Whole body vibration improves cognition in healthy young adults

Acute resistance exercise combined with whole body vibration and blood flow restriction: Molecular and neurocognitive effects in late-middle-aged and older adults

Limited research exists regarding the effects of resistance exercise (RE) combined with whole body vibration (WBV), blood flow restriction (BFR), or both on the neuropsychological performance of working memory (WM) in late-middle-aged and older adults and regarding the physiological mechanisms underlying this effect. This study thus explored the acute molecular and neurophysiological mechanisms underlying WM performance following RE combined with WBV, BFR, or both. Sixty-six participants were randomly assigned into a WBV, BFR, or WBV + BFR group. Before and after the participants engaged in a single bout of isometric RE combined with WBV, BFR, or both, this study gathered data on several neurocognitive measures of WM performance, namely, accuracy rate (AR), reaction time (RT), and brain event-related potential (specifically P3 latency and amplitude), and data on biochemical indices, such as the levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), norepinephrine (NE), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Although none of the RE modalities significantly affected RTs and P3 latencies, ARs and P3 amplitudes significantly improved in the WBV and WBV + BFR groups. The WBV + BFR group exhibited greater improvements than the WBV group did. Following acute RE combined with WBV, BFR, or both, IGF-1 and NE levels significantly increased in all groups, whereas BDNF levels did not change. Crucially, only the changes in NE levels were significantly correlated with improvements in ARs in the WBV + BFR and WBV groups. The findings suggest that combining acute RE with WBV, BFR, or both could distinctively mitigate neurocognitive decline in late-middle-aged and older adults.

The influence of vibratory massage after physical exertion on selected psychological processes

Good mental preparation of an athlete plays an important role in achieving optimal sports results. An athlete who enters a competition should not feel fatigue resulting from intense physical exercise. Therefore, new and effective methods are being sought that could help accelerate the process of both physical and mental regeneration. Vibrotherapy is one of them. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal frequency of vibration, its duration and the position in which the subjects were placed during the treatments, in relation to the reduction of subjectively perceived exertion muscle pain, mental discomfort, emotional states and the level of cognitive processes that were disturbed by intense physical activity. Sixteen healthy male volunteers were involved in this study. The participants were assessed for their aerobic and anaerobic capacity. Each of the subjects performed a set of intensive physical exercises and then underwent vibrotherapy treatment. In random order, each of the men tested the effectiveness of eight combinations of frequency, duration, and body position. Psychological tests were conducted for each combination: frequency, duration of treatment, and position during treatment, in four stages: (1) before the start of the experiment (baseline POMS measurements), (2) immediately after the exercise (VAS scale, scale examining psychological discomfort and STROOP test), (3) immediately after the vibration treatment (POMS measurements, VAS scale, scale examining psychological discomfort and STROOP test), (4) 24 h after the vibration treatment (VAS scale examining subjective assessment of perceived pain and psychological discomfort). Based on the results, it was concluded that all the studied variables improved significantly over time (after the vibration treatment and 24 h after training). In addition, a statistically significant interaction measurement × frequency was noted for vigor scale (52HZ favored greater improvement in this state), and a statistically significant interaction was found for measurement × time for the VAS scale (p < 0.05) - the lower pain value was indicated 24 h after the 10-min vibration treatment. The type of frequency used, position, and duration of the treatment did not play a statistically significant role in changing STROOP test results and severity of psychological discomfort (p > 0.05).

Modulation of Heart Rate Variability and Brain Excitability through Acute Whole-Body Vibration: The Role of Frequency

This cross-over study aimed to explore effects of acute whole-body vibration (WBV) at frequencies of 5-35 Hz on heart rate variability and brain excitability. Thirteen healthy physically active college students randomly completed eight interventions under the following conditions: static upright standing without vibration (CON), static squat exercise (knee flexion 150°) on the vibration platform (SSE), and static squat exercise (knee flexion 150°) combined with WBV at vibration frequency of 5, 9, 13, 20, 25, and 35 Hz. Five bouts × 30 s with a 30-s rest interval were performed for all interventions. The brain's direct current potentials (DCPs), frequency domain variables (FDV) including normalized low frequency power (nLF), normalized high frequency power (nHF) and the ratio of LF to HF (LF/HF), along with the mean heart rate (MHR) were collected and calculated before and after the WBV intervention. Results suggested that WBV frequency at 5 Hz had a substantial effect on decreasing DCPs [-2.13 μV, t(84) = -3.82, p < 0.05, g = -1.03, large] and nLF [-13%, t(84) = -2.31, p = 0.04, g = -0.62, medium]. By contrast, 20-35 Hz of acute WBV intervention considerably improved DCPs [7.58 μV, t(84) = 4.31, p < 0.05, g = 1.16, large], nLF [17%, t(84) = 2.92, p < 0.05, g = 0.79, large] and the LF/HF [0.51, t(84) = 2.86, p < 0.05, g = 0.77, large]. A strong (r = 0.7, p < 0.01) correlation between DCPs and nLF was found at 5 Hz. In summary, acute WBV at 20-35 Hz principally activated the sympathetic nervous system and increased brain excitability, while 5-Hz WBV activated the parasympathetic nervous system and reduced brain excitability. The frequency spectrum of WBV might be manipulated according to the intervention target on heart rate variability and brain excitability.

Integrating physiological monitoring systems in military aviation: a brief narrative review of its importance, opportunities, and risks

Military pilots risk their lives during training and operations. Advancements in aerospace engineering, flight profiles, and mission demands may require the pilot to test the safe limits of their physiology. Monitoring pilot physiology (e.g. heart rate, oximetry, and respiration) inflight is in consideration by several nations to inform pilots of reduced performance capacity and guide future developments in aircraft and life-support system design. Numerous challenges, however, prevent the immediate operationalisation of physiological monitoring sensors, particularly their unreliability in the aerospace environment and incompatibility with pilot clothing and protective equipment. Human performance and behaviour are also highly variable and measuring these in controlled laboratory settings do not mirror the real-world conditions pilots must endure. Misleading or erroneous predictive models are unacceptable as these could compromise mission success and lose operator trust. This narrative review provides an overview of considerations for integrating physiological monitoring systems within the military aviation environment.Practitioner summary: Advancements in military technology can conflictingly enhance and compromise pilot safety and performance. We summarise some of the opportunities, limitations, and risks of integrating physiological monitoring systems within military aviation. Our intent is to catalyse further research and technological development.Abbreviations: AGS: anti-gravity suit; AGSM: anti-gravity straining manoeuvre; A-LOC: almost loss of consciousness; CBF: cerebral blood flow; ECG: electrocardiogram; EEG: electroencephalogram; fNIRS: functional near-infrared spectroscopy; G-forces: gravitational forces; G-LOC: gravity-induced loss of consciousness; HR: heart rate; HRV: heart rate variability; LSS: life-support system; NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation; PE: Physiological Episode; PCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PO2: partial pressure of oxygen; OBOGS: on board oxygen generating systems; SpO2: peripheral blood haemoglobin-oxygen saturation; STANAG: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Standardisation Agreement; UPE: Unexplained Physiological Episode; WBV: whole body vibration.

Whole body vibration therapy and cognitive functions: a systematic review

Whole Body Vibration has been found to induce physiological changes in human subjects, improving their neuromuscular, respiratory and cardiovascular functions. Evidence from animal research prove that whole-body vibration appears to induce changes in molecular and cellular levels to alter cognitive functions in mice. There is evolving evidence for a potential value of whole body vibration in improving cognition and preventing the development of age-related cognitive disorders in humans. However, literature on the biological consequences of whole-body vibration on the human brain is scanty. If so, gathering the available evidences would help decide the possibility of designing appropriate whole-body vibration protocols to extend its application to induce neurocognitive enhancement and optimize its effects. Therefore, a systematic review of the literature was performed, consulting the ProQuest, MEDLINE and Scopus bibliographic databases, to summarize the available scientific evidence on the effects of whole-body vibration on cognitive functions in adults. Results of the review suggest that whole-body vibration therapy enhances a wide spectrum of cognitive functions in adults although there isn't enough evidence available yet to be able to design a standardized protocol to achieve optimum cognitive enhancement.

Beyond physiology: Acute effects of side-alternating whole-body vibration on well-being, flexibility, balance, and cognition using a light and portable platform A randomized controlled trial

A good body-balance helps to prevent slips, trips and falls. New body-balance interventions must be explored, because effective methods to implement daily training are sparse. The purpose of the current study was to investigate acute effects of side-alternating whole-body vibration (SS-WBV) training on musculoskeletal well-being, flexibility, body balance, and cognition. In this randomized controlled trial, participants were randomly allocated into a verum (8.5 Hz, SS-WBV, N = 28) or sham (6 Hz, SS-WBV, N = 27) condition. The training consisted of three SS-WBV series that lasted one-minute each with two one-minute breaks in between. During the SS-WBV series, participants stood in the middle of the platform with slightly bent knees. During the breaks in between, participants could loosen up. Flexibility (modified fingertip-to-floor method), balance (modified Star Excursion Balance Test), and cognitive interference (Stroop Color Word Test) were tested before and after the exercise. Also, musculoskeletal well-being, muscle relaxation, sense of flexibility, sense of balance, and surefootedness were assessed in a questionnaire before and after the exercise. Musculoskeletal well-being was significantly increased only after verum. Also, muscle relaxation was significantly higher only after verum. The Flexibility-Test showed significant improvement after both conditions. Accordingly, sense of flexibility was significantly increased after both conditions. The Balance-Test showed significant improvement after verum, and after sham. Accordingly, increased sense of balance was significant after both conditions. However, surefootedness was significantly higher only after verum. The Stroop-Test showed significant improvement only after verum. The current study shows that one SS-WBV training session increases musculoskeletal well-being, flexibility, body balance and cognition. The abundance of improvements on a light and portable platform has great influence on the practicability of training in daily life, aiming to prevent slip trips and falls at work.

Effects of whole-body vibration training on cognitive function: A systematic review

Background

Whole-body vibration (WBV) training is a novel training method that stimulates the human neuromuscular system by the use of vibration, the frequency and amplitude of which are controlled, thereby inducing adaptive changes in the body. WBV training is widely used as a clinical prevention and rehabilitation tool in physical medicine and neuro-rehabilitation as a clinical prevention and rehabilitation tool.

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to review the effects of WBV on cognitive function, provide an evidence-based foundation for future research on WBV training, and promote additional popularization and use of the methodology in clinical practice.

Methods

A systematic review of articles extracted from the following six databases was conducted: PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Embase, Cochrane, and Scopus. A literature search was performed on articles in which the effects of WBV on cognitive function were evaluated.

Results

Initially, a total of 340 studies were initially identified, among which 18 articles that satisfied the inclusion criteria were selected for inclusion in the systematic review. Participants were allocated into two groups: patients with cognitive impairment and healthy individuals. The results demonstrated that WBV was both positive and ineffective in its influence on cognitive function.

Conclusion

The majority of studies suggested that WBV may be a useful strategy for the management of cognitive impairment and should be considered for inclusion in rehabilitation programs. However, the impact of WBV on cognition requires additional, larger, and adequately powered studies.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=376821, identifier CRD42022376821.

Effects of stochastic resonance whole-body vibration on sensorimotor function in elderly individuals-A systematic review

Introduction

Due to demographic changes, falls are increasingly becoming a focus of health care. It is known that within six months after a fall, two thirds of fallers will fall again. Therefore, therapeutic procedures to improve balance that are simple and can be performed in a short time are needed. Stochastic resonance whole-body vibration (SR-WBV) may be such a procedure.

Method

An electronic search to assess the effectiveness of SR-WBV on balance in the elderly was conducted using databases that included CINAHL Cochrane, PEDro, and PubMed. Included studies were assessed using the Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool by two independent reviewers.

Results

Nine studies showing moderate methodological quality were included. Treatment parameters were heterogeneous. Vibration frequency ranged from 1 to 12 Hz. Six studies found statistically significant improvements of balance from baseline to post measurement after SR-WBV interventions. One article found clinical relevance of the improvement in total time of the "Expanded Time to Get Up and Go Test".

Discussion

Physiological adaptations after balance training are specific and may explain some of the observed heterogeneity. Two out of nine studies assessed reactive balance and both indicated statistically significant improvements after SR-WBV. Therefore, SR-WBV represents a reactive balance training.

Short-term effects of side-alternating Whole-Body Vibration on cognitive function of young adults

Recent research in rodents and humans revealed that Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) is beneficial for cognitive functions. However, the optimal WBV conditions are not established: contrary to vertical WBV, side-alternating WBV was not investigated before. The present study investigated the short-term effects of side-alternating WBV in standing and sitting posture on specific cognitive function of young adults. We used a balanced cross-over design. Sixty healthy young adults (mean age 21.7 ± 2.0 years, 72% female) participated. They were exposed to three bouts of two-minute side-alternating WBV (frequency 27 Hz) and three control conditions in two different sessions. In one session a sitting posture was used and in the other session a standing (semi-squat) posture. After each condition selective attention and inhibition was measured with the incongruent condition of the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test. WBV significantly (p = 0.026) improved selective attention and inhibition in the sitting posture, but not in the standing posture. The sitting posture was perceived as more comfortable, joyous and less exhaustive as compared to the standing posture. This study demonstrated that side-alternating WBV in sitting posture improves selective attention and inhibition in healthy young adults. This indicates that posture moderates the cognitive effect of WBV, although the effects are still small. Future studies should focus on the working mechanisms and further optimization of settings, especially in individuals who are unable to perform active exercise.

Whole Body Vibration: A Valid Alternative Strategy to Exercise?

Several studies agree that mechanical vibration can induce physiological changes at different levels, improving neuromuscular function through postural control strategies, muscle tuning mechanisms and tonic vibration reflexes. Whole-body vibration has also been reported to increase bone mineral density and muscle mass and strength, as well as to relieve pain and modulate proprioceptive function in patients with osteoarthritis or lower back pain. Furthermore, vibratory training was found to be an effective strategy for improving the physical performance of healthy athletes in terms of muscle strength, agility, flexibility, and vertical jump height. Notably, several benefits have also been observed at the brain level, proving to be an important factor in protecting and/or preventing the development of age-related cognitive disorders. Although research in this field is still debated, certain molecular mechanisms responsible for the response to whole-body vibration also appear to be involved in physiological adaptations to exercise, suggesting the possibility of using it as an alternative or reinforcing strategy to canonical training. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for the development of whole body vibration protocols appropriately designed based on individual needs to optimize these effects. Therefore, we performed a narrative review of the literature, consulting the bibliographic databases MEDLINE and Google Scholar, to i) summarize the most recent scientific evidence on the effects of whole-body vibration and the molecular mechanisms proposed so far to provide a useful state of the art and ii) assess the potential of whole-body vibration as a form of passive training in place of or in association with exercise.

Effects of vibration training on quality of life in older adults: a preliminary systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

Older adults experience reduced quality of life (QOL). Vibration training has been applied in older adults. However, it remains inconclusive whether vibration training improves QOL in this population. This review summarized the effects of vibration training in changing eight domains of the Short Form-36 (SF-36) among older adults.

METHODS

Five randomized controlled trials enrolling 212 participants were included. The mean difference (MD) was calculated as the effect size measurement. Meta-analyses were completed for each of the eight SF-36 domains.

RESULTS

Relative to control groups, vibration training is more effective in improving five QOL domains: physical function (MD = 15.61, p < 0.001), physical role limitations (MD = 12.71, p = 0.001), general health (MD = 10.59, p < 0.001), social function (MD = 11.60, p < 0.001), and vitality (MD = 6.86, p = 0.002). Vibration training may not lead to greater improvements for the other three domains (MD = 0.13-3.25, p values = 0.21-0.96) than the control groups. Vibration training showed a low attrition rate of 7.1%.

CONCLUSION

Vibration training programs may significantly improve five of eight SF-36 QOL domains. While three domains did not demonstrate significant improvements, results were slightly in favor of vibration training compared to the control groups. More rigorous studies are necessary to further confirm the effectiveness of vibration training on QOL in older adults.

Potential of Whole-Body Vibration in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human and Animal Studies

Simple Summary

Exercise has shown to have a positive impact on both motor and non-motor functions in Parkinson’s Disease patients. However, particularly in later stages of the disease, reduced cognitive function and motor capacity may lead to an inability to stay physically active. Therefore, alternative strategies for patients with Parkinson’s Disease are necessary to minimize burden for patients, their families and public health care. Whole-Body Vibration could be such an alternative. Whole-Body Vibration is an exercise or treatment method in which subjects are exposed to a mechanical vibration while sitting, standing or exercising on a vibrating platform. Whole-Body Vibration is currently used for physiotherapy, sports and rehabilitation purposes. Whole-Body Vibration treatment is interesting because it affects both the body and brain. The potential of Whole-Body Vibration for, specifically, Parkinson’s Disease patients should be clarified for further application. For this purpose, we conducted an extensive systematic review of the articles investigating the effects of Whole-Body Vibrations (1) on animals and humans with Parkinson’s Disease and (2) on neuropathological Parkinson’s Disease mechanisms. The results show some potential of Whole-Body Vibration for Parkinson’s Disease patients. The recommendations provided by this review can be used by researchers and rehabilitative practitioners implementing Whole-Body Vibration as a treatment for Parkinson’s Disease patients.

Abstract

(1) Background: When the severity of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) increases, patients often have difficulties in performing exercises. Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) may be a suitable alternative. This systematic review aims to clarify if WBV shows potential as rehabilitative therapy for PD patients. (2) Methods: We searched several databases for controlled trials investigating the effects of WBV (1) on PD populations and (2) PD neuropathological mechanisms. We included both human and animal studies and performed meta-analyses. (3) Results: The studies on PD populations (14 studies) show an overall significant, but small, effect in favor of WBV (Hedges’ g = 0.28), for which the effects on stability (Hedges’ g = 0.39) and balance (Hedges’ g = 0.30) are the most prominent. The studies on the neuropathological mechanisms (18 studies) show WBV effects on neuroinflammation (Hedges’ g = –1.12) and several specific WBV effects on neurotransmitter systems, growth factors, neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and oxidative stress. (4) Conclusions: The effects of WBV on human PD patients remains inconclusive. Nevertheless, WBV protocols with sufficient duration (≥3 weeks), session frequency (≥3 sessions/week) and vibration frequency (≥20 Hz) show potential as a treatment method, especially for motor function. The potential of WBV for PD patients is confirmed by the effects on the neuropathological mechanisms in mostly non-PD populations. We recommend high-quality future studies on both PD patients and PD mouse models to optimize WBV protocols and to examine the neuropathological mechanisms in PD populations.

Post-stroke low-frequency whole-body vibration improves cognition in middle-aged rats of both sexes

Low-frequency whole-body vibration (WBV; 40 Hz), a low impact form of exercise, intervention for a month following moderate transient middle-cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) reduces infarct volume and improves motor function in reproductively senescent, middle-aged female rats. Since post-stroke cognitive decline remains a significant problem, the current study aims to investigate the efficacy of WBV in ameliorating post-tMCAO cognitive deficits and to determine the underlying putative mechanism(s) conferring benefits of WBV in middle-aged rats. Middle-aged rats of both sexes were randomly assigned to tMCAO (90 min) or sham surgery followed by exposure to either WBV (twice a day for 15 min each for 5 days a week over a month) or no WBV treatment groups. Following the last WBV treatment, rats were tested for hippocampus-dependent learning and memory using a water maze followed by harvesting brain and blood samples for histopathological and inflammatory marker analyses, respectively. Results show that post-tMCAO WBV significantly lessens cognitive deficits in rats of both sexes. Post-tMCAO WBV significantly decreased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased serum levels of irisin, a muscle-derived hormone that may play a role in brain metabolism and inflammation regulation, which suggests putative beneficial mechanisms of WBV.

Can two multimodal psychomotor exercise programs improve attention, affordance perception, and balance in community dwellings at risk of falling? A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Falls are associated with cognitive and physical function deterioration. Attention decline, inaccurate affordance perception, and balance impairment are considered to be risk factors for falls. Furthermore, few studies have reported psychomotor intervention as a fall prevention program. This study aimed to investigate the effects of two multimodal programs on attention, perceptual and stepping-forward boundaries, and balance in community-dwelling older adults at risk of falling.

METHODS

Fifty-one community-dwelling older adults were recruited to participate in a 24-week randomized controlled trial. Participants (75.4 ± 5.6 years) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the 1) multimodal psychomotor program [EG1], 2) combined program (multimodal psychomotor program + whole-body vibration program) [EG2], and 3) control group. Participants were assessed at baseline, at post-intervention, and after a 12-week no-intervention follow-up period.

RESULTS

The within-group comparisons showed significant improvements in attention and balance in EG1 and EG2 after the intervention (p <  0.05). The magnitudes of the treatment effects were similar in both EGs, ranging from medium to large. Decreases in the fall rate were also observed in EG1 (- 44.2%) and EG2 (- 63.0%) (p <  0.05). During the follow-up period, these improvements in attention were maintained, while those in balance were reversed in both EGs. No significant differences between groups were found.

CONCLUSIONS

These study results suggest that both multimodal exercise programs were effective for fall prevention and were well tolerated by the participants. Specifically, EG1 and EG2 showed identical improvements in attention, and EG2 presented a slightly larger enhancement in balance and a larger decrease in the fall rate. Our findings demonstrate the benefits of maintaining the psychomotor intervention program by itself or in combination with the whole-body vibration program to prevent cognitive and physical function deterioration.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03446352 . Date of registration: February 26, 2018.

Whole Body Vibration Attenuates Brain Damage and Neuroinflammation Following Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still a major public health problem worldwide, and the research of neuroprotective drugs has encountered great difficulties. Whole body vibration (WBV) is a safe and powerful rehabilitative intervention in various clinical settings, but its effect on neurological diseases is not well documented. In this study, we investigated the effects of WBV pretreatment on brain damage following experimental TBI mimicked by controlled cortical impact (CCI) in mice. C57BL/6 J male mice were expose to WBV at 30 Hz twice per day for 20 days and injured by CCI. WBV had no effect on animal body weight, but significantly reduced the TBI-induced brain edema in the cortex. The results of immunostaining showed that the activation of microglia and astrocytes induced by TBI in brain sections was attenuated by WBV. In consistent, WBV markedly inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10). In addition, WBV pretreatment alleviated neuronal apoptosis in the cortex and suppressed the cleavage of the apoptotic executive molecule caspase-1. The neurological dysfunction following TBI was determined by open field test and Morris Water Maze (MWM) assay. The results showed that motor activity, learning and memory ability were preserved by WBV compared to TBI-injured mice. In summary, our present data identified WBV as a clinically potent strategy with which to attenuate TBI-related brain damage through regulating neuroinflammation.

Whole Body Vibration Improves Spatial Memory, Anxiety-Like Behavior, and Motor Performance in Aged Male and Female Rats

Aging is a progressive process leading to functional decline in many domains. Recent studies have shown that physical exercise (PE) has a positive influence on the progression of age-related functional decline, including motor and brain functions. Whole body vibration (WBV) is a form of passive stimulation by mechanical vibration platforms, which offers an alternative for PE interventions, especially for aged individuals. WBV has been demonstrated to mimic the beneficial effects of PE on the musculoskeletal system, as well on the central nervous system. However, preclinical data with aged rodents are very limited. Hence, the purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of a 5-week WBV intervention with an aged animal model on memory functions, anxiety-related behavior, and motor performance. The 18-month old male (N = 14) and female (N = 14) Wistar rats were divided into two groups, namely, vibration and pseudo-vibration. Animals underwent a 5-week WBV intervention protocol with low intensity (frequency of 30 Hz and amplitude of 50–200 μm) stimulation. After 5 weeks, the following cognitive and motor tests were administered: open-field, novel and spatial object recognition, grip-hanging, and balance-beam. WBV-treated rats showed a decrease in their anxiety level in the open field test compared with those in the pseudo-treated controls. In addition, WBV-treated male animals showed significantly increased rearing in the open-field test compared to their pseudo controls. Spatial memory was significantly improved by WBV treatment, whereas WBV had no effect on object memory. Regarding motor performance, both grip strength and motor coordination were improved by WBV treatment. Our results indicate that WBV seems to have comparable beneficial effects on age-related emotional, cognitive, and motor decline as what has been reported for active PE. No striking differences were found between the sexes. As such, these findings further support the idea that WBV could be considered as a useful alternative for PE in case active PE cannot be performed due to physical or mental issues.

The Effect of Whole-Body Vibration on Proprioception and Motor Function for Individuals with Moderate Parkinson Disease: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Introduction

Previous studies have shown that whole-body vibration (WBV) may have a potential impact on gait and balance in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, this body of work has proven inconclusive due to the diverse disease progression and broad age range associated with PD. The effects of WBV on proprioception, a sense frequently affected by PD, has rarely been studied.

Objective

To investigate the short-term effect of WBV on proprioception and motor function for individual with moderate PD.

Design

A single-blind randomized controlled trial. Setting. A hospital and a laboratory. Participants. 32 participants with moderate PD were recruited and randomly assigned into either the WBV or conventional therapy groups. Interventions. For the WBV group, each treatment session included five, one-minute bouts of whole-body vibration paired with one-minute rest (frequency: 6 Hz; amplitude: 3 mm). Each conventional therapy participant received balance and mobility training for 10 minutes. Main Outcome Measures. Outcome measures included proprioceptive sensitivity of the upper limb, position sense of the knee joint, Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale : motor section (UPDRS-motor), functional reach test (FRT), and the timed up and go test (TUG).

Results

No statistically significant difference was found between groups. However, both groups showed a significant improvement in motor function after treatment, including UPDRS-motor (P = 0.04), less affected side of FRT (P = 0.019), and TUG (P = 0.006).

Conclusions

Although the effect of WBV was not superior to the conventional therapy, it provided a passive and safe clinical intervention as an alternative treatment, especially for individuals with motor impairment or poor balance function.

Effects of two 24-week multimodal exercise programs on reaction time, mobility, and dual-task performance in community-dwelling older adults at risk of falling: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Falls in older adults are considered a major public health problem. Declines in cognitive and physical functions, as measured by parameters including reaction time, mobility, and dual-task performance, have been reported to be important risk factors for falls. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two multimodal programs on reaction time, mobility, and dual-task performance in community-dwelling older adults at risk of falling.

METHODS

In this randomized controlled trial, fifty-one participants (75.4 ± 5.6 years) were allocated into two experimental groups (EGs) (with sessions 3 times per week for 24 weeks), and a control group: EG1 was enrolled in a psychomotor intervention program, EG2 was enrolled in a combined exercise program (psychomotor intervention program + whole-body vibration program), and the control group maintained their usual daily activities. The participants were assessed at baseline, after the intervention, and after a 12-week no-intervention follow-up period.

RESULTS

The comparisons revealed significant improvements in mobility and dual-task performance after the intervention in EG1, while there were improvements in reaction time, mobility, and dual-task performance in EG2 (p ≤ 0.05). The size of the interventions' clinical effect was medium in EG1 and ranged from medium to large in EG2. The comparisons also showed a reduction in the fall rate in both EGs (EG1: -44.2%; EG2: - 63.0%, p ≤ 0.05) from baseline to post-intervention. The interventions' effects on reaction time, mobility, and dual-task performance were no longer evident after the 12-week no-intervention follow-up period.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that multimodal psychomotor programs were well tolerated by community-dwelling older adults and were effective for fall prevention, as well as for the prevention of cognitive and physical functional decline, particularly if the programs are combined with whole-body vibration exercise. The discontinuation of these programs could lead to the fast reversal of the positive outcomes achieved.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03446352. Date of registration: February 07, 2018.

EFFECT OF LOWER LIMB EXERCISE ON POSTURE STABILITY AND BRAIN ACTIVITY DURING WHOLE BODY VIBRATION FOR THE ELDERLY

This study aimed to investigate the effect of lower limb exercise on electroencephalogram (EEG) activity and posture stability during whole body vibration (WBV) for healthy elderly people. Subjects were composed of 20 elderly people who were over 60 years old and had no disease. They were subjected to WBV of 30[Formula: see text]Hz and strength intensity of 20 (total 5 sets, 20[Formula: see text]s/set, rest time: 20[Formula: see text]s, except for the final set). The subjects were grouped into two groups. One group of 11 subjects was WBVSt (WBV of upright stance) and the other group of nine subjects was WBVSq (WBV of squat posture). In the WBVSt group, the subjects were requested to maintain a standing position, whereas those in the WBVSq group were asked to perform 60∘-knee flexion squat at 2[Formula: see text]s intervals during WBV stimulation. In this study, the electromyography (EMG) was measured on the right and left erector spinae, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, tibialis anterior to evaluate lower limb muscle activity and postural stability during timed up and go (TUG) test before and after WBV. The EEG was measured on frontal (F3, F4, F7, F8), central (Cz, C3, C4), temporal (T3, T4, T5, T6), parietal (P3, P4), and occipital (O1, O2) lobes to evaluate brain activity during the check of mini-mental state examination for dementia screening (MMSE-DS) before and after WBV. The results of this study showed improved postural stability and muscle activation for the healthy elderly during lower limb and WVB exercises. The WBVSq group showed higher changes in TUG-test ([Formula: see text]) and iEMG analysis by EMG ([Formula: see text]) compared with the WBVSt group. However, there was no significant change in MMSE-DS ([Formula: see text]). Because of the increase in relative SMR power by EEG, the central (C4), frontal (F7) and parietal (P3, P4) lobes were activated in WBVSt group ([Formula: see text]); however, all regions, except the parietal lobe, were activated in WBVSq group ([Formula: see text]). Lower limb exercise with WBV stimulation improved postural stability, lower limb muscle, and brain activation for the elderly. These results may be helpful to the protocol of exercise using WBV for the healthy elderly.

Reporting Guidelines for Whole-Body Vibration Studies in Humans, Animals and Cell Cultures: A Consensus Statement from an International Group of Experts

Simple Summary

Whole-body vibration (WBV) is an exercise or treatment method used in sports, physiotherapy, and rehabilitation. During WBV, people sit, stand, or exercise on a platform that generates vibrations. These vibrations generally occur between 20 and 60 times per second and have a magnitude of one or several millimeters. Research is focused on the effects of WBV on, for instance, physical and cognitive functions as well as the underlying mechanisms that may explain the effects. Research is not only done in humans but in animals and cell cultures as well. It is important to report the studies correctly, completely, and consistently. This way, researchers can interpret and compare each other’s studies, and data of different studies can be combined and analyzed together. To serve this goal, we developed new guidelines on how to report on WBV studies. The guidelines include checklists for human and animal/cell culture research, explanations, and examples of how to report. We included information about devices, vibrations, administration, general protocol, and subjects. The guidelines are WBV-specific and can be used by researchers alongside general guidelines for specific research designs.

Abstract

Whole-body vibration (WBV) is an exercise modality or treatment/prophylaxis method in which subjects (humans, animals, or cells) are exposed to mechanical vibrations through a vibrating platform or device. The vibrations are defined by their direction, frequency, magnitude, duration, and the number of daily bouts. Subjects can be exposed while performing exercises, hold postures, sitting, or lying down. Worldwide, WBV has attracted significant attention, and the number of studies is rising. To interpret, compare, and aggregate studies, the correct, complete, and consistent reporting of WBV-specific data (WBV parameters) is critical. Specific reporting guidelines aid in accomplishing this goal. There was a need to expand existing guidelines because of continuous developments in the field of WBV research, including but not limited to new outcome measures regarding brain function and cognition, modified designs of WBV platforms and attachments (e.g., mounting a chair on a platform), and comparisons of animal and cell culture studies with human studies. Based on Delphi studies among experts and using EQUATOR recommendations, we have developed extended reporting guidelines with checklists for human and animal/cell culture research, including information on devices, vibrations, administration, general protocol, and subjects. In addition, we provide explanations and examples of how to report. These new reporting guidelines are specific to WBV variables and do not target research designs in general. Researchers are encouraged to use the new WBV guidelines in addition to general design-specific guidelines.

Multi-mechanical waves against Alzheimer's disease pathology: a systematic review

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, affecting approximately 40 million people worldwide. The ineffectiveness of the available pharmacological treatments against AD has fostered researchers to focus on alternative strategies to overcome this challenge. Mechanical vibrations delivered in different stimulation modes have been associated with marked improvements in cognitive and physical performance in both demented and non-demented elderly. Some of the mechanical-based stimulation modalities in efforts are earlier whole-body vibration, transcranial ultrasound stimulation with microbubble injection, and more recently, auditory stimulation. However, there is a huge variety of treatment specifications, and in many cases, conflicting results are reported. In this review, a search on Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases was performed, resulting in 37 papers . These studies suggest that mechanical vibrations delivered through different stimulation modes are effective in attenuating many parameters of AD pathology including functional connectivity and neuronal circuit integrity deficits in the brains of AD patients, as well as in subjects with cognitive decline and non-demented older adults. Despite the evolving preclinical and clinical evidence on these therapeutic modalities, their translation into clinical practice is not consolidated yet. Thus, this comprehensive and critical systematic review aims to address the most important gaps in the reviewed protocols and propose optimal regimens for future clinical application.

Dose-Response Effect of Vibratory Stimulus on Synaptic and Muscle Plasticity in a Middle-Aged Murine Model

Whole body vibration plays a central role in many work categories and can represent a health risk to the musculoskeletal system and peripheral nervous system. However, studies in animal and human models have shown that vibratory training, experimentally and/or therapeutically induced, can exert beneficial effects on the whole body, as well as improve brain functioning and reduce cognitive decline related to the aging process. Since the effects of vibratory training depend on several factors, such as vibration frequency and vibration exposure time, in this work, we investigated whether the application of three different vibratory protocols could modulate synaptic and muscle plasticity in a middle-aged murine model, counteracting the onset of early symptoms linked to the aging process. To this end, we performed in vitro electrophysiological recordings of the field potential in the CA1 region of mouse hippocampal slices, as well as histomorphometric and ultrastructural analysis of muscle tissue by optic and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Our results showed that protocols characterized by a low vibration frequency and/or a longer recovery time exert positive effects at both hippocampal and muscular level, and that these effects improve significantly by varying both parameters, with an action comparable with a dose-response effect. Thus, we suggested that vibratory training may be an effective strategy to counteract cognitive impairment, which is already present in the early stages of the aging process, and the onset of sarcopenia, which is closely related to a sedentary lifestyle. Future studies are needed to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms and to determine an optimal vibratory training protocol.

Effectiveness of whole-body vibration or biofeedback postural training as an add-on to vestibular exercises rehabilitation therapy in chronic unilateral vestibular weakness: A randomized controlled study

BACKGROUND

The efforts to achieve better functional results in vestibular rehabilitation have been continued by using different visual and somatosensory stimuli for a long time. Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a mechanical vertical stimulation that provides high frequency vibration stimulus to the proprioceptive receptors. Biofeedback provides continuous information to the subject regarding postural changes. These techniques may aid to improve vestibular rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate the effect of adding WBV or biofeedback postural training (BPT) to standard rehabilitation exercises in patients with chronic unilateral vestibular weakness.

METHODS

Ninety patients were randomized into three groups. Group 1 had WBV and Group 2 BPT in addition to the standard rehabilitation exercises. Group 3 only carried out the home-based exercises and served as the control. Outcome measures such as static posturography, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up-and-Go test, Visual Analog Scale, and Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) were used for comparison.

RESULTS

Statistically significant gains were achieved in all groups with all parameters at the end of treatment when compared to baseline (p < 0.05). The patients in Group 1 (WBV), however, were significantly better than those in Groups 2 and 3 at the static posturographic stability score, Berg Balance Scale, and DHI (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Adding WBV to a rehabilitation program may be an effective strategy to improve postural stability and achieve better physical, functional and emotional outcomes.

Combining Stochastic Resonance Vibration With Exergaming for Motor-Cognitive Training in Long-Term Care; A Sham-Control Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

Purpose: Physical and mental functions allow classifying older adults as “Go-Go” (independent functioning); “Slow-Go” (in need of care with a slight handicap); and “No-Go” (in need of care with severe functional limitation). The latter group exhibits reduced exercise tolerance. More recently technology-based motor-cognitive types of training services emerged as a possible training service. This study examined the use of technology including stochastic resonance whole-body vibration and Exergame-dance training for motor-cognitive training in care home dwelling adults.

Methods: Seventeen older adults (10 women, 7 men, age range: 79–98) were randomly assigned to the intervention (IG, n = 9) or the sham group (SG, n = 8). IG performed five sets of 1-min whole-body vibration with 1-min rest in between, three times a week for the first 4 weeks of the training period with varying frequency. From weeks five to eight the Exergame-dance training was conducted after the vibration sessions. SG performed a stochastic resonance whole-body vibration training with the same terms applied, however, with a fixed frequency of 1 Hz, Noise 1. From weeks five to eight a passive trampoline-programme of 5 min was applied following the vibration sessions. Primary outcome was the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Secondary outcomes were the Trail Making Test A and B (TMT A & B) and the Falls Efficacy Scale–International (FES-I). Outcomes were measured at baseline, after 4 and 8 weeks of intervention and at follow-up (4 weeks after the intervention). The non-parametric Puri and Sen rank-order test was applied, followed by an ANOVA for repeated measures to analyse main and interaction effects. Mann–Whitney U-Test was used to determine differences between the groups.

Results: The post-hoc analysis showed significant effects on the SPPB total score with large effect sizes from baseline to 8 weeks (+72%, p = 0.005, η² = 0.423). The TMT part B displayed significant improvements with large effect sizes from baseline to 8 weeks (+17.5%, p = 0.002, η² = 0.779) and to follow-up (+21%, p = 0.001, η² = 0.827).

Conclusion: The technology based 8-week training programme consisting of a combination of stochastic resonance whole-body vibration and Exergame-dance training showed beneficial effects on both physical and cognitive performance in older care home dwelling adults.

Whole body vibration influence on bus fare collectors evaluated by using a brain training mobile app

PURPOSE

The present work aims to study the effects of whole body vibration (WBV) on bus fare collectors through the use of cognitive tests. It is of interest for all individuals working as bus fare collectors or any other activity where logic is of paramount importance and that is performed on a vibrating environment.

METHODS

Laboratory simulations were performed in 24 volunteers employing a vibrating platform subjected to vertical vibration. The influence of WBV on cognition was assessed using the performance on a logic game. The frequencies used were 5 Hz and 30 Hz. The acceleration amplitude values were set up as 0.7 m/s² and 0.2 m/s². A daily commute was simulated, based on data of the public transport system in the city of Belo Horizonte. A vibration-free test was initially performed to serve as a basis for comparison.

RESULTS

The data obtained in all situations were compared and statistically analyzed. At 5 Hz, variation only shows significant after 5 min of vibration ceased as if the residual effect had passed after 5 min of rest. The gender variable was not significant. However, the older the volunteer, the worse the performance. Regarding 30 Hz frequency, the hypotheses did not meet the condition of significance at 5% but showed an opposite tendency indicating, in this situation, a score increase. It is noticed that the female volunteers presented a better performance in relation to the male gender The residual effect lasts for less than 10 min for short exposure intervals, since the score of test 8, in 5 Hz and 30 Hz, show a reduction of performance.

CONCLUSIONS

From the results, it was possible to conclude that the frequency of 5 Hz may be related to reduced performance for long exposure times while the 30 Hz frequency has positive effects on cognition as the exposure time increases. In fact, it is a tendency much more than a clear statistical finding. Regarding comfort, most reports related to the frequency of 5 Hz are linked to the sensation of discomfort and difficulty in focusing visually, whereas, for the frequency of 30 Hz, the reports indicate a feeling of muscular comfort and increased easiness of concentration.

Comparison of the effects of treadmill and vibration training in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of treadmill training (TT) and whole body vibration training (WBVT) on attention, severity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and impairment of executive function behaviors, and quality of life in children with ADHD.

METHODS

Thirty children (7-11 years of age) with ADHD were randomly assigned to either the 'TT' group or the 'WBVT in addition to TT' group (TT + WBVT). Both groups received TT for 8 weeks (3 days/week). The TT + WBWT group also received WBVT for 15 minutes. Stroop Test TBAG form, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), Conners' Rating Scale (CRS) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) were applied at baseline and after 8 weeks of training.

RESULTS

All assessment results significantly improved in both groups at the end of the program compared to baseline values (p < 0,05). There were significant differences between groups regarding improvements in CTRS-R/L and BRIEF-Teacher form in favor of the TT + WBVT group.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings suggest that exercise training including TT and WBVT might be used in the treatment of ADHD but further research is required to provide evidence of the effectiveness of the whole body vibration training in the management of ADHD.

Towards reporting guidelines of research using whole-body vibration as training or treatment regimen in human subjects-A Delphi consensus study

BACKGROUND

Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a method utilizing vibrating platforms to expose individuals to mechanical vibration. In its various applications, it has been linked to improved muscular, skeletal, metabolic, or cognitive functioning, quality of life, and physiological parameters such as blood pressure. Most evidence concerning WBV is inconclusive and meta-analytical reviews may not readily produce insights since the research has a risk of misunderstandings of vibration parameters and incomplete reporting occurs. This study aims at laying an empirical foundation for reporting guidelines for human WBV studies to improve the quality of reporting and the currently limited comparability between studies.

METHOD

The Delphi methodology is employed to exploit the integrated knowledge of WBV experts to distil the specific aspects of WBV methodology that should be included in such guidelines. Over three rounds of completing online questionnaires, the expert panel (round 1/2/3: 51/40/37 experts respectively from 17 countries with an average of 19.4 years of WBV research experience) rated candidate items.

RESULTS

A 40-item list was established based on the ratings of the individual items from the expert panel with a large final consensus (94.6%).

CONCLUSION

The final consensus indicates comprehensiveness and valuableness of the list. The results are in line with previous guidelines but expand these extensively. The present results may therefore serve as a foundation for updated guidelines for reporting human WBV studies in order to improve the quality of reporting of WBV studies, improve comparability of studies and facilitate the development of WBV study designs.

Vibration detection: its function and recent advances in medical applications

Vibrations are all around us. We can detect vibrations with sensitive skin mechanoreceptors, but our conscious awareness of the presence of vibrations is often limited. Nevertheless, vibrations play a role in our everyday life. Here, we briefly describe the function of vibration detection and how it can be used for medical applications by way of whole body vibration. Strong vibrations can be harmful, but milder vibrations can be beneficial, although to what extent and how large the clinical relevance is are still controversial. Whole body vibration can be applied via a vibrating platform, used in both animal and human research. Recent findings make clear that the mode of action is twofold: next to the rather well-known exercise (muscle) component, it also has a sensory (skin) component. Notably, the sensory (skin) component stimulating the brain has potential for several purposes including improvements in brain-related disorders. Combining these two components by selecting the optimal settings in whole body vibration has clear potential for medical applications. To realize this, the field needs more standardized and personalized protocols. It should tackle what could be considered the "Big Five" variables of whole body vibration designs: vibration amplitude, vibration frequency, method of application, session duration/frequency, and total intervention duration. Unraveling the underlying mechanisms by translational research can help to determine the optimal settings. Many systematic reviews on whole body vibration end with the conclusion that the findings are promising yet inconclusive. This is mainly because of the large variation in the "Big Five" settings between studies and incomplete reporting of methodological details hindering reproducibility. We are of the opinion that when (part of) these optimal settings are being realized, a much better estimate can be given about the true potential of whole body vibration as a medical application.

Potential Application of Whole Body Vibration Exercise For Improving The Clinical Conditions of COVID-19 Infected Individuals: A Narrative Review From the World Association of Vibration Exercise Experts (WAVex) Panel

COVID-19 is a highly infectious respiratory disease which leads to several clinical conditions related to the dysfunction of the respiratory system along with other physical and psychological complaints. Severely affected patients are referred to intensive care units (ICUs), limiting their possibilities for physical exercise. Whole body vibration (WBV) exercise is a non-invasive, physical therapy, that has been suggested as part of the procedures involved with pulmonary rehabilitation, even in ICU settings. Therefore, in the current review, the World Association of Vibration Exercise Experts (WAVEX) reviewed the potential of WBV exercise as a useful and safe intervention for the management of infected individuals with COVID-19 by mitigating the inactivity-related declines in physical condition and reducing the time in ICU. Recommendations regarding the reduction of fatigue and the risk of dyspnea, the improvement of the inflammatory and redox status favoring cellular homeostasis and the overall improvement in the quality of life are provided. Finally, practical applications for the use of this paradigm leading to a better prognosis in bed bound and ICU-bound subjects is proposed.

Biological Effects of Paullinia cupana (Guarana) in Combination with Whole-Body Vibration Exercise in Wistar Rats

In addition to its nutritional value, Paullinia cupana (guarana) is commonly used in traditional medicine, known for its stimulant and medicinal properties. This investigation evaluated the effects of a guarana extract in combination with whole-body vibration (WBV) exercises on Wistar rats. Rats (male, n = 20) were divided into the following four groups: control (CON), treated with guarana (GUA), submitted to 50 Hz of WBV (WBV-E), treated with guarana and submitted to 50 Hz of WBV (GUA + WBV-E), daily for 6-weeks. Guarana altered (p < 0.05) the uptake of the radiopharmaceutical sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) in muscle. Additionally, it modified the stool consistency, and in combination with WBV decreased the food intake without modifying body mass. The levels of calcium increased in the groups submitted to WBV exercises (WBV-E and GUA + WBV-E) as compared with the GUA group. The outcomes provide additional evidence of the biological effects of guarana separately or in combination with WBV and supports the use of guarana as a functional food.

Efficacy of whole body vibration on neurocognitive parameters in women with and without lumbar hyper-lordosis

INTRODUCTION

The prevalence of lumbar hyper-lordosis is high in young women. Considering the previous studies into the effects of the whole body vibration (WBV) on the physiological parameters, the present study aimed to evaluate the immediate effects of WBV on the neurocognitive parameters in women with and without lumbar hyper-lordosis.

METHOD

A total of 15 women with normal lumbar lordosis and 15 women with lumbar hyper-lordosis participated in the study. The effects of the WBV (30 Hz, 5 mm, and 5 min) on the visual and auditory reaction time and anticipatory skills were assessed using the Speed Anticipation Reaction Time (SART) Test.

RESULTS

The results indicated that the auditory complex choice reaction time decreased, and the anticipation skill with high speed increased after the WBV in women with normal lumbar lordosis (P = 0.01, P = 0.01, respectively). Additionally, the visual choice reaction time in women with lumbar hyperlordosis significantly decreased after WBV intervention. Although other variables in the two groups decreased after vibration, these changes were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrated that WBV had positive immediate effects on the reaction time in both groups, however, it had negative effects on anticipatory skill with high speed in women with normal lumbar lordosis; these negative effects appeared to be due to mental fatigue in the participants. This finding indicated WBV had the potential to enhance neuro-cognition. Therefore, further evaluations with different study settings and populations should be conducted.

Feasibility of Three Novel Forms of Passive Exercise in a Multisensory Environment in Vulnerable Institutionalized Older Adults with Dementia

BACKGROUND

Increasing physical activity levels in patients with dementia can reduce pathology severity and progression of the disease. However, physical activity programs can be challenging to adhere to for this vulnerable population. Three novel forms of passive exercise in a multisensory environment may be feasible alternatives for patients who can no longer be involved in physical activity.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the feasibility of three different forms of passive exercise in a multisensory environment in inactive institutionalized older adults with dementia.

METHODS

120 patients with dementia participated in this single blind randomized controlled trial (64.5% female, age 85.3±6.8 years Mini-Mental State Examination range 0-29). Ninety participants were randomly assigned to one of the three intervention groups: Therapeutic Motion Simulation (TMSim), Whole Body Vibration (WBV), and TMSim + WBV. Participants received 6 weeks of passive exercise, 4 sessions a week, 4 (WBV) to 12 (TMSim and TMSim + WBV) minutes per session. Feasibility of the novel forms of passive exercise was evaluated based on attendance, compliance, (proxy) experience scores, adverse events and drop-out rates.

RESULTS

On average 87.9% of the offered intervention sessions were attended. All three forms of passive exercise were well appreciated by the participants (7.3 on a scale from 0 to 10). Intervention related drop-out rates were reasonable (12.2%) and no serious adverse events occurred.

CONCLUSION

The novel passive exercise interventions TMSim, WBV, and TMSim + WBV are feasible to apply in patients at all stages of dementia. More research is needed to establish effectiveness of passive exercise to limit adverse effects of dementia.

Relevance of Whole-Body Vibration Exercises on Muscle Strength/Power and Bone of Elderly Individuals

Beneficial effects are associated with whole-body vibration exercises (WBVEs). Increases in muscular strength/power, flexibility, and gait speed; improvements in bone mineral density, balance, and the quality of life; and decreased pain and risk of falls are reported. The aim is to present a review about the importance of WBVE for elderly individuals, considering clinical studies and meta-analyses, on bone and muscle strength/power. There is evidence supporting beneficial effect of WBVE in postmenopausal women (PW); however, effects in PW with osteoporosis are unclear. Age-related decrease in muscle mass and function contribute to undesirable health conditions, including death risk. The WBVEs improve muscle strength/power, functional independence measure, balance, and various fall risk factors, and mobility, measured by Timed Up and Go test, increased significantly after WBVE. An explanation for the absence of positive effects in some outcomes could be related to discrepancies in WBVE protocols as well as the populations tested. It is concluded that WBVE is effective for counteracting the loss of muscle strength associated with sarcopenia in elderly individuals. Balance and leg and plantar flexor strength improvements due to WBV indicate benefit to reduce risk and incidence of falls, frailty, and fracture risks. However, long-term feasibility of WBVE for musculoskeletal and bone health in elderly individuals needs further investigation.

Beneficial Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Brain Functions in Mice and Humans

The biological consequences of mechanical whole body vibration (WBV) on the brain are not well documented. The aim of the current study was to further investigate the effects of a 5-week WBV intervention on brain functions. Mice (C57Bl/6J males, age 15 weeks) were exposed to 30 Hz WBV sessions (10 minutes per day, 5 days per week, for a period of 5 weeks; n = 10). Controls received the same intervention without the actual vibration (n = 10). Humans (both genders, age ranging from 44-99 years) were also exposed to daily sessions of 30 Hz WBV (4 minutes per day, 4 days per week, for a period of 5 weeks; n = 18). Controls received the same protocol using a 1 Hz protocol (n = 16). Positron emission tomography imaging was performed in the mice, and revealed that glucose uptake was not changed as a consequence of the 5-week WBV intervention. Whole body vibration did, however, improve motor performance and reduced arousal-induced home cage activity. Cognitive tests in humans revealed a selective improvement in the Stroop Color-Word test. Taken together, it is concluded that WBV is a safe intervention to improve brain functioning, although the subtle effects suggest that the protocol is as yet suboptimal.

Effects of Single or Multiple Sessions of Whole Body Vibration in Stroke: Is There Any Evidence to Support the Clinical Use in Rehabilitation?

Background and Purpose

Recently new technologies and new techniques, such as Whole Body Vibration (WBV), have been introduced by the health and fitness industry to pursue therapeutic or physical performance goals. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the effectiveness of single or multiple WBV sessions alone or in association with traditional rehabilitation, compared to traditional rehabilitation therapy or with sham therapy in poststroke patients.

Methods

Randomized Control Trials and controlled clinical trials written in English between January 1st, 2003, and December 31st, 2017, were selected from PubMed, Cochrane-Central-Register-of-Controlled-Trials, and Physiotherapy-Evidence-Database (PEDro). The single WBV session and multiple sessions' effects were assessed. Study characteristics, study population, intervention protocols, effects of WBV sessions, and adverse events were investigated with a descriptive analysis.

Results

The search reported 365 articles and after screening and removal of duplicates, 11 manuscripts with PEDro score≥6/10 were selected (391 poststroke patients). Study characteristics, study population, intervention protocols (frequencies, amplitude of vibration, and peak acceleration), effects of a single or multiple WBV sessions, and adverse events were analyzed. They have been investigated with particular attention to bone turnover, structure and muscle functions, spasticity, postural control and risk of falls, functional mobility, somatosensory threshold, and activity and participation. Comparing WBV group with control group no significant benefits emerged.

Discussion

This systematic review included studies involving participants with non homogeneous characteristics, just considering the incorporation of studies on individuals with chronic and postacute stroke. Despite these limits, WBV treatment has no significant risks for patients and shows interesting effects of WBV treatment in Structure and muscle functions, Spasticity and Postural control.

Conclusions

Even though treatment with WBV appears safe and feasible, there is insufficient evidence to support its clinical use in poststroke rehabilitation at this point. More studies assessing other functional tests and with more specific treatment protocols are needed.

Passive exercise to improve quality of life, activities of daily living, care burden and cognitive functioning in institutionalized older adults with dementia - a randomized controlled trial study protocol

Background

Dementia affects cognitive functioning, physical functioning, activities of daily living (ADLs), and quality of life (QOL). Pharmacological treatments to manage, cure or prevent dementia remain controversial. Therefore development of non-pharmacological approaches to prevent, or at least delay the onset and progression of dementia is urgently needed. Passive exercise is proposed to be such a non-pharmacological alternative. This study primarily aims to investigate the effects of three different forms of passive exercise on QOL and ADLs of institutionalized patients with dementia. The secondary aims are to assess the effects of three different forms of passive exercise on cognitive functioning and physical functioning of institutionalized patients with dementia as well as on care burden of both the primary formal and primary informal caregivers of these patients.

Methods

This is a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Three forms of passive exercise are distinguished; motion simulation (MSim), whole body vibration (WBV), and a combination of both MSim + WBV. Intervention effects are compared to a control group receiving regular care. Institutionalized patients with dementia follow a six-week intervention program consisting of four 4–12 min sessions a week.

The primary outcome measures QOL and ADLs and secondary outcome measure care burden are assessed with questionnaires filled in by the primary formal and informal caregivers of the patient. The other secondary outcome measures cognitive and physical functioning are assessed by individual testing. The four groups are compared at baseline, after 6 weeks of intervention, and 2 weeks after the intervention has ended.

Discussion

This study will provide insight in the effects of different forms of passive exercise on QOL, ADLs, cognitive and physical functioning and care burden of institutionalized patients with dementia and their primary formal and informal caregivers. The results of this study might support the idea that passive exercise can be an efficient alternative for physical activity for patients not able to be or stay involved in active physical exercise.

Trial registration

The Netherlands National Trial Register (NTR6290). Retrospectively registered 29 March 2017.

Can whole body vibration exercises affect growth hormone concentration? A systematic review

Whole body vibration (WBV) has been recognized as an effective alternative exercise modality to resistance exercise for its ability in enhancing force and power, generating capacity in skeletal muscle, increasing bone mass and improving cardiovascular function. Since the effect of WBV exercises on growth hormone (GH) levels has been never compared and discussed, the aim of this study was to review systematically the literature to verify the WBV effects on GH concentration. By using PubMed, Scopus and PEDRo databases with the keywords 'growth hormone' or GH and 'whole body vibration' or WBV, we found and analysed 12 papers (182 subjects recruited), verifying their level of evidence (National Health and Medical Research Council hierarchy of evidence) and the methodological quality (PEDRo scale). Although WBV induced GH responses in nine out of 12 publications, caution should be however taken when considering the results due to the markedly different methodologies among these publications.

WHOLE BODY VIBRATION IMPROVES ATTENTION AND MOTOR PERFORMANCE IN MICE DEPENDING ON THE DURATION OF THE WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION SESSION

Background:

Whole body vibration (WBV) is a form of physical stimulation via mechanical vibrations transmitted to a subject. It is assumed that WBV induces sensory stimulation in cortical brain regions through the activation of skin and muscle receptors responding to the vibration. The effects of WBV on muscle strength are well described. However, little is known about the impact of WBV on the brain. Recently, it was shown in humans that WBV improves attention in an acute WBV protocol. Preclinical research is needed to unravel the underlying brain mechanism. As a first step, we examined whether chronic WBV improves attention in mice.

Material and Methods:

A custom made vibrating platform for mice with low intensity vibrations was used. Male CD1 mice (3 months of age) received five weeks WBV (30 Hz; 1.9 G), five days a week with sessions of five (n=12) or 30 (n=10) minutes. Control mice (pseudo-WBV; n=12 and 10 for the five and 30 minute sessions, respectively) were treated in a similar way, but did not receive the actual vibration. Object recognition tasks were used as an attention test (novel and spatial object recognition – the primary outcome measure). A Balance beam was used for motor performance, serving as a secondary outcome measure.

Results:

WBV sessions of five (but not WBV sessions of 30 minutes) improved balance beam performance (mice gained 28% in time needed to cross the beam) and novel object recognition (mice paid significantly more attention to the novel object) as compared to pseudo WBV, but no change was found for spatial object performance (mice did not notice the relocation). Although 30 minutes WBV sessions were not beneficial, it did not impair either attention or motor performance.

Conclusion:

These results show that brief sessions of WBV improve, next to motor performance, attention for object recognition, but not spatial cues of the objects. The selective improvement of attention in mice opens the avenue to unravel the underlying brain mechanisms.

Could whole body vibration exercises influence the risk factors for fractures in women with osteoporosis?

Objective

The aim of this study was to review the literature about the relevance of the whole body vibration (WBV) in decreasing the number of fractures in osteoporotic women.

Methods

Searches were performed by three independent researchers through the PubMed and PEDro databases.

Results

Only 0.1% of the publications with "Fracture and osteoporosis" have a relation with WBV exercise. The achievements have revealed a positive effect of this exercise in patients with risk factors for fractures like osteoporosis. Protocols were performed two to three times a week, from 6 up to 18 months, and with 12.6 up to 40 Hz as frequencies. Different tools were used to evaluate the effects of the WBV exercise in conditions that could cause fractures in postmenopausal women.

Conclusions

Although the paucity of research regarding direct effects of WBV in decreasing fractures, WBV could be a feasible and effective way to modify well-recognized risk factors for falls and fractures, improvements in some aspects of neuromuscular function and balance. More studies have to be performed establish protocols with well controlled parameters.

Effects of Motion in the Far Peripheral Visual Field on Cognitive Test Performance and Cognitive Load

Cognitive load theory posits that limited attention is in actuality a limitation in working memory resources. The load theory of selective attention and cognitive control sees the interplay between attention and awareness as separate modifying functions that act on working memory. Reconciling the theoretical differences in these two theories has important implications for learning. Thirty-nine adult participants performed a cognitively demanding test, with and without movement in the far peripheral field. Although the results for movement effects on cognitive load in this experiment were not statistically significant, men spent less time on the cognitive test in the peripheral movement condition than in the conditions without peripheral movement. No such difference was found for women. The implications of these results and recommendations for future research that extends the present study are presented.

Whole-Body Vibration Partially Reverses Aging-Induced Increases in Visceral Adiposity and Hepatic Lipid Storage in Mice

At old age, humans generally have declining muscle mass and increased fat deposition, which can increase the risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases. While regular physical activity postpones these age-related derangements, this is not always possible in the elderly because of disabilities or risk of injury. Whole-body vibration (WBV) training may be considered as an alternative to physical activity particularly in the frail population. To explore this possibility, we characterized whole-body and organ-specific metabolic processes in 6-month and 25-month old mice, over a period of 14 weeks of WBV versus sham training. WBV training tended to increase blood glucose turnover rates and stimulated hepatic glycogen utilization during fasting irrespective of age. WBV was effective in reducing white fat mass and hepatic triglyceride content only in old but not in young mice and these reductions were related to upregulation of hepatic mitochondrial uncoupling of metabolism (assessed by high-resolution respirometry) and increased expression of uncoupling protein 2. Because these changes occurred independent of changes in food intake and whole-body metabolic rate (assessed by indirect calorimetry), the liver-specific effects of WBV may be a primary mechanism to improve metabolic health during aging, rather than that it is a consequence of alterations in energy balance.

Acute Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Inhibition in Healthy Children

OBJECTIVES

Whole Body Vibration (WBV) is a passive exercise method known to have beneficial effects on various physical measures. Studies on adults furthermore demonstrated beneficial effects of WBV treatment on cognition (e.g. inhibition). The present study replicated these findings in healthy children and examined acute effects of WBV treatment on inhibition.

METHODS

Fifty-five healthy children (aged 8-13) participated in this within-subject design study. WBV treatment was applied by having the children sit on a chair mounted to a vibrating platform. After each condition (vibration vs. non-vibration), inhibition was measured by using the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test. Repeated measures analyses were applied in order to explore the effects of WBV treatment on inhibition, and correlations were computed between the treatment effect and participant characteristics in order to explore individual differences in treatment sensitivity.

RESULTS

Three-minute WBV treatments had significant beneficial effects on inhibition in this sample of healthy children. Especially the repeated application (three times) of WBV treatment appeared beneficial for cognition. Stronger WBV treatment effects were correlated with higher intelligence and younger age, but not with symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that especially repeated WBV treatment improves inhibition in healthy children. As this cognitive function is often impaired in children with developmental disorders (e.g. ADHD), future studies should further explore the effects, working mechanism and potential applicability of WBV treatment for this target group.

Whole body vibration exercises and the improvement of the flexibility in patient with metabolic syndrome

Vibrations produced in oscillating/vibratory platform generate whole body vibration (WBV) exercises, which are important in sports, as well as in treating diseases, promoting rehabilitation, and improving the quality of life. WBV exercises relevantly increase the muscle strength, muscle power, and the bone mineral density, as well as improving the postural control, the balance, and the gait. An important number of publications are found in the PubMed database with the keyword “flexibility” and eight of the analyzed papers involving WBV and flexibility reached a level of evidence II. The biggest distance between the third finger of the hand to the floor (DBTFF) of a patient with metabolic syndrome (MS) was found before the first session and was considered to be 100%. The percentages to the other measurements in the different sessions were determined to be related to the 100%. It is possible to see an immediate improvement after each session with a decrease of the %DBTFF. As the presence of MS is associated with poorer physical performance, a simple and safe protocol using WBV exercises promoted an improvement of the flexibility in a patient with MS.

Synapses, spines and kinases in mammalian learning and memory, and the impact of aging

Synapses are the building blocks of neuronal networks. Spines, the postsynaptic elements, are morphologically the most plastic part of the synapse. It is thought that spine plasticity underlies learning and memory processes, driven by kinases and cytoskeleton protein reorganization. Spine strength depends primarily on the number of incorporated glutamatergic receptors, which are more numerous in larger spines. Intrinsic and circadian fluctuations, occurring independently of presynaptic stimulation, demonstrate the native instability of spines. Despite innate spine instability some spines remain intact lifelong. Threats to spine survival are reduced by physical and mental activity, and declining sensory input, conditions characteristic for aging. Large spines are considered less vulnerable than thin spines, and in the older brain large spines are more abundant, whereas the thin spines are functionally weaker. It can be speculated that this shift towards memory spines contributes to enhanced retention of remote memories typically seen in the elderly. Gaining further insight in spine plasticity regulation, its homeostatic nature and how to maintain spine health will be important future research topics in Neuroscience.

Good vibrations--effects of whole body vibration on attention in healthy individuals and individuals with ADHD

OBJECTIVES

Most of the current treatment strategies of ADHD are associated with a number of disadvantages which strengthen the need for alternative or additional approaches for the treatment of ADHD. In this respect, Whole Body Vibration (WBV) might be interesting as it was found to have beneficial effects on a variety of physiological measures. The present study explored the effects of WBV on attention of healthy individuals and adults diagnosed with ADHD.

METHODS

Eighty-three healthy individuals and seventeen adults diagnosed with ADHD participated in the study. WBV treatment was applied passively, while participants were sitting on a chair which was mounted on a vibrating platform. A repeated measure design was employed in order to explore potential effects of WBV treatment on attention within subjects. Attention (i.e. inhibitory control) was measured with a color-word interference paradigm.

RESULTS

A period of two minutes of WBV treatment had significant beneficial effects of small to medium size on attention of both healthy individuals and adults with ADHD. The effect of WBV treatment on attention did not differ significantly between groups.

CONCLUSIONS

WBV was demonstrated to improve cognitive performance of healthy individuals as well as of individuals with ADHD. WBV treatment is relatively inexpensive and easy to apply and might therefore be of potential relevance for clinical use. The application of WBV treatment as a cognitive enhancement strategy and as a potential treatment of cognitive impairments is discussed.