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Alvi MA, Ali RMA, Khan S, Saqib M, Qamar W, Li L, Fu BQ, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Past and Present of Diagnosis of Echinococcosis: A Review (1999-2021). Acta Trop 2023; 243:106925. [PMID: 37080264 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The larval forms of taeniid cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus are the source of the zoonotic infection known as echinococcosis. Alveolar and cystic echinococcosis are caused by Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus (s. s) respectively. It is endemic in several regions of the world. In this systematic review, we describe diagnosis, and the species (human, canids, livestock, and small rodents) affected by cystic (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). From 1999 to 2021, we searched the online directory through PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and google scholar. Among the 37,700 records found in the online databases, 187 publications met our eligibility requirements. The majority of investigations employed a range of diagnostic methods, such as ELISA, imaging, copro-PCR, necropsy or arecoline hydrobromide purgation, morphological cestode confirmation, and fecal sieving/flotation to detect and confirm Echinococcus infection. ELISA was the most commonly used method followed by PCR, and imaging. The research team retrieved data describing the incidence or assessment of the diagnostic test for E. multilocularis in humans (N = 99), canids (N = 63), small ruminants (N = 13), large ruminants (N= 3), camel (N= 2), pigs (N=2) and small mammals (N= 5). This study was conducted to explore the diagnostic tools applied to detect echinococcosis in humans as well as animals in prevalent countries, and to report the characteristic of new diagnostic tests for disease surveillance. This systematic review revealed that ELISA (alone or in combination) was the most common method used for disease diagnosis and diagnostic efficacy and prevalence rate increased when recombinant antigens were used. It is highly recommended to use combination protcols such as serological with molecular and imaging technique to diagnose disease. Our study identified scarcity of data of reporting echinococcosis in humans/ animals in low-income or developing countries particularly central Asian countries. Study reports in small rodents indicate their role in disease dissemination but real situation in these host is not refected due to limited number of studies. Even though echinococcosis affects both public health and the domestic animal sector, therefore, it is important to devise new and strengthe implementation of the existing monitoring, judging, and control measures in this estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Athar Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadiq Khan
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Warda Qamar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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Inceboz T. Introductory Chapter: Changes in Eco-System Change Echinococci - “One Health Concept” against Echinococci. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.109303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
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3
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Zhang X, Jian Y, Guo Z, Duo H, Wei Y. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRIPLEX REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY TO DETECT ECHINOCOCCUS SPECIES IN CANID FECAL SAMPLES. J Parasitol 2022; 108:79-87. [PMID: 35171246 DOI: 10.1645/21-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease with great significance to public health, and appropriate detection and control strategies should be adopted to mitigate its impact. Most cases of echinococcosis are believed to be transmitted by the consumption of food and/or water contaminated with canid stool containing Echinococcus spp. eggs. Studies assessing Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto, and Echinococcus shiquicus coinfection from contaminated water-derived, soil-derived, and food-borne samples are scarce, which may be due to the lack of optimized laboratory detection methods. The present study aimed to develop and evaluate a novel triplex TaqMan-minor groove binder probe for real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) to simultaneously detect the 3 Echinococcus spp. mentioned above from canid fecal samples in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau area (QTPA). The efficiency and linearity of each signal channel in the triplex rtPCR assay were within acceptable limits for the range of concentrations tested. Furthermore, the method was shown to have good repeatability (standard deviation ≤0.32 cycle threshold), and the limit of detection was estimated to be 10 copies plasmid/μl reaction. In summary, the evaluation of the present method shows that the newly developed triplex rtPCR assay is a highly specific, precise, consistent, and stable method that could be used in epidemiological investigations of echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyong Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou Gansu, 730070, People's Republic of China.,Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingna Jian
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou Gansu, 730070, People's Republic of China.,Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Guo
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Duo
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanming Wei
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou Gansu, 730070, People's Republic of China
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Avila HG, Risso MG, Cabrera M, Ruybal P, Repetto SA, Butti MJ, Trangoni MD, Santillán G, Pérez VM, Periago MV. Development of a New LAMP Assay for the Detection of Ancylostoma caninum DNA (Copro-LAMPAc) in Dog Fecal Samples. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:770508. [PMID: 34869740 PMCID: PMC8633310 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.770508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ancylostoma caninum is a zoonotic nematode which is able to affect animals and humans. Diagnosis in the definitive host and environmental detection are key to prevent its dissemination and achieve control. Herein, a new coprological LAMP method for the detection of A. caninum (Copro-LAMPAc) DNA was developed. DNA extraction was performed using a low-cost method and a fragment of the cox-1 gene was used for primer design. The analytical sensitivity, evaluated with serial dilutions of genomic DNA from A. caninum adult worms, was 100 fg. A specificity of 100% was obtained using genomic DNA from the host and other pathogens. The Copro-LAMPAc was evaluated using environmental canine fecal samples. When compared with gold standard optical microscopy in epidemiological studies, it proved to be more sensitive. This new LAMP assay can provide an alternative protocol for screening and identification of A. caninum for epidemiological studies in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Gabriel Avila
- Laboratorio Provincial de Zoonosis de San Juan, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Cuyo, San Juan, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marikena Guadalupe Risso
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta Cabrera
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS) "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Ruybal
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Analía Repetto
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,División Infectología, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos Javier Butti
- Laboratorio de Parasitosis Humanas y Zoonosis Parasitarias, Cátedra de Parasitología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcos David Trangoni
- Laboratorio de Brucella, Campylobacter y Microbiota del rumen, Instituto de Biotecnología/Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular, Unidades Ejecutoras de Doble Dependencia (UEDD) INTA-CONICET, Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CNIA), INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Santillán
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS) "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Mirtha Pérez
- Laboratorio Provincial de Zoonosis de San Juan, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Cuyo, San Juan, Argentina.,Sección de Rabia y Zoonosis, Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud Pública de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Periago
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Fundación Mundo Sano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bucher BJ, Muchaamba G, Kamber T, Kronenberg PA, Abdykerimov KK, Isaev M, Deplazes P, Alvarez Rojas CA. LAMP Assay for the Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis Eggs Isolated from Canine Faeces by a Cost-Effective NaOH-Based DNA Extraction Method. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070847. [PMID: 34357996 PMCID: PMC8308659 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in infected canids and the environment is pivotal for a better understanding of the epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis in endemic areas. Necropsy/sedimentation and counting technique remain the gold standard for the detection of canid infection. PCR-based detection methods have shown high sensitivity and specificity, but they have been hardly used in large scale prevalence studies. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a fast and simple method to detect DNA with a high sensitivity and specificity, having the potential for field-application. A specific LAMP assay for the detection of E. multilocularis was developed targeting the mitochondrial nad1 gene. A crucial step for amplification-based detection methods is DNA extraction, usually achieved utilising silica-gel membrane spin columns from commercial kits which are expensive. We propose two cost-effective and straightforward methods for DNA extraction, using NaOH (method 1A) and InstaGeneTM Matrix (method 1B), from isolated eggs circumventing the need for commercial kits. The sensitivity of both assays with fox samples was similar (72.7%) with multiplex-PCR using protocol 1A and LAMP using protocol 1B. Sensitivity increased up to 100% when testing faeces from 12 foxes infected with more than 100 intestinal stages of E. multilocularis. For dogs, sensitivity was similar (95.4%) for LAMP and multiplex-PCR using protocol 1B and for both methods when DNA was extracted using protocol 1A (90.9%). The DNA extraction methods used here are fast, cheap, and do not require a DNA purification step, making them suitable for field studies in low-income countries for the prevalence study of E. multilocularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J. Bucher
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.J.B.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Gillian Muchaamba
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.J.B.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Tim Kamber
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.J.B.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Philipp A. Kronenberg
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.J.B.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.D.)
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kubanychbek K. Abdykerimov
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Myktybek Isaev
- Department of Parasitology, Kyrgyz Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine Arstanbek Duisheev, Ministry of Education and Science of the Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek 720033, Kyrgyzstan;
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.J.B.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Cristian A. Alvarez Rojas
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.J.B.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Gong QL, Ge GY, Wang Q, Tian T, Liu F, Diao NC, Nie LB, Zong Y, Li JM, Shi K, Leng X, Du R. Meta-analysis of the prevalence of Echinococcus in dogs in China from 2010 to 2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009268. [PMID: 33798191 PMCID: PMC8018629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis (canine Echinococcus disease) is a neglected tropical disease that causes serious public harm. Dogs, as a terminal host of Echinococcus spp., are a key part of the Echinococcus epidemic. Echinococcosis spreads easily in humans and animals in some areas of China and it is therefore necessary to fully understand the prevalence of Echinococcus spp. in dogs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS PubMed, ScienceDirect, Chongqing VIP, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and WanFang databases were searched for relevant articles published in the past 10 years. A final total of 108 studies were included. The overall prevalence of Echinococcus spp. in dogs in China was 7.3%, with the highest point estimate found in sampling year 2015 (8.2%) and publication year 2015 (16.5%). Northwestern China (7.9%) had the highest infection rate in China. Qinghai Province (13.5%) showed the highest prevalence among the 11 provinces we included. We also found that geographical and climatic factors are related to the incidence of canine echinococcosis. We further investigated the source of heterogeneity by analysis of subgroups (sampling district, detection method, dog type, season, parasite species, medication, and study quality level). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our research indicated that Echinococcus spp. were still prevalent in some areas in China. More localized prevention and control policies should be formulated, including improving drinking water hygiene and strengthening hygiene promotion. We recommend the rational use of anti-Echinococcus drugs. In addition, treatment of livestock offal and feces and improving the welfare of stray dogs may play an important role in reducing canine Echinococcus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Long Gong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gui-Yang Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nai-Chao Diao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan-Bi Nie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Leng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XL); (RD)
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XL); (RD)
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García-Bernalt Diego J, Fernández-Soto P, Muro A. LAMP in Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Focus on Parasites. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030521. [PMID: 33804255 PMCID: PMC8000616 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), particularly those caused by parasites, remain a major Public Health problem in tropical and subtropical regions, with 10% of the world population being infected. Their management and control have been traditionally hampered, among other factors, by the difficulty to deploy rapid, specific, and affordable diagnostic tools in low resource settings. This is especially true for complex PCR-based methods. Isothermal nucleic acid amplification techniques, particularly loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), appeared in the early 21st century as an alternative to PCR, allowing for a much more affordable molecular diagnostic. Here, we present the status of LAMP assays development in parasite-caused NTDs. We address the progress made in different research applications of the technique: xenomonitoring, epidemiological studies, work in animal models and clinical application both for diagnosis and evaluation of treatment success. Finally, we try to shed a light on the improvements needed to achieve a true point-of-care test and the future perspectives in this field.
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Rashid M, Rashid MI, Ali Q. An accurate, rapid and simple loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for Explanatum explanatum detection in animals. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2021; 12:377-381. [PMID: 34815851 PMCID: PMC8576162 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2020.111872.2657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Paramphistomosis is an infectious disease caused by the liver flukes and it is associated with heavy loss of ruminant's population. Explanatum explanatum is a digenetic trematode commonly affecting domesticated ruminants. The available methods for pathogen detection are laborious and expensive and offer limited specificity; thus, considered not suitable for post mortem pathogen detection, surveillance and prevalence studies. New detection techniques offering simplicity, specificity and rapidity are absolutely needed. We have designed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) based polymerase chain reaction method, targeting a sequence of the explanatum species, using a primer pair from the internal transcribed spacer-2 region. The DNA from adult flukes belonging to explanatum species was isolated from infected livers and used to optimize the LAMP assay. The specificity and sensitivity of the LAMP assay were evaluated and found highly efficient in species-specific DNA detection with the sensitivity to detect 50.00 pg DNA in a 25.00 µL reaction mix. The procedure has the potential to be adapted for stool samples for field detection and disease surveillance/prevalence in rural and unprivileged areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rashid
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan;,Correspondence Muhammad Rashid. PhD, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan. E-mail:
| | - Muhammad Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Qasim Ali
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Avendaño C, Patarroyo MA. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification as Point-of-Care Diagnosis for Neglected Parasitic Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217981. [PMID: 33126446 PMCID: PMC7662217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has placed twenty diseases into a group known as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), twelve of them being parasitic diseases: Chagas’ disease, cysticercosis/taeniasis, echinococcosis, food-borne trematodiasis, human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis (river blindness), schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiasis (ascariasis, hookworm, trichuriasis), guinea-worm and scabies. Such diseases affect millions of people in developing countries where one of the main problems concerning the control of these diseases is diagnosis-based due to the most affected areas usually being far from laboratories having suitable infrastructure and/or being equipped with sophisticated equipment. Advances have been made during the last two decades regarding standardising and introducing techniques enabling diagnoses to be made in remote places, i.e., the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique. This technique’s advantages include being able to perform it using simple equipment, diagnosis made directly in the field, low cost of each test and the technique’s high specificity. Using this technique could thus contribute toward neglected parasite infection (NPI) control and eradication programmes. This review describes the advances made to date regarding LAMP tests, as it has been found that even though several studies have been conducted concerning most NPI, information is scarce for others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Avendaño
- Animal Science Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A.), Bogotá 111166, Colombia;
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 112111, Colombia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-1-3244672
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Saelens G, Gabriël S. Currently Available Monitoring and Surveillance Systems for Taenia spp., Echinococcus spp., Schistosoma spp., and Soil-Transmitted Helminths at the Control/Elimination Stage: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:E47. [PMID: 31935916 PMCID: PMC7168685 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing global focus on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) has resulted in the set up of numerous control and elimination activities worldwide. This is partly true for Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis, the most important foodborne parasitic infection. Despite substantial progress, adequate monitoring and surveillance (M&S) are required to sustain a status of control/elimination. This is often lacking, especially for T. solium. Therefore, the objective was to conduct a systematic literature review of the currently available M&S systems at the control/elimination stage of the four top-ranked helminth NTDs. Specifically, Taenia spp., Echinococcus spp., Schistosoma spp., and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) were considered to determine if there are any similarities between their M&S systems and whether certain approaches can be adopted from each other. The systematic review demonstrated that rigorous M&S systems have been designed for the control/elimination stage of both STHs and schistosomiasis, particularly in China. On the other hand, a concept of M&S for Taenia spp. and Echinococcus spp. has not been fully developed yet, due to a lack of epidemiological data and the fact that many endemic countries are far away from reaching control/elimination. Moreover, accurate diagnostic tools for all four diseases are still imperfect, which complicates proper M&S. Finally, there is an urgent need to develop and harmonize/standardize M&S activities in order to reliably determine and compare the epidemiological situation worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Saelens
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium
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Avila HG, Mozzoni C, Trangoni MD, Cravero SLP, Pérez VM, Valenzuela F, Gertiser ML, Butti MJ, Kamenetzky L, Jensen O, Rosenzvit MC. Development of a copro-LAMP assay for detection of several species of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato complex. Vet Parasitol 2019; 277:109017. [PMID: 31901535 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis represents a significant problem in human and animal health and constitutes one of the most severe Neglected Tropical Diseases prioritized by the World Health Organization. The etiological agent is the complex Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s. l.), composed of several species/genotypes. Diagnosis in the definitive host and molecular epidemiology studies are important points for cystic echinococcosis control. Here we developed a new copro-LAMP assay, LAMP EGSL, for diagnosis in the definitive host for simultaneous detection of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.), Echinococcus ortleppi, and Echinococcus canadensis species. Also, the analytical sensitivity, specificity and plausibility of performance in a rural context of a previously reported species-specific LAMP reaction, was evaluated. Both reactions showed high analytical sensitivity values (10 fg-100 fg DNA) and did not show cross reaction with DNA from host or other helminthic parasites. LAMP EGSL was performed with samples from an endemic area. In addition, the alkaline hydrolysis of one E. granulosus s. s. adult parasite followed by specific LAMP to E. granulosus s. s. was performed in a laboratory with low resources from another cystic echinococcosis endemic area. The results obtained suggest that LAMP EGSL represents a potential tool for canine diagnosis that could be useful for cystic echinococcosis control programs. In addition, we showed that LAMP reaction for E. granulous s. s., E. ortleppi and E. canadensis specific detection, could be useful for molecular epidemiology studies applicable to the definitive host. Both reactions were performed in endemic, rural areas without sophisticated equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Gabriel Avila
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM-UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Zoonosis, Sarmiento, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Mozzoni
- Hospital Zonal Caleta Olivia, Ministerio de Salud y Ambiente, Santa Cruz, Argentina
| | - Marcos David Trangoni
- Laboratorio de Brucella, Campylobacter & Microbiota, INTA, Hulingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcos Javier Butti
- Laboratorio de Parasitosis Humanas y Zoonosis Parasitarias, Cátedra de Parasitología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Kamenetzky
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM-UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar Jensen
- Centro de Investigaciones en Zoonosis, Sarmiento, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Mara Cecilia Rosenzvit
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM-UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Deng MH, Zhong LY, Kamolnetr O, Limpanont Y, Lv ZY. Detection of helminths by loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay: a review of updated technology and future outlook. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:20. [PMID: 30905322 PMCID: PMC6432754 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helminths are endemic in more than half of the world's countries, raising serious public health concerns. Accurate diagnosis of helminth infection is crucial to control strategies. Traditional parasitological methods, serological tests and PCR-based assays are the major means of the diagnosis of helminth infection, but they are time-consuming and/or expensive, and sometimes provide inaccurate results. Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay, a sensitive, simple and rapid method was therefore developed for detection of helminths. This study aims to discuss the current status of application of LAMP on helminths detection and to make a comprehensive evaluation about this updated technology and its future outlook by comparing with several other diagnostic methods. MAIN BODY This review summarizes LAMP assay applied for helminth detection and helminthiasis surveillance. The basic principle of LAMP is introduced to help better understand its characteristics and each reported assay is assessed mainly based on its detection sensitivity, specificity and limitations, in comparison with other common diagnostic tests. Moreover, we discuss the limitations of the assays so as to clarify some potential ways of improvement. CONCLUSIONS Here, we summarize and discuss the advantages, disadvantages and promising future of LAMP in heliminth detection, which is expected to help update current knowledge and future perspectives of LAMP in highly sensitive and specific diagnosis and surveillance of helminthiasis and other parasitic diseases, and can contribute to the elimination of the diseases from endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Han Deng
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Lan-Yi Zhong
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Okanurak Kamolnetr
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Yanin Limpanont
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Zhi-Yue Lv
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 519000 China
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13
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Wen H, Vuitton L, Tuxun T, Li J, Vuitton DA, Zhang W, McManus DP. Echinococcosis: Advances in the 21st Century. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32:e00075-18. [PMID: 30760475 PMCID: PMC6431127 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00075-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a zoonosis caused by cestodes of the genus Echinococcus (family Taeniidae). This serious and near-cosmopolitan disease continues to be a significant public health issue, with western China being the area of highest endemicity for both the cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) forms of echinococcosis. Considerable advances have been made in the 21st century on the genetics, genomics, and molecular epidemiology of the causative parasites, on diagnostic tools, and on treatment techniques and control strategies, including the development and deployment of vaccines. In terms of surgery, new procedures have superseded traditional techniques, and total cystectomy in CE, ex vivo resection with autotransplantation in AE, and percutaneous and perendoscopic procedures in both diseases have improved treatment efficacy and the quality of life of patients. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, management, control, and prevention of CE and AE. Currently there is no alternative drug to albendazole to treat echinococcosis, and new compounds are required urgently. Recently acquired genomic and proteomic information can provide a platform for improving diagnosis and for finding new drug and vaccine targets, with direct impact in the future on the control of echinococcosis, which continues to be a global challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia and WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
| | - Lucine Vuitton
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis and French National Centre for Echinococcosis, University Bourgogne Franche-Comte and University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Tuerhongjiang Tuxun
- Department of Liver and Laparoscopic Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia and WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Dominique A Vuitton
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis and French National Centre for Echinococcosis, University Bourgogne Franche-Comte and University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia and WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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14
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GHODSIAN S, ROUHANI S, FALLAHI S, SEYYEDTABAEI SJ, TAGHIPOUR N. Detection of Spiked Fasciola hepatica Eggs in Stool Specimens Using LAMP Technique. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 14:387-393. [PMID: 31673256 PMCID: PMC6815858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fascioliasis is one of the most important food-borne worm disease caused by Fasciola sp. Parasitological diagnosis is more difficult due to the low parasite burden and a few eggs shedding of helminths. Therefore, it will be valuable to development of simple, fast and reliable diagnostic tests for detection of human and animal fascioliasis. METHODS Infected liver collected from abattoir in Tehran, Iran in 2017. F. hepatica eggs were detached from the uterus of worms under a stereo microscope. Various numbers of eggs were spiked to 200 mgr. of negative feces samples. DNA was extracted and then target regions (nuclear IGS) were amplified by LAMP assay using six primers. Fecal specimens without egg and DNA of other helminths were used as negative controls. F. hepatica sample which confirmed by morphologic criteria and PCR-RFLP was used as positive control. RESULTS LAMP products by using SYBR Green I could detect even a single egg in fecal samples which was visible by change of color from orange to green. There was no cross amplification by other helminths including; Taenia saginata, Dicrosolium dendriticum and F. gigantica. CONCLUSION LAMP seems a rapid, sensitive, cost-effective technique for detection of human fascioliasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar GHODSIAN
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila ROUHANI
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence
| | - Shirzad FALLAHI
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Seyyed Javad SEYYEDTABAEI
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar TAGHIPOUR
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Mutombo PN, Man NWY, Nejsum P, Ricketson R, Gordon CA, Robertson G, Clements ACA, Chacón-Fonseca N, Nissapatorn V, Webster JP, McLaws ML. Diagnosis and drug resistance of human soil-transmitted helminth infections: A public health perspective. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 104:247-326. [PMID: 31030770 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections represent a major public health problem globally, particularly among socio-economically disadvantaged populations. Detection of STH infections is often challenging, requiring a combination of diagnostic techniques to achieve acceptable sensitivity and specificity, particularly in low infection-intensity situations. The microscopy-based Kato-Katz remains the most widely used method but has low sensitivity in the detection of, for instance, Strongyloides spp. infections, among others. Antigen/antibody assays can be more sensitive but are parasite species-specific. Highly sensitive PCR methods have been developed to be multiplexed to allow multi-species detection. Novel diagnostic tests for all STH species are needed for effective monitoring, evaluation of chemotherapy programmes, and to assess the potential emergence of parasite resistance. This review discusses available diagnostic methods for the different stages of STH control programmes, which vary in sensitivity and spectrum of detection requirements, and tools to evaluate drug efficacy and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polydor Ngoy Mutombo
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Nicola W Y Man
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert Ricketson
- Hale O'mana'o Biomedical Research, Division of Emerging Pathogens, Edmond, OK, United States
| | - Catherine A Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gemma Robertson
- Public and Environmental Health, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Nathalie Chacón-Fonseca
- Soil-Transmitted Helminths Section, Tropical Medicine Institute, Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand; Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Joanne P Webster
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary-Louise McLaws
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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16
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Liu CN, Xu YY, Cadavid-Restrepo AM, Lou ZZ, Yan HB, Li L, Fu BQ, Gray DJ, Clements AA, Barnes TS, Williams GM, Jia WZ, McManus DP, Yang YR. Estimating the prevalence of Echinococcus in domestic dogs in highly endemic for echinococcosis. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:77. [PMID: 30089510 PMCID: PMC6083587 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) are highly endemic in Xiji County of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR) in China where the control campaign based on dog de-worming with praziquantel has been undertaken over preceding decades. This study is to determine the current prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis in domestic dogs and monitor the echinococcosis transmission dynamics. METHODS Study villages were selected using landscape patterns (Geographic Information System, GIS) for Echinococcus transmission "hot spots", combined with hospital records identifying risk areas for AE and CE. A survey of 750 domestic dogs, including copro-sampling and owner questionnaires, from 25 selected villages, was undertaken in 2012. A copro-multiplex PCR assay was used for the specific diagnosis of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis in the dogs. Data analysis, using IBM SPSS Statistics, was undertaken, to compare the prevalence of the two Echinococcus spp. in dogs between four geographical areas of Xiji by the χ2 test. Univariate analysis of the combinations of outcomes from the questionnaire and copro-PCR assay data was carried out to determine the significant risk factors for dog infection. RESULTS The highest de-worming rate of 84.0% was found in the northwest area of Xiji County, and significant differences (P < 0.05) in the de-worming rates among dogs from the four geographical areas of Xiji were detected. The highest prevalence (19.7%, 59/300) of E. multilocularis occurred in northwest Xiji, though the highest prevalence (18.1%, 38/210) of E. granulosus occurred in southwest Xiji. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the prevalence of E. granulosus in dogs from the northwest, southwest, northeast, and southeast of Xiji, but there were significant differences (P < 0.05) between dogs infected with E. multilocularis from the four areas. None of the other independent variables was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study indicate a high prevalence of both E. granulosus and E. muiltilocularis in dogs in Xiji County, NHAR. Transmission of E. multilocularis was more impacted by geographical risk-factors in Xiji County than that of E. granulosus. Dogs have the potential to maintain the transmission of both species of Echinococcus within local Xiji communities, and the current praziquantel dosing of dogs appears to be ineffective or poorly implemented in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Nuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang-Yang Xu
- The Human Pathology and Immunology Department, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
- Neurosurgery Department, Tianjin Xiqing Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Angela M. Cadavid-Restrepo
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Zhong-Zi Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Darren J. Gray
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- School of Population Health, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Archie A. Clements
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Tamsin S. Barnes
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Gail M. Williams
- School of Population Health, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yu-Rong Yang
- The Human Pathology and Immunology Department, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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17
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Ito A, Budke CM. The echinococcoses in Asia: The present situation. Acta Trop 2017; 176:11-21. [PMID: 28728830 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human alveolar and cystic echinococcosis, caused by the accidental ingestion of eggs of the tapeworms Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, respectively, are endemic in Asia. Various Echinococcus species are maintained in domesticated and/or wild mammals through predator-prey interactions. Molecular analysis is used to help differentiate infecting parasite species and genotypes, with the goal of better understanding parasite life cycles in order to aid in the planning and implementation of control programs. This paper discusses the various echinococcoses in Asia, with limited reference to neighboring areas, including parts of Central Asia, Russia, Europe and North America.
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18
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Feng K, Li W, Guo Z, Duo H, Fu Y, Shen X, Tie C, E R, Xiao C, Luo Y, Qi G, Ni M, Ma Q, Yamazaki W, Yoshida A, Horii Y, Yagi K, Nonaka N. Development of LAMP assays for the molecular detection of taeniid infection in canine in Tibetan rural area. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1986-1993. [PMID: 29057765 PMCID: PMC5745177 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For field-identification of taeniid cestodes in canine animals in Tibetan area, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for Echinococcus multilocularis, E. shiquicus, Taenia hydatigena, T. multiceps, T. pisiformis and T. crassiceps were developed and evaluated along with the reported assay for E. granulosus. The LAMP assays showed specific reaction with their corresponding target species DNA with the detection limit of 1 to 10 pg. Moreover, the assays for E. granulosus, E. multilocularis, T. hydatigena and T. multiceps could detect DNA extracted from 3 or more eggs of their corresponding target species. Then, the LAMP assays were applied on samples containing 3 to 35 taeniid eggs obtained from 61 field-collected canine feces in Qinghai, and the result was compared with a reported multiplex PCR and sequence analysis. The LAMP assays and the PCR detected single species DNA of E. granulosus, E. shiquicus, T. hydatigena and T. multiceps in 5, 2, 44 and 2 samples, respectively. In the rest 8 samples, DNA of both E. granulosus and T. hydatigena were detected by the PCR but the LAMP assays detected those DNAs in 2 samples and only T. hydatigena DNA in 6 samples. It was assumed that less than 3 E. granulosus eggs were mixed in the samples although the samples contained 21 to 27 eggs in total. In conclusion, the LAMP assays were less sensitive than the multiplex PCR, but would have adequate sensitivity for field use in Tibetan area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Feng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- Zoonosis Laboratory, Academy of Animal and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, No. 1, Weier Road, Biological Industrial District, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, the People of Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Guo
- Zoonosis Laboratory, Academy of Animal and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, No. 1, Weier Road, Biological Industrial District, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, the People of Republic of China
| | - Hong Duo
- Zoonosis Laboratory, Academy of Animal and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, No. 1, Weier Road, Biological Industrial District, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, the People of Republic of China
| | - Yong Fu
- Zoonosis Laboratory, Academy of Animal and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, No. 1, Weier Road, Biological Industrial District, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, the People of Republic of China
| | - Xiuying Shen
- Zoonosis Laboratory, Academy of Animal and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, No. 1, Weier Road, Biological Industrial District, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, the People of Republic of China
| | - Cheng Tie
- Veterinary Department in Xinghai County, No. 4, Nongmu Road, Xinghai, Qinghai, 813300, the People of Republic of China
| | - Rijie E
- Veterinary Department in Xinghai County, No. 4, Nongmu Road, Xinghai, Qinghai, 813300, the People of Republic of China
| | - Changqin Xiao
- Veterinary Department in Xinghai County, No. 4, Nongmu Road, Xinghai, Qinghai, 813300, the People of Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Luo
- Veterinary Department in Haiyan County, No. 13, Qilian Road, Haiyan, Qinghai, 812299, the People of Republic of China
| | - Guo Qi
- Veterinary Department in Haiyan County, No. 13, Qilian Road, Haiyan, Qinghai, 812299, the People of Republic of China
| | - Ma Ni
- Veterinary Department in Haiyan County, No. 13, Qilian Road, Haiyan, Qinghai, 812299, the People of Republic of China
| | - Qingmei Ma
- Veterinary Department in Haiyan County, No. 13, Qilian Road, Haiyan, Qinghai, 812299, the People of Republic of China
| | - Wataru Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ayako Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Horii
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Kinpei Yagi
- Medical Zoology Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, North 19, West 12, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan
| | - Nariaki Nonaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Avila HG, Santos GB, Cucher MA, Macchiaroli N, Pérez MG, Baldi G, Jensen O, Pérez V, López R, Negro P, Scialfa E, Zaha A, Ferreira HB, Rosenzvit M, Kamenetzky L. Implementation of new tools in molecular epidemiology studies of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in South America. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:250-257. [PMID: 28193534 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato species and genotypes in intermediate and definitive hosts and in human isolates from endemic regions of Argentina and Brazil including those where no molecular data is available by a combination of classical and alternative molecular tools. A total of 227 samples were isolated from humans, natural intermediate and definitive hosts. Amplification of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene fragment was performed and a combination of AluI digestion assay, High Resolution Melting analysis (HRM) assay and DNA sequencing was implemented for Echinococcus species/genotype determination. E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1) was found in sheep (n=35), cattle (n=67) and dogs (n=5); E. ortleppi (G5) in humans (n=3) and cattle (n=108); E. canadensis (G6) in humans (n=2) and E. canadensis (G7) in pigs (n=7). We reported for the first time the presence of E. ortleppi (G5) and E. canadensis (G6) in humans from San Juan and Catamarca Argentinean provinces and E. canadensis (G7) in pigs from Cordoba Argentinean province. In this work, we widened molecular epidemiology studies of E. granulosus s. l. in South America by analyzing several isolates from definitive and intermediate hosts, including humans from endemic regions were such information was scarce or unavailable. The presence of different species/genotypes in the same region and host species reinforce the need of rapid and specific techniques for accurate determination of Echinococcus species such as the ones proposed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor G Avila
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 13 (1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Zoonosis, Chacra N°18, Sarmiento, Chubut, Argentina.
| | - Guilherme B Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15005, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Marcela A Cucher
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 13 (1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Natalia Macchiaroli
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 13 (1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Matías G Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 13 (1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Germán Baldi
- Estudios Ambientales, Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis UNSL-CONICET, San Luis, Argentina.
| | - Oscar Jensen
- Centro de Investigaciones en Zoonosis, Chacra N°18, Sarmiento, Chubut, Argentina.
| | - Verónica Pérez
- División Zoonosis, San Juan:AvLibGral San Martín 750, Centro Cívico 3° piso Núcleo 2, San Juan, Argentina.
| | - Raúl López
- Departamento de Zoonosis Provincial, Chacabuco 169, Catamarca, Argentina.
| | - Perla Negro
- Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, UNR: Bv. Ovidio Lagos 1000, 2170 Casilda, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Exequiel Scialfa
- División Zoonosis Rurales, UNCPBA, Facultad Agronomía, Azul 7300, Argentina.
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15005, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Henrique B Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15005, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Mara Rosenzvit
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 13 (1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Laura Kamenetzky
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 13 (1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Abstract
Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) has been eliminated or significantly reduced as a public health problem in several previously highly endemic regions. This has been achieved by the long-term application of prevention and control measures primarily targeted to deworming dogs, health education, meat inspection, and effective surveillance in livestock and human populations. Human CE, however, remains a serious neglected zoonotic disease in many resource-poor pastoral regions. The incidence of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) has increased in continental Europe and is a major public health problem in parts of Eurasia. Better understanding of wildlife ecology for fox and small mammal hosts has enabled targeted anthelmintic baiting of fox populations and development of spatially explicit models to predict population dynamics for key intermediate host species and human AE risk in endemic landscapes. Challenges that remain for echinococcosis control include effective intervention in resource-poor communities, better availability of surveillance tools, optimal application of livestock vaccination, and management and ecology of dog and wildlife host populations.
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Ahmed ME, Eldigail MH, Elamin FM, Ali IA, Grobusch MP, Aradaib IE. Development and evaluation of real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of cystic echinococcosis. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:202. [PMID: 27619674 PMCID: PMC5020552 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatidosis, caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus (EG)-complex, is a neglected parasitic disease of public health importance. The disease is endemic in many African and Mediterranean countries including the Sudan. The objective of the present study was to develop and evaluate a real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for simple and rapid detection of CE in humans and domestic live stock in Sudan. METHODS A set of six LAMP primers, designed from the mitochondrial NADH-1 gene of EG cattle strain of genotype 5 (G5), was used as a target for LAMP assay. The assay was performed at a constant temperature (63 °C), with a real-time follow-up using a LightCycler and fluorochrome dye. Following amplification cycles in a simple water bath, LAMP products were observed for color change by naked eye and were visualized under UV light source using agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS The real-time LAMP assay identified a variety of hydatid cysts strains recovered in the Sudan, including Echinococcus canadenses (G6) and Echinococcus ortleppi (G5). Real-time LAMP positive results were detected by the presence of an amplification curve, whereas negative results were indicated by absence of fluorescence detection. Positive LAMP results appeared as a bluish-colored reaction as observed by naked eye, whereas negative LAMP results were observed as purple-colored reaction. The sensitivity studies indicated that the LAMP assay detected as little as a 10 fg of parasite DNA. There was 100 % agreement between results of the LAMP assay and our previously described nested PCR when testing 10-fold serial dilution of DNA extracted from EG-complex hydatid cyst. However, there was no cross-reactivity with other parasites including cysticercus bovis, Fasciola gigantica, and Schistosoma bovis and nucleic acid free samples. CONCLUSION The developed LAMP assay would be expected to prove highly significant in epidemiological surveys of CE in developing countries or areas of resource-poor settings for both ease of use and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E Ahmed
- Hydatid Disease Research Center, Al-Neelain Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Republic of the Sudan
| | - Mawahib H Eldigail
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Fatima M Elamin
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ibtisam A Ali
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Imadeldin E Aradaib
- Hydatid Disease Research Center, Al-Neelain Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Republic of the Sudan. .,Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
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Abstract
Echinococcosis, caused by the zoonotic cestodes Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) and Echinococcus multilocularis, is highly endemic in the Central Asian Republic of Kyrgyzstan, and is being identified increasingly as a public health problem, especially amongst pastoral communities. As domestic dogs are considered to be the main source of human infection, the identification of potential transmission pathways is of relevance when considering implementing an echinococcosis control scheme. The current report describes the results of an analytical study of canine Echinococcus coproantigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) prevalence in the Alay valley of southern Kyrgyzstan prior to the commencement of regular praziquantel dosing of dogs. A logistic regression model using a form of Bayes modal estimation was used to identify possible risk factors for coproantigen positivity, and the output was interpreted in a Bayesian context (posterior distributions of the coefficients of interest). The study found that sheepdogs had lower odds of coproantigen positivity, as did dogs in households with donkeys, where owners had knowledge of echinococcosis, and households which engaged in home slaughtering. Surprisingly, there was no evidence of an association between free roaming or previous praziquantel dosing and coproantigen positivity, as has been found in previous studies. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed in the context of the epidemiology of echinococcosis and potential intervention approaches.
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Abstract
Diagnosis and detection of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) infection in animals is a prerequisite for epidemiological studies and surveillance of echinococcosis in endemic, re-emergent or emergent transmission zones. Advances in diagnostic approaches for definitive hosts and livestock, however, have not progressed equally over the last 20 years. Development of laboratory based diagnostics for canids using coproantigen ELISA and also coproPCR, have had a huge impact on epidemiological studies and more recently on surveillance during hydatid control programmes. In contrast, diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in livestock still relies largely on conventional post-mortem inspection, despite a relatively low diagnostic sensitivity especially in early infections, as current serodiagnostics do not provide a sufficiently specific and sensitive practical pre-mortem alternative. As a result, testing of dog faecal samples by coproantigen ELISA, often combined with mass ultrasound screening programmes for human CE, has been the preferred approach for monitoring and surveillance in resource-poor endemic areas and during control schemes. In this article we review the current options and approaches for diagnosis of E. granulosus infection in definitive and animal intermediate hosts (including applications in non-domesticated species) and make conclusions and recommendations for further improvements in diagnosis for use in epidemiological studies and surveillance schemes.
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Buonfrate D, Formenti F, Perandin F, Bisoffi Z. Novel approaches to the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:543-52. [PMID: 25887711 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis differs from the other soil-transmitted helminths because it puts infected subjects at risk of a fatal syndrome (in cases of immunosuppression for medical conditions, immunosuppressant therapies, or both). Chronic strongyloidiasis is often a non-severe condition, or is sometimes even asymptomatic, but diagnosis and effective therapy are essential in order to eradicate the infection and the life-long risk involved. Therefore, diagnostic methods need to be highly sensitive. Stool microscopy and the Kato-Katz technique are commonly used in prevalence studies, but they are inadequate for S. stercoralis detection. This is probably the main reason why the global prevalence has long been underestimated. Concentration methods, the Baermann technique and Koga agar plate culture have better, but still unsatisfactory, sensitivity. Serological tests have demonstrated higher sensitivity; although some authors have concerns about their specificity, it is possible to define cut-off values over which infection is almost certain. In particular, the luciferase immunoprecipitation system technique combined with a recombinant antigen (NIE) demonstrated a specificity of almost 100%. ELISA coproantigen detection has also shown promising results, but still needs full evaluation. Molecular diagnostic methods are currently available in a few referral centres as in-house techniques. In this review, on the basis of the performance of the different diagnostic methods, we outline diagnostic strategies that could be proposed for different purposes, such as: prevalence studies in endemic areas; individual diagnosis and screening; and monitoring of cure in clinical care and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Buonfrate
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, Sacro Cuore Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - F Formenti
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, Sacro Cuore Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - F Perandin
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, Sacro Cuore Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Z Bisoffi
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, Sacro Cuore Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy.
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