatlands are globally important carbon stores. With increasing fire frequency, the re-establishment of bryophytes becomes crucial for their carbon sequestration. Smoke-responsive germination is a common trait of seeds in fire-prone ecosystems but has not been demonstrated in bryophytes. To investigate the potential role of smoke in post-fire peatland recovery, we tested the germination of spores of 15 bryophyte species after treatment with smoke-water. The smoke responsiveness of spores with different laboratory storage times and burial depths/age (3-200 years) was subsequently tested. Smoke increased the germination percentage for 10 of the species and the germination speed for four of these. Smoke responsiveness increased along the fire frequency gradient from open expanse to forest margin, consistent with the theory that this selects for the maintenance of fire-adapted traits. Smoke enhanced the germinability of 1-year but not 4-year laboratory-stored spores, and considerably increased the germinability of spores naturally buried in peat for up to ~200 years. The effect of fire may be overlooked in non-fire-prone ecosystems, such as those in which wetland bryophytes dominate. Our study reveals a mechanism by which an increase in fire frequency may lead to shifts in species dominance, which may affect long-term carbon sequestration in peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuayib Yusup
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Institute for Peat and Mire Research, Northeast Normal University, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecological Processes and Environmental Change in the Changbai Mountains, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Sebastian Sundberg
- Evolutionary Biology Centre, Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7007, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark K J Ooi
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- New South Wales Bushfire Risk Management Research Hub, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Institute for Peat and Mire Research, Northeast Normal University, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecological Processes and Environmental Change in the Changbai Mountains, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zhongqiu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Institute for Peat and Mire Research, Northeast Normal University, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecological Processes and Environmental Change in the Changbai Mountains, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Håkan Rydin
- Evolutionary Biology Centre, Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Institute for Peat and Mire Research, Northeast Normal University, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecological Processes and Environmental Change in the Changbai Mountains, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecological Processes and Environmental Change in the Changbai Mountains, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for the Yellow River Delta, Binzhou University, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Institute for Peat and Mire Research, Northeast Normal University, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecological Processes and Environmental Change in the Changbai Mountains, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Bu
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Institute for Peat and Mire Research, Northeast Normal University, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecological Processes and Environmental Change in the Changbai Mountains, Renmin 5268, Changchun 130024, China
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5
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Bonhomme S, Guillory A. Synthesis and signalling of strigolactone and KAI2-ligand signals in bryophytes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4487-4495. [PMID: 35524989 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs), long known as butenolide rhizospheric signals, have been recognized since 2008 as a class of hormones regulating many aspects of plant development. Many authors also anticipate 'KAI2-ligand' (KL) as a novel class of phytohormones; however, this ligand remains elusive. Core genes of SL and KL pathways, first described in angiosperms, are found in all land plants and some even in green algae. This review reports current knowledge of these pathways in bryophytes. Data on the pathways mostly come from two models: the moss Physcomitrium patens and the liverwort Marchantia. Gene targeting methods have allowed functional analyses of both models. Recent work in Marchantia suggests that SLs' ancestral role was to recruit beneficial microbes as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In contrast, the hormonal role of SLs observed in P. patens is probably a result of convergent evolution. Evidence for a functional KL pathway in both bryophyte models is very recent. Nevertheless, many unknowns remain and warrant a more extensive investigation of SL and KL pathways in various land plant lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Bonhomme
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Ambre Guillory
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes - Microbes - Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, 31320 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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6
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de Saint Germain A, Clavé G, Schouveiler P, Pillot JP, Singh AV, Chevalier A, Daignan Fornier S, Guillory A, Bonhomme S, Rameau C, Boyer FD. Expansion of the Strigolactone Profluorescent Probes Repertory: The Right Probe for the Right Application. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:887347. [PMID: 35720613 PMCID: PMC9201908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.887347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are intriguing phytohormones that not only regulate plant development and architecture but also interact with other organisms in the rhizosphere as root parasitic plants (Striga, Orobanche, and Phelipanche) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Starting with a pioneering work in 2003 for the isolation and identification of the SL receptor in parasitic weeds, fluorescence labeling of analogs has proven a major strategy to gain knowledge in SL perception and signaling. Here, we present novel chemical tools for understanding the SL perception based on the enzymatic properties of SL receptors. We designed different profluorescent SL Guillaume Clavé (GC) probes and performed structure-activity relationship studies on pea, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Physcomitrium (formerly Physcomitrella) patens. The binding of the GC probes to PsD14/RMS3, AtD14, and OsD14 proteins was tested. We demonstrated that coumarin-based profluorescent probes were highly bioactive and well-adapted to dissect the enzymatic properties of SL receptors in pea and a resorufin profluorescent probe in moss, contrary to the commercially available fluorescein profluorescent probe, Yoshimulactone Green (YLG). These probes offer novel opportunities for the studies of SL in various plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume Clavé
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Paul Schouveiler
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Paul Pillot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - Abhay-Veer Singh
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - Arnaud Chevalier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Suzanne Daignan Fornier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ambre Guillory
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - Sandrine Bonhomme
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - Catherine Rameau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - François-Didier Boyer
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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7
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Biswal DP, Panigrahi KCS. Red Light and Glucose Enhance Cytokinin-Mediated Bud Initial Formation in Physcomitrium patens. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11050707. [PMID: 35270177 PMCID: PMC8912492 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Growth and development of Physcomitrium patens is endogenously regulated by phytohormones such as auxin and cytokinin. Auxin induces the transition of chloronema to caulonema. This transition is also regulated by additional factors such as quantity and quality of light, carbon supply, and other phytohormones such as strigolactones and precursors of gibberrelic acid. On the other hand, cytokinins induce the formation of bud initials following caulonema differentiation. However, the influence of external factors such as light or nutrient supply on cytokinin-mediated bud initial formation has not been demonstrated in Physcomitrium patens. This study deals with the effect of light quality and nutrient supply on cytokinin-mediated bud initial formation. Bud initial formation has been observed in wild type plants in different light conditions such as white, red, and blue light in response to exogenously supplied cytokinin as well as glucose. In addition, budding assay has been demonstrated in the cry1a mutant of Physcomitrium in different light conditions. The results indicate that carbon supply and red light enhance the cytokinin response, while blue light inhibits this process in Physcomitrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Prasad Biswal
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India;
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kishore Chandra Sekhar Panigrahi
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India;
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India
- Correspondence:
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8
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Lopez-Obando M, Guillory A, Boyer FD, Cornu D, Hoffmann B, Le Bris P, Pouvreau JB, Delavault P, Rameau C, de Saint Germain A, Bonhomme S. The Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens PpKAI2L receptors for strigolactones and related compounds function via MAX2-dependent and -independent pathways. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3487-3512. [PMID: 34459915 PMCID: PMC8662777 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, the α/β hydrolase DWARF14 (D14), along with the F-box protein MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 (MAX2), perceives strigolactones (SL) to regulate developmental processes. The key SL biosynthetic enzyme CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE8 (CCD8) is present in the moss Physcomitrium patens, and PpCCD8-derived compounds regulate moss extension. The PpMAX2 homolog is not involved in the SL response, but 13 PpKAI2LIKE (PpKAI2L) genes homologous to the D14 ancestral paralog KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2) encode candidate SL receptors. In Arabidopsis thaliana, AtKAI2 perceives karrikins and the elusive endogenous KAI2-Ligand (KL). Here, germination assays of the parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa suggested that PpCCD8-derived compounds are likely noncanonical SLs. (+)-GR24 SL analog is a good mimic for PpCCD8-derived compounds in P. patens, while the effects of its enantiomer (-)-GR24, a KL mimic in angiosperms, are minimal. Interaction and binding assays of seven PpKAI2L proteins pointed to the stereoselectivity toward (-)-GR24 for a single clade of PpKAI2L (eu-KAI2). Enzyme assays highlighted the peculiar behavior of PpKAI2L-H. Phenotypic characterization of Ppkai2l mutants showed that eu-KAI2 genes are not involved in the perception of PpCCD8-derived compounds but act in a PpMAX2-dependent pathway. In contrast, mutations in PpKAI2L-G, and -J genes abolished the response to the (+)-GR24 enantiomer, suggesting that PpKAI2L-G, and -J proteins are receptors for moss SLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Lopez-Obando
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université
Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The
Linnean Centre for Plant Biology in Uppsala, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- VEDAS Corporación de Investigación e Innovación (VEDASCII),
050024 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ambre Guillory
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université
Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - François-Didier Boyer
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Université
Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Cornu
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université
Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Beate Hoffmann
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université
Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Philippe Le Bris
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université
Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Bernard Pouvreau
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, LBPV, Université de
Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Delavault
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, LBPV, Université de
Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Rameau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université
Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Alexandre de Saint Germain
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université
Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- Author for correspondence:
(S.B.),
(A.d.S.G.)
| | - Sandrine Bonhomme
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université
Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- Author for correspondence:
(S.B.),
(A.d.S.G.)
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9
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Guillory A, Bonhomme S. Phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways of mosses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:245-277. [PMID: 34245404 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most known phytohormones regulate moss development. We present a comprehensive view of the synthesis and signaling pathways for the most investigated of these compounds in mosses, focusing on the model Physcomitrium patens. The last 50 years of research have shown that most of the known phytohormones are synthesized by the model moss Physcomitrium patens (formerly Physcomitrella patens) and regulate its development, in interaction with responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Biosynthesis and signaling pathways are best described in P. patens for the three classical hormones auxins, cytokinins and abscisic acid. Furthermore, their roles in almost all steps of development, from early filament growth to gametophore development and sexual reproduction, have been the focus of much research effort over the years. Evidence of hormonal roles exist for ethylene and for CLE signaling peptides, as well as for salicylic acid, although their possible effects on development remain unclear. Production of brassinosteroids by P. patens is still debated, and modes of action for these compounds are even less known. Gibberellin biosynthesis and signaling may have been lost in P. patens, while gibberellin precursors such as ent-kaurene derivatives could be used as signals in a yet to discover pathway. As for jasmonic acid, it is not used per se as a hormone in P. patens, but its precursor OPDA appears to play a corresponding role in defense against abiotic stress. We have tried to gather a comprehensive view of the biosynthesis and signaling pathways for all these compounds in mosses, without forgetting strigolactones, the last class of plant hormones to be reported. Study of the strigolactone response in P. patens points to a novel signaling compound, the KAI2-ligand, which was likely employed as a hormone prior to land plant emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambre Guillory
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Sandrine Bonhomme
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France.
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10
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Mizuno Y, Komatsu A, Shimazaki S, Naramoto S, Inoue K, Xie X, Ishizaki K, Kohchi T, Kyozuka J. Major components of the KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2-dependent signaling pathway are conserved in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2395-2411. [PMID: 33839776 PMCID: PMC8364241 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2) was first identified as a receptor of karrikins, smoke-derived germination stimulants. KAI2 is also considered a receptor of an unidentified endogenous molecule called the KAI2 ligand. Upon KAI2 activation, signals are transmitted through the degradation of D53/SMXL proteins via MAX2-dependent ubiquitination. Although components in the KAI2-dependent signaling pathway, namely MpKAI2A and MpKAI2B, MpMAX2, and MpSMXL, exist in the genome of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, their functions remain unknown. Here, we show that early thallus growth is retarded and gemma dormancy in the dark is suppressed in Mpkai2a and Mpmax2 loss-of-function mutants. These defects are counteracted in Mpkai2a Mpsmxl and Mpmax2 Mpsmxl double mutants indicating that MpKAI2A, MpMAX2, and MpSMXL act in the same genetic pathway. Introduction of MpSMXLd53, in which a domain required for degradation is mutated, into wild-type plants mimicks Mpkai2a and Mpmax2 plants. In addition, the detection of citrine fluorescence in Nicotiana benthamiana cells transiently expressing a SMXL-Citrine fusion protein requires treatment with MG132, a proteasome inhibitor. These findings imply that MpSMXL is subjected to degradation, and that the degradation of MpSMXL is crucial for MpKAI2A-dependent signaling in M. polymorpha. Therefore, we claim that the basic mechanisms in the KAI2-dependent signaling pathway are conserved in M. polymorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Mizuno
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Aino Komatsu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shota Shimazaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Naramoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Keisuke Inoue
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Xiaonan Xie
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Kimitsune Ishizaki
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
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11
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Krasylenko Y, Komis G, Hlynska S, Vavrdová T, Ovečka M, Pospíšil T, Šamaj J. GR24, A Synthetic Strigolactone Analog, and Light Affect the Organization of Cortical Microtubules in Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:675981. [PMID: 34305975 PMCID: PMC8293678 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.675981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones are plant hormones regulating cytoskeleton-mediated developmental events in roots, such as lateral root formation and elongation of root hairs and hypocotyls. The latter process was addressed herein by the exogenous application of a synthetic strigolactone, GR24, and an inhibitor of strigolactone biosynthesis, TIS108, on hypocotyls of wild-type Arabidopsis and a strigolactone signaling mutant max2-1 (more axillary growth 2-1). Owing to the interdependence between light and strigolactone signaling, the present work was extended to seedlings grown under a standard light/dark regime, or under continuous darkness. Given the essential role of the cortical microtubules in cell elongation, their organization and dynamics were characterized under the conditions of altered strigolactone signaling using fluorescence microscopy methods with different spatiotemporal capacities, such as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and structured illumination microscopy (SIM). It was found that GR24-dependent inhibition of hypocotyl elongation correlated with changes in cortical microtubule organization and dynamics, observed in living wild-type and max2-1 seedlings stably expressing genetically encoded fluorescent molecular markers for microtubules. Quantitative assessment of microscopic datasets revealed that chemical and/or genetic manipulation of strigolactone signaling affected microtubule remodeling, especially under light conditions. The application of GR24 in dark conditions partially alleviated cytoskeletal rearrangement, suggesting a new mechanistic connection between cytoskeletal behavior and the light-dependence of strigolactone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Krasylenko
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - George Komis
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Sofiia Hlynska
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tereza Vavrdová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Pospíšil
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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12
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Yao J, Scaffidi A, Meng Y, Melville KT, Komatsu A, Khosla A, Nelson DC, Kyozuka J, Flematti GR, Waters MT. Desmethyl butenolides are optimal ligands for karrikin receptor proteins. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1003-1016. [PMID: 33474738 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones and karrikins are butenolide molecules that regulate plant growth. They are perceived by the α/β-hydrolase DWARF14 (D14) and its homologue KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2), respectively. Plant-derived strigolactones have a butenolide ring with a methyl group that is essential for bioactivity. By contrast, karrikins are abiotic in origin, and the butenolide methyl group is nonessential. KAI2 is probably a receptor for an endogenous butenolide, but the identity of this compound remains unknown. Here we characterise the specificity of KAI2 towards differing butenolide ligands using genetic and biochemical approaches. We find that KAI2 proteins from multiple species are most sensitive to desmethyl butenolides that lack a methyl group. Desmethyl-GR24 and desmethyl-CN-debranone are active by KAI2 but not D14. They are more potent KAI2 agonists compared with their methyl-substituted reference compounds both in vitro and in plants. The preference of KAI2 for desmethyl butenolides is conserved in Selaginella moellendorffii and Marchantia polymorpha, suggesting that it is an ancient trait in land plant evolution. Our findings provide insight into the mechanistic basis for differential ligand perception by KAI2 and D14, and support the view that the endogenous substrates for KAI2 and D14 have distinct chemical structures and biosynthetic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaren Yao
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Adrian Scaffidi
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Yongjie Meng
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Kim T Melville
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Aino Komatsu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Aashima Khosla
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - David C Nelson
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Gavin R Flematti
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mark T Waters
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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Nelson DC. The mechanism of host-induced germination in root parasitic plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1353-1373. [PMID: 33793958 PMCID: PMC8133615 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemical signals known as strigolactones (SLs) were discovered more than 50 years ago as host-derived germination stimulants of parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae. Strigolactone-responsive germination is an essential adaptation of obligate parasites in this family, which depend upon a host for survival. Several species of obligate parasites, including witchweeds (Striga, Alectra spp.) and broomrapes (Orobanche, Phelipanche spp.), are highly destructive agricultural weeds that pose a significant threat to global food security. Understanding how parasites sense SLs and other host-derived stimulants will catalyze the development of innovative chemical and biological control methods. This review synthesizes the recent discoveries of strigolactone receptors in parasitic Orobanchaceae, their signaling mechanism, and key steps in their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Nelson
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
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14
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Aquino B, Bradley JM, Lumba S. On the outside looking in: roles of endogenous and exogenous strigolactones. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:322-334. [PMID: 33215770 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A collection of small molecules called strigolactones (SLs) act as both endogenous hormones to control plant development and as ecological communication cues between organisms. SL signalling overlaps with that of a class of smoke-derived compounds, karrikins (KARs), which have distinct yet overlapping developmental effects on plants. Although the roles of SLs in shoot and root development, in the promotion of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal branching and in parasitic plant germination have been well characterized, recent data have illustrated broader roles for these compounds in the rhizosphere. Here, we review the known roles of SLs in development, growth of AM fungi and germination of parasitic plants to develop a framework for understanding the use of SLs as molecules of communication in the rhizosphere. It appears, for example, that there are many connections between SLs and phosphate utilization. Low phosphate levels regulate SL metabolism and, in turn, SLs sculpt root and shoot architecture to coordinate growth and optimize phosphate uptake from the environment. Plant-exuded SLs attract fungal symbionts to deliver inorganic phosphate (Pi) to the host. These and other examples suggest the boundary between exogenous and endogenous SL functions can be easily blurred and a more holistic view of these small molecules is likely to be required to fully understand SL biology. Related to this, we summarize and discuss evidence for a primitive role of SLs in moss as a quorum sensing-like molecule, providing a unifying concept of SLs as endogenous and exogenous signalling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Aquino
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - James M Bradley
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Shelley Lumba
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
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15
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Moreno JC, Mi J, Alagoz Y, Al‐Babili S. Plant apocarotenoids: from retrograde signaling to interspecific communication. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:351-375. [PMID: 33258195 PMCID: PMC7898548 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoid compounds synthesized by all photosynthetic and some non-photosynthetic organisms. They are essential for photosynthesis and contribute to many other aspects of a plant's life. The oxidative breakdown of carotenoids gives rise to the formation of a diverse family of essential metabolites called apocarotenoids. This metabolic process either takes place spontaneously through reactive oxygen species or is catalyzed by enzymes generally belonging to the CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE family. Apocarotenoids include the phytohormones abscisic acid and strigolactones (SLs), signaling molecules and growth regulators. Abscisic acid and SLs are vital in regulating plant growth, development and stress response. SLs are also an essential component in plants' rhizospheric communication with symbionts and parasites. Other apocarotenoid small molecules, such as blumenols, mycorradicins, zaxinone, anchorene, β-cyclocitral, β-cyclogeranic acid, β-ionone and loliolide, are involved in plant growth and development, and/or contribute to different processes, including arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis, abiotic stress response, plant-plant and plant-herbivore interactions and plastid retrograde signaling. There are also indications for the presence of structurally unidentified linear cis-carotene-derived apocarotenoids, which are presumed to modulate plastid biogenesis and leaf morphology, among other developmental processes. Here, we provide an overview on the biology of old, recently discovered and supposed plant apocarotenoid signaling molecules, describing their biosynthesis, developmental and physiological functions, and role as a messenger in plant communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Moreno
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologieAm Mühlenberg 1Potsdam14476Germany
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and EngineeringCenter for Desert Agriculturethe BioActives LabKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianing Mi
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and EngineeringCenter for Desert Agriculturethe BioActives LabKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yagiz Alagoz
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and EngineeringCenter for Desert Agriculturethe BioActives LabKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityLocked Bag 1797PenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Salim Al‐Babili
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and EngineeringCenter for Desert Agriculturethe BioActives LabKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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16
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Guillory A, Bonhomme S. Methods for Medium-Scale Study of Biological Effects of Strigolactone-Like Molecules on the Moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2309:143-155. [PMID: 34028685 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1429-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
As a bryophyte and model plant, the moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens (P. patens) is particularly well adapted to hormone evolution studies. Gene targeting through homologous recombination or CRISPR-Cas9 system, genome sequencing, and numerous transcriptomic datasets has allowed for molecular genetics studies and much progress in Evo-Devo knowledge. As to strigolactones, like for other hormones, both phenotypical and transcriptional responses can be studied, in both WT and mutant plants. However, as in any plant species, medium- to large-scale phenotype characterization is necessary, owing to the general high phenotypic variability. Therefore, many biological replicates are required. This may translate to large amount of the investigated compounds, particularly expensive (or difficult to synthesize) in the case of strigolactones. These issues prompted us to improve existing methods to limit the use of scarce/expensive compounds, as well as to simplify subsequent measures/sampling of P. patens. We hence scaled up well-tried experiments, in order to increment the number of tested genotypes in one given experiment.In this chapter, we will describe three methods we set up to study the response to strigolactones and related compounds in P. patens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambre Guillory
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Versailles, France
| | - Sandrine Bonhomme
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Versailles, France.
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17
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Biswal DP, Panigrahi KCS. Light- and hormone-mediated development in non-flowering plants: An overview. PLANTA 2020; 253:1. [PMID: 33245411 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light, hormones and their interaction regulate different aspects of development in non-flowering plants. They might have played a role in the evolution of different plant groups by conferring specific adaptive evolutionary changes. Plants are sessile organisms. Unlike animals, they lack the opportunity to abandon their habitat in unfavorable conditions. They respond to different environmental cues and adapt accordingly to control their growth and developmental pattern. While phytohormones are known to be internal regulators of plant development, light is a major environmental signal that shapes plant processes. It is plausible that light-hormone crosstalk might have played an important role in plant evolution. But how the crosstalk between light and phytohormone signaling pathways might have shaped the plant evolution is unclear. One of the possible reasons is that flowering plants have been studied extensively in context of plant development, which cannot serve the purpose of evolutionary comparisons. In order to elucidate the role of light, hormone and their crosstalk in the evolutionary adaptation in plant kingdom, one needs to understand various light- and hormone-mediated processes in diverse non-flowering plants. This review is an attempt to outline major light- and phytohormone-mediated responses in non-flowering plant groups such as algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Prasad Biswal
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kishore Chandra Sekhar Panigrahi
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Abstract
This review focuses on the evolution of plant hormone signaling pathways. Like the chemical nature of the hormones themselves, the signaling pathways are diverse. Therefore, we focus on a group of hormones whose primary perception mechanism involves an Skp1/Cullin/F-box-type ubiquitin ligase: auxin, jasmonic acid, gibberellic acid, and strigolactone. We begin with a comparison of the core signaling pathways of these four hormones, which have been established through studies conducted in model organisms in the Angiosperms. With the advent of next-generation sequencing and advanced tools for genetic manipulation, the door to understanding the origins of hormone signaling mechanisms in plants beyond these few model systems has opened. For example, in-depth phylogenetic analyses of hormone signaling components are now being complemented by genetic studies in early diverging land plants. Here we discuss recent investigations of how basal land plants make and sense hormones. Finally, we propose connections between the emergence of hormone signaling complexity and major developmental transitions in plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Blázquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - David C Nelson
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA;
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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Yao J, Waters MT. Perception of karrikins by plants: a continuing enigma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1774-1781. [PMID: 31836893 PMCID: PMC7242065 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Karrikins are small butenolide molecules with the capacity to promote germination and enhance seedling establishment. Generated abiotically from partial combustion of vegetation, karrikins are comparatively rare in the environment, but studying their mode of action has been most informative in revealing a new regulatory pathway for plant development that uses the karrikin perception machinery. Recent studies suggest that the karrikin receptor protein KAI2 and downstream transcriptional co-repressors in the SMXL family influence seed germination, seedling photomorphogenesis, root morphology, and responses to abiotic stress such as drought. Based on taxonomic distribution, this pathway is ubiquitous and likely to be evolutionarily ancient, originating prior to land plants. However, we still do not have a good grasp on how karrikins actually activate the receptor protein, and we have yet to discover the assumed endogenous ligand for KAI2 that karrikins are thought to mimic. This review covers recent progress in this field, as well as current gaps in our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaren Yao
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Structural Basis of Karrikin and Non-natural Strigolactone Perception in Physcomitrella patens. Cell Rep 2020; 26:855-865.e5. [PMID: 30673608 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, strigolactones are perceived by the dual receptor-hydrolase DWARF14 (D14). D14 belongs to the superfamily of α/β hydrolases and is structurally similar to the karrikin receptor KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2). The moss Physcomitrella patens is an ideal model system for studying this receptor family, because it includes 11 highly related family members with unknown ligand specificity. We present the crystal structures of three Physcomitrella D14/KAI2-like proteins and describe a loop-based mechanism that leads to a permanent widening of the hydrophobic substrate gorge. We have identified protein clades that specifically perceive the karrikin KAR1 and the non-natural strigolactone isomer (-)-5-deoxystrigol in a highly stereoselective manner.
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Bowman JL, Briginshaw LN, Fisher TJ, Flores-Sandoval E. Something ancient and something neofunctionalized-evolution of land plant hormone signaling pathways. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 47:64-72. [PMID: 30339930 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of land plants from a charophycean algal ancestor was accompanied by an increased diversity of regulatory networks, including signaling pathways mediating cellular communication within plants and between plants and the environment. Canonical land plant hormone signaling pathways were originally identified in angiosperms, and comparative studies in basal taxa show that they have been assembled from both ancient and newly evolved components, both before and during land plant evolution. In this review we present our current understanding, and highlight several uncertainties, of the evolution of hormone signaling pathways, focusing on the biosynthetic pathways generating putative ligands and the downstream perception and signaling pathways often leading to transcriptional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Liam N Briginshaw
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tom J Fisher
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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22
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Lopez-Obando M, de Villiers R, Hoffmann B, Ma L, de Saint Germain A, Kossmann J, Coudert Y, Harrison CJ, Rameau C, Hills P, Bonhomme S. Physcomitrella patens MAX2 characterization suggests an ancient role for this F-box protein in photomorphogenesis rather than strigolactone signalling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:743-756. [PMID: 29781136 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are key hormonal regulators of flowering plant development and are widely distributed amongst streptophytes. In Arabidopsis, SLs signal via the F-box protein MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 (MAX2), affecting multiple aspects of development including shoot branching, root architecture and drought tolerance. Previous characterization of a Physcomitrella patens moss mutant with defective SL synthesis supports an ancient role for SLs in land plants, but the origin and evolution of signalling pathway components are unknown. Here we investigate the function of a moss homologue of MAX2, PpMAX2, and characterize its role in SL signalling pathway evolution by genetic analysis. We report that the moss Ppmax2 mutant shows very distinct phenotypes from the moss SL-deficient mutant. In addition, the Ppmax2 mutant remains sensitive to SLs, showing a clear transcriptional SL response in dark conditions, and the response to red light is also altered. These data suggest divergent evolutionary trajectories for SL signalling pathway evolution in mosses and vascular plants. In P. patens, the primary roles for MAX2 are in photomorphogenesis and moss early development rather than in SL response, which may require other, as yet unidentified, factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Lopez-Obando
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Ruan de Villiers
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Beate Hoffmann
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Linnan Ma
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre de Saint Germain
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Jens Kossmann
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Yoan Coudert
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon, 69364, France
| | - C Jill Harrison
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Catherine Rameau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Paul Hills
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Sandrine Bonhomme
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
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23
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Perroud PF, Haas FB, Hiss M, Ullrich KK, Alboresi A, Amirebrahimi M, Barry K, Bassi R, Bonhomme S, Chen H, Coates JC, Fujita T, Guyon-Debast A, Lang D, Lin J, Lipzen A, Nogué F, Oliver MJ, Ponce de León I, Quatrano RS, Rameau C, Reiss B, Reski R, Ricca M, Saidi Y, Sun N, Szövényi P, Sreedasyam A, Grimwood J, Stacey G, Schmutz J, Rensing SA. The Physcomitrella patens gene atlas project: large-scale RNA-seq based expression data. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:168-182. [PMID: 29681058 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has recently become the method of choice to define and analyze transcriptomes. For the model moss Physcomitrella patens, although this method has been used to help analyze specific perturbations, no overall reference dataset has yet been established. In the framework of the Gene Atlas project, the Joint Genome Institute selected P. patens as a flagship genome, opening the way to generate the first comprehensive transcriptome dataset for this moss. The first round of sequencing described here is composed of 99 independent libraries spanning 34 different developmental stages and conditions. Upon dataset quality control and processing through read mapping, 28 509 of the 34 361 v3.3 gene models (83%) were detected to be expressed across the samples. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were calculated across the dataset to permit perturbation comparisons between conditions. The analysis of the three most distinct and abundant P. patens growth stages - protonema, gametophore and sporophyte - allowed us to define both general transcriptional patterns and stage-specific transcripts. As an example of variation of physico-chemical growth conditions, we detail here the impact of ammonium supplementation under standard growth conditions on the protonemal transcriptome. Finally, the cooperative nature of this project allowed us to analyze inter-laboratory variation, as 13 different laboratories around the world provided samples. We compare differences in the replication of experiments in a single laboratory and between different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Perroud
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fabian B Haas
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Hiss
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kristian K Ullrich
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Alboresi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Cà Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Mojgan Amirebrahimi
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Kerrie Barry
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Cà Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Sandrine Bonhomme
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Haodong Chen
- School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Juliet C Coates
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tomomichi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Anouchka Guyon-Debast
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Lang
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Junyan Lin
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Fabien Nogué
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Melvin J Oliver
- USDA-ARS-MWA, Plant Genetics Research Unit, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 652117, USA
| | - Inés Ponce de León
- Department of Molecular Biology, Clemente Estable Biological Research Institute, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ralph S Quatrano
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, One Brookings Drive, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Catherine Rameau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Bernd Reiss
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mariana Ricca
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstr. 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Younousse Saidi
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ning Sun
- School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstr. 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Avinash Sreedasyam
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Jane Grimwood
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Stefan A Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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24
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Decker EL, Alder A, Hunn S, Ferguson J, Lehtonen MT, Scheler B, Kerres KL, Wiedemann G, Safavi-Rizi V, Nordzieke S, Balakrishna A, Baz L, Avalos J, Valkonen JPT, Reski R, Al-Babili S. Strigolactone biosynthesis is evolutionarily conserved, regulated by phosphate starvation and contributes to resistance against phytopathogenic fungi in a moss, Physcomitrella patens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:455-468. [PMID: 28262967 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In seed plants, strigolactones (SLs) regulate architecture and induce mycorrhizal symbiosis in response to environmental cues. SLs are formed by combined activity of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) 7 and 8 from 9-cis-β-carotene, leading to carlactone that is converted by cytochromes P450 (clade 711; MAX1 in Arabidopsis) into various SLs. As Physcomitrella patens possesses CCD7 and CCD8 homologs but lacks MAX1, we investigated if PpCCD7 together with PpCCD8 form carlactone and how deletion of these enzymes influences growth and interactions with the environment. We investigated the enzymatic activity of PpCCD7 and PpCCD8 in vitro, identified the formed products by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and LC-MS, and generated and analysed ΔCCD7 and ΔCCD8 mutants. We defined enzymatic activity of PpCCD7 as a stereospecific 9-cis-CCD and PpCCD8 as a carlactone synthase. ΔCCD7 and ΔCCD8 lines showed enhanced caulonema growth, which was revertible by adding the SL analogue GR24 or carlactone. Wild-type (WT) exudates induced seed germination in Orobanche ramosa. This activity was increased upon phosphate starvation and abolished in exudates of both mutants. Furthermore, both mutants showed increased susceptibility to phytopathogenic fungi. Our study reveals the deep evolutionary conservation of SL biosynthesis, SL function, and its regulation by biotic and abiotic cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Adrian Alder
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Stefan Hunn
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Jenny Ferguson
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Mikko T Lehtonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Bjoern Scheler
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Klaus L Kerres
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Gertrud Wiedemann
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Vajiheh Safavi-Rizi
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Steffen Nordzieke
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, E-41080, Spain
| | - Aparna Balakrishna
- BESE Division, Plant Science Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina Baz
- BESE Division, Plant Science Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javier Avalos
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, E-41080, Spain
| | - Jari P T Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- FRIAS - Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- BESE Division, Plant Science Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Abstract
Strigolactones are a structurally diverse class of plant hormones that control many aspects of shoot and root growth. Strigolactones are also exuded by plants into the rhizosphere, where they promote symbiotic interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and germination of root parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae family. Therefore, understanding how strigolactones are made, transported, and perceived may lead to agricultural innovations as well as a deeper knowledge of how plants function. Substantial progress has been made in these areas over the past decade. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms, core developmental roles, and evolutionary history of strigolactone signaling. We also propose potential translational applications of strigolactone research to agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Waters
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia;
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Genetics, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany;
| | - Tom Bennett
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;
| | - David C Nelson
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
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26
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Khosla A, Nelson DC. Strigolactones, super hormones in the fight against Striga. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 33:57-63. [PMID: 27318656 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones are plant hormones that control diverse aspects of plant growth, but are also exuded into soil as recruitment signals for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi interactions. Highly damaging parasitic weeds in the Orobanchaceae family have coopted strigolactones as germination cues that indicate the presence of a host. Recent studies have established how strigolactones are actively transported within and out of plants. Key components of the strigolactone signaling system have been identified, including strigolactone receptors in angiosperms and parasites, as well as downstream targets that are polyubiquitinated and proteolyzed following strigolactone perception. The basis for protein-protein interactions among these signaling components has also been explored. We propose several strategies to translate current knowledge of strigolactone transport and signaling into parasite control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashima Khosla
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David C Nelson
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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27
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Lopez-Obando M, Conn CE, Hoffmann B, Bythell-Douglas R, Nelson DC, Rameau C, Bonhomme S. Structural modelling and transcriptional responses highlight a clade of PpKAI2-LIKE genes as candidate receptors for strigolactones in Physcomitrella patens. PLANTA 2016; 243:1441-1453. [PMID: 26979323 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A set of PpKAI2 - LIKE paralogs that may encode strigolactone receptors in Physcomitrella patens were identified through evolutionary, structural, and transcriptional analyses, suggesting that strigolactone perception may have evolved independently in basal land plants in a similar manner as spermatophytes. Carotenoid-derived compounds known as strigolactones are a new class of plant hormones that modulate development and interactions with parasitic plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The strigolactone receptor protein DWARF14 (D14) belongs to the α/β hydrolase family. D14 is closely related to KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2), a receptor of smoke-derived germination stimulants called karrikins. Strigolactone and karrikin structures share a butenolide ring that is necessary for bioactivity. Charophyte algae and basal land plants produce strigolactones that influence their development. However phylogenetic studies suggest that D14 is absent from algae, moss, and liverwort genomes, raising the question of how these basal plants perceive strigolactones. Strigolactone perception during seed germination putatively evolved in parasitic plants through gene duplication and neofunctionalization of KAI2 paralogs. The moss Physcomitrella patens shows an increase in KAI2 gene copy number, similar to parasitic plants. In this study we investigated whether P. patens KAI2-LIKE (PpKAI2L) genes may contribute to strigolactone perception. Based on phylogenetic analyses and homology modelling, we predict that a clade of PpKAI2L proteins have enlarged ligand-binding cavities, similar to D14. We observed that some PpKAI2L genes have transcriptional responses to the synthetic strigolactone GR24 racemate or its enantiomers. These responses were influenced by light and dark conditions. Moreover, (+)-GR24 seems to be the active enantiomer that induces the transcriptional responses of PpKAI2L genes. We hypothesize that members of specific PpKAI2L clades are candidate strigolactone receptors in moss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Lopez-Obando
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Caitlin E Conn
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Beate Hoffmann
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | | | - David C Nelson
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Catherine Rameau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Sandrine Bonhomme
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France.
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28
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Smoke and Hormone Mirrors: Action and Evolution of Karrikin and Strigolactone Signaling. Trends Genet 2016; 32:176-188. [PMID: 26851153 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Karrikins and strigolactones are two classes of butenolide molecules that have diverse effects on plant growth. Karrikins are found in smoke and strigolactones are plant hormones, yet both molecules are likely recognized through highly similar signaling mechanisms. Here we review the most recent discoveries of karrikin and strigolactone perception and signal transduction. Two paralogous α/β hydrolases, KAI2 and D14, are respectively karrikin and strigolactone receptors. D14 acts with an F-box protein, MAX2, to target SMXL/D53 family proteins for proteasomal degradation, and genetic data suggest that KAI2 acts similarly. There are striking parallels in the signaling mechanisms of karrikins, strigolactones, and other plant hormones, including auxins, jasmonates, and gibberellins. Recent investigations of host perception in parasitic plants have demonstrated that strigolactone recognition can evolve following gene duplication of KAI2.
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29
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Waters MT, Scaffidi A, Moulin SLY, Sun YK, Flematti GR, Smith SM. A Selaginella moellendorffii Ortholog of KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 Functions in Arabidopsis Development but Cannot Mediate Responses to Karrikins or Strigolactones. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1925-44. [PMID: 26175507 PMCID: PMC4531350 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the α/β-fold hydrolase KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2) is essential for normal seed germination, seedling development, and leaf morphogenesis, as well as for responses to karrikins. KAI2 is a paralog of DWARF14 (D14), the proposed strigolactone receptor, but the evolutionary timing of functional divergence between the KAI2 and D14 clades has not been established. By swapping gene promoters, we show that Arabidopsis KAI2 and D14 proteins are functionally distinct. We show that the catalytic serine of KAI2 is essential for function in plants and for biochemical activity in vitro. We identified two KAI2 homologs from Selaginella moellendorffii and two from Marchantia polymorpha. One from each species could hydrolyze the strigolactone analog GR24 in vitro, but when tested for their ability to complement Arabidopsis d14 and kai2 mutants, neither of these homologs was effective. However, the second KAI2 homolog from S. moellendorffii was able to complement the seedling and leaf development phenotypes of Arabidopsis kai2. This homolog could not transduce signals from exogenous karrikins, strigolactone analogs, or carlactone, but its activity did depend on the conserved catalytic serine. We conclude that KAI2, and most likely the endogenous signal to which it responds, has been conserved since the divergence of lycophytes and angiosperm lineages, despite their major developmental and morphogenic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Waters
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Adrian Scaffidi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Solène L Y Moulin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Yueming K Sun
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Gavin R Flematti
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Steven M Smith
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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30
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Conn CE, Nelson DC. Evidence that KARRIKIN-INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2) Receptors may Perceive an Unknown Signal that is not Karrikin or Strigolactone. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1219. [PMID: 26779242 PMCID: PMC4705300 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The α/β-hydrolases KAI2 and D14 are paralogous receptors for karrikins and strigolactones, two classes of plant growth regulators with butenolide moieties. KAI2 and D14 act in parallel signaling pathways that share a requirement for the F-box protein MAX2, but produce distinct growth responses by regulating different members of the SMAX1-LIKE/D53 family. kai2 and max2 mutants share seed germination, seedling growth, leaf shape, and petiole orientation phenotypes that are not found in d14 or SL-deficient mutants. This implies that KAI2 recognizes an unknown, endogenous signal, herein termed KAI2 ligand (KL). Recent studies of ligand-specificity among KAI2 paralogs in basal land plants and root parasitic plants suggest that karrikin and strigolactone perception may be evolutionary adaptations of KL receptors. Here we demonstrate that evolutionarily conserved KAI2c genes from two parasite species rescue multiple phenotypes of the Arabidopsis kai2 mutant, unlike karrikin-, and strigolactone-specific KAI2 paralogs. We hypothesize that KAI2c proteins recognize KL, which could be an undiscovered hormone.
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31
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Al-Babili S, Bouwmeester HJ. Strigolactones, a novel carotenoid-derived plant hormone. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 66:161-86. [PMID: 25621512 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived plant hormones and signaling molecules. When released into the soil, SLs indicate the presence of a host to symbiotic fungi and root parasitic plants. In planta, they regulate several developmental processes that adapt plant architecture to nutrient availability. Highly branched/tillered mutants in Arabidopsis, pea, and rice have enabled the identification of four SL biosynthetic enzymes: a cis/trans-carotene isomerase, two carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases, and a cytochrome P450 (MAX1). In vitro and in vivo enzyme assays and analysis of mutants have shown that the pathway involves a combination of new reactions leading to carlactone, which is converted by a rice MAX1 homolog into an SL parent molecule with a tricyclic lactone moiety. In this review, we focus on SL biosynthesis, describe the hormonal and environmental factors that determine this process, and discuss SL transport and downstream signaling as well as the role of SLs in regulating plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Al-Babili
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia;
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