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Toft H, Bramness JG, Lien L. Levels of Peripheral Circulating IL-6 and IL-10 Decrease Over Time Despite High Depression Burden in PTSD Patients. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:737-747. [PMID: 35414745 PMCID: PMC8995001 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s357797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with combined depression symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often exhibit high levels of circulating inflammatory biomarkers as either a cause or consequence of their disease. We aimed to investigate how cytokines and depression symptoms develop with one-year follow-up and compare them with non-PTSD patients. METHODS The study had a longitudinal design with one-year follow-up measurements in an inpatient treatment setting at a psychiatric center in Norway. PTSD diagnoses were set using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). The first three measurements were at baseline (T0), halfway (T1) and at discharge (T2) from a 12-week main stay, followed by a final measurement one year after discharge (T3). Serum blood samples were collected on all four occasions. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) was administered at T0, T2 and T3. RESULTS Levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in PTSD patients were higher than in patients without PTSD at T0 (p = 0.005 and 0.042). The PTSD patients had a higher average level of IL-10 across all four measurements (B = 1.62, Standard Error (SE) = 0.78, p = 0.037). The IL-10 levels in PTSD patients declined from T0 to T3 (p = 0.039). The PTSD patients were more depressed than non-PTSD patients at T3 (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS The levels of IL-10 and IL-6 in PTSD patients more closely resembled the levels in non-PTSD patients at one-year follow-up, despite level of depression being unchanged in the PTSD patients. This calls into question the close relationship between level of circulating cytokines and depressive symptoms, at least in PTSD patients. Further research is needed to investigate what appears to be a complex relationship between immune markers and depression in patients with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Toft
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway.,Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - Jørgen G Bramness
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway.,Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Lien
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway.,Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
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Persistent level of mental distress in PTSD patients is not reflected in cytokine levels 1 year after the treatment. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2021; 33:254-260. [PMID: 33902770 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2021.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cross-sectional data show that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients often have increased levels of circulating inflammatory markers. There is, however, still a paucity of longitudinal studies with long follow-up times on levels of cytokines in such patients. The current study assesses patients with and without PTSD diagnosis 1 year after discharge from inpatient treatment. METHODS Patients in treatment for serious non-psychotic mental disorders were recruited at the beginning of their treatment stay at a psychiatric centre in Norway. Ninety patients submitted serum samples and filled out the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-90 Revised Global Severity Index (HSCL-90R GSI) questionnaire during their mainstay and at a follow-up stay 1 year after discharge. Of these patients, 33 were diagnosed with PTSD, 48 with anxiety, depression, or eating disorder, while 9 patients had missing data. The patients were diagnosed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). RESULTS At the follow-up stay (T3), PTSD patients had higher levels of GSI scores than non-PTSD patients (p = 0.048). These levels were unchanged from the year before (T2) in both groups. The levels of circulating cytokines/chemokine did not differ between the PTSD and non-PTSD patients at T3. At T2, however, the PTSD and non-PTSD groups exhibited different levels of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) (p = 0.053), IL-1RA (p = 0.042), and TNF-α (p = 0.037), with the PTSD patients having the higher levels. CONCLUSION Despite exhibiting different mental distress scores, the PTSD and non-PTSD patients did not differ regarding levels of circulating inflammatory markers at 1-year follow-up.
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Beklen A, Uckan D. Electronic cigarette liquid substances propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin induce an inflammatory response in gingival epithelial cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:25-34. [PMID: 32729321 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120943934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Information on the effects of propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) and on cytotoxicity and subsequent activation of the biological mediators is limited in periodontal diseases. This study analyzes the effect of unflavored PG/VG alone or in combination with nicotine on gingival epithelial cells. The cells were exposed to different PG/VG (± nicotine) concentrations for 24 h and cytotoxicity was evaluated by calorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromid assay. The expressions of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-9 were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a western blotting. Stimulation with PG/VG mixtures reduced cell viability compared to nonexposed controls (p < 0.05). Adding PG/VG increased the levels of IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-9, and the amount of PG had more biological impact compared to the VG amount. The nicotine augmented this effect compared to its nicotine-free counterparts. In western blotting result, MMP-9 was clearly activated in almost all samples. These findings suggest that the main constituents PG/VG are cytotoxic and able to induce biological response in gingival cells in vitro. Despite being advertised as less harmful than conventional cigarettes, electronic cigarette liquid pose certain risks on periodontal cells. Awareness about the effects of electronic cigarettes on periodontal diseases must be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beklen
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, 53004Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - D Uckan
- Medico-Social Dental Clinic, 52949Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Cytokine concentrations are related to level of mental distress in inpatients not using anti-inflammatory drugs. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2020; 32:23-31. [PMID: 31576798 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2019.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cross-sectional data show elevated levels of circulating cytokines in psychiatric patients. The literature is divided concerning anti-inflammatory drugs' ability to relieve symptoms, questioning a causal link between inflammatory pathways and psychiatric conditions. We hypothesised that the development of circulating cytokine levels is related to mental distress, and that this relationship is affected by the use of anti-inflammatory drugs. METHODS The study was a longitudinal assessment of 12-week inpatient treatment at Modum Bad Psychiatric Center, Norway. Sera and self-reported Global Severity Index (GSI) scores, which measure psychological distress, were collected at admission (T0), halfway (T1) and before discharge (T2). Other variables known to distort the neuroimmune interplay were included. These were age, gender, diagnosis of PTSD, antidepressants and anti-inflammatory drugs. A total of 128 patients (92 women and 36 men) were included, and 28 were using anti-inflammatory medication. Multilevel modelling was used for data analysis. RESULTS Patients with higher levels of IL-1RA and MCP-1 had higher GSI scores (p = 0.005 and p = 0.020). PTSD patients scored higher on GSI than non-PTSD patients (p = 0.002). These relationships were mostly present among those not using anti-inflammatory drugs (n = 99), with higher levels of IL-1RA and MCP-1 being related to higher GSI score (p = 0.023 and 0.018, respectively). Again, PTSD patients showed higher GSI levels than non-PTSD patients (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS Cytokine levels were associated with level of mental distress as measured by the GSI scores, but this relationship was not present among those using anti-inflammatory drugs. We found no association between cytokine levels and development of GSI score over time.
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Toft H, Bramness JG, Lien L, Abebe DS, Wampold BE, Tilden T, Hestad K, Neupane SP. PTSD patients show increasing cytokine levels during treatment despite reduced psychological distress. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:2367-2378. [PMID: 30271153 PMCID: PMC6149900 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s173659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A reciprocal relationship between activated innate immune system and changes in mood and behavior has been established. There is still a paucity of knowledge on how the immune system responds during psychiatric treatment. We aimed to explore circulating cytokines and assess psychiatric symptom severity scores during 12 weeks of inpatient psychiatric treatment. METHODS The study was a longitudinal assessment of 124 patients (88 women and 36 men) in treatment at Modum Psychiatric Center, Norway. The patient sample comprised a mixed psychiatric population of whom 39 were diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Serum blood samples for cytokine analysis and measures of mental distress using Global Severity Index were collected at admission (T0), halfway (T1), and before discharge (T2). Other factors assessed were age, gender, and the use of antidepressants and anti-inflammatory drugs. Multilevel modeling was used for longitudinal analyses to assess the repeated cytokine samples within each patient. RESULTS Overall level of IL-1RA was higher in PTSD patients when compared to those without PTSD (P=0.021). The level of IL-1β, MCP-1, and TNF-α increased over time in PTSD compared to non-PTSD patients (P=0.025, P=0.011 and P=0.008, respectively). All patients experienced reduced mental distress as measured by self-reported Global Severity Index scores. Stratified analysis showed that PTSD patients who used anti-inflammatory drugs had higher levels of IL-1β (P=0.007) and TNF-α (P=0.049) than PTSD patients who did not use such drugs. CONCLUSION The study indicates that traumatized patients may have a distinct neuroimmune development during recovery. Their activated immune system shows even further activation during their rehabilitation despite symptom reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Toft
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway, .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,
| | - Jørgen G Bramness
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway, .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT, Norway´s Arctic University, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Lien
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway, .,Department of Health Studies, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - Dawit S Abebe
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway, .,Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bruce E Wampold
- Research Institute, Modum Psychiatric Center, Vikersund, Norway.,Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Terje Tilden
- Research Institute, Modum Psychiatric Center, Vikersund, Norway
| | - Knut Hestad
- Department of Health Studies, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway.,Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway.,Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sudan Prasad Neupane
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway, .,Norwegian Center for Addiction Research (SERAF), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Xu X, Chen C, Abdullah AS, Sharma M, Liu H, Zhao Y. Knowledge about and sources of smoking-related knowledge, and influencing factors among male urban secondary school students in Chongqing, China. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1879. [PMID: 27833838 PMCID: PMC5081986 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study examined smoking-related knowledge, sources of smoking-related knowledge and its influencing factor among male urban secondary school students. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey, using a self-administered questionnaire, among 1297 male secondary school students in municipal areas of Chongqing, China. Results Non-smokers had a better knowledge of smoking hazards than smokers. Less than 20% of students knew that smoking can cause heart disease, peptic ulcer, and cerebral stroke. Sources of smoking-related knowledge differed between smokers and non-smokers, respectively: TV (76.5 vs. 76.7%), teacher (70.1 vs. 62.4%), social network (66.6 vs. 73.1%), parents (57.0 vs. 59.2%), newspaper (55.4 vs. 61.6%), and friends (37.7 vs. 33.9%). Non-smokers’ hobbies of reading were significantly higher than smokers’ (χ2 = 11.5845, p = 0.0007). Smokers’ hobbies of online games (χ2 = 14.9106, p = 0.0001), and sports (χ2 = 4.8609, p = 0.0275) were significantly higher than non-smokers’. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) found that students whose both father and mother smoke were unable to receive tobacco-related knowledge. GEE also found that students in high school, with affluent family economic condition and with an opposing attitude towards father smoking possessed a better smoking-related knowledge. However, male students with disagreement or neutral attitude towards friends smoking were negatively associated with the knowledge of smoking hazards. Conclusions The findings of the present study suggest that a significant proportion of male secondary school students in urban Chongqing lack specific knowledge about smoking-related diseases. Targeted educational programs for secondary school students in China are needed to promote tobacco control and tobacco use reduction and cessation among students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Xu
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ; Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ; Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Cheng Chen
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ; Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410001 Hunan Province China
| | - Abu S Abdullah
- Global Health Program, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, 215347 Jiangsu Province China ; Department of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Manoj Sharma
- Behavioral and Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS USA
| | - Hengyi Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ; Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ; Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yong Zhao
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ; Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ; Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
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Shuang L, Li Z, Chen F, Cui X, Ning Y, Su Y, Dong M. Association between interleukin-17 gene polymorphisms and risk of coronary artery disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:11653-11658. [PMID: 26617905 PMCID: PMC4637721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a case-control study to estimate the association between IL-17A rs2275913, rs3819025 and rs3748067 polymorphisms and development of coronary artery disease. A total of 415 patients with coronary artery disease and 448 health controls were recruited during the period of March 2013 and October 2014. Genotyping of IL-17A rs2275913, rs3819025 and rs3748067 were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction coupled with restriction fragment length polymorphism. By logistic regression analysis, we found that individuals with the AA genotype (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.35-3.56) and the GA+AA genotype (OR, 1.39, 95% CI, 1.06-1.84) of rs2275913 were associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease when compared with the GG genotype. Individuals carrying the GA+AA genotype of rs2275913 were more likely to have a higher risk of coronary artery disease in those with hypertension and smoking habit, and the adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 3.92 (2.13-6.82) and 2.74 (1.71-4.40). In conclusion, we suggest that individuals with the AA genotype and the GA+AA genotype of rs2275913 are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease, especially in those with hypertension and smoking habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Shuang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510280, China
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot 010051, China
| | - Zhiliang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510280, China
| | - Fengying Chen
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot 010051, China
| | - Xiaoying Cui
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot 010051, China
| | - Yuzhen Ning
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot 010051, China
| | - Youle Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot 010051, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Department of Orthopedic Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot 010030, China
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